CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Energy, as a major driver of global development is accompanied with its own shortcomings
having fossil fuels as its conventional energy source which has contributed to the degrading
environment as well as the socioeconomic effect associated with it. However, the increasing
clamour for energy and satisfying it with a combination of conventional and renewable
resources is a huge challenge (P. Jain, K. Handa and A. Paul). Energy demand in Sub-Saharan
Africa grew by around 45% from 2000 to 2012, but accounts for only 4% of global demand
despite being home to 13% of the global population (IEA, “Africa Energy Outlook).
According to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (the Kyoto protocol), the
developed countries agreed to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas to 1990 emission level
(UNFCCC, “The Kyoto Protocol,”).

Hence, climate change and other negative effects of using fossil fuels for power production,
along with a growing demand for energy coupled with concerns over energy security, are
driving the expansion of renewable sources of energy (IEA, “Renewable Energy Essentials).
Sustainable development within a society requires a supply of energy resources that, in the
long term, is readily and sustainably available at reasonable cost and can be utilized for all
required tasks without causing negative societal impacts (O. Adeoti, B. A. Oyewole and T. D.
Adegboyega). International climate negotiations have long pitted developing countries
(focused on providing access to affordable energy to their populations) against developed
countries, responsible for most of the greenhouse gases emitted to date but leading the shift to
greener energy sources (S. Bössner and G. Stang). Hence, Renewable Energy (RE) in simple
terms can be described as the obtainable energies from natural sources that are constantly
replenished. With RE technologies, countries can meet their policy goals to secure, reliable
and affordable energy to expand electricity.

Energy demand is expected to be 9.7% by 2030; therefore, Nigeria requires all support
available towards increasing the energy production while mitigating pollution (Oh et al,
2018). Nigeria has RE resources: solar, wing, biomass, and hydropower which have the
capacity of producing clean and environmental-friendly energy. Besides, the demand rate is
expected to rise; therefore, serious efforts and investments are required to meet the needs,
hence this work. This work is based on energy recovery from municipal solid waste (MSW)
using incineration method, a type of thermal treatment process. Waste treatments systems are

1
categorized into two types; biological treatment (aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion)
and thermal treatment (incineration, gasification and pyrolysis) (Tanet al, 2014). The
composition and also the quantity of MSW is being influenced, according to the World Bank
facts, by the economic development level, cultural believes, geographical site, sources of
energy, and climate change (Pan et al, 2015). In Nigeria, the amount of waste generated
ranges from about 0.2-0.4 kg per person per day in the rural areas to 0.66 kg per person per
day in the urban cities (Emem et al, 2019). The reasons behind the increment are related to
the population growth, the rising of the economic productions, urbanization process (Fazeli et
al, 2016). The primary category of waste is considered to be organic matter representing
49.78% of the collected waste in Nigeria (Harir, Ksaim, & Ishiyaku, 2015). Organic wastes
are capable of being transformed into methane gas, CH ₄ (50%-55%) utilizable as a fuel
(Johari et al, 2012).

1.1 DEFINITION AND TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Renewable energy is energy that comes from a source that won’t run out. They are natural and
self-replenishing, and usually have a low- or zero-carbon footprint. Examples of renewable
energy sources include wind power, solar power, bioenergy (organic matter burned as a fuel)
and hydroelectric, including tidal energy.

1.2.1 OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Rapid growth of the global population, permanently increasing life standards, and vast
technological advancement are continually increasing the variety and amount of solid waste.

Generation of municipal solid waste, together with the high organic share present in solid
waste and its often-incorrect discarding, results in extensive ecological pollution, mainly
based on the emission of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, such as methane
(CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Because of this environmental threat, municipal authorities
are currently urged to implement techno-economic and political solutions of higher efficiency
to manage the growing quantities of municipal solid waste (Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MSM).

The lion’s share of municipal (mainly urban) solid waste consists of biodegradable matter,
which plays a substantial role in greenhouse gas emissions in today’s cities all around the
globe. According to the present state of knowledge, integrated solid waste management is the
strategy of choice to manage this issue; such strategies, however, require improvement in
order to handle the growing organic fractions of municipal solid discards. If accomplished in
a smart manner, this can on the one hand contribute to the aspired reduction of greenhouse
gas emissions, and, on the other hand, even potentially generate economic benefits. Hence,

2
systems for sustainable management of municipal solid waste are auspicious and attractive
objects of study to assess current consumption behavior in different global regions and to
protect the natural environment.

