Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC-2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23V66-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-0009-3
Comparison and Analysis of Popular Frontend
Frameworks and Libraries: An Evaluation of
2023 4th International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC) | 979-8-3503-0009-3/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICESC57686.2023.10192987
Parameters for Frontend Web Development
Gursheen Kaur
Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Chitkara University,
Punjab, India
gursheen1216.cse19@chitkara.edu.in
Abstract—Creating a fantastic online experience for users
relies heavily on strong and innovative front-end web
development. A quick introduction to the fundamentals and
significance of frontend web development is provided in this
study. This research examines and compares widely used front-
end frameworks and libraries based on a number of criteria.
Inclusive important criteria are usability, performance,
scalability, user engagement, and reliability. By contrasting and
analysing the available frontend frameworks, developers are
better able to weigh the pros and cons of each option and choose
the best one for their web development project environment.
Keywords— Frontend Web Development, Popular Frontend
Frameworks and Libraries, Parameters, Evaluation, Comparison,
Analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
A frontend framework is a set of tools and technologies
that streamline the process of creating a website's user
interface. These frameworks give developers with
standardised building blocks and patterns that enable them to
rapidly design dynamic, flexible websites. A frontend
framework's primary advantage is the time it saves during
development without compromising the final product's
quality. Front-end frameworks like React, Angular, Vue, and
Ember are examples of popular options. Frontend libraries, on
the other hand, are more focused collections of code that
provide unique features to web designers and developers.
Sliders, menu bars, and modal windows are just a few
examples of front-end functionality that may be implemented
with the help of these frameworks. When used in conjunction
with a frontend framework, frontend libraries may introduce
features that are not available by default. Libraries like jQuery,
Bootstrap, Foundation, and Materialize are all examples of
front-end libraries. Web developers may build reliable web
apps that provide a great experience for end users by making
use of both frontend frameworks and libraries.
A. Importance of research and analysis on frontend
frameworks and libraries
For several reasons, it is crucial to study and evaluate
front-end frameworks and libraries. For starters, it lets
designers learn which user problems are most effectively
addressed. This is due to the fact that learning about and
comparing various front-end frameworks and libraries helps
developers choose the one that best suits their needs.
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Raj Gaurang Tiwari
Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Chitkara University,
Punjab, India
rajgaurang@chitkara.edu.in
Developers may choose the finest tools for the job by
evaluating available frameworks and libraries. Furthermore,
investigating front-end solutions aids in avoiding the
widespread one-size-fits-all strategy. Using a single
framework or library might slow down development since it
ignores the fact that distinct web applications have varied
needs. The variety that comes through research and analysis is
essential for resolving difficult issues that arise during web
development. Therefore, it helps foster originality and
invention throughout product creation, which is essential for
maintaining a competitive edge. The quality, speed, and
efficiency of web application development are all improved
by thorough investigation and analysis of frontend
frameworks and libraries. In conclusion, developers need to
give careful consideration to the choice of a frontend
framework or library. It defines how sophisticated the system
is, how fast it runs, and how easy it is to programme. We found
that React was the most widely used and well-suited
alternative for developing large-scale online apps because of
its powerful and versatile design, virtual DOM[1], [2], and
active developer community. With its fully integrated toolset
and TypeScript support, Angular is another popular option,
particularly for large-scale applications. Vue.js and Svelte are
two alternatives that aren't as heavy as React or Angular but
still stress simplicity and performance. There is no universally
applicable rule of thumb for choosing a frontend framework
or library; rather, it should be the project's unique needs and
objectives. In the end, the quality and success of the project
depend heavily on the selection made of the frontend
framework or library.
