Ansi Z535.1 2017 Safety Color

NEMA Standards Publication
ANSI Z535.1-2017
Safety Colors
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National Electrical Manufacturers Association

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ANSI Z535.1-2017
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American National Standard for Safety Colors
Secretariat:
Approved: October 20, 2017
American National Standards Institute, Inc.

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© 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ANSI Z535.1-2017
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CONTENTS
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... vii

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Scope and Purpose
2.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 1
2.2 Purpose ......................................................................................................................... 1
2.2.1 Existing American National Standards.......................................................................... 1
3 Application and Exceptions ............................................................................................................ 1
3.1 Applications ................................................................................................................... 1
3.2 Exceptions..................................................................................................................... 2
4 Explanation of Terminology ........................................................................................................... 2
4.1 Boundary ....................................................................................................................... 2
4.2 Chroma ......................................................................................................................... 2
4.3 Chromaticity Coordinates .............................................................................................. 2
4.4 CIE Chromaticity Diagram ............................................................................................ 2
4.5 CIE Colorimetric System ............................................................................................... 2
4.6 CIE Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage.............................................................. 2
4.7 CIE Illuminant C ............................................................................................................ 2
4.8 CIE Standard Illuminant D65 ........................................................................................ 3
4.9 CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer (2 degree)........................................................... 3
4.10 Hue ............................................................................................................................... 3
4.11 Munsell Color Order System ......................................................................................... 3
4.12 Normal Vision ................................................................................................................ 3
4.13 Tristimulus Values ......................................................................................................... 3
4.14 Value ............................................................................................................................. 3
5 Specifications .................................................................................................................................. 3
5.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 3
5.2 Testing Specifications ................................................................................................... 3
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6 Safety Colors .................................................................................................................................. 4

6.1 Safety Colors – Ordinary Surface Colors ...................................................................... 4
6.2 Safety White .................................................................................................................. 4
6.3 Safety Black .................................................................................................................. 4
6.4 Daylight Fluorescent Safety Colors............................................................................... 4
7 Optimum Visibility .......................................................................................................................... 4

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8 Surface Finish ................................................................................................................................ 5

9 External Illumination of Safety Signs ............................................................................................. 5
10 Safety Color Stability ...................................................................................................................... 5
11 Normative References ................................................................................................................... 5
FIGURES
1 Section of the CIE 1932 Chromaticity Diagram showing green, yellow-to-red region and
Chromaticity specification boundaries for ANSI Z535.1 fluorescent safety colors ......................... 13
2 CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram Color Regions for ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors............................ 14
3 Enlarged view of the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram showing neutral limits for Safety White
and Safety Black ............................................................................................................................. 15
A-1 Enlarged view of the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram showing the color region for Safety
Yellow ............................................................................................................................................. 17
B-1 ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors using Illuminant C and ISO 3864-4 Safety Colors using Standard
Illuminant D65 .................................................................................................................................... 18
E-1 Munsell Hue Circle ............................................................................................................................. 24
E-2 Munsell Hue, Value, Chroma ............................................................................................................. 25
TABLES
1 Appendix A to §172 – Office of Hazardous Materials Transportation Color Tolerance Charts and
Tables. Specifications for Color Tolerance Charts for use with Labels and Placards Surfaced
with Paint, Lacquer, Enamel, Plastic, other Opaque Coatings, or Ink ............................................ 7
2 Specifications for Color Tolerance Charts for use with Labels and Placards Surfaced
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with Ink ........................................................................................................................................... 8
3 Specifications for colors for use with labels printed on packaging surfaces ................................... 11
4 Specifications for fluorescent safety colors. Recommended limits of fluorescent colors in terms
of CIE Recommendations No. 39-2, 1983 for surface colors for visual signaling .......................... 11
5 (x, y) Chromaticity coordinates of the corners of the recommended limits for fluorescent safety
colors specified in Table 4, in terms of the CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric System, measured
with 45/0 geometry, and evaluation with CIE Standard Illuminant D65 .......................................... 12
6 Specifications for Safety White and Safety Black ........................................................................... 16
C-1 ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors – Cross-reference Table ................................................................... 19
C-2 ISO Safety Colors – Cross-reference Table……………………………………………………….. ... 20
D-1 ISO 3864-4, Table E.1, Ordinary materials: examples for object colors that fall within the
specified chromaticity coordinates and luminance factor for the color region .............................. 21
D-2 ISO 3864-2:2016, ISO Reference for Safety Orange ........................................................................ . 23

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ANNEXES
A Enlarged view of the CIE Chromaticity Diagram showing the color region for Safety
Yellow .......................................................................................................................................... 17
B ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors using illuminant C and ISO Safety Colors using standard
Illuminant D65 ............................................................................................................................. 18
C ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors Cross-reference Table .................................................................... 19
C ISO Safety Colors Cross-reference Table................................................................................... 20
D ISO 3864-4, (Annex E) ................................................................................................................ 21
E Munsell Hue Circle ...................................................................................................................... 24
E Munsell Hue, Value, Chroma for Safety Red .............................................................................. 25
F Informative References ............................................................................................................... 26