Generally, municipal solid waste gets disposed of in dumps and landfills as the most simple,
convenient, inexpensive, and technologically less advanced method. Organic fractions as the
major component of municipal solid waste undergo biodegradation under the anaerobic
conditions prevailing in landfills, which consequently releases greenhouse gases as
mentioned above (Scaglia B, Salati S, Di A, Carrera A, Tambone F, Adani F).

Reduction or complete abolition of environmental contamination becomes increasingly

important, which intensifies the global efforts dedicated to develop novel strategies for
gradually reducing the quantities of the biodegradable municipal solid wastes in landfills. The
process toward reduction of organic pollution involves (i) source separated collection of
organic fractions of municipal solid waste, which undergo compost production, (ii) organic
waste incineration for energy production, and (iii) mechanical/biological processing to get a
compostable material (Scaglia B, Adani F).

1.2.2 CHALLENGES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN

NIGERIA
The problems affecting municipal solid-waste management in Nigeria are diverse and
numerous, and are related to economical, technological, psychological and political aspects in
the country. In view of the challenges of municipal solid waste management in Nigeria; the
following challenges can be determined:

1. Poor Funding: This is one of the major problems constraining the waste-management
sector (Ogu, 2000). The incapability of purchasing new waste-collection trucks, the limited
staff, poor vehicle maintenance, unsubsidized waste-storage containers, and the inability to
purchase equipment among others are all attributed to the shortage of capital. Actualizing
waste- management projects requires a consistent funding to achieve answers to the strategies
yet to be implemented (Abila and Kantola 2013). More importantly, economic or financial
constraints may result in the populace patronizing cart pushers who are not able to get to the
approved designated dump sites where the solid waste are expected to be managed properly
(Igbinomwanhia and Ohwovoriole, 2012)

2. Poor Legislation and Implementation of Policy: The constitutional strength of solid-waste

management policy is weak and ineffective. Also, the implementation of this policy is not
monitored adequately. The efforts by state and local environmental protection agencies in

3
Nigeria to completely rid streets and neighborhoods of indiscriminate wastes have not yet
achieved the much-desired success (Kofoworola, 2007).

3. Cultural Belief: Wastes are viewed as an invaluable and unwanted materials rather than
wealth. Wastes are not seen as valuable materials that can be recycled for actual use, material
recovery and energy recovery. The value of waste to people enhances the actualization of the
process involved in the management of waste (Abila and Kantola, 2013).

4. Urbanization: As a result of urbanization and the rapid population growth in the country,
wastes are generated faster than they are collected, transported, and disposed. This problem
of urbanization has also complicated the problem of waste management as land becomes
scarce, human settlements encroach upon landfill spaces, and government in some cases
encourage new development directly on top of operating on recently closed landfills
(Ikemike, 2015).

5. Poor management strategies: Waste management in the country is hindered by exhausted

waste collection services, and by inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites and the
problems are worsening day by day. The effectiveness of waste collection initiated by both
the public and private sectors is largely controlled by location, the ability and willingness of
the owner of the waste to pay the amount charge (Olukanni and Mnenga, 2015). Most of the
times, people are not willing to pay. Most waste in Africa is not collected by municipal
collection systems because of poor management, fiscal irresponsibility, equipment failure, or
inadequate waste management budgets (Bartone, 1991; Opara et al., 2016).

6. Population growth: The ever-increasing challenges of rapid population growth rate and
poor planning, has not only affected solid-waste volume but they also made solid-waste
management strategies incapable of keeping pace with the rate of generation. Education,
income and socio-economic status are other important factors influencing per-capita solid-
waste generation (Abel, 2009).

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 EMERGENCE AND GENERATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Municipal solid waste is commonly understood as the waste accruing in a municipality. Most
of this solid waste is generated without any segregation, and, therefore, it may be either
harmful or harmless. In general, independent on the origin of municipal solid waste, its
impact on the environment and different life forms affects pollution of air, water, and soil.
Moreover, impact of municipal solid waste on land use, odors, and esthetic aspects has also
accounted for holistic considerations of waste treatment systems.