This research provides a high-level summary of front-end
web development and its foundational components such as
hypertext markup language (HTML), cascading style sheet
(CSS), and Java script. The primary goal of front-end
development in website creation is to provide a dynamic and
satisfying experience for the site's visitors. In this analysis, we
look at frontend frameworks and libraries, which are crucial
resources for web designers and builders who want to save
time without sacrificing quality or efficiency. Front-end
libraries and frameworks are many, making it difficult to zero
in on the best option. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to
give a feature-by-feature analysis of various frontend
frameworks and libraries, as well as to evaluate their
applicability to diverse web development projects. This
research will examine the most popular frontend frameworks
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23V66-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-0009-3

and libraries, including React, Angular, and Vue, plus jQuery,

Bootstrap, and Material UI. Developers will profit greatly
from this investigation, as they will get a thorough
understanding of each product's background, features,
advantages, downsides, and development community[3].

II. POPULAR FRONTEND FRAMEWORKS AND LIBRARIES

The front-end framework React is also quite popular. In
order to boost speed, Facebook's React makes use of a virtual
DOM to cut down on rendering components several times. It
provides a declarative method for creating UIs, with nestable
and compositional components that may be used to rapidly
develop sophisticated programmes. In order to manage
massive volumes of data, React is often used in tandem with
other technologies such as Redux. Vue.js is another frontend
framework that provides a similar method for creating UI
elements. Vue.js is widely used because of its straightforward
syntax and the simplicity with which it can be incorporated
into existing applications. In addition, its learning curve is
flatter than that of competing frameworks, making it a good
choice for newcomers. In addition, AngularJS (now just
Angular) is a widely used frontend framework for creating
robust, scalable software. In the hands of competent
programmers, Angular's many features—including two-way
data binding, dependency injection, and directives—can yield
impressive results. In general, frontend frameworks and
libraries provide a number of useful features that speed up
development while helping designers to craft more polished
and efficient user interfaces.
A. ReactJS
Due to its usefulness in creating highly scalable and
adaptable online apps, ReactJS has quickly become one of the
most popular front-end frameworks available. Facebook
provides this library as open source, and its simplicity, speed,
and user-friendliness have contributed to its widespread
use[4]. Using ReactJS, developers can easily construct
sophisticated applications with a UI that consists of several
separate UI elements[5]. It is a great option for creating
progressive web apps since it can be easily used with other
frameworks like AngularJS and Vue.js. In addition, ReactJS
makes advantage of the virtual DOM (Document Object
Model)[1] for enhanced efficiency and quicker rendering (Fig
1). This method speeds up page loads and improves the overall
user experience. Since of its modular design, React is a great
framework for development teams because modifications to
one component do not impact the rest of the application.
ReactJS is a powerful library with extensive features and
active community support that may help web developers save
time and effort[6].
Fig. 1. Real and Virtual DOM.
B. B. AngularJS
Google also supports another widely used front-end
framework called AngularJS. It streamlines the process of
creating dynamic web apps and equips programmers with
powerful tools. AngularJS is built on the Model-View-
Controller (MVC) architecture[7], which divides an
application into three parts: data, UI, and control logic (Fig 2.).
AngularJS's strength is in its ability to rapidly develop
complex web apps while maintaining a well-structured and
easily-maintained codebase. You may link data to HTML
components, control the Document Object Model (DOM), and
build your own widgets with the help of AngularJS's
numerous directives, which are HTML properties that allow
the production of dynamic content. Further, it has support for
two-way data binding, which ensures that any modifications
made to the model are immediately reflected in the view and
vice versa. The dependency injection technique in AngularJS
enables modules to be injected into each other, making it
possible to write code that is both reusable and readily tested.
In sum, AngularJS is a user-friendly and robust framework
that may significantly advance the state of the art in online
application development[8].
Fig. 2. Model-View-Controller.
C. Vue.js
Vue.js is one of the most interesting breakthroughs in
front-end development in recent years. Vue, first released in
2014, is a lightweight JavaScript framework for creating
responsive, modular applications. Vue's many convenient
capabilities for handling state, user interaction, and DOM
manipulation make it an excellent choice for developing
single-page apps. Vue's user-friendliness is a major selling
point[9].

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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC-2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23V66-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-0009-3
Fig. 3. Vue Ecosystem.