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Foreword
In 1979, the ANSI Z53 Committee on Safety Colors was combined with the ANSI Z35 Committee on
Safety Signs to form the ANSI Z535 Committee on Safety Signs and Colors. The Z535 Committee has
the following scope:
To develop standards for the design, application, and use of signs, colors, and symbols intended to
identify and warn against specific hazards and for other accident prevention purposes.
While the basic mission and fundamental purpose of the ANSI Z535 Committee is to develop, refine, and
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promote a single, uniform graphic system used for communicating safety and accident prevention
information, the Z535 Committee recognizes that this information can also be effectively communicated
using other graphic systems.
The Z535 Committee created subcommittees to update the Z53 and Z35 standards and to write new
standards. To date, the following six standards comprise the ANSI Z535 series:
ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors [ANSI Z53.1-1979 was updated and combined with this standard
in 1991]
ANSI Z535.2 Environmental and Facility Safety Signs [ANSI Z35.1-1972 and Z35.4-1972
were updated and combined into this standard in 1991]
ANSI Z535.3 Criteria for Safety Symbols [new in 1991]
ANSI Z535.4 Product Safety Signs and Labels [new in 1991]
ANSI Z535.5 Safety Tags and Barricade Tapes (for Temporary Hazards) [ANSI Z35.2-1974 was
updated and combined with this standard in 1991]
ANSI Z535.6 Product Safety Information in Product Manuals, Instructions, and Other Collateral
Materials [new in 2006]
Together, these six standards contain the information needed to specify formats, colors, and symbols for
safety signs used in environmental and facility applications, product and product literature applications,
and temporary safety tag and barricade tape applications.
Published separately is the ANSI Z535 Safety Color Chart. This chart gives the user a sample of each of
the safety colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, white, and black. It also describes each color’s
ink formulation and closest PANTONE® color.
This ANSI Z535.1 standard was prepared by the Z535.1 Subcommittee on Safety Colors. The foreword
and all annexes are considered to be informative; the body is considered normative. In the vocabulary of
writing standards, the word “informative” is meant to convey that the content presented is for informational
purposes only and is not considered to be mandatory in nature. The word "normative" is meant to convey
that the content is considered to be mandatory or prescriptive.
The (R2011) edition of this standard is the eighth revision of the American War Standard, developed at
the request of the War Department and approved by the American Standards Association (ASA) on July
16, 1945. The ASA was reconstituted as the USA Standards Institute (USASI) in August 1966, and as the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in October 1969. Peacetime work on revising the American
War Standard containing the Safety Color Code began in 1946 under committee procedures of the ASA,
with the National Safety Council serving as a sponsor of the project. The Sectional Committee on the

ANSI Z535.1-2017
Page viii
Safety Color Code, Z53, reviewed the War Standard and enlarged its application to include the colors
orange, blue, and purple. The committee also approved standard definitions and limits for the colors. The
revised standard was approved by the ASA on September 11, 1953. In the 1971 revision, the Z53
committee deleted the color blue and modified the application of the color yellow, due to conflicts with
other American National Standards.
In the fourth revision, a significant step forward was made toward increased safety through uniformity in
safety color coding. The safety colors formerly used in this standard were combined and adjusted to give
the best feasible discrimination for observers with either normal or color-deficient (colorblind) vision. For
the first time, safety color tolerance charts were available for use with this standard (see Section 8,
Reference 17). Each color tolerance chart shows the standard color and six color tolerances illustrating
acceptable ranges in hue, value (lightness), and chroma (saturation). Each color tolerance chart also lists
the Munsell notation and equivalent Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) specifications (x, y,
Y) for each standard color and tolerance sample. The colors brown, blue, and gray were added, and
Table 1 was expanded to include the same information on most of the levels of the Universal Color
Language (UCL) for the tolerance samples as for the standard or central sample of each Safety Color.
Sections 1 to 6 of the present standard contains material similar to the fourth revision (Z53.1, 1979).
The intent of the fifth revision (1991) of the safety color standard was to provide a series of visually
distinguishable safety colors, each with specific uses.
The sixth revision in 1998 incorporated corrections and additions that helped to clarify the use of the
standard in conjunction with the other Z535 standards. Annex A was also added at this time to explain
how to relate the CIE safety color specifications contained in Table 1 with the CIE chromaticity diagrams
illustrated in Figures 1, 2, and 3.
The seventh revision of the ANSI Z535.1 Safety Color Code, in 2002, had two major changes. The first is
the deletion of information concerning the application of the safety colors. The intention of making this
change was to maintain Z535.1 as the standard that defines the safety colors in terms of their color
tolerances. The application of the colors (i.e., how they are to be used) properly belongs to the other
standards in the ANSI Z535 series as well as to other standards that include uses for safety colors. The
second change was to include the “closest PANTONE color” number for all of the safety colors on the
Safety Color Chart that did not have a PANTONE color reference. This was a practical addition that
makes it easier for those needing to specify a safety color using the PANTONE color matching system.
It is important to note that the color-rendering characteristics of several types of modern, high-efficiency
light sources differ markedly from those of the average daylight source (CIE Source C) specified in
Table 1. It is essential that candidate safety colors be examined under the actual light sources that will be
used, This will ensure that they can be suitably differentiated and individually identified with their assigned
color names.
The limited color gamut and aging characteristics of fluorescent colorants combine to restrict the number
and chromaticities of fluorescent safety colors. For this reason, categories of unrestricted red-orange and
unrestricted yellow fluorescent colors were added in 1998 to supplement the restricted specifications that
are equivalent to CIE international standards. The unrestricted specifications may be used when no more
than three distinguishable fluorescent safety colors are required for outdoor use for up to two years.
Recent research is providing conclusive evidence that highly chromatic colors, in some chromaticities,
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serve to increase or decrease the perception of lightness (for reflective materials) and brightness (for self-
luminous objects). The effect is more dramatic in the case of colored lights and colored retroreflective
materials. Future revisions of this standard might consider opportunities for improving the visibility of