In principle, the human species is on top of any environmental pollution and consequently
constitutes the major factor endangering nature’s biodiversity. Global population growth and
increasing consumer demands, especially in strongly growing, emerging, and developing
economies, have resulted in a large production increase worldwide. However, most industrial
facilities have insufficient or completely lacking monitoring of their production processes in
environmental terms, and often insufficient or inadequate facilities for management and
treatment of waste. The global trend of rapid urban growth has further caused an increase of
waste generation from private habitation sites and private and public service facilities; in
addition, intensified construction and demolition activities are ongoing. As urban population
density is generally very high all over the world, the daily consumption of goods and services
is also high in urban areas. Additionally, the amounts of accruing municipal solid waste are
also directly correlating with the economic status of the society in a given country (Shekdar
AV).

Municipal solid waste generation per capita has increased in most of the countries globally; in
many cases, this increase has been dramatic especially during the last years. Among all solid
waste, plastics, paper, glass, and metals are the four categories of highest potential for
recycling. The huge quantities of municipal solid waste are not only a severe ecological
hazard but also cause major social concern. This makes it clear that appropriate municipal
solid waste management is a current topic of utmost importance (Karak T, Bhagat RM,
Bhattacharyya P.).

2.1 COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

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Because of diverse shortcomings such as the lack of waste segregation already at the origin,
insufficient treatment, scarce reuse, lacking recycling systems, and often inappropriate
disposal, solid waste management still has various gaps in the management chain which need
to be filled. Treatment of the organic waste fraction for energy and resource recovery changes
its physical and chemical characteristics. In this context, the most important processing
techniques encompass composting (aerobic treatment) or bio-methanogenesis (anaerobic
treatment in biogas reactors). Composting through aerobic processing produces compost as a
stable product, which is broadly utilized as manure and as soil fertilizer and soil conditioner.

Due to various reasons, composting facilities are used to a lower extent in large metropolitan
cities. Prevalence of unsegregated waste and production of low-quality compost resulting in
low end user acceptance are the two most important reasons for this underutilization. Bio-
methanogenesis via microbiological activity under anaerobic conditions generates biogas rich
in methane as the value component. In general, composting becomes feasible when a given
waste contains high moisture and high organic content. Uncontrolled and arbitrary disposal of
mixed waste including organic fractions that cause environmental problems such as land
pollution and pollution of soil and aquatic environments due to leaching of waste components
(Ramachandra TV, Bharath HA, Kulkarni G, Han SS).

2.2 TYPES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Private households, hotels, offices, stores, educational, and other institutions are causes of
municipal solid waste generation. The lion’s share of solid waste encompasses organic
(mainly food or horticulture) waste, cardboard, paper, plastics and other resins, textile rags,
metal, and glass; in many cases, even demolition and construction debris is included in
collected waste, in addition to certain quantities of precarious waste, such as batteries, electric
light bulbs and fluorescent tubes, automotive parts, expired medicines and other
pharmaceutical products, and diverse chemicals, e.g., cleaning and cosmetic products (World
Bank; 1999. pp. 170-194). Hence, the main sources of solid waste are private households and
the agricultural, industrial, construction, commercial, and institutional sectors. An assignment
of different types of solid waste to their individual sources is shown in Table 1

Source Typical waste generators Types of solid wastes

Residential (private sector) Single and multifamily Paper, cardboard, food
wastes, plastics, textile
habitations
rags, leather, yard waste,
glass, lignocelluloses
(wood, grass, and
lopping), metals, ashes