Vue is favoured by novice developers because it is simple
to learn compared to other popular frameworks such as
Angular and React. Because of Vue's vibrant community,
developers have access to a variety of information and support
for tackling challenges and expanding their knowledge.
Overall, Vue is a promising new addition to the world of front-
end development that programmers of all skill levels would
benefit from learning more about[10].
The market is stocked with a wide variety of front-end
frameworks and libraries. Each has advantages and
disadvantages due to aspects like usability, scalability, and
performance, among others. When choosing a framework or
library for a project, developers should give considerable
thought to the specifics of the job at hand. They should look
at Angular or React if they need a scalable, high-performance
framework. Vue.js is a good choice if they want a lightweight,
easy-to-learn framework with a lot of customization options.
The project's outcome, development time, and end-user
satisfaction would all be significantly affected by the decision
(Fig. 3). Before settling on a framework or library, it is
essential to do thorough study and analysis of the options
accessible. A bad decision might prolong the development
cycle, increase costs, and even cause the project to fail.
III. PARAMETERS FOR EVALUATING FRONTEND
FRAMEWORKS
The success or failure of a frontend framework depends on
a number of factors that must be taken into account during
evaluation. To begin, the documentation for the framework
must be thorough and straightforward, with plenty of clear
examples and explanations. It's also important to measure the
framework's speed and efficiency, both while it's operating
and while it's being built. Third, the framework has to be
highly configurable, with a lot of add-ons and plugins that
developers can utilise to tailor it to their needs. Finally, the
framework's development and support teams must be robust
and actively engaged in the community to ensure the
framework remains current and meets the demands of its
users. Finally, the framework should be welcoming to
developers of all experience levels, with an emphasis on ease
of use. By weighing these factors, developers may choose a
frontend framework that will help them build exceptional
online apps and UIs in terms of speed, reliability,
configurability, and user focus.
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A. Popularity and Community Support
When deciding on a frontend framework or library, it's
popularity and community support are also crucial
considerations. A technology's widespread acceptance and
usage in the market might provide some comfort that it is a
safe bet. As a result, there will be more online resources, like
as documentation, tutorials, and support forums, to help you
get started with the framework or library. Because of user
comments and contributions, developers are able to
continuously improve and update the libraries, playing a
critical part in the technology's progress and improvement.
Community backing is also an indicator of a robust ecosystem
and user base for the technology. Therefore, it is important to
examine the size and activity of the community, the regularity
of updates, and the reaction toward any reported concerns
when determining the viability of a front-end framework or
library. A widely adopted and supported technology would
ultimately lead to a more efficient development cycle and
superior project results.
B. Documentation
Providing developers with instructions and directions on
how to utilise a certain framework or library, it is a vital
element of frontend development. In order to effectively
create high-quality software, developers need clear
documentation that reduces the learning curve and guides
them through the tool's features. Installation, setup, and
customization should all be straightforward with the help of a
well-documented front-end framework or library. To help
developers immediately grasp the platform's capabilities and
put them to use in their own projects, it includes code samples,
important ideas, and best practice advice. Documentation is a
crucial resource for developers to use while fixing bugs and
other problems in their code. Smooth and consistent
navigation is just one way in which a well-documented library
or framework may help bring in and keep users. Overall,
documentation plays a crucial role in frontend development
by guaranteeing that developers will make optimal use of the
tool's functionality, increasing efficiency without sacrificing
quality.
C. Performance
Front-end libraries and frameworks should also be
evaluated based on how well they function. This includes not
only download and display times but also general
responsiveness. Lazy loading and code splitting are two
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performance-enhancing techniques provided by many challenging learning curve, Angular's extensive library of
frameworks and libraries. These capabilities ensure that only development tools more than makes up for its complexity.
the required code and resources are loaded during page React, on the other hand, is easier to get up and running, but
rendering. Virtual DOM approaches, in which the framework may be a pain to keep up with over time. Vue.js, on the other
just updates the parts that have changed rather of re-rendering hand, combines the advantages of being simple to learn and
the full page, are another way to accomplish fast having a tiny footprint with those of having access to a rich set
rendering[11]. The framework's or library's ability to deal with of tools. Developers should evaluate the demands of their
massive datasets and intricate user interface elements should projects and choose the appropriate framework accordingly.