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safety signs, colors, and symbols through the selective use of vividly colored retroreflectors as well as
include test methods and color specifications for retroreflective and self-luminous materials.
The 2006 version of this standard was nearly identical to the ANSI Z535.1-2002 version, with an updated
reference section and a new title, reflecting that the standard is meant to be used as a reference to define
specific colors, not to set forth or codify the uses of these colors for specific purposes.
In 2010, the Z535.1 Subcommittee reviewed ANSI Z535.1-2006 and, not identifying any technical
changes, recommended reaffirmation of the standard to the Z535 Committee. In its review, however, the
Z535.1 Subcommittee made the following corrections:
In Table 1, corrected the following for Safety Orange:

Value + changed from 5.0YR 6.0/15 to 5.0YR 6.5/15
Value – changed from 5.0YR 6.5/15 to 5.0YR 5.5/15
Chroma + changed from 5.0YR 5.5/15 to 5.0YR 6.0/16;
In Annex A, 6th paragraph, after "CIE 1931," replaced the box symbol with a degree symbol;
In Figure 1, the centroid for each color was checked and relocated as necessary.
In 2012, the Z535.1 Safety Colors subcommittee recommended that the entire standard be revised, and
that references to hazardous materials label and placard color tolerance charts be minimized due to their
limited availability. These charts are no longer being produced or offered for sale, but are on display in the
Office of Hazardous Materials Safety, Office of Hazardous Materials Standards, Washington, D.C.
ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors is harmonizing with the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49 Transportation,
§172.407, Labeling Specifications. Tables 1, 2, and 3, Appendix A, will replace Table 1 in the Z535.1
standard. Tables 2 and 3 allow for differences in production methods and will help to ensure safety colors
remain within their recommended tolerances. The Munsell Notations and chromaticity coordinates are
identical in both the CFR Table 1 and ANSI Z535.1; the exception is how color is described. The new
Table 1 is now more accessible to those unfamiliar with the Munsell Color System. An adjustment was
made to the new Table 1 to include the original Munsell description of hue, value, and chroma into the
Munsell Notation column.
The normative body of the standard has been simplified and designed as a tool for specifying safety
colors consistently. Definitions or terms have been included so readers have a basic understanding of
references made within the standard. More emphasis has been placed on what can affect a safety colors
appearance and cause it to fall outside the acceptable tolerance limits rather than the technical
measurement of safety colors which is beyond the scope of this standard. Fluorescent safety color
information has been updated and expanded.
Realizing the need to make this standard more user-friendly and easy to understand, several new
Annexes have been added. Annex A clarifies the color boundaries for Safety Yellow. Annex B illustrates
ANSI safety color boundaries and ISO safety color boundaries together on a chromaticity diagram so one
can see where ANSI safety colors plot in comparison to ISO safety colors. Annex C contains color cross-
reference tables which include the Munsell notation, a PANTONE number, C-M-Y-K percentages, and an
RGB formula for each ANSI and ISO safety color. Annex D has been added, and ISO safety colors and
contrast colors of ordinary materials is shown in Table D-1. Annex E illustrates the Munsell Hue Circle
and provides a visual detail of Hue, Value, and Chroma.
Safety Gray and Safety Brown have been eliminated from Table 1. These colors are in use by other
signage systems but are not considered as hazard alerting colors for accident prevention. The PANTONE

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colors originally specified in 2002 for the Safety Color Chart have been changed to harmonize with the
PANTONE colors specified in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49 Transportation, § 172.407,
section 5.
The following color standards in the PANTONE formula guide coated/uncoated may be used to achieve
the required ANSI safety colors on markings and hazard warning labels and placards, see Table C-1.
For Red: Use PANTONE 186 C

For Orange: Use PANTONE 151 C
For Yellow: Use PANTONE 109 C
For Green: Use PANTONE 335 C
For Blue: Use PANTONE 285 C
For Purple: Use PANTONE 259 C
The original PANTONE colors referenced on the 2011 Safety Color Chart are acceptable for use as these
colors are within safety color tolerances given in Table 1. Specification of the PANTONE colors listed here
will be encouraged as they will replace the original PANTONE colors on the 2011 Safety Color Chart.
For compliance with ISO Safety Colors, see Annex C, Table C-2, and Table D-1. ISO safety colors fall
within ANSI Z535.1 safety color tolerance boundaries as defined in Table 1 of this standard.
Proposals for improvement of this standard are welcome. Information concerning submittal of proposals
to the ANSI Z535 Committee for consideration can be found at the back of this standard.
This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Accredited Standards
Committee Z535 on Safety Signs and Colors. Committee approval of this standard does not necessarily
imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time of approval, the Z535 Committee had
the following members:
Geoffrey Peckham, Chair

J. Paul Frantz, Vice Chair
Paul Orr, Secretary
Organization Represented: Name of Representative:
American Society of Safety Engineers J. Paul Frantz

Thomas F. Bresnahan (Alt.)
Timothy Rhoades (Alt.)
American Welding Society August F. Manz
Applied Materials Edward Karl

Edwin Palmero (Alt.)
Applied Safety and Ergonomics Steve Hall

Judith J. Isaacson (Alt.)
Stephen Young (Alt.)
Association for Manufacturing Technology David Felinski

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Association of Equipment Manufacturers Valerie Lynch
Bell Product Safety Gary Bell
Browning Arms Company Larry D. Nelson

Genta Shalon (Alt.)
Caterpillar, Inc. Charles Crowell

Mark Steffen (Alt.)
Clarion Safety Systems, LLC Geoffrey Peckham
Dorris and Associates International, LLC Nathan T. Dorris