6

Industrial sector Light and heavy
manufacturing companies,
fabrication, power and
chemical plants,
construction sites
Commercial sector Stores, markets, gastronomy,
hotels, office buildings, etc.
Institutional sector Schools, universities,
kindergartens, hospitals and
other health and medical
institutions, penitentiaries,
government centers
Construction and demolition New construction sites,
sector renovation sites, road
rehabilitation, demolition of
buildings
Municipal services Street cleaning, parks,
landscaping, beaches,
groves, playgrounds, sport
facilities, other recreational
areas, and wastewater
treatment plants
Processing sector Heavy and light
manufacturing, chemical
plants, (bio)refineries, power
plants, mineral extraction
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(heating and tobacco
products), special wastes
(e.g., bulky items, white
goods, electronic parts,
batteries, car tires, waste
oils), and diverse types of
precarious household
waste
Housekeeping waste,
different packaging
materials, food waste,
construction and
demolition materials,
ashes, hazardous waste,
and special waste
Paper, cardboard, plastics,
wood, food wastes, glass,
metals, special wastes,
and hazardous waste
Same as for the
commercial sector
Wood, steel, asphalt,
cement, insulation
materials, dirt, dust, etc.
Street sweepings,
landscape, tree- and bush
trimmings, different waste
accruing in parks,
beaches, riversides, and
other recreational area,
sludge after flooding
events
Industrial process waste,
saw dust, scrap materials,
off specification products,
slag, and tailings
 and processing, joinery, and
veneer works

All of the above should be included as “municipal solid

waste”

Agro-industrial sector Farms, crops, orchards, Agricultural wastes, spoiled

vineyards, dairies, feedlots, food wastes, animal
distilleries, rendering and residues (slaughterhouse
animal processing industry, waste), hazardous wastes
biodiesel industry, and (e.g., pesticides, antibiotic
bioethanol production residues), and crude
glycerol

Table 1: Sources and types of solid wastes

2.3 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
In parallel to the increase of population and economic activity, solid waste management is
turning into a severe issue for almost all municipalities. Public health, odor disturbance,
hazardous gas emissions, air pollution, or particulate matter formation are typical phenomena
prevailing in urban regions. For smart management, municipal solid waste disposal requires
proper environmental monitoring during the entire waste treatment chain from waste
collection to its ultimate disposal, and, finally, a regular control of disposal sites is needed
(Chiemchaisri C, Juanga JP, Visvanathan C).

To manage solid waste in an efficient fashion, the interrelationships of four functional

elements have to be taken into account before a decision about an ultimate disposal strategy
can be made. As reported by Shah (Shah KL), the first function element refers to the material
generated at the source. Materials to which no more value is added are referred to and
disposed as waste; quantity and nature of different types of waste are dependent on the waste
source. The second function element encompassed the handling, separation, and storage at
site of waste. In this context, waste has to be subjected toward separation before being placed
into suitable storage containers. Paper, cardboard, packaging plastics, glass, ferrous metals,
aluminum cans, and organic waste are those components, which typically are separated and
stored individually. This step is crucial before moving to the next point. During the collection
process, solid waste is picked up and placed into empty containers, which have separate
compartments for recyclable materials (Tarmudi Z, Abdullah ML, Tap AOM). Subsequently,

8
the refuse collection staff collects the waste around the disposal centers manually before
disposing it at the disposal sites. Figure 1 illustrates the individual steps involved from waste
material generation at its source until the final functional element for ultimate waste disposal.

Fig. 1 Schematic of solid waste management system

2.4 SCENARIOS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

A policy for proper waste management needs to be grounded on the principles of sustainable
development, which considers the society’s refuse not only as rejects but also as a potential
resource, which can undergo upgrading for potential value creation. In urban regions,
appropriate solid waste management facilities are essential for, on the one hand,
environmental management and protection and, on the other hand, for public health.
Strategies and techniques for solving waste problems on a regional scale inevitably have a
large number of possible solutions in order to be implemented in different areas, which are
characterized by variable population densities, different life standard and life style, number of
locations for waste management infrastructure, and number and types of protected landscape
areas and other high value ecological sites. Environmentally benign waste management
depends on various site-specific factors such as the composition of the waste, efficacy of
waste collection at its source and of processing systems required to carry out different waste
management techniques, feasibility of value-added material recovery from waste streams,
emission standards to which waste management facilities are designed and operated, overall
cost efficiency, and social performance of the community (Ramachandra TV, Bharath HA,
Kulkarni G, Han SS).

