Thesis Manual-UoE Saba

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ALZHIMER’S
SYRUP
FROM WATER HYSSOP
(BACOPA MONNIERI)
SABA INTZAR
ROLL # MCS2100474
SESSION: 2021-2024
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY VEHARI CAMPUS

UNIVERISTY OF EDUCATION
LAHORE
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ALZHEIMER’S
SYRUP FROM WATER HYSSOP
(BACOPA MONNIERI)
SABA INTZAR
ROLL#MCS2100474
SESSION: 2021-2024
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award

of the degree of MSc chemistry
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY VEHARI CAMPUS

UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LAHORE
SPRING 2021-2024
@ COPYRIGHT SABA INTZAR 2024
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ALZHEIMER’S
SYRUP FROM WATER-HYSSOP
(BACOPA MONNIERI)
SABA INTZAR
ROLL NO# MCS2100474
SESSTION: 2021-2024
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirement for the award of the degree of
MSc (CHEMISTRY)
DEPARTMENT OF CEMISTRY VEHARI CAMPUS
UNIVERISTY OF EDUCATION LAHORE
SESSION: 2021-2024
@Copyright SABA INTZAR 2024
“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient
in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of MSc (Chemistry)”
Name of Supervisor: ___________________________________________
Signature: ___________________________________________
Date: ________________________________________________
Name of Co-Supervisor: __________________________________________
Signature: __________________________________________
Date: _______________________________________________
I
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis entitled “PREPARTION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-

ALZHEIMER SYRUP FROM WATER HYSSOP (BACOPA MONNIERI)” is the
result of my own research except as cited in the references.
The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in
candidature for any other degree. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect
even after award of MSc degree, the university has the right to withdraw my MSc
degree.
Name: ___________________________________________
Signature: ___________________________________________
Date: ________________________________________________
II
PLAGIARISM UNDERTAKING
I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis entitled

“PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ALZHIEMER SYRUP FROM
WATER HYSSOP (BACOPA MONNIERI)” is solely my research work with no
significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever
taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me.
I understand the zero-tolerance policy of the HEC and University of Education,

Lahore towards plagiarism. Therefore, I as an Author of the above titled thesis declare
that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is
properly referred/cited.
I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis
even after award of MSc degree, the University reserves the rights to withdraw/revoke
my MSc degree and that HEC and the University has the right to publish my name on
the HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed who submitted
plagiarized thesis.
Name: ___________________________________________
Signature: ___________________________________________
Date: _______________________________________________
III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
‘‘In the name of Allah the most beneficial and the most merciful’’
With gratitude to Allah and His blessings, my thesis has been completed. I
humbly thanks to ALLAH ALMIGHTY, the glorious and the most honorable, who
gave us health, thoughts, inspiring teacher, supportive friends, co-operative people,
and enable us to achieve this goal. It would not have been possible to complete this
work without His grace. I also cannot forget Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon
him), the most esteemed man in the world and the one for whom Allah created the
entire universe.
I greatly and earnest thankfulness to my respected Supervisor Dr. Sajid
Mehmood Rao, for his kind and continuous help, guidance and encouraging attitude
during the preparation of this thesis, from start to the completion , he has been
generous to spare his precious time for discussion and doing away with difficulties
arising at various stages. It can safely be assumed that working under his guidance is
nothing sort than an asset which will remain light in my whole life.
I owe a lot to my parents for their continuous support, spiritual guidance and
unconditional love throughout my personal and academic life. They provided me with
the best of everything and gave me the strength to chase my dreams. My sisters and
brothers deserve my wholehearted thanks as they always stood by my side, guiding
me, helping me and supporting me. Whatever I am today is just because of them.
Thanks to my friends and research fellows who were with me at every
moment and kept me going through the way. Especially, I would like to special thanks
and pay gratitude to my sister and my research fellow, Sana Intzar, her guidance
helped me in all the time of research and writing up this thesis.
Finally, I would like to thank Allah, for letting me through all the difficulties. I
have experienced your guidance day by day. You are the one who let me finish my
degree. I will keep on trusting you for my future.
Saba Intzar
(mcs2100474)
IV
DEDICATION
This research work is wholeheartedly dedicated to my beloved parents, who have

been our source of inspiration and gave me strength when I thought of giving up, who
continually provide their moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support.
To my brothers, sisters, mentor, uncle, aunt, friends, classmates, and research fellows
who shared their words of advice and encouragement to finish this study. This thesis
is dedicated to the people who have supported me throughout my education. Thanks
for making me see this adventure through the end.
I dedicated this work to my valued teacher and supervisor, Dr. Sajid Mehmood Rao,
who have been a constant source of knowledge and inspiration. I give special thanks
to my supervisor and instructors for their patience and invaluable efforts to motivate
me to move forward.
And lastly, I dedicated this work to the Allah Almighty, thank you for the guidance,
strength, power of mind, protection and skills and for giving me a healthy life. All of
these, I offer to you.
Saba Intzar
V
Abstract
The formulation and evaluations of herbal syrups that use Bacopa monnieri as a
source of botanical constituents are the main topics of consideration in this study.
Phytochemical analysis of this herb has revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
carbohydrates, and saponins after plant components were identified. Aqueous and
methanol extracts derived from plant components were utilized to demonstrate
antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus sp., S. aureus, Escherichia coli and S.
mutants. Aqueous and methanol extracts of Bacopa monnieri were used to evaluate
patients with Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by a progressive decline in
memory, thinking, behavior, and social skills and behavior. Testing was done on the
syrup as soon as it was manufactured, and all of its characteristics—turbidity and
homogeneity, for example—were compared to modifications found in the fast
stability testing. After processing, the syrup has a specific density of 1.20±0.02g/ml
and a pH of 6.8. Based on accelerated stability studies conducted after 24 hours, 48
hours, and 72 hours, the physicochemical attributes of the final product (herbal
antibiotic syrup) exhibited no changes happening in all evaluated parameters such as
colour, odor, taste, and pH as well as opaqueness and homogeneity.
VI
Contents
DECLARATION............................................................................................................I
PLAGIARISM UNDERTAKING.................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................III
DEDICATION.............................................................................................................IV
Abstract.........................................................................................................................V
CHAPTER I...................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTIONS...................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction of Natural Product:..........................................................................1
1.2 History of Natural Products.................................................................................3
1.3 Origin of Natural Product:...................................................................................4
1.4 Importance of Natural Products:..........................................................................5
1.5 Sources from Plants..............................................................................................9
1.6 Metabolites.........................................................................................................10
1.6.1 Primary Metabolites........................................................................................10
1.6.2 Secondary Metabolites....................................................................................13
1.7 Classification of Secondary Metabolites............................................................13
1.7.1 Alkaloids.........................................................................................................14
1.7.2 Tannins............................................................................................................15
1.7.3 Steroids............................................................................................................16
1.7.4 Flavonoids.......................................................................................................18
1.7.5 Terpenes..........................................................................................................19
1.7.6 Saponins..........................................................................................................19
1.8 Phytochemistry...................................................................................................20
1.9 Antibacterial Activity.........................................................................................21
1.10 Syrup Formulation...........................................................................................23
1.11 Bacopa monnieri..............................................................................................25
1.11.1 Classification of Bacopa monnieri................................................................26
1.11.2 Chemical Constitutes....................................................................................26
1.11.3 Medicinal Uses..............................................................................................27
VII
2.0 LITRATURE SURVEY............................................................................29

CHAPTER-III..............................................................................................................38
Million's reagent:..........................................................................................................41
Molisch's reagents:.......................................................................................................41
Fehling solution A:.......................................................................................................41
Fehling solution B:.......................................................................................................41
Saliwanoff's reagent:....................................................................................................42
Ninhydrin solution:......................................................................................................42
Phytochemicals screening:...........................................................................................42
Test for Alkaloids:........................................................................................................42
Test for Carbohydrates.................................................................................................43
Test for Proteins...........................................................................................................43
Test for Flavonoids......................................................................................................43
Test for Lipids:.............................................................................................................43
Test for reducing sugars...............................................................................................43
Test for Terpenoids......................................................................................................44
Test for Steroids...........................................................................................................44
Test for Tannins:..........................................................................................................44
Test for Saponins..........................................................................................................45
Test for Sterols.............................................................................................................45
Test for Phenols............................................................................................................45
Test for Glycosides......................................................................................................45
PHASE-II.....................................................................................................................46
Polyherbal syrup formulation.......................................................................................46
Step#1 Decoction of herbs:..........................................................................................46
Step#2...........................................................................................................................47
Base preparations:........................................................................................................47
Step#3...........................................................................................................................47
Syrup preparations:......................................................................................................47
Step#4...........................................................................................................................47
Mixing of color and flavor:..........................................................................................47
Volume make up:.........................................................................................................47
Description of Active and In-Active Components:......................................................47
Description of Synthetic Materials & Excipients:.......................................................48
Evaluation parameters for Polyherbal syrup:...............................................................48
Physiochemical parameters:.........................................................................................48
Color examination:.......................................................................................................49
VIII
Odor examination:........................................................................................................49
Taste determination:.....................................................................................................49
PH determination:........................................................................................................49
Viscosity determination:..............................................................................................49
Sedimentation:..............................................................................................................49
Microbial analysis of syrup:.........................................................................................49
Pre-treatment of sample:-.............................................................................................49
Test for Staphylococcus Aureus:-................................................................................50
Test for Lactobacillus sp.:-..........................................................................................50
Test for E. coli:.............................................................................................................50
Test for Fungi:..............................................................................................................50
CHAPTER-IV..............................................................................................................52
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION........................................................................52
PHASE-I......................................................................................................................52
Test for Lipids:.............................................................................................................53
Test for Tannins:..........................................................................................................53
Test for Saponins:........................................................................................................53
Test for Lipids:.............................................................................................................55
Test for Tannins:..........................................................................................................55
IX

Test for Lipids:.............................................................................................................57
Test for Tannins:..........................................................................................................58
Test for Lipids:.............................................................................................................60
Test for Tannins:..........................................................................................................60
Evaluation parameters for Polyherbal syrup:...............................................................63
Physiochemical parameters:.........................................................................................63
 Color examination:...............................................................................................63
 Odor examination:................................................................................................64
 Taste determination:.............................................................................................64
 PH determination:................................................................................................64
 Viscosity determination:......................................................................................64
 Sedimentation:......................................................................................................64
Microbial analysis of syrup:.........................................................................................64
 Pre-treatment of sample:......................................................................................64
 Test for Staphylococcus Aureus:.........................................................................64
 Test for Pseudomonas Aeruginosa:......................................................................65
 Test for E. coli:.....................................................................................................65
 Test for Fungi:......................................................................................................65
CHAPTER V................................................................................................................68
5.0 REFERENCES...................................................................................................68
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTIONS
1.1 Introduction of Natural Product:
Characteristics item disclosure and handle improvement are
exceptionally labor and asset intensive tasks. Metabolic building ,
which is the presentation of judicious changes within the genetic
makeup of an living being to modify the metabolic profile or move
forward biosynthetic capabilities , has picked up expanding intrigued
as a way to create tell titer bioprocesses and produce new “ non-
natural” normal items. Propels in atomic science strategies and
knowledge of metabolic pathways have empowered uncommon sum
of control over these complex biosynthetic processes .The
sensational diminishes within the taken a toll of sequencing
technology has come about in an exponential sum of genomic
information accessible and driven to the identification of numerous
qualities included in characteristics item pathways. (Lauren B.
Pickens, Yi Tang and Yit-Heng Chooi)i
Normal items and arrangements based on them play a steady and ever-increasing
numbers of areas. Their significance is based on the truth that they are generally
bound to renewable sources, which in truth makes them profitable inside a circular
economy , connect alia .At the same time , characteristics items grant the root of
stereochemistry , optical movements , regioselectivity, chirality , and bearing inside
science, advancement, and industry in a scope , which is irreplaceable . They serve as
a consistent effective jolts and demonstrate that motivate researchers to make modern
compelling instruments, comparative to normal ones for controlling bio regulation
mechanisms and fathoming viable issues. This was the reason for organizing this
uncommon issues aimed to underline current advancement in all areas associated to
characteristic item. (Pavel B. Drasar and Vladmir A. Khripach)ii
The normal items and related drugs show a wide range of pharmacological
activities ,and they are utilized for the treatment and or avoidance of most of the
popular human maladies counting irresistible infection cancer , peptic ulcer, as
2
immune modulators ,anticoagulant , cancer preventions agents, respiratory stomach

