160

User-Defined Functions of MATLAB for Modeling

Linear Periodically-Time-Variable Circuits
Yuriy Shapovalov1, Bohdan Mandziy2, Dariya Bachyk1 , Marian Turyk1
1REDS Department, Lviv Polytechnic National University, UKRAINE, Lviv, 12 S. Bandery str., email: shapov@[Link] ,
[Link]@[Link]
2TRR Department, Lviv Polytechnic National University, UKRAINE, Lviv, 12 S. Bandery str., email: bmandziy@[Link]

Abstract: The paper presents developed User-Defined The system UDF MAOPCs consists of 17 functions. The
Functions, that are designed for identification of linear results obtained in the process of performing one function can
periodically-time-variable circuits and inverse transformation of be variables for other functions. User can complement the
signals by Fourier and Laplace. Such User-Defined Functions are system UDF MAOPCs by the new functions thereby the
addition to the system UDF MAOPCs, which is designed for existing library will expand by the methods and algorithms of
modeling, multivariate analysis and optimization of linear
computational experiments which are needed for research of
periodically-time variable circuits in the frequency and time
domains. The paper also presents computer experiments of the LPTV circuits.
usage of these developed User-Defined Functions. Currently in the system UDF MAOPCs are absent functions
Keywords: the system UDF MAOPCs, linear periodically- that solve such important tasks as: a) the inverse Fourier
time-variable circuits, the inverse Fourier transform, the inverse transform and the inverse Laplace transform of signals that are
Laplace transform, identification, the frequency symbolic defined in the frequency domain; b) the identification of LPTV
method. circuits. In connection with this, the paper is dedicated to
creation and description of these functions, marked as
I. INTRODUCTION «InverseLaplaceTransform» and «Identification»,
Devices, that are modeled by linear periodically-time- respectively. The paper also presents computer experiments
variable (LPTV) circuits, are widely used in modern electrical with single- and double-circuit parametric amplifiers,
and radio systems, computer technology, systems of automatic conducted in the system UDF MAOPCs computer, which
control and communications. Therefore, the task of modeling confirmed the adequacy of the created functions.
LPTV circuits is actual [1,2,3]. II. MAIN PART
With the advent of powerful software of symbolic
mathematics, there have started to appear the specialized The inverse Laplace transform and the inverse Fourier
software products that implement symbolic methods in the transform of signals that are defined in the frequency domain.
aided design, in particular, in the aided design of electrical and In the system UDF MAOPCs we introduce the function
radio engineering devices and systems. One of such products «InverseLaplaceTransform», which is designed to create time
is the system UDF MAOPCs (User-Defined Functions dependence y (t ) of the output signal (current or voltage) of
Multivariate Analysis and Optimization of the Parametric the circuit based on its image Y ( s, t ) in the frequency domain.
Circuits) [4,5], which was created in MATLAB environment
and is based on the frequency symbolic (FS) method [6] and Obviously, before performing this function in the program of
also is designed for modeling, multivariate analysis and research of circuit, we must perform: a) the function «laplace»
optimization of LPTV circuits in the frequency and time for transformation of the input signal x(t ) to the frequency
domains [7]. There are implemented functions in the system domain X ( s ) ; b) the function «TrFunc», which forms
UDF MAOPCs that allow to solve the following tasks:
parametric transfer function W ( s, t ) that relates the input
 determination of parametric transfer functions of LPTV
circuit in the frequency domain; X (s) and output Y ( s, t ) signal of circuit; c) the function
 determination of instantaneous values of voltage and «OutVar», which forms output signal Y ( s, t ) as a
current in the branches of LPTV circuit;
multiplication Y ( s, t ) W ( s, t ) ˜ X ( s ) .
 assessment of the stability of LPTV circuit;
 determination of the instantaneous power in the branches The parametric transfer function W ( s, t ) by the FS-method
of the LPTV circuit and the transfer coefficients of average has the form of polynomial Wˆ ( s, t ) of Fourier in the complex
power from input circuit to it's output;
form:
 determination of sensitivity coefficients; r
ªW i ( s ) ˜ exp( ji: t )  º
 tolerance analysis; Wˆ ( s, t ) Wr0 ( s )  ¦ « », (1)
 optimization; i 1 ¬ W i ( s ) ˜ exp(  ji: t ) ¼