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2.5 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a process analytical tool recommended in many EU
documents, e.g., the Directive 2008/98/EC on waste and certain other directives. LCA as a
tool supports or enables the holistic consideration of the environmental impact of a new
product or process already in its infancy, hence, during development (Niederl-Schmidinger A,
Narodoslawsky M). As a quantitative measure, the Sustainable Process Index (SPI) allows to
compare in a straightforward way the ecological footprint of products, processes, and systems
based on the area required for completely embedding a process/system into the ecosphere
(Narodoslawsky M, Krotscheck C).

Hence, LCA is a well-established tool, which nowadays is widely used to assess the
environmental impact of product life cycles (“cradle-to-gate” or “cradle-to-grave”; the first
refers only to production until the product leaving the factory’s gate, while latter involves
also the waste disposal after a product’s life span), new technological processes, as well as
waste management systems including waste treatment and processes for disposal, recycling,
composting, or waste conversion for energy generation (biogas, thermal conversion in
cogeneration plants). The evaluation of the existing situation of municipal solid waste
management from an environmental, economic, and social perspective via a life cycle
approach is an important first step prior to taking any decisions on the technologies to be
selected, the policies to be developed, and the strategies to be followed for a nation
(Kulczycka J, Mineral T, Lelek L, Mineral T, Lewandowska A).

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE-TO-ENERGY INITIATIVES IN NIGERIA

Nigeria generates 25 million tons of municipal solid waste annually. These tons of waste are
a big burden to communities and municipal waste managers as waste constitute
environmental hazards injurious to health.

But if properly managed, this burden can be turned to gold. Electricity can be produced by
burning solid waste as a fuel. This is the practice in developed countries. Waste power plants,
also called waste to energy plants, are designed to dispose of municipal solid waste and to
produce electricity as a byproduct of the incinerator operation.

Waste collected on a daily basis consists of everyday items such as product packaging,
clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint and
batteries, plastics of all grades, etc. But one challenge is that waste for burning must not
include medical, commercial and industrial hazardous or radioactive waste, which experts
recommend must be treated separately.

Lagos State generates about 9,000 metric tons of waste daily (0.5 kg/person/ day), 80 percent
of this waste can be recycled. Under the city’s recycling initiative called ‘zero waste
programme’, organic waste, which makes up 60 percent of the city’s waste is being recycled
into compost. This is used for a green programme aimed at beautifying the city with trees and
flowers. But the State can venture into energy production too.

The U.S. economy uses biomass-based materials as a source of energy in many ways. Wood
and agricultural residues are burned as a fuel for cogeneration of steam and electricity in the
industrial sector. Biomass is used for power generation in the electricity sector and for space
heating in residential and commercial buildings. Biomass can be converted to a liquid form
for use as a transportation fuel, and research is being conducted on the production of fuels
and chemicals from biomass.

Biomass materials can also be used directly in the manufacture of a variety of products. The
US Energy Information Administration’s estimation of biomass resources shows that there is

11
590 million wet tons of biomass available in the United States on an annual basis; 20 million
wet tons (enough to supply about 3 gigawatts of capacity) are available today at prices of
$1.25 per million Btu or less.

3.1 APPLICATION INSIGHT

The technology advancement and deployment globally provide an opportunity to explore
WTE for commercial and socioeconomic purposes. There are over 2000 WTE plants
converting Municipal Solid waste to Energy and heat globally.

Fig. 2 Municipal Solid waste to Energy and heat globally

3.2 OPERATION OVERVIEW

Waste-to-Energy includes processes such as incineration, gasification, pyrolysis that
thermally treat solid waste and directly recover energy in the form of electricity and/or heat.
It also include bio-chemical processes such as landfill gas recovery and anaerobic digestion
that converts the chemical energy in solid waste to yield products of high energy value e.g.
methane.
In ranking the various technologies within the Waste To Energy space, various factors were
considered:

12
1. Electricity Generation: The technologies must provide for energy recovery in the form of
electricity.
2. Processing Capacity: A technology must be capable of processing adequate MSW
3. Technology Maturity: The waste processing technologies should be proven on a
commercial scale.
4. Operational Requirements: Handling of available type of waste and running of facility
5. Environmental Issues and Human Factors: The technology should not adversely affect
community and its environment

Fig.3: Operation overview

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 WASTE TO ENERGY OVERVIEW

Generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste,
or the processing of waste into a fuel source.

