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Food
18 December 2015

(//web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/https://ecowatch.com/community/gary_wockner)
Gary Wockner (//web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/https://ecowatch.com/community/gary_wockner)

(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/europes-dirty-little-
secret-moroccan-slaves-and-a-sea-of-plastic-1882131257.html)
Europe's Dirty Little Secret: Moroccan Slaves and a 'Sea of Plastic'

It seemed like a wonderful idea—driving the Spanish coast from Barcelona all the way down to the Straits of
Gibraltar. We got there in April, right before tourist season, and happily missed much of the vacationing European
onslaught. Our goal was to hit the smaller less-touristy beach towns to do some diving, paddleboarding and
beachcombing along the Mediterranean Coast.

South of Barcelona, we stayed in L'Ampolla and enjoyed near-deserted beaches, hotels and restaurants. Next
stop was Altea—absolutely beautiful, also with few tourists, and with that amazing wall of mountains as the
backdrop, the Sierra de Bernia. Further along the coast, the water was the most curious blue I'd seen in El Portus,
and had the wind and surf not been pounding, it would have been a great place to paddleboard and sea kayak.

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Standup paddleboarding near the waterfall of Nerja, Spain.

But it was just south of El Portus, after the city of Mazarron along E-15 where we started seeing the first few
greenhouses.

I was there with Catherine Ebeling—bestselling author of diet and health books—and I am an environmental
activist, and so for the two of us, the idea of greenhouses seemed quaint and healthy, at first. It was like: “Look at
that, greenhouses, what a great way to create sustainability and locally grown food." But as we motored along E-
15—through the desert valley and then finally into the cities in and around Campo Hermoso—the landscape
changed dramatically. It went from a view of the beautiful azure Mediterranean Sea with gently sloping hills and
mountains, to patches of white plastic here and there, expanding to greater and greater expanses of white plastic,
until it became almost solid white plastic covering the landscape as far as the eye could see, blotting out
everything.

They call it a “Sea of Plastic" and the “vast expanse of polytunnels." The further we drove, nearer and through
Almeria into the city of El Ejido, I started thinking of it as the apocalypse. But the visual onslaught is the least of the
problem—news articles have reported on the issues with the greenhouses many times, environmental groups
have tried to address the problem and governments have launched efforts to mitigate it.

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Greenhouses cover every square inch of land, more than 165 square miles of land around
Almeria, Spain.
As we drove along, the smell of plastic and chemicals permeated the car and offered the first scent of the larger
environmental problem. The greenhouses are almost all hydroponic—growing vegetables in water, air and a
chemical stew of fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://ecowatch.com/?s=pesticides). Due to the hot and extremely
difficult working conditions inside the greenhouses, almost all of the human labor is imported, much of it slave-like
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://ecowatch.com/2015/12/15/shrimp-peeled-by-slaves/) from
Africa.

The growth in greenhouses started in the late 1970s as a local response to an economic opportunity to provide
vegetables to the European marketplace. The transformed landscape has also transformed the economy from a
land of farmers struggling in dry rocky soil in the 1970s to an economy of extremely wealthy greenhouse owners.
By 2004 (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://geographyfieldwork.com/CostadelPolythene.htm),
thousands of small landowners had turned their entire property—every square inch—into greenhouse farms as the
vegetables started appearing in grocery stores and restaurants across the European continent, especially in the
UK and also in Paris. In the 2000s, immigrants from Africa—many with no legal papers—were shipped in by the
hundreds per boatload to work in the plastic greenhouses.

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They call it a "Sea of Plastic" and a "Vast Expanse of Polytunnels."

By 2011, a news report in The Guardian
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/feb/07/spain-salad-
growers-slaves-charities) said that more than 100,000 workers toil away inside the greenhouses, many living in
“inhuman" slums and laboring in the chemical stew. The report noted:

“Migrant workers from Africa living in shacks made of old boxes and plastic sheeting,
without sanitation or access to drinking water.