Alan Dorris (Alt.)
Eric Boelhouwer (Alt.)
Eagle Crusher Co. Ryan Parsell
Edison Electric Institute David Young
Human Factors & Ergonomics Society Michael Kalsher

Harvey Cohen (Alt.)
Human Factors & Safety Analytics, Inc. B. Jay Martin
Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Sue Vogel
International Safety Equipment Association Cristine Fargo
International Staple, Nail, and Tool Rick Allen

Association Jeffrey Makino (Alt.)
Law Office of Mathew Kundinger Mathew Kundinger
Marhefka & Associates Russell E. Marhefka
National Association of Graphic Product Identification Manufacturers Russ Butchko

Donna Ehrmann (Alt.)
National Marker Company Michael Black

Alice Campbell (Alt.)
Marianne Pepin (Alt.)
National Spray Equipment Manufacturers Association Angela Redlund-Spieker
National Electrical Manufacturers Association Bill Pratt

David Werber (Alt.)

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Power Tool Institute Brett Cohen

Mark Hickok (Alt.)
Charles M. Stockinger (Alt.)
Rockwell Automation Steven Chybowski
Rural Utilities Service Trung Hiu

Safety and Forensic Enterprises, LLC Loren Mills
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Scaffold Industry Association Dave Merrifield
Snap-on Tools Dan Eggert
System Safety Society Robert J. Cunitz
Taylor Communications Linda LeBlanc

Jody Dombeck (Alt.)
Travelers Insurance Company David Roy
Joe Bailey (Alt.)
Underwriters Laboratories Richard Olesen
Whirlpool Corporation Sondra McAndrew

Evelyn Fisher (Alt.)
World Kitchen, LLC Celeste Levindoski
At the time it prepared this standard for Z535 Committee vote, Subcommittee Z535.1 on Safety Colors
had the following members:
Donna Ehrmann, Chair

Paul Orr, Secretary
Lewis Barbe, World Safety Organization

Donna Ehrmann, National Association of Graphic Product Identification Manufacturers
Judith J. Isaacson, Applied Safety and Ergonomics
Mike Kalsher, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society

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1 Introduction
Safety colors are often used to supplement a word message or safety symbol. The standardization of
safety colors assists with the efficient development of safety information as well as assisting viewers in
recognizing information as being related to safety.
This standard provides specifications for producing consistent safety colors. The safety colors specified
in ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors are used by:
ANSI Z535.2 Environmental and Facility Safety Signs
ANSI Z535.3 Criteria for Safety Symbols
ANSI Z535.4 Product Safety Signs and Labels
ANSI Z535.5 Accident Prevention Tags (for Temporary Hazards)
ANSI Z535.6 Product Safety Information in Product Manuals and Instructions and Other Collateral
Materials
2 Scope and Purpose

2.1 Scope
This standard provides a system for specifying safety colors, in terms of Munsell notations, CIE
colorimetric data, defined chromaticity regions, and color formulas for each ANSI and ISO safety color
used on safety signs, labels, and tags. It is beyond the scope of this standard to provide in-depth
instructions for color measurement. It is beyond the scope of this standard to address the color of safety
sign, label or tag substrates.
2.2 Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to:
a. implement a uniform system for specifying safety colors;
b. include safety color formulas for a variety of applications and media for specifying ANSI
and ISO Safety Colors, (Annex C);
c. harmonize with safety colors specified in the Code of Federal Regulations, 49 CFR,
§172.407 (Subpart E), (Tables 1-3), 49 CFR, §172.407 Label Specifications (5); and
d. harmonize with ISO 3864-4, Graphical symbols—Safety colours and safety signs—Part 4:
Colorimetric and photometric properties of safety sign materials, (Annex D). These colors
are specified in order to facilitate compliance with ISO safety colors.
2.2.1 Existing Industry or Domain Specific Standards and Regulations
There are a number of existing standards that are recognized for particular industries or specific uses.
Compliance with these standards may be considered for the particular industry or use. It is not the
intent of ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors to replace existing standards or regulations which are uniquely
applicable to a specific industry or use.
3 Application and Exceptions

3.1 Applications
This standard sets forth Munsell notations, CIE coordinates, and color formulas for each safety color to
facilitate designers and producers of safety signs, labels, and tags. These colors are prescribed for a
wide range of materials and allow for differences in production methods and viewing conditions. Safety