related and cardiovascular system-related diseases, antibiotics, etc. After an intensive
examination of the medicine design in the United States of America, Grifo et al.
(1970) detailed that 84 of 150 medicine medicines were having a place to normal
items and related drugs. Patridge et al. (2016) analyzed the drugs affirmed by the
joined together States Nourishment and Medicate Organization (USFDA) and found
over one third of all modern atomic substances were normal items or their
subordinate.( Asim Najmi, Sadique A. Javed, Mohammad Al Bratty and Hassan A.
Alhazmi)iii
1 Example
 Nicotine
 Cocaine
 Galactose
 Cholesterol
3
1.2 History of Natural Products
It has been assessed that roughly over half of the pharmaceuticals in clinical utilize
today are determined from characteristics items. A few characteristic product-derived
drugs that are a hallmark of cutting edge pharmaceutical care incorporate quinine,
theophylline, penicillin G, morphine, paclitaxel, digoxin, vincristine, doxorubicin,
cyclosporine and vitamin A among numerous other cases. For centuries,
characteristics substances, especially plants, have been to control and treat diseases
and this has finished within the disclosure of the lion’s share of advanced
pharmaceutical operators. Ancient Egyptian practiced medication from as distant back
as 2900 BC. The “Ebers Papyrus”, the best known to being with record of Egyptian
pharmaceutical hone has been dated to as distant back as 1500 BC. The papyrus ,
which portrays over 700 drugs , for the most part of plant root , points of interest
4
distinctive medicate formulations including swishes, snuffs , poultices, mixtures , pills

and treatment , with lager , drain , wine and honey being commonly utilized as
medium.( Asim Najmi, Sadique A. Javed, Mohammad Al Bratty and Hassan A.
Alhazmi)iv
Early people were able to create information approximately consumable materials and
characteristics solutions. Subsequently, people designed fire learned how to create
liquor, created religions, and made technological breakthroughs, and they learned how
to create modern drugs. Traditional medication (TMs) make utilize of common items
and are of awesome significance. Such forms of pharmaceutical as conventional
Chinese pharmaceutical (TCM), Ayurveda, Kampo, conventional Korean medicine
(TKM), and Unani utilize common items and have been practiced all over the world
for hundreds or indeed thousands of a long time, and they have bloomed into orderly
– regulated frameworks of medicine .In their different shapes, they may have certain
surrenders, but they are still a profitable repository of human information. (Haiden
Yaun, Qianqian Ma, Li Ye and Guangchun Piao).v
Ayurveda is the foremost antiqued medication framework in India and accepted
around the world. It has the ancient age history since the 2nd century BC. The exacting
meaning of
Ayurveda is “science of life”. Ayurvedic pharmaceutical framework has appeared its

effect on other traditional methods of curing illness like Tibetan, Chinese and Greek
medicine have been affected by Ayurvedic pharmaceutical. Nearly 80% of Indians
sub-continental populace is known to utilized Ayurvedic and home grown definition
to treat their essential well-being care needs. Ayurveda plays an imperative part in an
individual’s wellbeing by maintaining culminate harmony between intellect and soul
with nature. (Chaitali S. Waghmare , Shivcharan Bidve , R.V Gudi , Santosh Yadav ,
Mukesh B. Chawda , Megha L. Nalawade )vi
1.3 Origin of Natural Product:

In later a long time, therapeutic plants have taken center organize as a wealthy normal
source of novel drugs. Usually since therapeutic plants delivers auxiliary metabolites
which are bioactive and are considered secure and biodegradable .Laboratory-based in
vitro studies have related these compounds with anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic,
anticancer and antioxidant properties as well as various other pharmacologically
5
critical exercises. even in spite of the fact that the instrument of the activities of a few
of the secondary metabolites may not be completely caught on, there’s an agreement
that their basic differences is what gives them their wide pharmacological applications
.(Sipho Mapfumari, Noel- David Nogbou, Andrew Musyoki, Stantly Gololo,
Mmamosheleidi Mothibe and Kokoette Bassey.)vii
Common items delivered by plants, microscopic organisms, and organisms have been
a wealthy source of bioactive compounds for sedate revelation and improvement.
Common items dominated early sedate revelation as expensive screening programs
were set up taking after the breakthrough isolation and therapeutic application of
penicillin within the 1940s. As of 1990 80% of drugs in utilize were normal items or
common item motivated. In more later, long time this figure has diminished in favor
of manufactured compound libraries be that as it may characteristics items still play a
critical part in sedate revelation. (Lauren B. Pickens, Yi Tang, and Yit- Heng
Chooi)viii
Nature is an undeniable source of motivation for the present day man in numerous
angles. The perception and understanding of nature have permitted the advancement
of unused materials, modern sources of energies, modern drugs etc. Particularly,
natural items give an awesome commitment to the improvement of modern operators
for the treatment of contaminations and antitumor operators In any case, getting
common items specifically from creatures, organisms, microbes, plants etc has been
considered not enough to go tall request by pharmaceutical businesses .In this respect,
different techniques based on biotechnogical forms or engineered approaches have
been created. In this situation the overall blend can be without a doubt valuable and
effective instruments for getting higher sums of normal items and/ or basic
adjustments thereof. In this, we emphasize fruitful illustrations of add up to
amalgamation of galantamine, morphine, paclitaxel and podophyllotoxin-common
products affirmed pharmaceutical. ( Angeo de Fatima , Bruna Silva Terra, Cleiton
Moreira da silva, Daniel Leite da Silva, Debora Pereira Araujo , Leonardo da silva
Neto and RRoney Anderson Nascimento de Aquino )ix
1.4 Importance of Natural Products:
Plants and other common sources can give a tremendous

extend of complex and fundamentally differing compounds. As of
6
late, numerous researchers have on the examination of plant and

microbial extracts, fundamental oils, unadulterated auxiliary
metabolites and unused synthesized atoms as potential antimicrobial
operators. (Mounyr Balouiri, Moulay Sadiki, Saad Koraichi
Ibnsouda)x
Ayurveda’s tremendous information incorporates clarification of diachraya. Taking
after these rules allows the body’s crucial homeostasis to be kept up. It teaches how to
adjust strategies to food, when to eat, how to eat, how to alter nourishment and way of
lie adjustments agreeing to the season. (Kalpesh Gulve, Vishal Kuchewar, Shubham
Shinde)xi
Customarily P. minus has been utilized in home grown pharmaceutical as remedy for
stomach related clutters and dandruff in Malaysia despite of its normal employment as
nourishment flavoring specialist and appetizer in Malays food. The fundamental oil
extricated from P. minus takes off is connected to hair to evacuate dandruff, utilized
in smell therapy and within the fragrance industry. (Partial Vicar, Kishore Kumar
Chiruvella, Ilfah Husna Abdullah Ripain, Mohammad Arifullah)xii
Therapeutic plants have been utilized within the treatment of different illnesses as
they have potential pharmacological exercises counting anticlastic, antimicrobial,
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesics, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive,
antidiarrheal and other activities. Phytoconstituents individually or within the
combination, decide the restorative esteem of a therapeutic plant. (Jun aid R Shaikh
and MK Patel)xiii
Plant-produced chemical compounds or phytochemical like alkaloids, glycosides,
flavonoids, unstable oils, tennis resins have been utilized in a wide extend of
commercial and mechanical applications such as flavors, smells and scents ,
chemicals, additives, makeup, bio based fills and plastics, normal shades and
bioactive compounds. The inquiry about on phytochemicals is
Expanding more since of the destructive side impacts of the manufactured

compounds. (Partial Vera, Kishore Kumar Chiruvella, Ilfah Husna Abdullah Ripain,
Mohammad Arifullah.)xiv
Nutraceuticals may be utilized to move forward health, delay the maturing handle,
avoid persistent maladies, increment life anticipation, or bolster the structure or work
of the body. Nowadays, nutraceuticals have gotten impressive intrigued due to
7
potential wholesome, security and helpful impacts. Later studies have appeared
promising comes about for these compounds in various complications. Within the
show audit much exertion has been committed to show unused concepts
approximately nutraceuticals based on their illnesses adjusting sings weight and
sensitivity. (Hamid Nasri, Azar Baradaran, Hedayatollah Shirzad, Mahmoud Rafieian-
Kopaei)xv
Home grown drugs and decontamination normal items give a wealthy resource for
novel antiviral sedate advancement. Distinguishing proof of the antiviral instruments
from these characteristic specialists has shed light on where they connected with the
viral life cycle, such as viral passage, replication, gathering, and discharge, as well as
on the focusing on of virus-host-specific intelligent. (Liang Tazung Lin, Wen Chan
Hsu, Chun-Ching Lin)xvi
Ayurvedic medication employment Triphala as a column of gastrointestinal treatment;
be that as it may, the complexity of the three Rasyanas, or rejuvenative herbs, within
the definition of permits for many applications. Besides , think about have approved a
number of potential employments of Triphala, which incorporate free radical
scavenging , antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune modulating, appetite incitement,
gastric hyperacidity diminishment, dental caries prevention, antipyretic, pain
relieving, antibacterial , anti mutagenic, wound mending, anti carcinogenic, anti
stress, adaptogenic , hypoglycemic, anticancer, hepato protective , chemo protective
effects. Triphala may also promote appropriate assimilation and retention of
nourishment, diminish serum cholesterol level, progress circulation, unwind bile
channels, immune senescence, keep up homeostasis of the endocrine system and
increment Ayurvedic pharmaceutical employments. (Christine Tara Peterson, Ph.D.,
Kate Denniston, BS, Deepak Chopra, MD)xvii
There are common items with as hypoglycemic action. When these exist as
nourishment items it may be possible to consolidate them into a patient’s count
calories. A few herbals utilized as hypoglycemic have tall dissolvable fiber content
and can be supported for glucose control and lipid improvement, as well as lipid
nourishment source. Undesirable strategies preparation, such as the expansion of
sugar-laden substances to otherwise healthful items, ought to be dodged. (Karen
Saphrio and Willam C. Gong)xviii
8
A few antitumor marine natural products, inferred mainly from marine wipes or
molluscs but too bryozoans and cyanobacteria, shows antimitotic properties. A few
have progressed to stage 1 and stage 2 clinical trials, and maybe not coincidently,
numerous such compounds square movement of separating cancer cells through M
stage by focusing on same protein (tubulin) in way comparable to the clinic drug
vincristine, vinblastine and paclitaxel.( Tadeusz F. Molinski, Doralyn S. Dalisay,
Sarah S. Lieven and Jonel P. Saludes. )xix
The information that characteristic item give a wealthy source for restorative
disclosure has driven to the advancement of numerous of the World most commonly
utilized drug. In see of growing need for compelling anti-inflammatory operators, the
potential for the characteristics item to serve as safe and successful restorative
operators has picked up expanding consideration. Be that as it may, polymolecular
extract must be thoroughly assessed and chemically characterized guaranteed
adequate consistency in execution. ( Alexander Gosslau, Shiming Li, Chi-Tang Ho,
Kaung Yu Chen, Nancy E. Rawson )xx
Home grown medication is the utilized of restorative plants for anticipation and
treatment of illnesses; it ranges of congenital and prevalent solution of each nation to
utilize of standardize triated and home grown extricates. (Fabio Firenzouli, and Luigi
Gori)xxi
Normal items speaks to an imperative source of unused lead compounds in sedate
discovery research. A few drugs right now utilized as helpful operators have been
created from natural sources; plant sources are particularly imperative. Within the past
few decades, pharmaceutical companies demonstrated immaterial consideration
towards characteristic item sedate disclosure, basically due to its intrinsic complexity.
(Asim Najmi, Siddique A.Javed, Mohammad Al Bratty and Hassan A. Alhazmi)xxii
Utilize of natural items as a biomaterial is as of now experiencing a renaissance
within the biomedical field. The major confinement of natural biomaterial are due to
the immunogenic reaction that can happen taking after implantation and the lot-to-lot
changeability in molecular structure related with creature sourcing. The chemical
steadiness and biocompatibility of common items within the body greatly accounts for
their utilization in later times. The paper concisely characterize biomaterial in terms
of common items and also that common items as materials in biomedical areas are
significantly flexible and promising. (Oladeji O. Ige, Lasisi E. Umoru and Sunday
Aribo)xxiii
9
Numerous of the foremost successful medical therapeutic are inferred from normal
products, including those examined within the field of HIV/AIDS. Biomedical
investigate features a
Wealthy history of revelation based on screens of restorative herbs and traditional