Wages that are routinely less than half the legal minimum wage.

Workers without papers being told they will be reported to the police if they complain.

Allegations of segregation enforced by police harassment when African workers stray

outside the hothouse areas into tourist areas."

A 2013 documentary film, The Morrocan Slaves of El Ejido, Spain (Esclave marocain a El Ejido, Espagne),
chronicled the plight of the migrant workers toiling inside the hot greenhouses as well as their difficult lives outside
of work.

/
https://www.ecowatch.com/europes-dirty-little-secret-moroccan-slaves-and-a-sea-of-
Esclave marocain à El Ejido, Espagne
Go DEC APR JUN
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In 2014, amidst a large controversy, a Spanish TV station created a fictional crime drama, Plastic Sea (Mar de
Plastico (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.freshplaza.com/article/146393/Spain-
Controversial-premiere-of-new-series-Mar-de-Pl%C3%A1stico)), that highlighted much of the crime, labor and
environmental chaos surrounding the greenhouse farms.

Read page 1 (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://ecowatch.com/2015/12/18/europes-dirty-secret-

almeria-spain/)

A 2015 report in NaturPhilosophie

(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.naturphilosophie.co.uk/food-as-geopolitical-subjugation-
welcome-to-plastic-city-almeria/) noted that, in addition to the massive human rights problems, the area is plagued
with depleted aquifers, the largest desalination plant in Europe to keep water flowing into the greenhouses, and
rising cancer rates due to pesticide exposure among workers.

Waste from the “farms" is reported to run off into the Mediterranean Sea, including the chemical waste, plastic
waste and human waste of the workers. Entire industries have popped up in the area simply to make the massive
amount of plastic for the greenhouses which has a short lifespan and is sometimes discarded, strewn across the
landscape or washed into the sea.

Some observers call it a $1 billion “miracle economy

(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.scapegoatjournal.org/docs/05/SG_Excess_364-
371_P_CateChrist.pdf)," while others call it the “exploitation of cheap labor with no rights
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://nepim.eu/cms/index.php?article_id=18&clang=3)" and
“environmental devastation." The swath of greenhouses is massive enough
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-02-20/the-mosaic-
you-can-see-from-space-spain-s-massive-greenhouse-complex) to be seen from space and has been described
as a “Dystopian Sea (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://montreal.mediacoop.ca/fr/photo/post-
nature-face-industrial-agriculture-almeria-sp/22237)."

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Image of greenhouses of Almeria, Spain from space. Photo credit: NASA

The area is so large that it actually creates its own “albedo effect
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://geographyfieldwork.com/AlmeriaClimateChange.htm)"
because it reflects the sun's rays and cools the atmosphere. Scientists claim that local temperatures have actually
decreased by 1 degree since 1980, while other areas of Spain have increased by 1 to 3 degrees over the same
time period.

All of the negative publicity has caused the greenhouse corporations, as well as the local governments, to combat
the tide of news stories with greenwashed news releases (like this video
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlCIpL96eZU)) that, among
other things, even brag about the albedo effect by saying that the greenhouses serve a public good by cooling the
climate (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://ecowatch.com/climate-change-news/) on the
Southern Iberian Peninsula. The controversy continues to escalate month-by-month as the number of
greenhouses increase and stretch farther and farther up and down the coastline.

As we drove through and beyond El Ejido, the greenhouses continued to stretch along the road in La Rabita and
Carchuna. Finally, in the tourist area of Nerja, we could see no more greenhouses—from the road at least—and a
sense of relief set in. The drive was very unsettling, causing a tightness in our chests and cringe on our faces—the
continual glare of the white and the smell of plastic and chemicals gave us headaches that we tried to wash away
with long gulps of bottled water.

As we dined that evening in Nerja, we ordered a salad the same as we had in restaurants all across southern
Europe. The romaine lettuce, bell peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers and carrots took on an all new look and flavor
now colored by our education about the source of the food. The waitress proudly exclaimed that the salad was
“locally grown."