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colors not conforming to their Munsell notations or CIE coordinates in Tables 1, 2, and 3, or color
formulas in Annex C, should not be used for safety signs, labels, and tags.
3.2 Exceptions
3.2.1 Should any of the requirements of this standard conflict with other standards or regulations;
such conflicts shall not invalidate other sections of this standard.
3.2.2 Safety color formulas and CIE color measurements in this standard are not applicable to self-
luminous signs, phosphorescent materials, or signs requiring an artificial light source. Safety color
formulas and CIE data in this standard apply to safety signs, labels, and tags, comprised of ordinary
materials, viewed in an environment with normal lighting or natural daylight.
3.2.3 The colors displayed in this standard are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be used
for color matching.
4 Explanation of Terminology
These technical terms for describing and understanding color measurements are not formal definitions
but are meant to provide basic understanding of color references applicable to this standard.
4.1 boundary: A color region's x, and y chromaticity coordinates on the CIE (2 degree)
chromaticity diagram. A color’s boundary is the limit for that color.
4.2 chroma: The attribute of a visual sensation, which permits a judgment to be made of the
degree to which a chromatic stimulus differs from an "achromatic" stimulus of the same brightness. [1]
Chroma is the saturation, or strength of a color.
4.3 chromaticity coordinates: All visible colors can be specified by their chromaticity coordinates
on a two-dimensional plane. Chromaticity coordinates are: x = X / (X + Y + Z), y = Y / (X + Y + Z), z = Z
/ (X + Y + Z). These are mathematically defined values from equations that simulate the sensitivity of
the three cones in the human retina, and how color is perceived. Chromaticity coordinates specify a
color's hue (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet), and a color’s saturation (light green, or dark red).
4.4 CIE chromaticity diagram: A color map, which the chromaticity of all spectral colors visible to
the human eye, mathematically plotted with x as abscissa, and y as ordinate. Wavelengths (λ) are
indicated in nanometers along the curved boundary called the spectrum locus, the line of purples join
the two points. The CIE diagram removes all intensity information and uses its two dimensions to
describe hue and saturation. It is a world-wide standard for describing colors and color gamut, and for
doing calculations of color sensations. [2] The CIE chromaticity diagram is also specified in CIE 15:
2004 as the CIE (x, y) diagram.
4.5 CIE colorimetric system: A system that provides numerical specifications that are meant to
indicate whether or not pairs of color stimuli match when viewed by a CIE standard colorimetric
observer. The CIE color system is not intended to provide visually uniform scales of color difference or
to describe visually perceived color appearances. [3]
4.6 CIE Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage: The International Commission on Light. It is
the worldwide standardizing organization for Photometry and Colorimetry. The CIE system has
standardized how color is perceived by establishing viewing geometry, the illuminant or source, and the
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observer.
4.7 CIE Illuminant C: Colorimetric illuminant representing average daylight, bluish in color, with a
correlated color temperature of 6,774K. This illuminant does not adequately represent the ultraviolet
region in the spectral distribution of daylight necessary for evaluating fluorescent samples. Illuminant C
(PAT, I can’t get the footers to line up with the even pages without messing up the flow of the
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ANSI Z535.1- 2017
Page 3
does not have the status of a CIE Standard Illuminant but is still widely used because calculations still
use this illuminant. [4]
4.8 CIE Standard Illuminant D65: The most commonly used illuminant, having a correlated color
temperature of 6,504 K, close to Illuminant C, with a spectral distribution in the ultraviolet region that
plays an important role in the colorimetry of fluorescent colors, based on actual measurements of the
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spectral distribution of average daylight. [5] CIE recommends this standard illuminant be used
whenever possible.
4.9 CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer (2 degree): An "idealized" observer representing an
average population with normal color vision, having the skill to consistently match color, and able to
distinguish color differences. A 2 degree field of view was chosen to stimulate the color receptors
(cones) concentrated in the fovea, a small area in the center of the retina. The “standard observer”
needs to be specified when performing color calculations.
4.10 Hue: An attribute of the human visual system by which an object appears to be red, yellow,
green, blue, or purple, the five principal hues defined by Munsell. A color’s name.
4.11 Munsell Color Order System: Developed by Albert H. Munsell in the early part of the twentieth
century. The appearance of color is based on perceptual scaling of three attributes: hue, value, and
chroma. A Munsell notation is written as a combination of letters and numbers by which the color of an
opaque object may be specified by Munsell hue H, Munsell value V, and Munsell chroma C, written as
H V/C.
4.12 Normal Vision: A person having three functioning color receptors (cones), located in the center
of the retina responsible for color vision.
4.13 Tristimulus Values: Amounts of three primaries (lights) required to match a perceivable hue,
represented by three parameters X, Y, and Z. Values are calculated by integrating the spectral power
distribution of the illuminant.
4.14 Value: A color's lightness or darkness on a scale from 0 (absolute black) to 10 (pure white).
Value can apply to hues (colors) as well as achromatic (neutral) colors.
5 Specifications
5.1 General
Safety color specifications are in terms of a Munsell notation and the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric
observer (2 degree) equivalent data.
5.2 Testing Specifications
If a visual judgment indicates the safety color may be outside allowable tolerances listed in Tables 1, 2
and 3, a spectrophotometer or other instrumentation may be required to ensure compliance. When
testing ordinary safety colors, the chromaticity coordinates for each safety color shall fall within the
relevant color boundary illustrated in Figure 2. To instrumentally test an ordinary safety color, compute
the data using the daylight simulator, Illuminant C, and the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer (2
degree).