medicine hones. Compounds determined from characteristics items, which curb HIV
and those that actuate latent HIV, have been detailed. It is vital to keep in mind the
convention in restorative inquires about to infer treatments based on these common
items and to overcome the negative recognition of characteristics items as an
“alternative medicine.” (Daniele C. Cray and B. Matija Peterlin)xxiv
1.5 Sources from Plants
Normal items, particularly those from earthly plants and organisms, have
long been a conventional source of medicate particles (for case, morphine from
poppies, cardio tonic digitalis glycosides from foxgloves and penicillin from
parasites). Cutting edge pharmaceutical disclosure programs owe much too common
items. In fact, pharmacologically dynamic compounds from plants and microbes
speak to an imperative pipeline for unused investigational drugs. (Dru Tadeusz F.
Moliniski, Doralyn S. Dalisays, Sarah L. Lieven and Jonel P. Saludes)xxv
Plants are one of the foremost critical assets of human nourishments and medications.
Quickly expanding knowledge on sustenance, medication, and plant biotechnology
has significantly changed the concepts around nourishment, wellbeing and
agriculture, and brought in an insurgency on them. (Jian Zhao)xxvi
Normal extricates can be sourced in tremendous number of plants materials and
incorporates essential and auxiliary metabolites as proteins, fats and oils, dietary
filaments, sugars, cancer prevention agents, basic oils and smells, and colors. They
are to a great extent utilized as fixing within the nourishments preparing industry for
their texturing, additive or coloring properties, and as dynamic compounds in make up
or pharmaceuticals. (Farid Chemat, Marilyn Albert-Vian,Anne Sylvie Fabiano-Tixier,
Jochen strobe, Lukas Uhlenbrock, Veronika Gunjevic, Giancarlo Cravotto )xxvii
Huge some of by- products are created after the handling of fruits, such as citrus,
mangoes, and bananas; which contains valuable compounds. (Neelima Mahato,
Kavita Sharma, Mukty Sinha, Moo Hwan Cho).xxviii
10
A critical number of drugs have been inferred from plants that were customarily
employed in ethanomedicine or ethnobotany (the utilize of plants by people as
medication as in Ayurvedic or Conventional Chinese Pharmaceutical), whereas others
were found at first (through random
Screening of plants extricates in creatures) per afterward, by deciding their in vitro

movement against HIV or cancer cell lines.
Within the early 1900’s, 80% of all solutions were gotten from roots, barks and clears
out and it is estimated is that roughly 25% of all drugs endorsed nowadays still start
from plants.( Juergen Krause and Gailene Tobin)xxix
Plants have been recognized for their helpful properties. For centuries, inborn
societies around the world have used conventional home grown pharmaceutical to
treat a bunch of diseases. By differentiate, the rise of the cutting edge pharmaceutical
industry in the past century has been based on abusing person dynamic compounds
with exact modes of activity. (Fu-Shuang Li and Jing- Ke Weng)xxx
1.6 Metabolites
Metabolites are intermediate products of cellular metabolism catalyzed by various

enzymes that naturally occur within the cell. Such as lactic acid, glycerol, resins,
alkaloid, flavonoids etc
Plants create a heap of fundamentally and practically diverse metabolites that play
numerous distinctive parts in plants development and in plants reaction to ceaselessly
changing environmental conditions as well as abiotic and biotic stresses. This
metabolic differing qualities is, to a huge degree, due to chemical modification of the
essential skeletons of metabolites. (Shouchuang Wang, Saleh Alseekh, Alisdair R.
Fernie, Jie Luo).xxxi
The metabolites are divided into two categories as given in below:
1. Primary Metabolites
2. Secondary Metabolites
1.6.1 Primary Metabolites
The biosynthesis and breakdown of proteins, fats, nucleic

acids and carbohydrates, which are essential to all living life forms,
11
is known as essential digestion system with the compounds included

within the pathways known as “ primary metabolites”.( Daniel A.
Dias, Sylvia Urban and Utte Roessner)xxxii
Essential metabolites included common sugars, amino acids, proteins, purines and
pyrimidine of nucleic acids and chlorophyll. (Ei Aung, Alfinda Novi Kristanti, Nanik
Siti Aminah, Yoshiaki Takaya, Rico Ramadhan)xxxiii
In spite of the fact that most essential metabolites constitutively amass in plant cells,
the lion’s share of specialized metabolites are as it were recognized in defined species,
inside specific tissues/organs, at given developmental stages, or beneath particular
natural conditions. There are army cases of the specificity of specialized metabolism:
for case, glucosinolate defense compounds are largely limited to the Brassicaceae, and
acyl sugar generation is largely particular to glandular. (Chaunying Fang, Alisdair R.
Fernie, Jie Luo.)xxxiv
All of these specialized metabolites are synthesized from a certain primary
metabolites precursor, such as sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, natural acids, and
greasy acids, which are fundamental for keeping up cellular homeostasis and the life
of entire living beings. Besides their imperative nature, essential metabolic pathways
are profoundly directed and coordinate to complex metabolic systems. (Hiroshi A.
Maeda)xxxv
Advanced chemistry has portrayed the part of essential plant metabolites in
fundamental life functions such as cell division and development, breath, capacity and
propagation. They include the components of forms such as glycolysis, the Krebs or
citric corrosive cycle, photosynthesis and related pathways. Essential metabolites
incorporate little molecules such as sugars, amino acids, tricarboxylic acids, or Krebs
cycle intermediates, proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides. Inevitably, the
essential metabolites are comparable in all living cells. (Rehab A. Hussein and Amira
A. El-Anssary)xxxvi
Essential metabolites are profoundly preserved and specifically required for the
adjustment of plants. (Mrichotomy. Matthias Erb and Daniel J. Kliebenstein)xxxvii
1. Example
 Carvone
12
 Cholesterol
 Adenine
 Galactose
 Fructose
 Serine
13
1.6.2 Secondary Metabolites
Plants auxiliary metabolites play an assortment of capacities such as in plant

development and developmental forms, natural resistance, defence response singling,
and reaction with natural stresses. In addition, plants secondary metabolites more over
have vital capacities such as repulsing bothers and pathogens, acting as signals for
advantageous interaction between plants and organisms, and modifying microbial
communities related with hosts. ( Zhiqiang Pang, Jia Chen, Tuhong Wang,
Chunsheng Gao, Zhimin Li, Litao Guo, Jianping Xu and Yi Cheng).xxxviii
Microbial auxiliary metabolites are low-molecular –mass items of auxiliary digestion
system, ordinarily delivered amid the late development stage (idiophase) of
microorganisms. They have bizarre structures and their generation emerges from
intracellular intermediate (amino acids, sugars, greasy acids, etc), which are
condensed into more complex structures by characterized biochemical pathways.
They are not basic for the development of the creating societies, but serve differing
survival Alkaloids capacities in nature. They are exceptionally imperative for the
human wellbeing and financial matters of our society. (S. Sanchez, A. L. Demain)xxxix
1.7 Classification of Secondary Metabolites:
The secondary metabolites are divided into following categories, on the basis of
structure as given in below:
 Alkaloids
14
 Tannins
 Steroids
 Flavonoids
 Terpenes
 Saponins
1.7.1 Alkaloids
Alkaloids are an exceedingly differing gather of compounds that contain a ring

structure and a nitrogen atom. In most cases, the nitrogen molecule is found interior
the heterocyclic ring structure. (Jin-Jjian Lu, Jiao-Lin Bao, Xiu-Ping Chen, Min
Huang and Yi-Tao Wang)xl
Alkaloids contains nitrogen in their cyclic natural compounds, but they have very
limited nearness in nature. These are generally solvent in watery arrangement; in this
way, they are helpfully extricated in water upon the protonation of the nitrogen. This
gather have some of the foremost popular and notorious compounds, such as caffeine,
nicotine, cocaine and morphine, which are known for their anxiolytic, pain relieving
and hallucinogenic impacts, and frequently have physiological impacts on the central
nervous system. Although it could be a small group of metabolites, 50% of plant-
derived pharmaceutical are alkaloids. (Bann Munim Twaji, MD.Nazmul Hasan)xli
In plants, alkaloids secure plants from predators and control their development.
Restoratively, alkaloids are especially well known as soporifics, cardio protective, and
inflammatory operators. Well-known alkaloids utilized in clinical setting incorporate
morphine, strychnine, quinine, ephedrine and nicotine. (Michael Heinrich, Jeffrey
Mah and Vafa Amirkia)
xlii
Alkaloids have assorted physiological impacts: antibacterial, anti-mitotic, anti-

inflammatory, pain relieving, nearby anesthetic, hypotonic, psychotropic, and
antitumor movements and numerous others. These days, alkaloids ordinarily from
plants instead of from creatures are still of extraordinary intrigued to natural chemist,
scholars, pharmacologists, and drug specialists. Well known alkaloids incorporates
morphine, strychnine, quinine, atropine, caffeine, ephedrine and nicotine. (Joanna
Kurek).xliii
15
1.7.2 Tannins
Tannins are astringent polyphenols derived from plants that are found in various
portions of herbs and plants that are eaten for food and feed. Condensed tannins (non-
hydrolysable) and hydrolysable tannins make up the two main categories of these.
There are two primary kinds of tannins in nature: natural and manufactured, and both
have a big impact on the health of humans and plants favorable and negative.( Kartik
Sharma, Vikas Kumar, Jaspreet Kaur, Beenu Tanwar, Ankit Goyal, Rakesh Sharma,
Yogesh Gat & Ashwani Kumar. 2019) xliv
Tanniniferous plants are widely found in nature, and despite the fact that their study
has received a lot of attention lately, it is still challenging to define the word "tannin."
In fact, tannins are a varied family of compounds that are essentially related by their
capacity to form complexes with proteins, in contrast to related phenolic compounds
like simple phenolic, neolignans, and flavonoids, which are described and classed
according to their chemical structures. (Shahin Hassanp our, Naser Maheri-Sis,
16
Behrad Eshratkhah and Farhad Baghbani Mehmandar (Iran) Shahin Hassanpour1*,

Naser Maheri-Sis1, Behrad Eshratkhah2 and Farhad Baghbani Mehmandar 2011)xlv
1.7.3 Steroids
One significant class of hormones are steroids.