The next morning we rented standup paddleboards and paddled along the cliffs just north of Nerja. The
Mediterranean Sea was quiet and crystalline clear. A few hundred yards north of Nerja we paddled under a
beautiful waterfall careening over the cliff above and splashing into the Sea. The fresh water felt wonderful
washing over my head, clearing the dystopian sea of plastic from my brain.

/
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the cliffs above
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stretching intermittently along the coast. It seemed like the greenhouses were Custom
captures 27
everywhere.
SearcWhen I got back to four 🐦
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2016 ran right
2017 through
2018 acres of
▾ About this capture
greenhouses up on the cliffs that we couldn't see from the water below. Was that lovely waterfall actually a toxic
stream of runoff from the plastic greenhouses?

NaturPhilosophie (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.naturphilosophie.co.uk/food-as-
geopolitical-subjugation-welcome-to-plastic-city-almeria/) reports that tens of millions of acres of land across the
planet are now covered by plastic greenhouses or plastic mulch directly on top of ground. Eighty five percent of
those greenhouses are in Asia. The future presented by the greenhouses of Almeria, Spain, is not a clean eco-
tech environment like in the Biosphere project in the desert of Arizona that Americans are familiar with.
Conversely, it's an environmental dystopia filled with slave-like labor, chemical-laden food and intense heat. Is this
the new wave of farming (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://ecowatch.com/?s=farming)? An
apocalyptic world covered by plastic may await us.

Gary Wockner (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://ecowatch.com/author/gwockner/), PhD, is an

international environmental writer and activist based in Colorado. Contact: Gary@GaryWockner.com
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/mailto:Gary@GaryWockner.com).

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(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/tester-bill-ban-mining-
yellowstone-2379822855.html)
Montana Senator Introduces Bill to Ban Gold Mining Near Yellowstone National Park
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/tester-bill-ban-mining-yellowstone-
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U.S. Sen. Jon Tester (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/https://www.tester.senate.gov/?p=press_releases)

introduced legislation on Tuesday to protect more than 30,000 acres of public land bordering Yellowstone National
Park. These public lands (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/public-lands) in
Montana's Park County are the targets of two industrial scale gold mine proposals, which would threaten the national
park, the clean water of the Yellowstone River, wildlife
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildlife) and the local economy. The
legislation does not affect any recreational use of the land, including hunting or fishing.

Keep reading...

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(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/mayors-for-clean-
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(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/renewable-energy/).

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Lorraine Chow (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/com…

Politics
5h

/
 https://www.ecowatch.com/europes-dirty-little-secret-moroccan-slaves-and-a-sea-of- Go DEC APR JUN
👤 ⍰ ❎
41
captures 27
Custom Searc f(https://
🐦
(https://web.a
8 Aug 2016 - 5 Oct 2020 2016 2017 2018 ▾ About this capture

(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/koch-pruitt-epa-
lobbying-2379773655.html)

Bernie Sanders: 'This Is Exactly What We Mean When We Talk About Oligarchy'
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/koch-pruitt-epa-lobbying-
2379773655.html)

Despite the numerous controversies (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/pruitt-

confirmed-epa-2268448228.html) and vocal opposition swirling around President Donald Trump
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/trump-watch/)'s pick to head the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/epa)), Senators voted 52 to 46, largely
along party lines, in February to confirm Oklahoma Republican Scott Pruitt
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/scott-pruitt) as EPA administrator.

Keep reading...