 2D and 3D visualization of the results of research of where Wr0 ( s ), W i ( s ), W i ( s ) - are the time-independent t
LPTV circuits. fractional-rational functions of a complex variable s; r- is the

978-1-5090-5045-1/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

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 161

number of harmonics in the approximation; : - is the greatest 3. In algebraic expression (5) the number of unknown
common divisor of the frequencies of periodic changes of coefficients is (n  m  1) , therefore, for their determination
parameter of parametric elements of circuit under the influence we write down expression (5) for different (n  m  1) values
of the parameters of the pumping signal; j 2 1 . [ 2, ..., [ n  m 1 , as a result it is forming a system of linear
Function «InverseLaplaceTransform» calculates the signal algebraic equations (SLAE) order (n  m  1) :
y (t ) using the inverse Fourier transform for the steady-state
an (t ) y ( n ) (t , [1 )  an 1 (t ) y ( n 1) (t , [1 )  ...  y (t , [1 )
mode
f bm (t ) x ( m ) (t  [1 )  bm 1 (t ) x ( m 1) (t  [1 )  ... 
1
y (t ) ˜ ³ W ( j ˜ Z , t ) ˜ X ( j ˜ Z ) e j ˜Z ˜t d Z (2) b0 (t ) x(t  [1 ),
2 ˜ S f
or the inverse Laplace transform for the transition mode ............................................................................ (6)
1
c  j ˜f
an (t ) y (t , [ m  n 1 )  an 1 (t ) y
(n) ( n 1)
(t , [ m  n 1 )  ... 
2 ˜ S ˜ j c ³j ˜f
y (t ) ˜ W ( s, t ) ˜ X ( s )e s ˜t ds. (3)
 y (t , [ m  n 1 ) bm (t ) x (t  [ m  n 1 )  bm 1 (t ) ˜
(n)

The algorithm of the execution of function ˜x ( n 1)

(t  [ m  n 1 )  ...  b0 (t ) x(t  [ m  n 1 ).
«InverseLaplaceTransform» is presented in Figure 1.
The signal y (t , [ ) by the variable [ is periodic, so the value
of [ we can choose during one period T 2S : change of
coefficients ai (t ) and b j (t ) . We can solve the system (6) by
the symbolic variable t , but, so there were no limits in
MATLAB on bulkiness of symbolic calculations, it is
advisable to solve this system for the sufficient uneven number
of some particular values of time t t1 , t2 ,..., tk on the period
T . So we get k values of each of the coefficients ai (t ) and
b j (t ) from (5) in selected time points.
4. The coefficients ai (t ) and b j (t ) by the defined of their
numerical values we approximate by the Fourier polynomials
that contain q (k  1) / 2 harmonic components, as a
functions of time t .
5. Number of harmonic components in the approximated
Fig.1. The algorithm of function «InverseLaplaceTransform»
expressions ai (t ) and b j (t ) further can be reduced by
The identification of LPTV circuits. In the system UDF
discarding at them such harmonic components which don’t
MAOPCs we introduce the function «Identification», which is
affect significantly on the solution (5) or (4).
designed to identify the unknown coefficients of the
For the estimation of adequacy of the presented method of
differential equation of LPTV circuit:
identification we accept LPTV circuit as known so the output
an (t ) y ( n ) (t )  an 1 (t ) y ( n -1) (t )  ...  a0 (t ) y (t ) bm (t ) ˜ signal y (t , [ ) for such known LPTV circuit we determine by
(4)
˜ ɯ ( m ) (W )  Em 1 (W ) ɯ ( m -1) (W )  ...  E0 (W ) ɯ(W ) the frequency symbolic method, which provides its formation
based on the pre-defined, for example, signals and from by the inverse Laplace transform from the plane of the
natural experiments x(t ), y (t ) and their derivatives complex variable s into the plane of time t (function
«InverseLaplaceTransform») as:
xc(t ), xcc(t ),..., x ( m ) (t ) , y c(t ), y cc(t ),..., y ( n ) (t ) .
Y ( s, t , [ ) Ÿ y (t , [ ) , (7)
Content of function «Identification» is as follows.
1. Since the impulse transfer function of circuit is a function where Y ( s, t , [ ) W ( s, t ) ˜ X ( s  [ ) , X ( s  [ ) - the image of
of two variables- time t and the moment of time [ the filing input signal x(t  [ ) . The algorithm of the execution of
of delta pulse on the circuit, then the input and output signals function «Identification» is presented in Figure 2.
(4) we define in the form x(t  [ ) and y (t , [ ) . As coefficients
III. COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS
ai (t ) and b j (t ) are independent of [ , then (4), divided into
Computer experiment 1. In the environment of the system
one of its coefficients (let it be a0 ) we write down as: UDF MAOPCs for single-circuit parametric amplifier from
an (t ) y ( n ) (t , [ )  an 1 (t ) y ( n 1) (t , [ )  ...  y (t , [ ) the fig. 3. in steady state: a) by the function
(5) «InverseLaplaceTransform» calculate the output voltage
bm (t ) x ( m ) (t  [ )  bm -1 (t ) x ( m 1) (t  [ )  ...  b0 (t ) x(t  [ ).
u (t , [ ) at action of input signal i (t  [ ) ; b) by the function
2. Expression (5) is algebraic, since the functions x(t  [ ) , «Identification» identify coefficients of differential equation,
y (t , [ ) and their derivatives we consider, one way or another, that was compiled relatively u (t , [ ) and i (t  [ ) ; c) compare
as defined.