Hormones are substances that the body produces through specialized cells and release
into the system of circulation. One often utilized steroid is cortisol, which is a
naturally occurring steroid hormone that the adrenal gland produces in reaction to
stress. This hormone causes blood pressure and blood sugar to rise, and it also keeps
target tissues from becoming inflamed. Natural steroid injections are helpful in
treating painful joints and ligaments; steroid creams are widely used in the treatment
of eczema and other inflammatory skin conditions; and steroid inhalers play a
17
significant role in lowering asthma-related deaths. The main purpose of natural

steroids in healthcare is to reduce inflammation and other disease symptoms. (Anas
Rasheed* and Mohd. Qasim 2013)xlvi
Often referred to as anabolic steroids, anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are a
broad class of compounds that include both synthetically created derivatives and
endogenously produced androgens like testosterone. The usage of anabolic-
androgenic steroids is common since they minimize androgenic effects while
increasing muscle growth for athletes' performance and aesthetic goals. (Davide
Albano 1,†, Francesco Amico 1,†, Giuseppe Cocimano 1 , Aldo Liberto 1 , Francesca
Maglietta 2 , Massimiliano Esposito 1 , Giuseppe Li Rosi 3 , Nunzio Di Nunno 4 ,
Monica Salerno 1,‡ and Angelo Montana. 2021)xlvii
18
1.7.4 Flavonoids
Flavonoids are bunch of poly phenolic compounds. They are
omnipresent in photosynthesizing cells and are commonly founds in
fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, blooms, tea, wine, propolis, and
nectar. They are known to have medicinal properties and play a
major part within the successful restorative medications from old
times, and utilize has endured till date. They are potent water-soluble
cancer prevention agents and free radical scavengers, which avoid
oxidative cell harm and have solid anti-cancer actin. They are
utilized to make strides aquaresis and as anti-inflammatory,
antispasmodic, and anti-allergic, antimicrobial agents. It was detailed
that flavonoids could improve the blood circulation and lower the
blood pressure. (Chitra Jain, Shivani Khatana, and Rekha
Vijayvergia)xlviii
Flavonoids comprise of two benzene rings; hence, chalcones, flavones, flavanols,
flavonoids that are frequently brightly colored. (Baan Munim Twaji and Md. Nazmul
Hasan)
xlix
19
1.7.5 Terpenes
Terpenes, moreover known as isoprenoids are the biggest and most different gather of
naturally occurring compounds that are for the most part found in plants but bigger
classes of Terpenes such as sterol and squalene can be found in creatures. They are
capable for the scent, taste, and pigment of plants. An isoprene unit may be a building
piece of Terpenes that’s a gaseous hydrocarbon that contain the atomic equation C H.
Terpenes and terpenoids are terms that are regularly utilized traded but the two terms
have slight differences; Terpenes are an course of action of isoprene units that are
actually happening, volatile, unsaturated 5-carbon cyclic compounds that donate off a
fragrance or a taste to protect itself from organisms that bolster off of certain sorts of
plants. Terpenes have numerous functions in plants such as a thermo protectant,
signaling capacities, not restricted to, colors, flavoring, and solvents but too have
therapeutic employments. (Nirmal Joshee, Sadanand A. Dhekney, and Prahlad and
Parajuli)l
1.7.6 Saponins
Within the kingdom of plants, Saponins are a particularly abundant class of
bioorganic chemicals. More precisely, when shaken in aqueous solutions, they form
20
foams because they are naturally occurring glycosides that exhibit soap-like foaming.
Saponins are structurally defined by the combination of a lipophilic triterpene
molecule with one or more hydrophilic glycoside sugar moieties. (A review on
Saponins from medicinal plants: chemistry, isolation, and determination. Maher
Mohamed Abed El Aziz, Aziza Said Ashour, Al Sadek Gomha Melad. 2019)
Foods have been using saponins as an organic surfactant and preservative to prevent
microbiological food deterioration. Recently, Quillaja saponin has been utilized as a
natural small molecule surfactant in beverage emulsions due to consumer cravings for
natural substances. The medicinal effects of saponins are many, and in recent times, a
lot of research has concentrated on their capacity to boost immunological responses.
Rich in saponins, the sprouts of soybean, mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), and alfalfa
(Medicago sativa L.) have been proposed as a useful source of bioactive compounds
and antioxidants that can be added to a daily diet to promote health. (Extraction and
quantification of saponins: A review Choon Yoong Cheok, Hanaa Abdel Karim
Salman, Rabiha Sulaiman 2014)
1.8 Phytochemistry
Phytochemicals (Greek: phyton = plant) are chemical compounds normally display

within the plants crediting to positive or negative wellbeing impacts. Medicinal plants
utilized in numerous diseases and sicknesses are the wealthiest bio stores of different
phytochemicals. The restorative properties of the plants are decided by the
phytochemical constituents. A few of the important phytochemicals incorporate
alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic, tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, terpenes, etc.
21
which are distributed in different parts of the plants. Nature could be a unique source
of structures of tall phytochemical differences speaking to phenolic (45%), terpenoids
and steroids (27%) and alkaloids (18%) as major bunches of phytochemicals. (Junaid
R. Shaikh and MK Patil)li
Common items are assets determined from living organisms, such as plants, creatures
and microorganisms. The chemicals delivered by plants may be characterized as
“phytochemicals”. Phytochemicals in plants have undoubtedly been an asset of
therapeutic treatment for human illnesses for a long time. They played a key part in
primary wellbeing care of about 75-80% of the world’s population agreeing to the
World Wellbeing Organization. Phytochemicals in a plant can be investigated by
using various strategies such as extraction, partition, purification, distinguishing
proof, and structure explanation, assurance of physical and chemical properties,
biosynthesis and quantification. (Ei Aung, Alfinda Novi Kristanti, Nanik Siti Aminah,
Yoshiaki Takaya, Rico Ramadhan)lii
Most of the drugs have unequivocal particular chemical constituents to which their
natural or pharmacological action is attributed. Qualitative and quantitative
characterization of the active ingredient ought to be tested utilizing biomarkers.
Characterizing of the biomarker should be exceptionally specific and a parcel of
understanding should go into it sometime recently pronouncing any particular atom.
Moreover the mixture should be analyzed to create finger print profile. (Amita Pandey
and Shalini Tripathi)liii
The triphytochemical screening of three extricates (etheric, ethanolic and watery) of
Malva Sylvestris L. uncovered that the seed contain alkaloids, sterols and steroids,
diminishing sugars, tannins, emodols, starch, coumarins and the stem contain
flavonoids, tannins, starch, saponins, alkaloids, emodols, sterols and steroids,
decreasing compounds, coumarins and anthocyanosids which grant the drugs a few
mending properties. (Sabri Fatima Zohra, Belarbi Meriem, Sabri Samira, Alsayadi
Muneer M.S.)liv
1.9 Antibacterial Activity

The growth of pathogenic bacterial strains on or inside the body results in bacterial
contamination, which are mostly caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative
organisms. Antibiotics are powerful tools in the battle against bacterial contamination
22
because they can interfere with the mechanisms required for bacterial cell
developments and procreation. However, the overuse and abuse of antibiotics has
increased antibiotics opposition to making the development of antiseptics urgently
necessary. In addition to their potential in vitro and in vivo anti-bacterial actions, 1, 2,
3-triazole hybrids have a wide range of chemotherapeutic properties.
(Bo Zhang)lv
Nine small-molecule drugs were approved within the antibacterial range from January
2011 to December 2014. One, fidaxomycin, was classified as an “N”; four were
classified as “ND”, with the primary, ceftaroline, being a semisynthetic
cephalosporin, the moment being another cephalosporin subsidiary, cetolozane in
combination within well-known beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam; the third was
the adjusted glycopeptide dalvabancin; and the fourth was another of this course,
oritavancin. (David J. Newman and Gordon M. Cragg).lvi
The antibacterial movement of the flavonoids is being increasingly achieved. Rouhg
extricates from plants with a history of utilize in people pharmaceutical have been
screened in vitro for antibacterial movement by numerous investigate bunches.
Flavonoid rich plant extricates from species of hypericum, Capsella and Chromolaena
have been detailed to possess antibacterial action. Numerous other phytochemical
preparations with tall flavonoid substance have moreover been reported to show
antibacterial movement. (T.P. Tim Cushnie, Andrew J. Lamb)lvii
Although the treatment of bacterial infections has tremendously by the use of
antibiotics, the progressive evolution of bacterial resistance has been caused by the
widespread, inappropriate, and even abusive use of antibiotics. Thus, there is an
urgent need for new antibacterial medications. Certain chemicals based on isatin have
been employed in clinical environments for the purpose of treating and curing a range
of illnesses. Derivatives of isatin show a range of pharmacological characteristics,
such as antibacterial activity. (Hua Guo)lviii
Garlic’s antibacterial properties against the multidrug safe human pathogens S. aureus
and E. coli, as well as the yield potential of representative polar (water and ethanol
and nonpolar (petroleum ether and chloroform) solvents, are the primary foci of this
study, zone of inhibition. Garlic’s chemical analysis was not indicated in the study in
order for other researchers to studies on the chemical composition of garlic, the
impact of various. The impact of using garlic extract on viruses or other infections
garlic combined with other substances like milk, honey, and so forth. As well as
23
utilize of garlic with diverse plants such as ginger for helpful. (Wolde T1*, Kuma H1,
Trueha K2 and Yabeker A2)lix
Nanoparticles, especially graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles, have been widely used
in a variety of disciplines recently, including medicine and gene transport, cancer
therapy, pathogen bio detection, and antibacterial action. Because of its exceptional
electrical and thermal conductivity, biocompatibility, and large surface area, graphene
oxide is becoming more and more used as an antibacterial agent to treat infections that
are resistant to drug. Different surface modification and functionalization techniques
including inorganic nanostructures, biomolecules, and polymers were developed to
decrease toxicity and improve the effectiveness of graphene oxide as an antibacterial
agent.(Mohammadreza Yousefi a, Mehdi Dadashpour b 1, Maryam Hejazi c, Mohamma
d Hasanzadeh d, Behzad Behnam e, Miguel de la
Guardia f, Nasrin Shadjou g h, Ahad Mokhtarzadeh ) lx
1.10 Syrup Formulation