also be taken into account. Testing and benchmarking the
performance of a framework or library is essential to ensuring A. ReactJS vs. AngularJS
that it is up to the task at hand, just as it is with any other When comparing ReactJS vs AngularJS, it's vital to keep
technology. In the end, a web app's user experience and in mind that they take different methods to building
pleasure may be profoundly affected by the presence or applications. ReactJS is more modular, thus its parts can be
absence of a performant framework or library. more easily plugged into preexisting programmes. This is
because it uses the Virtual DOM[1], which expedites the
D. Scalability display of UI updates. However, AngularJS uses a declarative
When deciding on a front-end framework or library, this is approach in which the developer specifies the behaviour of the
a crucial factor. Frameworks and libraries are considered application with directives. As a consequence, less time is
scalable if they can accommodate growing quantities of data, spent developing repetitious code, which usually leads to
traffic, or complexity without compromising performance or better overall efficiency. To further decrease the amount of
stability. When processing a large number of user requests, a code required to process user inputs, AngularJS offers a
non-scalable framework might cause page loads to take a long greater variety of capabilities, such as its dependency injection
time, the page to crash, or errors to occur. Developers need to mechanism and a two-way data binding capability.
choose a framework that can grow with their projects. React's
scalability has led to its rapid adoption in recent years. The final decision between ReactJS vs AngularJS should
Rendering time is reduced and huge datasets may be managed be based on the requirements of the project. ReactJS might be
more effectively thanks to server-side rendering and virtual the best choice if you care most about modularity and speed.
DOM. Lazy loading and tree shaking to optimise bundle size However, AngularJS may be the way to go if a lower learning
are only two of Angular's features that contribute to its curve and more functionality are priorities. Figure 4 illustrates
scalability. Vue.js is scalable because of its modular design, the key differences between React and Angular.
which lets programmers load just the necessary components
at runtime. While scalability is key, other criteria should be
taken into account when selecting a frontend framework or
library, such as learning curve, community support,
documentation, and overall project objectives[12].
Using a front-end framework allows you to create mobile-
friendly layouts, which is a huge plus. Websites need to be
flexible and adaptable to different screen sizes because of the
prevalence of mobile internet use. Flexible components and
design patterns are often included in front-end frameworks to
simplify the process of building responsive layouts. In
addition, a framework's use may improve the code's
readability and maintainability. In order to maintain a uniform
code style across a project, several front-end frameworks have
set coding standards and conventions. As a result, it may be
simpler for numerous programmers to work in tandem on the
same project, and it may also be simpler and faster to provide
maintenance and upgrades. In addition, many front-end
frameworks come pre-equipped with support for standard
website components like menus, forms, and buttons.
Developers may cut down on the time and effort spent on a
project by using these pre-made parts.

IV.COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF FRONTEND

FRAMEWORKS
After careful investigation and analysis, it has become
clear that each frontend framework has advantages and Fig. 4. React Vs Angular.
disadvantages of its own. When speed and scalability are
critical for a business application, AngularJS is the best
choice. On the other hand, ReactJS is widely used and is B. Vue.js vs. Ember.js
perfect for developing complex user interface elements. Vue Another front-end framework that is making waves is
JS is better appropriate for small to medium-sized apps since called Vue.js. Evan You created it in 2014, and its simplicity
it is easier to understand than the other two. Despite a more and convenience have led to widespread adoption. Vue.js is

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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC-2023)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP23V66-ART; ISBN: 979-8-3503-0009-3
exceptional because to its adaptability and user-friendliness,
which facilitates both learning and application development.