ANSI Z535.1-2017
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6 Safety Colors
6.1 Safety Colors Ordinary Surface Colors
Safety colors in this standard have been chosen for maximum color recognition by observers with
normal color vision, and those with color vision deficiencies. These safety colors are ordinary opaque
surface colors, they are neither fluorescent, or phosphorescent, see Table 1.
6.2 Safety White
The specification for safety white is written as N 9/. Absolute white has a neutral value of N 10/. “N”
represents the neutral value, or gray scale in the Munsell system. The intent of the permissible color
range shown in Table 6 is to allow for greater deviation from neutral white in the red-to-orange-to-yellow
hue range, and lesser deviation in the rest of the hue circle. This deviation is necessary because most
white colorants are really off-whites in the red-to-yellow range. Users should be guided by the ovoid
shown in Figure 3, and CIE data in Table 6.
6.3 Safety Black
The specification for safety black is written as N 1.5/. The neutral value for absolute black is N 0/. It is
acceptable for this neutral value to be lower (darker) than N 1.5/. Users should be guided by the ovoid
shown in Figure 3, and CIE data in Table 6. When using safety black, the luminance percentage (Y%)
given in Table 6 should not be exceeded.
6.4 Daylight Fluorescent Safety Colors
These colors are not a substitute for ordinary safety colors. Fluorescent safety colors are specifically
used in applications where high-visibility colors are required. Fluorescent colorants are best known for
their brilliance and their facility for obtaining higher chroma and lightness than non-ﬂuorescent
colorants. The color of fluorescent materials depends upon the quality of the illumination under which it
is observed. The individual spectral excitation is a function of the colorant's chemical structure. [6]
In the past, rapid degradation of fluorescent safety colors prevented wide spread acceptance. Using
modern technology it is now possible to produce materials with fluorescent color stability approaching
that of conventional colors. Fluorescent materials are now available that maintain their chromaticity and
high level of fluorescent emission after years of exposure in severe climates. The end result is a
redefinition of the contribution fluorescent materials can make towards improving the visibility and
conspicuity of signing and markings. Given today’s visually complex environments, one can expect
increasing use of fluorescent materials for visual signaling, especially for critical safety applications
such as traffic control signing, warning clothing for pedestrian visibility enhancement and industrial work
place signing. [7]
Precise measurement of ultraviolet-activated fluorescent specimens requires the instrument provide
broadband illumination intensity from 300 to 780 nm, and the spectral distribution of the illumination on
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the specimen should closely duplicate CIE Standard Illuminant D65. When highest measurement
precision and reproducibility are required, the wavelength range should extend from 300 to 830nm. [8]
See Figure 1 for fluorescent safety color boundaries, and Tables 4 and 5 for chromaticity coordinates.
7 Optimum Visibility
It is important to examine the relationship of safety colors and their surrounding field to ensure optimum
visibility, especially lightness contrast. There should be sufficient contrast between the safety color and
its surround, so it appears distinct.

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ANSI Z535.1- 2017
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8 Surface Finish
Careful consideration should be given to any protective surface such as a clear overcoat or transparent
film. A glossy protective surface will saturate the safety color, and reflected light can alter the
appearance of the safety color. A matte protective surface will de-saturate the safety color increasing
the luminance percentage (Y%), and it could cause it to fall outside the safety color’s allowable
tolerance limit. If a protective surface is applied to the safety color, it should be measured to insure it is
within recommended tolerances given in Tables 1, 2, or 3.
9 External Illumination of Safety Colors

Safety colors should be distinguishable when viewed under normal lighting conditions, within reason. If,
however, the illumination is from daylight in one of its usual phases (direct sunlight, overcast sky, etc.),
or from incandescent tungsten-filament lamps, or from white fluorescent lamps of good color-rendering
properties, then, since the eye of the observer will undergo rapid chromatic adaptation to these
illuminants, the colors will retain sufficient constancy of appearance for most practical purposes, even
though the measured chromaticities have moved outside the recommended limits. Such changes are
acceptable since the message of the color-coding is preserved. [9]
10 Safety Color Stability

Deterioration of surface colors in use is a common occurrence, and care must be taken that safety
colors always remain in compliance with their specifications. Particular attention should be given to
fluorescent colors, as they are liable to undergo rapid changes in chromaticity and luminance factor
upon exposure to radiation and wear if they are not provided with special protective surfaces. Frequent
inspections of fluorescent colors are advised until the normal useful life has been confidently
ascertained for each typical situation where these colors are used. [10] Special care may be needed if
fluorescent and non-fluorescent safety colors of the same chromaticity are chosen to be used together,
as different deteriorations might produce dissimilarities of the chromaticities. [11]
11 Normative References
1. Wyszecki, G., Stiles W.S., Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and
Formulae, 2nd Ed., (1982) John Wiley & Sons, p. 487
2. Fortner, B., Meyer, T. E., Number by Colors, A Guide to Using Color to Understand Technical
Data, (1997) Springer-Verlag, p.16
3. ASTM E308-08, Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE
System, 5., p.4
4. CIE 15: Technical Report, Colorimetry, 3rd Edition, p. 4
5. Wyszecki, G., Stiles W.S., Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and
Formulae, 2nd Ed., (1982) John Wiley & Sons, p. 144
6. CIE Technical Report CIE 18, Calibration Methods and Photo-luminescent Standards for Total
Radiance Factor Measurements (2007), 2.2, p. 6
7. CIE Technical Report CIE 18, Calibration Methods and Photo-luminescent Standards for Total
Radiance Factor Measurements (2007), 2.3, p.8

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ANSI Z535.1-2017
Page 6
8. ASTM E991-06, Standard Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using
the One-Monochromator Method 1
9. CIE 39.3-1996 Revision 1, Technical Report, Recommendations for Surface Colours for Visual
Signaling, p.4
10. IALA Recommendation E-108 on The Surface Colours used as Visual Signals on Aids to
Navigation, Edition 2, December (2009), p. 6
11. IALA Recommendation E-108 on The Surface Colours used as Visual Signals on Aids to
Navigation, Edition 2, December (2009), p. 6
12. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admin., DOT 49 CFR, Appendix A to §172
13. Signell, P., Speciﬁcation of Color Chromaticity, Michigan State University, 5c, p. 14
The following are Munsell notations and Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates
which describe the Office of Hazardous Materials Transportation Label and Placard Color Tolerance
Charts in Tables 1 and 2, and the CIE coordinates for the color tolerances specified in Table 3. Central
Colors and tolerances described in Table 2 approximate those described in Table 1 while allowing for
differences in production methods and materials used to manufacture labels and placards surfaced with
printing inks. Primarily, the color charts based on Table 1 are for label or placard colors applied as
opaque coatings such as paint, enamel or plastic, whereas color charts based on Table 2 are intended
for use with labels and placards surfaced only with inks. For labels printed directly on packaging
surfaces, Table 3 may be used, although compliance with either Table 1 or Table 2 is sufficient.
However, if visual reference indicates that the colors of labels printed directly on package surfaces are
outside the Table 1 or 2 tolerances, a spectrophotometer or other instrumentation may be required to
insure compliance with Table 3. [12]