Liquid formulations are generally easier to administer and swallow, thus they should
be used whenever possible for oral admistration. One important factor in determining
whether a liquid formulation will be accepted is the dosage volume. Target dosage
volumes for pediatric liquid formulations are typically 5 and 10ml for kids over 5.
Preventives, antioxidants, and sweeteners are also added to the formulation to
enhance its organoleptic qualities and prevent drug or dosage form instability. Despite
being referred to as “inactive ingredients,” many of those excipients have some effect
and may cause patients to experience negative reaction. (SEIKO ABUBAK)lxi
Syrup of herbs it is described as a concoction that is prepared, combined, and
concentrated using honey sugar or occasionally used alcohol. A strong herbal
decoction serves as the foundation for this type of syrup, and adding sugar or honey to
the decoction thickens and preserves it. Cough syrup and other illnesses are treated
with herbal plants and formulation. The most popular form of herbal medicine in
developing and underdeveloped nations is herbal formulation. Sugars and purified
water are combined to create syrup, a concentrated solution. In syrup derived from
alternative kinds of syrup solutions. The syrup might or might not contain mixed
flavoring agents or medication.( Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Syrup Devkar
Mohan J*1, Shaikh Shahrukh S. M.1, Amol G. Jadhao3, Miss. Jayshri Sanap4,
Prashant A. Patil5lxii)
24
1. Kiwi fruit: It is the fruit of the Actinida deliciosa plant, which is a member of the
Actinida family. It is applied as a sedative, included vitamin C and was an
antioxidant. It is specifically used in colons disease.
2. Basil leaves: Made up of young leaves from the Ocimum basilicum plant, which
belongs to the following family: Lamiale It can be used to treat GIT disorders, eye
disorders, CVS disorders, diabetes, and cancer.
3. Orange peel: Made from the fruit of the Citrus sinesis plant, which is a member of
the Rutaceae family. It makes use of as a neurodegenerative condition, antioxidant,
and anti-cancer agent.
4. Sugar: Made from the stem of the Saccharum officinarum plant, which is a member
of the Poaceae family. It serves as a preservative and extends the product's shelf life.
5. Alcohol: Used sparingly, it serves as a preservative. (Dr. Javesh K. Patil, Dipali R.
Mali*, Komal R. More and Chadha M. Jain. )lxiii
Herbs are combined to create herbal formulations. Procedures such as extraction,
distillation, expression, and others Examples of processes include fermentation,
concentration, purification, and fractionation. Ground up or powdered. Whole,
broken-up, or cut plants as well as plant parts Plants, lichen and fungi in their natural
state, which is typically dry but can occasionally be fresh. Herbal concoctions were
made with these components. The main uses of herbal medicines are in the prevention
of illness and the management of chronic, rather than diseases that are potentially
fatal. But when modern medicine is unable to treat an illness, such as new infectious
diseases or advanced cancer, the application of traditional medicine rises. (Vishal N.
Kushare1 *, Mayor D. Ghotekar2, Komal S. Mande3 and Pritishchandra S. Kabra4)lxiv
25
1.11 Bacopa monnieri
Native to Australia and India, Bacopa monnieri—also called brahmi, water hyssop,
Bacopa monnieri, and Herpestis monnieri—is a creeping perennial with small, oblong
leaves and purple flowers that grows in warm wetlands. Broadly growing throughout
East Asia and the United States, BM is frequently encountered as a weed in rice
fields. The entire plant has therapeutic uses. (Sebastian Aguiar and Thomas
Borowski)lxv
B. monniera, also known as "Brahmi," is categorized under the Madhya Rasyanas in
the ancient Indian medical system, or Ayurveda, and is mentioned as a remedy for
mental illnesses and memory and cognitive decline in the Charaka Samhita, Sushrutha
Samhita, and Astanga Hrdaya. Because of these pharmacological characteristics, B.
monniera extract is being tested in clinical settings on senior citizens to enhance
memory and cognitive function. Simultaneously, Bacopa is a primary ingredient in
the Ayurvedic medication prescribed for cognitive impairment. Bacopa was also
developed for clinical use by a number of research teams and pharmaceutical
companies in a number of nations, including the US, New Zealand, Australia, India,
and New Zealand. (Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan, 1 Jayakumar Preethi, and Hemant K.
Singh2 1 Department of Animal).lxvi
This is a long-used medicinal herb that has a fabled reputation for enhancing memory.
It has been used for 5000 years in India to lessen anxiety and herbal sedation, as well
as to treat epilepsy and insomnia. Indian Materia Medica (Bhavaprakasha Nighantu,
AD 1500) suggests this plant as a treatment for a variety of mental illnesses, such as
anxiety, depression, psychosis, epilepsy, anxiety, poor memory, insomnia, and
Alzheimer's disease. Commercially available B. monnieri preparations improve both
young and old people's brain function and memory development. In India and
Pakistan, the plant was also used as a digestive aid, cardiac tonic, and to enhance
respiratory function in bronchoconstriction patients. Clinical research confirms that
formulations based on Bacopa have a beneficial impact on the restoration of mental
functions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and also
help stroke and epilepsy patients perform better cognitively.
lxvii
26
1.11.1 Classification of Bacopa monnieri
The scientific name is Bacopa monnieri. It belongs to
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Genus: Bacopa
Species: B. monnieri
1.11.2 Chemical Constitutes:
It is thought that bacosides, which are dammarane types of triterpenoid saponins with
jujubogenin or pseudo-jujubogenin moieties as a glycone units, are the primary
nootropic components of Bacopa monnieri. Within the family of bacosides are 12
known analogues. More recently, novel saponins known as bacopasides I–XII have
been discovered. The catalogue includes the alkaloids d-mannitol, apigenin,
hersaponin, monnierasides I–III, cucurbitacins, and plantainoside B. Other alkaloids
include brahmine, nicotine, and herpestine. The component that has been investigated
the most is bacoside A, which is a combination of bacoside A3, bacopacide II,
bacopasaponin C, and an isomer of bacosaponin C called jujubogenin. The plant
extract used in these assays is whole, and the concentration of bacosides varies
depending on the part of the plant that is extracted. (Sebastian Aguiar and Thomas
Borowski).lxviii
Brahmine, herpestine, and alkaloids were indicated by Bacopa monnieri. Tetracyclic
triterpenoid saponins, or bacosides A and B (a crystalline mixture of several
saponins), are the plant's main bioactive component. Bacoside A is the most common
among them. Bacosides A1 and A3 and Bacopa saponins A, B, C, D, E, and F are
examples of additional saponins. The other trace amounts consist of flavonoids
(luteolin-7glucoside, glucuronyl-7-apigenin, and glycortonyl-7-luteolin, common
phyto sterols) and alkaloids (herpestine and Brahmin). (PUSHPENDRA KUMAR
JAIN*, DEBAJYOTI DAS).lxix
27
1.11.3 Medicinal Uses
Bacopa monnieri bimodal learning effects have the potential to enhance cognitive
performance at all stages of life. We started a ten-year clinical research programme
with participants spanning the lifespan in order to better assess the historical claims
made for the herb Bacopa Monniera and investigate whether the in vitro and in vivo
studies of Bacopa monnieri translate into improvements in cognitive performance in
humans.( Con Stough1 , Andrew Scholey1 , Vanessa Cropley1 , Keith Wesnes1 ,
Andrea Zangara1 , Matthew Pase1 , Karen Savage1 , Karen Nolidin1 , Justine
Lomas1 & Luke A Downey).lxx
Strong antioxidant characteristics are shown by B. monnieri extracts, which include
the ability to adsorb and neutralize free radicals by dissolving peroxides or quenching
singlet oxygen. It has been documented that glial cells generate NO through an
enzyme-independent mechanism in response to superoxide radical stimulation. The
antidiabetic activity of B. monnieri is comparable to that of the oral anti-diabetic
medication currently on the market, and the combination therapy lessens the toxicity
caused by oral anti-diabetic medication. (P. Vishnupriya and V. Vijaya Padma)lxxi
Enhancing the application of Bacopa as a substitute therapy for Attention-Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children, Bacopa polyherbal formulations have
shown improvements in attention, cognition, intelligence, and behaviour in clinical
settings. Studies have indicated that long-term use of bacopa has consistently
produced positive effects on cognition and has anxiolytic properties. The acute study
observations have produced conflicting results; while some suggested that the
standard adult dose of 320 mg per day would improve state of mind and mental
agility, others found no effect of the treatment on mental function. (A systematic
review of the Ayurvedic medicinal herb Bacopa monnieri in child and adolescent
populations James D. Kean (BSc (Hons)) a, Luke A. Downey (PhD) a, b, Con Stough
(PhD).2016).
Medical literature has utilized B. monnieri to cure a variety of mental illnesses. This
plant's efficiency spans a wide range of functions, such as improving memory,
learning, concentration, treating depression and stress, enhancing skin conditions,
aiding with digestion, and treating particular diseases like epilepsy, lunacy,
Alzheimer's disease, psychiatric and allergies and asthma. In the beginning, the only
options for treating cancer were artificial medications and surgical procedures.
28
Bacopasides are a member of the triterpene saponin group and are present in Bacopa
monnieri extracts of leaves. They have been shown to exhibit anticancer, cytotoxic,
and anti-mutagenic characteristics. (The Evolving Roles of Bacopa monnieri as
Potential Anti-Cancer Agent: A Review Sudeepa Ghosh, Rahmat Khanam & Avik
Acharya Chowdhuary) 1xvii
CHAPTER II
29
2.0 LITRATURE SURVEY
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neuro degerative illness with an unknown

causes that typically affected people over 60, unless autosomal prevailing legacy is
present. The disease initially manifests as a decrease in recent memory, logical
function, vocabulary, and concepts, with brain involvement potentially leading to
sleep disruptions, judgmental issues, and psychological alterations.
Advertisement can cause distraction and cognitive issues. A study in India compared
fake and Bacopa monnieri treatment on the Wechsler Memory Scale. 35 participants
aged 55 and older were tested on various subtests, including common information,
introduction, mental adaptability, consistent memory, forward and reverse tallying,
visual propagation, and paired-associated learning. (Kaustubh S. Chaudhari a, b, d
Nishant R. Tiwari c Rakesh R. Tiwari d Rohan S. Sharma b.2017)lxxii
The ethanol extract of Bacopa monnieri, found in both leaves and stems, showed
significant acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory properties. This study found that the
extract, which contained 45-50% bacosides, inhibited AChE in all brain regions of
albino rats, with the highest inhibition in the cerebral cortex. This suggests that
Bacopa monnieri may be a potential natural anticholinesterase compound for
Alzheimer's disease treatment. (Ahirwar S.1, Tembhre M., GourS. Namdeo A.)lxxiii
B. monnieri has been found to possess neuroprotective and smart drug properties, with
its hexane extract preventing cell death and ethanol extract preventing β-amyloid
toxicity. Studies in transgenic mice have shown that its treatment reduces β-amyloid
levels in the brain. Additionally, it has antioxidant potential, aiding in mitigating
oxidative stress in neurons. B. monnieri also improves memory in healthy adults and
those with age-related memory issues. Clinical evidence for its use in Alzheimer's and
depression is limited. (James M. Brimson1,2, Sirikalaya Brimson3 , Mani Iyer
Prasanth1,2, PremrutaiThitilertdecha4 , Dicson Sheeja Malar1,2 &
TewinTencomnao1,2)lxxiv
The study investigates the effects of Brahmi on cardiovascular function and its role in
vascular smooth muscle signaling. The hydro-alcoholic extract of Brahmi provides
cardio protection against isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. The
ethanolic extract relaxes isolated guinea-pig and rabbit pulmonary arteries and aorta,
attenuating calcium-induced contractions. The extract produces vasodilator actions in
30
aorta, basilar, mesenteric, renal lobar, tail, and femoral arteries, contributing to the
observed hypotension. The potency of Brahmi varies in different vascular beds and
can influence smooth muscle-Ca2+ influx, Ca2+-release, or Ca2+ action on the
contractile machinery.( Natakorn Kamkaewa , C. Norman Scholfielda , Kornkanok
Ingkaninanb , Putcharawipa Maneesai a , Helena C. Parkingtonc , Marianne Tarec ,
Krongkarn Chootipa). lxxv
B. monnieri's active compounds interact with dopamine and serotonergic systems,

promoting neuron communication through dendrite growth. The major bioactive
constituents are bacosides, particularly bacoside A. B. monnieri has potential for
cognitive enhancement and amelioration of cognitive disorders. However, biomedical
research on B. monnieri faces challenges, and ethical considerations should be
considered when combining Bacopa compounds with other substances. (Rajendran
Jeyasri 1, Pandiyan Muthuramalingam, Vellaichami Suba 1, Manikandan Ramesh 1,*
and Jen-Tsung Chen 2)lxxvi
Bacopa monnieri has shown positive effects on body weight, learning skills, memory,
and concentration. It can restore ATPase system levels to normal levels in
Alzheimer's disease-induced mice and prevent learning and memory deficits. B.
monnieri also reduces alpha synuclein aggregation, prevents dopaminergic
neurodegeneration, and restores lipid content in nematodes, proving its potential as an
anti-Parkinson an agent. Treatment with B. monnieri increased glutamine content and
activity levels in brain regions compared to induced Parkinson's disease rats. B.
monnieri may serve as a memory-boosting alternative for developing new
neurological agents and improve mental health and cognitive decline prevention and
treatment. (Natthawut Charoenphon, Nanthida Anandsongvit1, Piya Kosai, Kanjana
Sirisidthi, Niwat Kangwanrangsan and Wannee Jiraungkoorskul, 2015)lxxvii
Bacopa monnieri, a perennial creeping herb, has long been renowned for its medicinal
properties, as documented in the sixth-century Ayurvedic text, the Charaka Samhita.
Western medicine has recently shown interest in Bacopa as a potential cognitive
enhancer, with studies on animals focusing on memory. However, follow-up research
has not given mental speed the same attention. (Matthew P. Pase, BSc, BA(Hons),1
James Kean, BSc(Hons),1 Jerome Sarris, MHSc, PhD,1,2 Chris Neale, BSc, MSc,1
Andrew B. Scholey, PhD,1 and Con Stough, PhD 2012)lxxviii
31
Ayurveda, an ancient medicine system, uses a holistic approach to healing, combining

effective CAM treatments to provide a comprehensive synergistic effect. Research on
B.monnieri has shown its efficacy in improving language, memory, hyperactivity, and
attention in child and adolescent populations. Companies combine individual extracts
with unique health benefits to create poly-herbal remedies for various conditions.
However, these ingredients require further scientific validation for use as individual
CAM treatments or as part of a synergistic multi-herbal formulation. (James D Kean
1,* ID, Luke A Downey 1, 2 and Con Stough 2017)lxxix
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are the primary nootropics for Alzheimer's
disease and vascular dementia. However, these medications often have unsatisfactory
outcomes due to adverse drug effects and do not alter the disease's progression in the
long term. Bacopa monnieri, a small herb with oblong leaves and light purple flowers,
has been used for over 3000 years in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for memory
improvement, brain function, and longevity. A study on 231 subjects found that
Bacopa monnieri extract improved memory function and attention, but the effect on
choice reaction time was small. The extract contains compounds believed to increase
cognitive performance and exhibit neuroprotective properties, including steroidal
saponins and triterpenoid saponins. Bacopa monnieri extract should focus on
randomized controlled trials with a large cohort of patients with cognitive problems,
using more sensitive tests and independent funding. (Chuenjid Kongkeaw a,b,c,n ,
Piyameth Dilokthornsakul a,b,d , Phurit Thanarangsarit a , Nanteetip Limpeanchob a ,
C. Norman Scholfield a,c a 2013)lxxx
Bacopa monnieri, also known as "Brahmi," is a medicinal herb in the Indian
traditional ayurvedic system. It has been extensively studied for its bioactive
components, memory-enhancing effects, and other beneficial effects. It is
recommended for treating various mental conditions, including anxiety, poor
cognition, insomnia, depression, psychosis, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease.
Commercially available preparations increase memory concentration and brain
function in both young and older people. Bacopa-based formulations have positive
effects on the reconstruction of mental functions in children with ADHD and
cognitive enhancement in stroke and epilepsy patients. The plant has numerous
pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, gastrointestinal, endocrine,
antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Further research is needed to explore
the biosynthesis of bacosides and other secondary metabolites. ( Partha Sarathi Saha 1
32
, Sayantika Sarkar 1 , Rajendran Jeyasri 2 , Pandiyan Muthuramalingam 2 ,