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 162
the identified coefficients with coefficients that were 3. By the function «OutVar» we form the image of output
determined by the structure and parameters of the amplifier. signal of the amplifier
U (s,t,[ ) W (s,t ) ˜ I (s,[ ) P1 (s,t ) ˜ P2 (s,[ ) / Q1 (s ) ˜ Q2 (s ) , (11)
where P1 (s,t ) - numerator of function W (s,t ) ; P2 (s,t ) -
numerator of image of the input signal; Q1 (s ) - denominator
of function W (s,t ) ; Q2 (s ) - denominator of image of the input
signal.
4. By the function «InverseLaplaceTransform» we form
(n  m  1) output signals u (t,[i ) in the time domain for
[ [1 , [ 2, ..., [ n  m 1 , repeatedly using the expression [8]:
m
P1 (sm ,t ) ˜ P2 (sm ,[i )
u (t,[i ) ¦d ˜e sm ˜t , (12)
Q1 (sm ) ˜ Q2 (sm )
m 1
ds
where sm - roots of equations Q1 (s ) 0 and Q2 (s ) 0 .
The instantaneous values of the output voltage were
calculated by the expression (12) for the
[ 0.004 ȝs, are
presented in Table 1. In Table 1 and Table 2 -Table5 the results
Fig. 2 The algorithm of function «Identification» are presented with four decimal places, although the
calculations are made with bitness of fifteen decimal places.
TABLE 1. THE INSTANTANEOUS VALUES OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF
AMPLIFIER FROM FIG.3 FOR [ 0.004 ȂS
t u(t), V u(t), V
Fig.3. Single-circuit parametric amplifier
ȝs by MATLAB by Micro-Cap7.0 G ,%
c(t ) c0 (1  mc cos(:t  Ic )), c0 10 ˜ 1012 ɎY mS  mc 
L 0, 2533 ˜ 106 H , : 4 ˜ S ˜ 108 rad / s, Z 2S ˜ 108 rad / s 1.000 -1.5012 -1.5012 0.112e-3
i (t  [ ) 0.001 ˜ cos(Z ˜ (t  [ ))  0.004 ˜ cos(2 ˜ Z ˜ (t  [ )) 1.001 -0.5505 -0.5505 0.148e-3