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ANSI Z535.1- 2017
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Table 1
(Appendix A to §172—Office of Hazardous Materials Transportation
Color Tolerance Charts and Tables)
Specifications for Color Tolerance Charts for use with Labels and Placards
Surfaced with Paint, Lacquer, Enamel, Plastic, other Opaque Coatings, or Ink1
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ANSI Z535.1-2017
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Table 1 (continued)
Table 2
Specifications for Color Tolerance Charts for use with Labels
and Placards Surfaced with Ink

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ANSI Z535.1- 2017
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Table 2 (continued)

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ANSI Z535.1-2017
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Table 2 (continued)

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ANSI Z535.1- 2017
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Table 3
Specification for Colors for Use with Labels Printed on Packaging Surfaces
Table 4
Specification for Fluorescent Safety Colors Recommended Limits of
Fluorescent Colors in Terms of CIE Recommendations No. 39-2,
1983 for Surface Colors for Visual Signaling

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ANSI Z535.1-2017
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Table 5
(x, y) Chromaticity coordinates of the corners of the recommended limits for fluorescent
safety colors specified in Table 4, in terms of the CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric System,
measured with 45/0 geometry, and evaluation with CIE Standard Illuminant D65.
Two sets of specifications are provided: Those designated “restricted” should be used when the primary
consideration is the differentiation among the three fluorescent safety colors red, orange, and yellow
used together in a single system. The designation “unrestricted” should be used when the primary
consideration is the differentiation between only yellow and red-orange fluorescent safety colors

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document)
ANSI Z535.1- 2017
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Figure 1
Section of the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram Showing Green, Yellow-to-Red Region, and
Chromaticity Specification Boundaries for ANSI Z535.1 Fluorescent Safety Colors
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Two sets of specifications are provided (Table 4). Those designated “restricted” are identical with the
current CIE Recommendations No. 39-2, 1983, for Surface Colors for Visual Signaling. They should be
used when the primary consideration is the differentiation among the three fluorescent colors: red,
orange, and yellow used together in a single system. The designation “unrestricted” should be used
when the primary consideration is the differentiation between only yellow and red-orange fluorescent
colors, but it is required that these colors remain distinguishable for an extended period of time.

ANSI Z535.1-2017
Page 14
Figure 2
CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram Color Regions for ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors
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The solid circles inside each color region identify the centroid for that safety color. See Figure 3 for
ANSI neutral limit regions.

document)
ANSI Z535.1- 2017
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Figure 3
Enlarged View of the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram Showing Neutral Limits for
Safety White and Safety Black

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ANSI Z535.1-2017
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Table 6
Specifications for Safety White and Safety Black
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ANSI Z535.1-2017
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Annex A
(Informative)
This annex is not an official part of the body of this standard
Figure A-1
Enlarged View of the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram showing the Color Region for Safety
Yellow
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The boundary lines show the range of all acceptable hues for safety yellow. They extend from the
edge of the spectrum locus towards the center of the chromaticity diagram.

ANSI Z535.1-2017
Page 18
Annex B
(Informative)
This annex is not an official part of the body of this standard.
Figure B-1 provides a comparison between ANSI Z535.1 Safety Color regions and
ISO 3864-4 Safety Color regions on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram.
Figure B-1
ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors using Illuminant C, and ISO 3864-4 Safety Colors using Standard
Illuminant D65
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The solid circles inside each safety color boundary region identify the centroid for each ANSI safety
color. The gray boundary lines identify ISO safety colors. ANSI Z535.1 safety colors boundaries as
defined in Table 1 of this standard fall within the ISO safety color boundaries.

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ANSI Z535.1- 2017
Page 19
Annex C
(Informative)
This annex is not an official part of the body of this standard
Table C-1
ANSI Z535.1 Safety Colors—Cross-reference Table. Use this Table to specify ANSI Safety
Colors. ANSI Safety Colors fall within ISO Safety Color boundaries.
Use Table C-2 to specify ISO Safety Colors.
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ANSI Z535.1-2017
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Annex C (continued)
Table C-2
ISO Safety Colors—Cross-reference Table. Use this Table to specify ISO Safety Colors. ISO
Safety Colors fall within ANSI Safety Color Boundaries.
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ANSI Z535.1- 2017
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Annex D
(Informative)
This information is from Annex E, ISO 3864-4:2011 (Table D-1) and Annex E, ISO 3864-2:2016 (Table
D-2) and has been included in this Annex to harmonize with ISO. The colors in Table D-1 and D-2 fall
within ANSI Safety Color boundaries.