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https://www.ecowatch.com/europes-dirty-little-secret-moroccan-slaves-and-a-sea-of- Go DEC APR JUN
👤 ⍰ ❎
41
captures 27
Custom Searc f(https://
🐦
(https://web.a
8 Aug 2016 - 5 Oct 2020 2016 2017 2018 ▾ About this capture

(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733 (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733
New Details Emerge on Chris Christie's COVID-19 Things You Forgot Happened in the 'Star Wars'
Treatment Universe
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733mp_/htt (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733mp_/htt

Lorraine Chow (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/com…

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41 captures 27
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8 Aug 2016 - 5 Oct 2020 2016 2017 2018 ://
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(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/enbridge-line-5-spills-
2379938636.html)
Enbridge's Great Lakes Pipeline Has Spilled 1 Million Gallons Since 1968
/
(https://web archive org/web/20170427011733/http://www ecowatch com/enbridge-line-5-spills-
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/enbridge line 5 spills
https://www.ecowatch.com/europes-dirty-little-secret-moroccan-slaves-and-a-sea-of- Go DEC APR JUN
2379938636.html) 👤 ⍰ ❎
41 captures
Enbridge
27
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Energy Partners (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/enbridge)'
8 Aug 2016 - 5 Oct 2020 2016 2017 2018 ▾ About this capture
aging Line 5 pipeline (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/enbridge-great-lakes-
pipeline-2314049803.html), which runs through the heart of the Great Lakes, has spilled more than 1 million gallons of
oil and natural gas liquids in at least 29 incidents since 1968, according to data from the federal Pipeline Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration obtained by the National Wildlife Federation
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.nwf.org/).

Keep reading...

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41 captures 27
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(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/trump-antiquities-act-
bears-ears-2379688298.html)
Cedar Mesa Valley of the Gods in the Bears Ears National Monument in southeastern Utah. Bob Wick, BLM

Trump Signs Executive Order Targeting National Monuments, Could Open Up Lands for Oil and Gas
Development (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/trump-antiquities-act-
bears-ears-2379688298.html)

President Trump (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/trump-watch/) signed an

executive order Wednesday ordering a review of the Antiquities Act
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/antiquities-act-under-attack-
2228015543.html) and national monuments on more than 100,000 acres.

Keep reading...

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SPONSORED
https://www.ecowatch.com/europes-dirty-little-secret-moroccan-slaves-and-a-sea-of- Go DEC APR JUN
👤 ⍰ ❎
41
captures 27
Custom Searc f(https://
🐦
(https://web.a
8 Aug 2016 - 5 Oct 2020 (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733
2016 2017 2018 ▾ About this capture

The Real-Life Ages and Partners of the 'Cobra Kai'

Cast
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733mp_/htt

(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733
New Details Emerge on Chris Christie's COVID-19
Treatment
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733mp_/htt

Oil Change International (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch…

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41 captures 27
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https://www.ecowatch.com/europes-dirty-little-secret-moroccan-slaves-and-a-sea-of- Go DEC APR JUN
👤 ⍰ ❎
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FracTracker Alliance
41 captures 27
Custom Searc f(https://
🐦
(https://web.a
8 Aug 2016 - 5 Oct 2020 2016 2017 2018 ▾ About this capture
PennEast Pipeline 'Would Cause Massive Increase in Climate Pollution'
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/penneast-pipeline-climate-impact-
2379563697.html)

A study (https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://priceofoil.org/2017/04/26/the-penneast-pipeline-
greenhouse-gas-emissions-briefing/) released Wednesday found that, if built, the controversial PennEast Pipeline for
fracked gas ( http://www.ecowatch.com/fracking/) could contribute as much greenhouse gas pollution as 14 coal-fired
power plants or 10 million passenger vehicles—some 49 million metric tons per year.

Keep reading...

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climate-denier-2379607444.html)
New York Times Defends Hiring Climate Science Denier
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/new-york-times-hires-climate-denier-
2379607444.html)

By Graham Readfearn

The New York Times has been defending the paper's hiring of a climate science denier
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170427011733/http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/climate-denier), fighting off its critics with
what it claims is a standard fashioned from hardened "intellectual honesty." /
 https://www.ecowatch.com/europes-dirty-little-secret-moroccan-slaves-and-a-sea-of- Go
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