The progress of the experiment. Step 1. Application of From Table 1 it follows that instantaneous values of the
functions «InverseLaplaceTransform». output voltage of amplifier that were formed by the system
UDF MAOPCs, coincide with the values that were obtained
The output signal u (t , [ ) we define by functions «TrFunc»,
using the Micro-Cap7.0, with the relative error of 0.197e-3% -
«laplace», «OutVar» and «InverseLaplaceTransform» in the 0.638e-3%.
time domain. The procedure of formation u (t , [ ) of amplifier Step 2 The application of the function «Identification».
from Figure 3 in the system UDF MAOPCs is as follows: We consider that the coefficients of equation (8) are
1. By the function «TrFunc» we form: unknown and variables of this equation are known. By the
- differential equation wich is describing a given circuit function «Identification» we define derivatives of variables of
relatively to the input current i (t  [ ) and output voltage equation (8) and we identify it in the form of the equation of
u (t , [ ) , [6]: the second order:
a2 (t ) ˜ u '' (t , [ )  a1 (t ) ˜ u ' (t , [ )  a0 (t ) ˜ u (t , [ )
§ 1· (13)
c(t )u cc(t , [ )  2cc(t )  Y u c(t , [ )  ¨ ɫcc(W )  ¸ X (W , [ ) L c(W  [ ); (8)
© L ¹ b2 (t )i '' (t - [ )  i ' (t  [ )  b0 (t )i (t  [ ).
- differential equation of L.A. Zadeh [6]: In this algebraic expression (13) the number of unknown
L ˜ c(t ) ˜ W cc(s,t )  2 L ˜ c(t )s  2cc(t ) ˜ L  L ˜ Y ˜ W c(s,t )  coefficients are (n  m  1) =5, so the determination of the
(9) expression (13) we write down for 5 values [ [1 , [ 2 , [3 , [ 4 , [5
L ˜ c(t )s 2  (2cc(t ) ˜ L  L ˜ Y )s  (ccc(t ) ˜ L  1) ˜ W (s,t ) Ls;
resulting in forming SLAR of fifth order. Solution of SLAR at
- the parametric transfer function W (s,t ) for the r =6 selected time points gives the value of the identified
harmonic components in the form of (1). coefficients (13) at the same time-points.
2. By the standard function «laplace» for symbolic variables The identified coefficients of equation (13) by the function
s,[ we define the image of input signal i (t  [ ) as: «Identification» at selected time points and calculated exact
values of the same coefficients at the same time points by
103 s ˜ cos (2S ˜108 [ )  2S ˜105 sin (2S ˜108 [ )
I (s,[ )  equation (8) are presented in Table 2.
s 2  4 ˜ S 2 ˜1016
0.004(s ˜ cos (4S ˜108 [ )  4S ˜108 ˜ sin (4S ˜108 [ )) TABLE 2. THE INSTANTANEOUS VALUES OF COEFFICIENTS a0 (t ) ,
 . (10)
s 2  16 ˜ S 2 ˜1016 a1 (t ) , a2 (t ) , b0 (t ) , b2 (t ) OF EQUATION (13) AND EQUATION (8)