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ANSI Z535.1-2017
Page 22
Annex D (continued)
(Informative)
Table D-1 (continued)
To identify a color reference in another color classification system, that color reference should be
tested in accordance with 4.2 and meet the specifications in Table 1.
Colors within the color region and further from the color region boundaries are likely to take
longer to deteriorate and therefore remain within the color region limits for longer. The rate of
color deterioration may also depend upon the nature of the pigment used in the finished safety
sign. Testing the durability of safety sign material is given in ISO 17398. [14]

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ANSI Z535.1- 2017
Page 23
Annex D (continued)
(Informative)
Table D-2
ISO References for Color Order Systems for Safety Color Orange [15]
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ANSI Z535.1-2017
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Annex E
(Informative)
Figure E-1
Munsell Hue Circle
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ANSI Z535.1- 2017
Page 25
Annex E (continued)
(Informative)
Figure E-2
Munsell Hue, Value, and Chroma for Safety Red
The Digital Munsell is based on the appearance of glossy Munsell Chips under illumination D50.
Adapted from: Gernot Hoffmann, The Digital Munsell
Used with Permission

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ANSI Z535.1-2017
Page 26
Annex F
Informative References
(Informative)
F1 Standards
[14] ISO 3864-4 Graphical symbols—Safety colours and safety signs—Part 4: Colorimetric and
Photometric properties of safety sign materials, ISO 3864-4:2011, Annex E.
[15] ISO 3864-2 Graphical symbols—Safety colours and safety signs—Part 2: Design principles for
product safety labels, ISO 3864-2:2016, Annex E.
F2 Publications
a. PANTONE The Plus Series, Solid Chips Coated, 2nd Edition, 2nd Printing, 2015
b. PANTONE Color Bridge® Coated, The Plus Series, 2nd Edition, 3rd Printing, 2015
c. RAL gGmbH, RAL K5 CLASSIC, Edition 2010
d. Gernot Hoffman, the Digital Munsell, 2013

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ANSI Z535.1- 2017
Page 27
2022 Revisions
The ANSI Accredited Standards Committee Z535 plans to issue the next revisions of the Z535
standards (Z535.1 through Z535.6) in December 2022. In order to meet that deadline, the committee
developed the following tentative timetable:
All proposed changes are due: June 30, 2020

Revisions will be finalized for letter balloting: April 15, 2021
Letter balloting will be completed by: July 15, 2021
Public reviews will be completed by: March 1, 2022
Drafts will be ready to submit to the publisher: May 31, 2022
Published: December 15, 2022
All proposed changes must be submitted by June 30, 2020. Any proposals received after that date
will be deferred to subsequent revisions. In order to facilitate the next revision, proposed changes must
be submitted on a form for that specific purpose, which is on the next page. Please send this form to:
Secretary, ANSI Committee Z535

Rosslyn, VA 22209

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ANSI Z535.1-2017
Page 28
ANSI Accredited Standards Committee Z535

on Safety Signs and Colors
Form for Proposals
Return to: Secretary, ANSI Committee Z535

Rosslyn, VA 22209
Name _________________________________________ Date ______________________
Address ___________________________________________________________________
Representing _______________________________________________________________
(Please indicate organization or self)
E-mail Address ________________________________ Telephone ____________________
1. a. Standard Title __________________________________________________
b. Section/Paragraph ______________________________________________
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2. Proposal recommends (check one): New Text

Revised Text
Deleted Text
3. Proposal (Include the proposed new or revised text, or identify the words to be deleted.
Underline additions and strikethrough deletions.)
4. Statement of the Problem or Reason for the Proposal
5. Check one. This proposal is original material.

This proposal is not original material; its source is as follows:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
This original material is the submitter’s own idea based upon his/her own experience, thought, or
research, and to the best of his/her knowledge, is not copied from another source.
I agree to give NEMA all and full rights, including rights of copyright, in this proposal, and I
understand that I acquire no rights in any standards publication in which this proposal in this or
another similar or analogous form is used.
_________________________________________
Signature
Please do not write in the space below.
Date Received: Log #

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NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
1300 NORTH 17TH STREET, SUITE 900 • ROSSLYN. VA 22209
www.NEMA.org
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TO ORDER ADDITIONAL NEMA STANDARDS VISIT

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Approved: October 20, 2017

American National Standards Institute, Inc.

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Licensee=PETROLEOS MEXICANOS 5948636

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No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... vii

6 Safety Colors .................................................................................................................................. 4

© 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

8 Surface Finish ................................................................................................................................ 5

© 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

© 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Licensee=PETROLEOS MEXICANOS 5948636

© 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

© 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

© 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

In Table 1, corrected the following for Safety Orange:

© 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Copyright National Electrical Manufacturers Association Licensee=PETROLEOS MEXICANOS 5948636

For Red: Use PANTONE 186 C

Geoffrey Peckham, Chair

Organization Represented: Name of Representative:

American Society of Safety Engineers J. Paul Frantz

American Welding Society August F. Manz

Applied Materials Edward Karl

Applied Safety and Ergonomics Steve Hall

Association for Manufacturing Technology David Felinski

© 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Association of Equipment Manufacturers Valerie Lynch

Bell Product Safety Gary Bell

Browning Arms Company Larry D. Nelson

Caterpillar, Inc. Charles Crowell

Clarion Safety Systems, LLC Geoffrey Peckham

Dorris and Associates International, LLC Nathan T. Dorris

Eagle Crusher Co. Ryan Parsell

Edison Electric Institute David Young

Human Factors & Ergonomics Society Michael Kalsher

Human Factors & Safety Analytics, Inc. B. Jay Martin

Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Sue Vogel

International Safety Equipment Association Cristine Fargo

International Staple, Nail, and Tool Rick Allen

Law Office of Mathew Kundinger Mathew Kundinger

Marhefka & Associates Russell E. Marhefka

National Association of Graphic Product Identification Manufacturers Russ Butchko

National Marker Company Michael Black

National Spray Equipment Manufacturers Association Angela Redlund-Spieker

Name ___________________ Date

E-mail Address ____________ Telephone