Based on the MVVM (Model-View-View-Model) design
pattern[13], it supports two-way data binding to keep the view
and model in sync. Ember.js, on the other hand, is a mature
framework that has been around since 2011. The convention
over configuration methodology it employs provides
developers with a set of guidelines on how to best implement
the framework. Ember.js has strong tools like Ember CLI,
Ember Data, and Glimmer.js, yet it is quite opinionated and
has stringent writing standards[14]. Ember.js is the go-to
solution for big corporate apps despite its complexity and the
accompanying learning curve. Both frameworks have
advantages and disadvantages, thus picking one over the other
ultimately comes down to the requirements of the project.
C. ReactJS vs. Vue.js
There are a number of details to think about when
comparing ReactJS versus Vue.js. Both frameworks are free
and open-source, and they provide good performance; yet,
they take different approaches to UI design. Vue.js's template-
based syntax simplifies code and makes it simpler to
understand, while React.js's usage of a virtual DOM for
rendering makes it fast and versatile. The ReactJS community
is bigger, and there are more third-party libraries available for
it than for Vue.js. Vue.js, on the other hand, is a better option
for smaller to medium-sized applications due to its easier
structure and lower learning curve. Vue.js also provides an
improved connection with other libraries and may be used
with other frameworks straightforwardly. Ultimately, the
selection between ReactJS and Vue.js is based on the needs of
the project and the developers' preferences and expertise.
Therefore, it is crucial to carefully consider the characteristics
and capabilities of each framework[15].
Vue.js is another widely used front-end framework.
Vue.js, like React, is a library written in JavaScript that can be
used to build user interfaces. The simplicity and accessibility
of Vue.js, however, set it apart from competing front-end
frameworks. Because of its small file size, Vue.js may be used
to build interactive user interfaces that load rapidly. Vue.js's
flexible design is one of its primary benefits since it facilitates
the framework's easy integration with other libraries and tools.
Moreover, Vue.js enables developers to design reusable and
adaptable components, which improves the application's
overall efficiency and scalability. Vue.js has attracted a
sizable and helpful developer community because of its
relative simplicity and low learning curve. Overall, Vue.js is a
fantastic frontend framework that is perfect for developing
highly dynamic user interfaces because of its simplicity,
adaptability, and helpful community.
Fig. 5 and Table I show the results of a Stack Overflow
annual poll tracking framework use from 2018 through
2022[16].
TABLE I. POPULARITY OF THE DIFFERENT FRAMEWORKS
Year React Vue Angular2 AngularJS Svelte
popularity popularity popularity popularity popularity
2018 27.80
2019 31.30 15.20
2020 35.90 17.30 25.10 16.10
2021 40.14 18.97 22.96 11.49 2.75
2022 42.62 18.82 20.39 8.99 4.58
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50
Popularity Percentage
40
30
20
10
0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year
React popularity Vue popularity
Angular2 popularity AngularJS popularity
Svelte popularity
Fig. 5. The popularity of different frameworks.
V.IMPORTANCE OF BACKEND AND FRONTEND INTEGRATION
The server-side of an application is known as the backend
in the field of web development, while the client-side is known
as the frontend. The frontend is concerned with displaying
data in a visually attractive and engaging fashion, whereas the
backend is in charge of storing data, processing requests, and
managing communication between the server and client. Web
applications can only function reliably and efficiently if their
back- and front-ends are fully integrated. For example, a
sluggish and unresponsive application may be the
consequence of a badly integrated backend, while a poorly
designed and difficult-to-navigate frontend could be the result
of a poorly integrated frontend. As critical information may be
compromised if either the backend or the frontend were left
open to attack, backend and frontend integration is crucial for
security concerns. Therefore, developers should aim for
seamless backend and frontend integration, maximise
efficiency, and emphasise security on every web development
project[17].
A. Types of Backend Frameworks
Backend frameworks, often called server-side
frameworks, are typically used behind the scenes to process
data and activities initiated by the user. They receive requests
from the front end and transmit processed data back to the
database or API. Ruby on Rails, Django, and Laravel are just
some of the most well-known backend frameworks. All of
these structures have something special to offer. Django is
favoured for its security and scalability, whereas Ruby on
Rails is popular because of its user-friendliness and developer
productivity. On the other hand, Laravel is a popular choice
for developing sophisticated web apps due to its appealing
syntax and robust capabilities. Finally, the technical
experience of the development team, the available resources,
and the project's unique requirements will all play a role in
determining the best backend framework to use.