t,ȝs a2 (t ) , identified a2 (t ) , exact G ,%

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 163

1.000 1.0100 e-11 1.0100e-11 0.1133 e-7

- differential equation which is describing a given circuit
t,ȝs a1 (t ) , identified a1 (t ) , exact G ,% relatively to the input current ɿ (W  [ ) and voltage uc (t , [ ) [6]
1.000 3.9999e-4 4.0000e-4 0.2111e-6 (we do not show it due to its cumbersomeness);
a0 (t ) , identified a0 (t ) , exact G ,% - differential equation of L.A. Zadeh [6] (we do not show it
t,ȝs
due to its cumbersomeness);
1.000 0.3789e3 0.3900e3 0.1148e-5
t,ȝs b2 (t ) , identified b2 (t ) , exact G ,%
1.000 0.2455e-14 0 -
t,ȝs b0 (t ) , identified b0 (t ) , exact G ,%
1.000 0.7378e4 0 -
Fig.4. Double-circuit parametric amplifier
From the Table 2 it follows that identified values and exact i (t  [ ) A ˜ (1  B ˜ cos(0.992Z ˜ (t  [ )  C ˜ cos(0,998Z ˜ (t  [ )) u
values of coefficients coincide with the relative error 0.1023ɟ- u cos(Z ˜ (t  [ )), c(t ) c0 (1  m ˜ cos(: t )), c0 =1pF,I S / 4, A 0.1 ˜ 106 ,
3% – ɟ-2%. : 2 ˜ S ˜ 298,573 ˜106 rad/s, Z 2S ˜108 rad/s, Y1 Y2 0.0001S , B 0.8,
The identified coefficients ai (t ) and b j (t ) from Table.2 by C1 C2 68pF,L1 36.70795ɧȽɧm , L2 9.312609nH, C 0.9
the function «Identification», we approximate by Fourier
polynomials that at selected value k 19 contains q 9 - the parametric transfer function W (s,t ) for the r =3
harmonic components. harmonic components in the form of (1).
For the determination of the adequacy of the approximated 2. By the standard function «laplace» for symbolic variables
coefficients in Table 3 for input signal i (t ) 0.001 ˜ cos(Z ˜ t ) s,[ we define the image of input signal i (t  [ ) as:
are shown value of the voltage u (t ) , are formed by the 1 B ˜ (0.992 ˜ sin (0.992[ )  s ˜ cos (0.992[ ))
I (s,[ ) A˜(  
identified equation and calculated by the program of numerical s s 2  0.984064
analysis Micro-Cap7.0 by the exact equation (8). C ˜ (0.998 ˜ sin( 0.998[ )  s ˜ cos(0.998[ ))
 . (14)
TABLE 3. THE INSTANTANEOUS VALUES OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF s 2  0.9946004
AMPLIFIER FROM FIG.3 3. By the function «OutVar» we form the image of signal on
the parametric capacity of the amplifier in the form (11).
t,ȝs u (t ) , V u (t ) , V by G ,% 4. By the function «InverseLaplaceTransform» we form
by MATLAB Micro-Cap7.0 (n  m  1) signals on parametric capacity uc (t,[i ) in the time
1.000 2.5010 2.5013 0.0101 domain for [ [1 , [ 2, ..., [ n  m 1 , repeatedly using the expression
1.001 2.1533 2.1538 0.0191 (12).
From Table 3 it follows: Step 2 The application of the function «Identification».
a) the instantaneous values of the output voltage of the We consider that the coefficients of equation (8) are
amplifier that were calculated in the system UDF MAOPCs, unknown and variables of this equation are known. By the
coincide with the values that were obtained using the program function «Identification» we define derivatives of variables of
Micro-Cap 7.0 with relative error 0.0101% - 0.0911%; equation which is describing a given circuit relatively to the
b) unequal to zero identified coefficients b2 (t ) and b0 (t ) input current ɿ (W  [ ) and voltage uc (t , [ ) and we identify it in
(Table. 2) do not significantly affect on the accuracy of the the form of the equation of fourth order:
calculated values of the output voltage of the amplifier. a4 (t ) ˜ u( 4 ) (t,[ )  a3 (t ) ˜ u( 3 ) (t,[ )  a2 (t ) ˜ u'' (t,[ ) 
Computer experiment 2. In the environment of the system
UDF MAOPCs for double-circuit parametric amplifier from  a1 (t ) ˜ u' (t,[ )  a0 (t ) ˜ u( t,[ ) b3 (t )i( 3 ) (t  [ ) 
the fig. 4. in steady state: a) by the function b2 (t )i'' (t  [ )  i' (t  [ )  b0 (t )i (t  [ )
«InverseLaplaceTransform» calculate the voltage uɫ (t , [ ) at (15)
In this algebraic expression (15) the number of unknown
action of input signal i (t  [ ) ; b) by the function
coefficients are (n  m  1) =8, so the determination of the
«Identification» identify coefficients of differential equation,
expression (15) we write down for 8 values [ [1 , [ 2 ,...[8
that was compiled relatively uɫ (t , [ ) and i (t  [ ) ; c) compare
resulting in forming SLAR of fifth order. The solution of
the identified coefficients with coefficients that were
SLAR at selected time points gives the value of the identified
determined by the structure and parameters of the amplifier.
coefficients (15) at the same time-points.
The progress of the experiment. Step 1. Application of
The identified coefficients of equation (15) by the function
function «InverseLaplaceTransform».
«Identification» at selected time points t and calculated exact
The signal uc (t , [ ) we define by functions «TrFunc»,
values of the same coefficients at the same time points by
«laplace», «OutVar» and «InverseLaplaceTransform» in the equation which is describing a given circuit relatively to the
time domain. The procedure of formation uc (t , [ ) of amplifier input current i (t  [ ) and voltage uc (t , [ ) are presented in
from Figure 3 in the system UDF MAOPCs is as follows: Table 4.
1. By the function «TrFunc» we form:

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 164
TABLE 4. THE INSTANTANEOUS VALUES OF THE COEFFICIENT a4 (t ) , (Table. 4) do not significantly affected on accuracy of the
a3 (t ) , a2 (t ) , a1 (t ) , a0 (t ) , b3 (t ) , b2 ( t ) , b0 ( t ) OF EQUATION
calculated values of the voltage uc (t ) of amplifier from the
(15) AND EQUATION WHICH IS DESCRIBING A GIVEN CIRCUIT Table. 5.
RELATIVELY TO THE INPUT CURRENT AND VOLTAGE III. CONCLUSION
t,ȝs a4 (t ) , identified a4 (t ) ,exact G% 1. The results of computer experiments that were performed
with single and double circuit parametric amplifiers convince
100.0 ɟ-28 ɟ-28 0.2373 us in adequacy of the of functions «InverseLaplaceTransform»
t,ȝs a3 (t ) , identified a3 (t ) , exact G% and «Identification» that were developed in the system UDF
100.0 -ɟ-20 -ɟ-20 0.3574 MAOPCs.
2. Considered in this paper functions
t,ȝs a2 (t ) , identified a2 (t ) , exact G%
«InverseLaplaceTransform» and «Identification» expand the
100.0 0.8733e-10 0.8729e-10 0.2459 possibilities of the system UDF MAOPCs, that is based on the
t,ȝs a1 (t ) , identified a1 (t ) , exact G% frequency symbolic method in the tasks of investigations of
LPTV circuits in the time domain.
100.0 0.0028 0.0028 0.3044 3. The function «Identification» allows us to create models
t,ȝs a0 (t ) , identified a0 (t ) , exact G% of parametric devices like "the black box" that can be useful in
100.0 ɟ ɟ 0.6282
industrial manufacturing of parametric devices or when using
such devices in electrotechnical or radiotechnical systems.
t,ȝs b3 (t ) , identified b3 (t ) , exact G% 4. The developed function «InverseLaplaceTransform» of
100.0 6.3245e-19 6.3325e-19 0.1292e-2 the system UDF MAOPCs, for the first time allows to obtain
t,ȝs b2 ( t ) ,identified b2 ( t ) , exact G% time dependence of signals by the inverse Fourier transform
and the inverse Laplace transform on engineering level at the
100.0 9.3124e-13 9.3126e-13 0.4969
calculations of practical parametric circuits.
t,ȝs b0 ( t ) ,identified b0 ( t ) , exact G% 5. The developed functions «InverseLaplaceTransform»
-0.2830e4 - and «Identification» in the environment of the system UDF
100 0
MAOPCs can successfully solve tasks of statistical researches
From the Table 4 it follow that identified values and exact and optimization of LPTV circuits in the time domain.
values of coefficients coincide with the relative error 0.1292e-
2% - 1.2502%. REFERENCES
The identified coefficients ai (t ) and b j (t ) from Table.4 by [1] Tholen, E.A. et al. Nonlinearities and parametric
the function «Identification» we approximate by Fourier amplification in superconducting coplanar waveguide
polynomials that at selected value k 19 contains q 9 resonanors. Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 253509(2007).
harmonic components. [2] Byeong Ho Eom, Peter K. Day, Henry G. LeDuc and
For the determination of the adequacy of the approximated Jonas Zmuidzinas. A wideband, low-noise
coefficients in Table 5 for input signal i (t ) 0.001 ˜ cos(Z ˜ t ) superconducting amplifier with high dynamic range.
Nature Physics, Vol.8, August 2012.
are shown value of the voltage uc (t ) , are formed by the
[3] Vanassche P., Gielen G. and Sansen W. Systematic
identified equation and calculated by the program of numerical Modeling and Analysis of Telecom Frontends and their
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TABLE 5. THE INSTANTANEOUS VALUES OF THE VOLTAGE uc (t ) OF
periodically time-variable circuits based on the frequency
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parameters. Lviv, Lviv Polytechnic National University
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