Manikandan Ramesh 2 and Sumita Jha. 2020)lxxxi
Bacopa monnieri (BM) has been used for memory enhancement in India for over
3000 years, with its medicinal properties cited in the Vedic texts and Ayurveda. BM is
a small, creeping succulent herb with a variety of phytoconstituents including
brahmine, herpestine, alkaloids, and saponins. It has been used as a cardio-tonic,
tranquilizer, sedative, and antistress for various mental strains. BM is also used in
ayurvedic medicine for memory enhancement, epilepsy, insomnia, and as a mild
sedative. In a study, the free radical scavenging capacity of a methanol extract of BM
was investigated, showing a dose-dependent free radical scavenging capacity and a
protective effect on DNA cleavage. The antioxidant capacity of BM may explain its
reported antistress, immune modulatory, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory, and
antiaging effects. In vitro studies have demonstrated BME's direct spasmolytic
activity on intestinal smooth muscle, suggesting it may be beneficial in conditions
characterized by intestinal spasm, such as irritable bowel syndrome. (PUSHPENDRA
KUMAR JAIN1, DEBAJYOTI DAS2, PUNEET JAIN3*, PRACHI JAIN. 2016lxxxii)
Bacopa, also known as medhya rasayana, is a widely used herb in Ayurvedic
medicine for treating conditions like fever, inflammation, pain, asthma, epilepsy,
insanity, and memory loss. Its major chemical compound is a dammarane-type
triterpenoid saponin called bacoside A, which has been found to improve cognitive
properties. The plant contains various saponins, alkaloids, and antioxidant properties.
Bacopa monnieri, a traditional medicine, has been used to treat various disorders,
including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes.
The therapeutic potential of Bacopa monnieri lies in its ability to act as a free radical
scavenger, reducing oxidative stress and ROS, which can lead to complications like
neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiomyopathy in diabetic patients. The bacoside
fraction from B. monnieri also has anti-apoptosis effects against oxidative stress-
induced apoptosis in untransformed and transformed oral carcinoma cells.
Combinatorial regimens of bacoside and established anticancer drugs during
chemotherapy can reduce undesirable side effects. (Pote P. Vishnupriya and V. Vijaya
Padma. 2017)lxxxiii
Bacopa monnieri, an annual creeping plant, is traditionally used for medicinal
purposes in ancient Indian medicine. It has been studied in animal models to
understand its effect on memory and antiamnesic activity. Over the last 50 years,
33
Bacopa extract has been analyzed as a nerve tonic and memory enhancer. Studies
show that Bacopa treatment can attenuate dementia and enhance memory. It primarily
acts via antioxidant mechanisms or alters neurotransmitters, such as serotonin (5-
hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), and GABA. These
studies provide molecular evidence for the possible mechanism of BME on the
serotonergic system and its associated pathway. (Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan, 1
Jayakumar Preethi, 1 and Hemant K. Singh. 2015)lxxxiv
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline,
memory loss, and erratic behavior. Current treatments have limited effectiveness, but
herbal medicines may slow the disease's progression. Studies have shown the
neuroprotective properties of plants like Bacopa monnieri and its polyphenolic
compounds, known as bacosides. Brahmi, a popular Ayurvedic herb, has been found
to enhance cognitive properties and treat various ailments. This review presents
findings on the clinical, cellular activities, phytochemistry, and biological applications
of these plants in new drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease. (Aimi Syamima Abdul
Manap1, Shantini Vijayabalan2, Priya Madhavan3, Yoke Yin Chia1, Aditya Arya3,
Eng Hwa Wong3, Farzana Rizwan3, Umesh Bindal3 and Shajan Koshy. 2019)lxxxv
The aging population is leading to an increase in chronic illnesses and disorders,
including oxidative stress and low-level inflammation. This aging is a major risk
factor for dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Bacopa monnieri, a creeping herb
found in India and tropical countries, has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic
medicine to treat conditions like fever, inflammation, pain, asthma, epilepsy, and
memory decline. Its active chemical constituents include steroidal saponins and
Bacosides A and B, which improve learning and memory. EBm has been shown to
have antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in animal studies, but its memory-
enhancing effects have gained attention. It is also a potential therapeutic antioxidant
to reduce oxidative stress and improve cognitive function. Future studies should
incorporate neuroimaging, particularly magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to better
understand the biological mechanisms of cognitive enhancement. (Tamara Simpson,
Matthew Pase, 1, 2 and Con Stough. 2015)lxxxvi
Ayurveda, the world's oldest medication system, originated in India over 3000 years
ago. Nootropic herbs and drugs are used to enhance memory, cognition, mood, and
other mental functioning factors. Brahmi, one of the oldest traditional Ayurvedic
medicines in India, is known for enhancing memory, cognition, mood, and other
34
mental disorders. Saponins, the major compounds in Brahmi, enhance nerve impulse
transmission. Brahmi has numerous medicinal properties, including antispasmodic,
anticholinesterase, neuroprotective, antioxidant, Alzheimer's disease, antidepressant,
bronchovasodilatory, antiulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer,
cell stabilization, and antileishmanial. The use of herbal products has increased in the
western world and developed countries due to their tremendous health benefits.
Brahmi is widely used therapeutically in various food systems, but incorporating the
dry herb extract into food product matrix can be difficult due to its bitter taste and
pungent herbal aroma. A commercial process is needed to remove bitter components
without adding anything prohibited while maintaining the expected flavor and
nutritional value of the product. The use of herbs like Brahmi as functional food
ingredients could revolutionize the functional food market, providing greater health
benefits to consumers. (Devendra, Patel Saurabh Shankar, Birwal Preeti, Basu
Santanu, Deshmukh Gajanan and Datir Rupesh. 2018)lxxxvii
Bacopa monnieri (EBm) extract, containing steroidal saponins Bacoside A and B, has
been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for memory decline, inflammation, pain,
pyrexia, epilepsy, and as a sedative. CDRI 08, a high-quality extract with 55%
bacosides, has been studied in India's Central Drug Research Institute. Studies show
CDRI 08 has several modes of action on the human brain, potentially improving
cognition in the elderly and patients with neurodegenerative disorders. A ten-year
clinical research program aims to evaluate the historical claims and its potential for
cognitive improvement.(Con Stough1 , Andrew Scholey1 , Vanessa Cropley1 , Keith
Wesnes1 , Andrea Zangara1 , Matthew Pase1 , Karen Savage1 , Karen Nolidin1 ,
Justine Lomas1 & Luke A Downey. 2013)lxxxviii
Bacopa monnieri Linn, a plant used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine, has been
shown to enhance memory and cognitive function in healthy elderly subjects. A study
involving 60 healthy subjects showed that B. monnieri can improve attention,
cognitive processing, working memory, and cholinergic and monoaminergic functions
in the elderly. The extract of B. monnieri suppressed AChE activity, resulting in
enhanced cholinergic function, which in turn improved attention and memory
processing. This suggests that B. monnieri may provide a benefit in decreasing
memory impairment in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early-phase Alzheimer's
disease, as well as attention deficit disorder. The study confirms the health benefit of
Bacopa monnieri for the healthy elderly and shows no toxicity or side effects. This
35
plant extract may also be beneficial in treating attention deficit disorder and mild
cognitive impairment. (Tatimah Peth-Nui,1, 2 Jintanaporn Wattanathorn,2, 3
Supaporn Muchimapura,2, 3 Terdthai Tong-Un,2, 3 Nawanant Piyavhatkul,3, 4
Poonsri Rangseekajee,3, 4 Kornkanok Ingkaninan,5 and Sakchai Vittaya-areekul.
2012)lxxxix
Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) is a perennial herb with a bioactive formulation in the
Indian Ayurveda system, used for treating various diseases. It has a rich historical and
religious background and is known for its neuroprotective properties. Brahmi extracts
have been used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine, acting as a memory and learning
enhancer, sedative, and anti-epileptic. This review focuses on the health benefits of B.
monnieri extracts, focusing on anticancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The
extracts have been shown to block the functional activity of the membrane transport
system, inhibit tumor progression, and have anti-Parkinson's effects. The major
phytoconstituents of B. monnieri are saponins, which have been reported to inhibit
glioma cell viability and proliferation, indicating promising anti-cancer activity for
glioblastoma treatment. However, further research is needed to compare the
neuroprotective effect of B. monnieri extracts with standard drugs for systematic
clinical uses. (Urooj Fatima1*, Sonam Roy1, Shahnawaz Ahmad2, Sabeeha Ali1,
Wafaa M. Elkady3, Ilyas Khan4, Rana M. Alsaar5, Mohd Adnan6, Asimul Islam1
and Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan 2022)xc
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia characterized by a
progressive decline in memory and cognitive functions. The etiology of AD is still not
fully understood, but it is associated with cholinergic hypo function and cognitive
dysfunction. Age-related oxidative stress, induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS)
and free radicals, is believed to play a crucial role in AD progression. A study
evaluated the neuroprotective potential of Bacopa monnieri (BM), an Indian
medicinal plant, against cognitive impairment in colchicine-induced dementia. The
results showed that BM may prevent cognitive decline in AD through free radical
scanning activity, maintaining thiol status, and up regulating antioxidant enzymes.
This suggests that BM may have therapeutic potential for treating conditions
involving oxidative stress-mediated neuronal dysfunctions. (Neetu Saini. Devinder
Singh'Rajat Sandhil. 2012)xci
Bacopa monnieri, a plant native to South and Southeast Asia, has been used in
traditional medicine for memory enhancement and anxiety reduction. It is now
36
marketed as a memory enhancer and blood sugar regulator. The plant has numerous
active compounds, including alkaloids and saponins, and has been used in Ayurveda
for its memory-boosting properties. This study aims to determine B. monnieri's
efficacy as a neuroprotective drug and a nootropic against neurological diseases.
Results suggest that plant extracts show some improvements in healthy subjects, but
not significant. B. monnieri can also reduce the effects of Alzheimer's disease and
depression when combined with other plant extracts. Further studies are needed to
establish these effects clinically and corroborate preclinical data. (James M.
Brimson1,2, Sirikalaya Brimson3 , Mani Iyer Prasanth1,2, PremrutaiThitilertdecha4 ,
Dicson Sheeja Malar1,2 & TewinTencomnao. 2021)xcii
Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, with up to 20% of
individuals aged 65 and above experiencing mild cognitive impairment. The number
of people with dementia is expected to reach 44 million by 2030. Current treatments,
such as donepezil, have no proven disease-modifying effect and are associated with
adverse events. Ayurvedic herbs like Bacopa monnieri have been used to prevent and
treat memory loss. Primary outcomes for Alzheimer disease trials should include
cognitive and functional endpoints, with tools having cultural validity and
international harmony. Newer, sensitive measures, such as metacognition and social
cognition, are needed for early detection of functional impairment. (Aneesh Baheer;
Ayush Agarwal; Biswamohan Mishra; Anu Gupta; Madakasira Vasantha Padma
Srivastava; Richard Kirubakaran; Venugopalan Vishnu 2022)xciii
Bacopa monnieri, also known as "Brahmi" in Ayurveda, is a plant with numerous
medicinal and biochemical properties that have been used to treat various diseases and
abnormalities. It is a memory enhancer and sharpener, used in various ailments like
jaundice, diabetes, cough, leprosy, swelling, and diabetes. Bacopa has also been
beneficial for treating skin and blood disorders. The plant's therapeutic properties
include anti-diarrheal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-
bacterial, anti-convulsant, hepato protective, anti-ulcer, anti-depressant, anti-
hyperglycemic and anti-nociceptive activity, immune stimulatory activity, and wound
healing activity. Ethno botanical surveys have revealed its anti-venomous drugs and
anti-sickling properties. However, the variety of phytochemicals and bioactive
properties present in Bacopa monnieri are not yet tested against several diseases,
leaving a huge scope in this field. (Abhishek Kumar Pandey. 2021)xciv
37
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative condition affecting the elderly, affecting their