B. Advantages of Integrating Backend and Frontend
Integrating the backend and front end may increase
performance, which is a major benefit. Better resource use and
less data transmission between the two domains are made
feasible by integration, leading to enhanced system
performance. When the backend and front end are combined,
maintenance and problem-fixing become much simpler. This
is because working on a unified platform or environment
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streamlines the development process and makes it easier to
keep track of quality. Backend and frontend integration also
improves scalability by letting the platform be built to
accommodate a larger number of users and more complicated
data models. Developers may also improve security by
merging these two domains, since vulnerabilities and attacks
can be avoided by optimising functionality. Backend and
frontend integration has several positive effects, such as
increased efficiency, simplified upkeep, and debugging,
increased scalability, and strengthened protections[18].
According to the research, frontend frameworks and
libraries are crucial resources for web designers and
programmers[19]. Reusable components, fast data, and state
management, and simplified development of sophisticated
user interfaces are all made possible by frameworks like as
React, Angular, and Vue.js. Web developers may save time
and effort by making use of libraries like jQuery and
Bootstrap, which provide ready-made code for frequently
used functionality and styles. Factors like as the project's
scope, complexity, and development team make a difference
when deciding the framework and library to use. It's possible
that certain frameworks are better suited to bigger teams,
while others are more appropriate for more modest
endeavours. Web developers also need to be aware of the
latest changes and enhancements to current frameworks, as
well as the advent of new ones[20]. Overall, web development
projects may benefit substantially from the adoption of
frontend frameworks and libraries due to their ability to
increase speed, productivity, and quality.
VI. FUTURE OF FRONTEND FRAMEWORKS AND LIBRARIES
The trajectory of front-end libraries and frameworks is
difficult to foresee. However, we may make educated guesses
in light of current tendencies and technical developments. A
greater emphasis on performance and accessibility is going to
be one of the most important developments we witness in
frontend development. For this, more sophisticated tools are
needed to enable programmers to see how their changes to the
code will affect performance and accessibility. It's also
expected that the business will continue to consolidate as
bigger firms buy out smaller ones to bolster their services.
Developers would gain from reducing the number of
competing technologies they need to master if this
consolidation led to increased uniformity in the frontend
development field. As more individuals start their web
experience on their mobile devices, mobile-first design and
development are only going to become more common.
Therefore, we may anticipate the development of further
specialized frameworks and libraries to facilitate this
development.
VII.CONCLUSION
The study and examination of frontend frameworks and
libraries have shown their value in creating robust and
effective online applications. Depending on the needs of the
project at hand, the best framework or library to use may be
determined from among the many available options. Because
of their robust ecosystems of resources, developer
communities throughout the world choose React and Vue.js.
Angular's flexibility and extensive feature set make it stand
out. In comparison, jQuery is on its way out of fashion despite
its continued use. Finally, the needs of the project, the
preferences of the developers, and the intended end-user
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experience will determine the frontend framework or library
chosen. Keeping abreast of developments and changes in
these technologies is crucial to maintaining momentum and
achieving the project's goals.
Based on the analyses provided in this article, various
avenues for further study are suggested. To begin, there must
be more research on the convenience and availability of
frontend frameworks and libraries. User testing and
assessments may be conducted to ascertain the level of
accessibility provided to those with special needs or a lack of
technological expertise. Second, greater investigation into the
best ways to enhance the speed and efficiency of frontend
programming is required. As part of this process, you may
investigate how various front-end frameworks and libraries
affect page load speeds and the overall user experience. Third,
studies on how various development patterns and approaches
affect the scalability and maintainability of frontend apps may
be done. This may guide developers toward the most cost-
effective method of construction and upkeep. Keeping these
suggestions in mind, next studies may deepen our knowledge
of frontend development and raise the bar for all kinds of
online apps.
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