Biomass is the plant or animal material used for energy production. It is renewable organic
material that comes from plants and animals. Biomass contains stored chemical energy from
the sun. It can be burned directly for heat or converted to renewable liquid and gaseous fuels
through various processes.

Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological
sources. It the main source of renewable energy in the world today, contributing to energy
used in Heat, Electricity and Transport

4.1 WASTE TO ENERGY/BIO-ENERGY FEEDSTOCK

The type and availability of feedstock will determine the type and amount of bioenergy that
can be produced and the technology that can be used to produced it.

14
Fig. 4: Bio-Energy Feedstock from agricultural crop residue and Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW)

Fig. 5: Biomass waste to energy recovery pathway

4.2 WASTE TO ENERGY RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION MODE OF OPERATION

Combustion Direct Combustion of Grate Bubbling fluidized
feedstock utilizing excess air bed
or oxygen as oxidant to Circulating fluidized bed
generate heat
Pyrolysis Thermal Conversion of Slow (low temp.) or Fast
feedstock in the absence of (High temp.)
air or oxygen as oxidant to Horizontal/Vertical
generate a synthetic gas or (updraft/downdraft)
fuel and pyrolysis oil. Plasma arch
Gasification Thermal conversion of Horizontal stationary
feedstock in a limited Horizontal rotating
atmosphere of air or oxygen Vertical (updraft/downdraft)
as oxidant to generate a Stationary grate
synthesis gas or fuel Bubbling fluidized bed
Anaerobic Digestion Biological conversion of a Single or double stage
feedstock in the absence of

15
 oxygen to generate biogas Wet or Dry Process
Mesophilic (77degF -
100degF) or Thermophilic
(122degF - 135degF)
Table 2: Waste To Energy Recovery Technology

Combustion and Pyrolysis

Fig. 6: Combustion and pyrolysis

Gasification

Fig. 7: Gasification

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Anaerobic Digestion

Fig. 8: Combustion and pyrolysis

4.3 LIMITATIONS

1. Absence of long term Waste to Energy policy programmes locally and the impact on this
opportunity specifically limited policy support and private sector investment levels.

2. Anaerobic Digestion Facility location assessments - For specific agricultural feedstock –

the facility needs to be situated close to the feedstock/biomass source or a collection process
implemented to optimize feedstock collection and ensure steady supplies.

3. Limited or nonexistent waste management/disposal practices in Nigeria and impact on

sourcing, collection and aggregation of waste for a commercial venture. Researchers estimate
that in Nigeria only 20-30% of waste disposed is collected, the rest are left to litter the
environment or end up in arbitrary dumpsites constituting serious health, environmental and
infrastructural hazards.

4. Limitations in Waste to Energy treatment alternatives as a result of Nigeria’s poor waste

management practices i.e. poor waste segregation at source/ recycling, inefficient
transportation of waste

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 RECOMMENDATION

Firstly, it is recommended that the sensitization initiative on energy conservation to the

people will promote a huge reduction in energy cost so that other grid users can benefit from
constant power supply. Also, the Nigerian government should invest not only its financial
capacity, but its political will and implementation plan to ensure that renewable energy
resources are fully harnessed. Decentralized energy system should be encouraged in order to
ensure that electrical power generated from RE sources in rural communities conserves the
energy lost during transmission, reduces the initial cost by the size and number of power lines
to be constructed so that the power generated on-site is utilized within a defined locality. The
need to integrate Independent Power Project of Nigeria is significant in order to encourage
individuals, industries and other stakeholders to own their standalone renewable energy
systems which enables them to generate, utilize and sell the excess energy to the national
grid. The Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) should be more proactive in its jurisdiction
to ensure that all areas of RE are fully explored through research and development and
trainings for its expertise on the latest RE trend in the globe.

5.1 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the assessment of renewable energy sources and municipal solid waste
signifies a transformative opportunity for Nigeria to achieve energy security, mitigate climate
change, and promote inclusive growth. By embracing a holistic approach that integrates
technological innovation, policy coherence, and stakeholder engagement, Nigeria can unlock
the full potential of its renewable energy and waste resources, paving the way towards a
cleaner, more resilient, and sustainable energy future for generations to come.

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