quality of life. Bacopa monnieri, an indigenous plant found throughout India, has
been shown to have various effects, including inhibitory effects on cholinesterase,
reducing beta amyloid deposits in animal models, and improving memory. A study
evaluating the effect of Bacopa monnieri on cognitive functions in Alzheimer's
disease patients found significant improvements in various components of the Mini
Mental State Examination Scale (MMSES) scores. The patients also reported
improved quality of life and decreased irritability and insomnia. Bacopa monnieri has
been used for psychological disorders like dementia and insomnia, and is reported to
improve health and memory in all age groups. However, no studies have shown an
effective herbal medicine alternative to improve cognitive functions in Alzheimer's
disease. Further studies with a control group are needed to validate these results.
( Shishir Goswami, Anand Saoji, Navneet Kumar, Vijay Thawani, Meenal Tiwari,
Manasi Thawani. 2011)xcv
Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi, is an annual herb in the Indian subcontinent.
It is widely used in traditional Indian medicine for treating various health issues,
including dermatitis, anemia, diabetes, and epilepsy. The plant's main chemical
therapeutic components are triterpenoid, saponins, and bacosides. Bacoside A is the
main element causing therapeutic benefits, and it is used for various purposes,
including anti-inflammatory, endocrine, gastrointestinal, analgesic, anticancer,
antidiabetic, antifungal, cardiovascular, anti-Ischemic, anti-emetic, antiepileptic, and
antioxidant. It has also been shown to have anti-cancer properties, with analgesic
effects mediated through interfering with prostaglandin synthesis action. Bacopa
monnieri has also shown potential anti-Parkinson treatment by reducing alpha-
synuclein aggregation in Caenorhabditis worms' models of Parkinson's disease. Its
memory-enhancing effect is due to its effect on central cholinergic modulation of
memory functions. As traditional medicines are less hazardous, Bacopa monnieri is a
valuable alternative to current treatments. (Firoj A. Tamboli1*, Vinod D. Rangari2,
Shreyash D. Tarlekar3, Rajendra D. Jadhav4, Kamal M. Alaskar4, Vaibhava V.
Desai4, Rajesh U. Kanthe. 2022)xcvi
CHAPTER-III
3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS

38
Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder that gets worse over time. It’s characterized by
changes of certain proteins. Alzheimer’s disease causes the brain to shrink and brain
cells to eventually die. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia – a
gradual decline in memory, thinking, behavior and social skills. The early signs of the
disease include forgetting recent events or conversations. Over time, it progresses to
serious memory problems and loss of the ability to perform everyday tasks. Medicines
may improve or slow the progression of symptoms. The cause of Alzheimer’s disease
aren’t fully understood. But at a basic level, brain proteins fail to function as usual.
This disrupts the work of brain cells, also called neurons, and triggers a series of
events. The neurons become damaged and lose connections to each other. They
eventually die. There is no for the cure of Alzheimer’s disease. In advanced stages,
severe loss of brain function can cause dehydration, malnutrition or infection. These
complications can results in death.
Phase l: Photochemical screening of herbs

Phase II: Antibacterial Activity of plant extract
Phase III: Preparation of syrup dosage
Chemicals used:
 Distilled water
 Methanol
 Chloroform
 Ethyl acetate
 Conc.H2SO4
 CuSO4
 Fehling Solution
 Acetone
39
 Silica gel
 n-hexane
 Glucose solution
 Ferric chloride
 Mercuric chloride
1. Apparatus and instruments used:
 Filter paper
 Beakers
 Measuring cylinder
 Measuring flask
 Test tubes and stand
 Test tube holder
 Separating funnel
 Glass rod
 Spatula
 Scissors
 Weight balance
 Grinder
 Glass column
 Pipettes
 Droppers
 Gloves
 Stirring rods
 Clip and stand
 Wire gauze
 Burner
 Hot plate
 Thermometer
 Tripod stand
 Lead pencil
 Scale
 TLC tank
 Voiles
40
 Aluminium foil
This research work is applied on herb named Water hyssop (Bacopa monnieri)
University of Education division of science and technology, Vehari Campus situated
Sharqi colony Vehari. This work mainly consists of three phases
Phase l: Phytochemical screening of herbs
Phase II: Antibacterial Activity of plant extract
 PHASE -1
Phytochemicals Screening of Herbs:

Sample Collection:
Water hyssop (Bacopa monnieri) herbs were obtained from Pansar Herbal stores in
Vehari and Lahore, respectively. Herbs were collected in drying, were submitted to
grinding at Pansar Herbal Store in Vehari. After grinding, the weights of herbs are
86g, 76g respectively.
Preparation of methanolic extract:
In a 1000ml beaker, 86g powdered herbs Water hyssop (Bacopa monnieri) was
steeped overnight in 500ml methanol. Using a cotton cloth, filter the solution. Filter
the residue again after soaking it in methanol overnight. The filtrate that resulted was
mixed with the preceding one. Remove the methanol from the filtrate and evaporate
it until you get a crude extract that can be separated.
Fractionation:
After that, 20 milliliters of distilled water were added to the beaker for dissolving in a
1000ml beaker. The solution was then agitated for a few minutes after 70ml of ethyl
acetate was added for dissolution. After continued stirring, the solution was
transferred to a separating funnel. After closing the lid, the solution was forcefully
shaken. Allowing the separating funnel to rest on an iron stand for 1.5 hours resulted
in the formation of two layers. There was an ethyl acetate layer on top and an aqueous
layer on the bottom. The aqueous layer was separated from ethyl acetate layer, which
was then transferred to a separating beaker.
Preparation of reagents for phytochemical screening:
For the phytochemical screening of compounds, the reagents are given below:
41
Benedict’s solution:
The solution was heated to clear after a 100 percent solution Na 2CO3 was dissolved in
800ml distilled water with 173g Sodium citrate. In 1000ml water, 17.3 g of CuSO 4
was added separately. Following that, two solutions were merged to create Benedicts
solution.
Mayer’s Reagent:
1.358g Mercuric chloride was dissolved in 100ml of distilled water and mixed with 10
of distilled water containing 5g potassium iodide and 100ml of distilled water.
Lead acetate solution:
10g of lead acetate was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water for the preparation of
acetate solution (Farnsworth, 1966).
Million's reagent:
9ml of fuming nitric acid and 9ml distilled water was taken then 1g of Mercury was
dissolved in it (Sheikh& Patil, 2020).
Molisch's reagents:
Add 15g of a-naphthol in 100ml Alcohol or Chloroform (95%)

(Al Jamal & Al Yousef, 2018).
Fehling solution A:
34.66g of CuSO4 was dissolved in distilled water and the volume was made up to
500ml (Sheikh& Patil, 2020).
Fehling solution B:
Fehling solution B was made by dissolving 173g of Sodium Potassium tartrate and
50g of Sodium hydroxide in 500ml of distilled water (Sheikh& Patil, 2020).
Wagner reagent:
To produce this reagent, 1.27g of iodine and 2g of potassium iodide were dissolved in
5ml of distilled water and then 100ml of water was added (Sheikh& Patil, 2020).
Saliwanoff's reagent:
Add 0.05g of Resorcinol in 100ml of dilute HCl in a 250ml flask (Sheikh& Patil,
2020).
42
Ninhydrin solution:
200ml of Acetone was added in a beaker and 10mg of Ninhydrin was added to
prepare this solution (Ram, Moteriya, & Chanda, 2015).
Baljet reagent:
Take 95ml of 1% picric acid in a beaker and then add 5ml of 10% NaOH solution
(Aziz, 2015).
Phytochemicals screening:
Test for Alkaloids:
2ml of each extract was taken separately with 5% V/V aqueous HCI and then filtered.
1. Wagner test:
A few milliliters of filtrates were put into a test tube, followed by 1-2 milliliters of
Wagner reagent (along the sides of test tube). The presence of alkaloids was detected
by the presence of brown/reddish precipitates.
2. Mayer’s test:
Mayer's test is a chemical test used to detect the presence of alkaloids in a sample.
Take 2ml of the filtrate (the liquid obtained after filtering the sample).
Add a few drops of Mayer's reagent. If alkaloids are present in the sample, a creamy
white or yellow precipitate will form.
Test for Carbohydrates

1. Benedict's test:
43
2 ml of Benedict's solution was mixed with 1 ml of extract and cooked in a water bath
for about 3 min. The presence of carbohydrates is evidenced by the formation of a red
precipitate in a blue colored solution.
2. Molisch's test:
2ml of herbal extract was placed in a test tube, followed by 2 drops of Molisch's
reagent. Then, add 2ml of concentrated H 2SO4. The existence of Carbohydrates was
suggested by the inference of two layers with purple product.
Test for Proteins

1. Million's test:
2 ml of filtrate with few drops of million dollar reagent is added to the test tube. A
white precipitate formed confirmed the presence of protein.
Test for Flavonoids
1. Lead acetate test:

Took 1ml of herbal extract and few ml of 10% lead acetate solution into a test tube.
Yellow precipitates were observed which indicated the presence of flavonoids.
Test for Lipids:
1. Spot test:
A drop of extract solution was placed on a paper and then allowed to stand for some
time. Oily spot was observed which gave translucent appearance; indicated the
presence of lipids.
Test for reducing sugars
1. Benedict's test:
I ml of filtrate and 2ml of Benedict's reagent was added in a test tube and then heated
on a water bath for about 2 minutes. Red precipitates along with blue color were
observed indicated the presence of reducing sugars.
2. Fehling's test:
I ml of Fehling solution A and I ml of Fehling solution was taken in a test tube along
with 1ml of herbal extract. Red precipitates were formed which indicated the presence
of reducing sugars.
44
Test for Terpenoids

1. Chloroform test:
2ml of Chloroform along with 5ml of herbal extract was taken in a test tube and
evaporated the Chloroform on water bath. Then added 2ml of conc. H 2SO4 in it and
boiled on water bath. A grey colored solution was observed which was confirmed the
presence of terpenoids.
Test for Steroids
1. Salkowaski test:
2ml of herbal extract was taken in a test tube. Then added 2ml of Chloroform and few
drops of conc. H₂SO4 in it. Red color is appeared which confirmed the presence of
steroids.
Test for Tannins:

1. 5% FeCl test:
About 0.5g of herbal extract was dissolved into 5-10ml of distilled water and then
filtered it. Then a few drops of 5% FeCl solution were added in the filtrate. Greenish
black/ deep blue precipitates were observed which indicated the presence of tannins.
Test for Saponins
1. Foam test:
Take 20 ml of water in a measuring flask and added 1 ml of the extract to it. Then,
shake the solution vigorously for about 15 minutes. The formation of stable foam after
shaking confirms the presence of saponins in the extract.
45
2. 1% Lead acetate test:

Take 1ml of herbal extract and mix with 1ml of 1% lead acetate solution in a test
tube. A white precipitate indicates the presence of saponins.
Test for Sterols
1. Salkowaski test:
2ml of herbal extract and few drops of conc.H 2SO4 were added in a test tube and then
shaken and allowed to stand for few minutes. Red color was appeared in the lower
layer which confirmed the presence of sterols.
Test for Phenols
1. 5% FeCl test:
2ml of extract was taken along with few drops of 5% FeCl 3 solution. Green color was
observed which indicated the presence of phenols.
Test for Glycosides
1. Baljet test:
2ml of extract was taken in a test tube which was treated with 2-3 drops of Baljet
reagent. Yellow-orange color was observed which confirmed the presence of
glycosides.
46
PHASE-II
Polyherbal syrup formulation
Manufacturing
Syrup formulation was carried out in following 5 steps:
1) Decoction of herbs
2) Base preparation
3) Syrup preparation
4) Mixing of color and flavor
5) Volume make up
Step#1 Decoction of herbs:
This procedure involves the extraction of aqueous extracts of plants Water hyssop
(Bacopa monnieri) herbs were all measured and placed in a beaker. Overnight soak
the powdered herbs in 400ml of water. The soaked herbs were then cooked until the
entire volume of water remained one-fourth of what was seen. Then I filtered it with a
cotton cloth. The filtrate collected was utilized to create syrup, a polyherbal syrup.
47
Step#2
Base preparations:
Poured 400ml of RO water (produced by reverse osmosis) into a 2000ml beaker and
placed it on a hot plate with a magnetic stirrer. Then 19.8g of Carboxymethyl
cellulose (CMC) and 0.96g of Xanthine gum were added. To avoid lumps in the base,
it was added pinch by pinch with steady stirring. It was vigorously mixed on a hot
plate at 80°C for about 30 minutes, until a thick paste was produced. Then, while
stirring constantly, add 1.6g sodium cyclamate and 3.2g Rupa.
Step#3
Syrup preparations:
The decoction prepared from the herbal mixture was added to the container with the
bas and well stirred. Then, while stirring constantly, add 4.8g of Citric acid to the
aforementioned mixture. In boiling water, dissolve 2g methyl paraben, 0.4g
propyparaben, and 1.6g sodium benzoate separately. This solution was then added to
the basic solution, which was constantly stirred.
Step#4
Mixing of color and flavor:
In 10ml of distilled water, a hint of lemon taste and a blue green hue were added. The
above-mentioned syrup solution was then added to this mixture, which was continual
stirred to combine them.
Volume make up:
The above-mentioned solution was then combined with water to bring the entire
volume of the batch of syrup to 2 liters, with constant stirring maintained throughout
the procedure. The polyherbal syrup was then put into 120ml bottles.
Description of Active and In-Active

Components:
48
Description of Synthetic Materials & Excipients:
Sr No.Name of Characteristics Percentage

Ingredients
1 CMC(carboxy methyl cellulose) Thickening Agent 0.65%
2 X-gum Thickening Agent 0.08%
3 Sodium Cyclamate Sweetener 0.08%
4 Rupa Sweetener 0.16%
5 Sodium Benzoate Preservative 0.08%
6 MP(methyl paraben) Preservative 0.1%
7 PP(propyl paraben) Preservative 0.2%
8 Citric Acid pH controller 0.24%
9 R/O Water (quantity sufficient Solvent --
Evaluation parameters for Polyherbal syrup:
Physiochemical parameters:
The syrup was analyzed under various physiochemical parameters such as physical
parameters including color, order, taste, pH determination, viscosity and
sedimentation.
49
Color examination:
5ml of syrup was taken in a watch glass and then observed the color with naked eye
against the white background and then observed the result.
Odor examination:
2ml of syrup was taken in a watch glass and then smell it two times after the interval
of two minutes so that the effect of previous smelling was nullified, then recorded the
observation.
Taste determination:
Determine the taste of syrup by taking a pinch of it on the taste bud of the tongue.
PH determination:
10ml of final syrup was taken in 100ml of flask and then 100ml of water was added in
it. Sonicate in for 10 minutes and then determined the pH by using digital pH meter.
Viscosity determination:
For the determination of viscosity, Ostwald viscometer was used.
Sedimentation:
Sedimentation is a process in which the suspended particles present are allowed to

settle at the bottom of the container under the effect of gravity.
Microbial analysis of syrup:
Pre-treatment of sample:-
5ml of material was dissolved in 50ml of pH 7 buffered NaCl-peptone solutions.

Lactose broth with a pH of 7.2.0.2 has no bactericidal activity. They were then
incubated at 37°C for 2-4 hours.
50
Test for Staphylococcus Aureus:-
Following inversion, 0.1ml of SCDB solution was added to Vogel-Johnson agar

medium, and the plates were incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours. The presence of these
bacteria was indicated by black colonies surrounded by yellow zones.
Test for Lactobacillus sp.:-
To test for the presence of Lactobacillus sp., 0.1 ml of SCDB solution was spread
over agar plates. Following inversion, the plates were incubated at 37°C for 18-24
hours. Lactobacillus sp. colonies fluoresced under UV light, indicating the presence
of this bacterium.
Test for E. coli:
Of SCDB sample was combined with of McConkey broth medium (MCB) containing
Duram's tubes. These tubes were incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours. The tubes were
then tested for gas generation and the presence of acid, which indicated the presence
of E. coli. The presence of tryptophan was verified further by the Indole test, which
required adding 0.5ml of Kovac's reagent and a red colour was generated at the
interface region, confirming the presence of tryptophan. 0.1ml of McConkey broth
was streaked over cosin methylene blue plates and incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours.
To establish the presence of E. coli, a green metallic shine was employed.
Test for Fungi:
45 1ml of syrup solution was sprinkled over Sabouraud agar plates and incubated at
25-27°C for 72-96 hours. Microscopically and macroscopically, fungus growth was
seen.
Sr # Test Methanol Water +ve Control _ve

organisms Ciprofloxins terbinafin
(mg/ml)
1 S. 13 16 2 _ve
mutants 0
51
2 Lactobaci 11 14 20 _ve
llus sp.
3 S. aureus 15 20 24 _ve
4 Escherich 10 14 1 _ve
ia coli 9
52
CHAPTER-IV
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to this study, the formulation of syrup has therapeutic effect against
bacteria. When compared to literature review, it describes that it is useful against
asthma.
PHASE-I
Photochemical Screening Using Methanolic Extract:

Test for Alkaloids:
 Wagner test:
The presence of alkaloids was detected by the presence of brown/reddish precipitates.

 Benedict's test:
The presence of Carbohydrates was shown by the formation of red precipitates in a
blue-colored solution.
 Molisch's test:
The existence of Carbohydrates was suggested by the inference of two layers with
purple product.
Test for Proteins

 Million's test:
A white precipitate formed confirmed the presence of protein.
Test for Flavonoids
 Lead acetate test:

53
Test for Lipids:
 Spot test:
Oily spot was observed which gave translucent appearance; indicated the presence of
lipids.
Observed the Red precipitates along with blue color which indicated the presence
of reducing sugars.
Test for Terpenoids

 Chloroform test:
No grey colored solution was observed which was confirmed the presence of
terpenoids.
Test for Steroids
 Salkowaski test:
Red color is appeared which confirmed the presence of steroids.
Test for Tannins:

 5% FeCl test:
Observed the Greenish black/ deep blue precipitates which indicated the presence of
tannins.
Test for Saponins:
 Foam test:
Formation of stable foam confirmed the presence of saponins.
Phytochemical Screening of & Results in Water Hyssop Methanolic

Fraction:
Sr No Content Tests Methanolic

54
Extract
1 Alkaloids Wagner Test +++
2 Molisch’s Test +
Carbohydrates
Benedict’s Test +
3 Proteins Million’s Test +
4 Flavonoids Lead acetate test +
5 Lipids Spot Test _
6 Reducing Sugar Benedict’s Test +
7 Terpenoids Chloroform Test +
8 Steroids Salkowski Test +
9 Tannins FeCL3 test +
10 Saponins Foam Test ++
Phytochemicals Screening Using Aqueous Extract:

Test for Alkaloids:
 Wagner test:

blue-colored solution which is not observed.
 Molisch's test:
The existence of Carbohydrates shown by the inference of two layers with purple
product.
Test for Proteins

55
 Million's test:
Test for Flavonoids
 Lead acetate test:

Test for Lipids:
 Spot test:
No Oily spot was observed which gave translucent appearance; indicated the presence
of lipids.
Observed the Red precipitates along with blue color which indicated the presence of
reducing sugars.
Test for Terpenoids

 Chloroform test:
Grey colored solution was observed which was confirmed the presence of
terpenoids.
Test for Steroids
 Salkowaski test:
Test for Tannins:

 5% FeCl test:
tannins.
Test for Saponins:
 Foam test:
56
Phytochemical Screening of Water Hyssop & Results in Methanolic

Fraction:
Sr No Content Tests Methanolic

Extract
1 Alkaloids Wagner Test +
++
Carbohydrates
Benedict’s Test +
9 Tannins FeCL3 test _

57
10 Saponins Foam Test ++
Phytochemicals Screening Using Aqueous Extract:

Test for Alkaloids:
 Wagner test:

 Benedict's test:
blue-colored solution which is not observed.
 Molisch's test:
No existence of Carbohydrates by the inference of two layers with purple product.
Test for Proteins

 Million's test:
Test for Flavonoids
 Lead acetate test:

Test for Lipids:
 Spot test:
of lipids.
58
Observed the Red precipitates along with blue color which indicated the presence of
reducing sugars.
Test for Terpenoids

 Chloroform test:
terpenoids.
Test for Steroids
 Salkowaski test:
Test for Tannins:

 5% FeCl test:
tannins.
Test for Saponins:
 Foam test:
.
Phytochemical Screening of Water Hyssop & Results in Aqueous

Fraction:
59
Sr No Content Tests Aqueous Extract
1 Alkaloids Wagner Test +
Carbohydrates
Benedict’s Test +
3 Proteins’ Million’s Test +
9 Tannins FeCL3 test +
10 Saponins Foam Test +
Phytochemicals Screening Using Ethyl acetate Extract:

Test for Alkaloids:
 Wagner test:
The presence of alkaloids was not detected by the presence of a brown/red precipitate

60

blue-colored solution.
 Molisch's test:
No existence of Carbohydrates was suggested by the inference of two layers with
purple product.
Test for Proteins

 Million's test:
Test for Flavonoids
 Lead acetate test:

Test for Lipids:
 Spot test:
of lipids.
Observed the Red precipitates along with blue color which indicated the presence
of reducing sugars.
Test for Terpenoids

 Chloroform test:
terpenoids.
Test for Steroids
 Salkowaski test:
Test for Tannins:

61
 5% FeCl test:
tannins.
Test for Saponins:
 Foam test:
Phytochemical Screening of Water Hyssop & Results in Ethyl

Acetate Fraction:
Sr No Content Tests Ethyl acetate
1 Alkaloids Wagner Test +++

62
Carbohydrates
Benedict’s Test +
6 Reducing Sugar Benedict’s Test _
8 Steroid Salkowski Test
9 Tannins FeCL3 test
10 Saponins Foam Test +
Phase II: Antibacterial Activity of Bacopa monnieri:
 Antibacterial activity of Bacopa monnieri male plant was tested against certain
bacteria including S. mutants, Lactobacillus sp., S. aureus and Escherichia
coli.
 Tested microorganisms were selected based on their human pathogenicity and

to evaluate the spectrum of the antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity
was assayed by measuring the inhibition zone diameter
 Crude extracts of Bacopa monnieri with different solvents as well as water

revealed antibacterial activities on test microorganisms with different spectral
range and potency.
63
Table: Results of Antibacterial Activity of Water Hyssop
S Test Methanol Water +ve Control _ve

r organisms Ciprofloxins terbin
# (mg/ml) afin
1 S. 13 16 2 _ve
mutants 0
2 Lactobaci 11 14 20 _ve
llus sp.
3 S. aureus 15 20 24 _ve
4 Escherich 10 14 1 _ve
ia coli 9
Among the investigated Water extracts And Methanol extract exhibited the highest
Antibacterial activity.

Evaluation parameters for Polyherbal syrup:
Physiochemical parameters:
The syrup was analyzed under various physiochemical parameters such as physical
parameters including color, order, taste, pH determination, viscosity and
sedimentation.
 Color examination:
5ml of syrup was taken in a watch glass and then observed the color with naked eye
against the white background and then observed that syrup has dark brown color
64
 Odor examination:
2ml of syrup was taken in a watch glass and then smell it two times after the interval
of two minutes. It was observed that it has pleasant odor.
 Taste determination:
The syrup has sweet in taste.
 PH determination:
10ml of final syrup was taken in 100ml of flask and then 100ml of water was added in
it. Sonicate in for 10 minutes and then determined by digital pH meter it was observed
that syrup has 6.8 pH.
 Viscosity determination:
For the determination of viscosity, Ostwald viscometer was used. Its viscosity is
1.01±0.03
 Sedimentation:
Sedimentation is a process in which the suspended particles present are allowed to

settle at the bottom of the container under the effect of gravity. Its density is
1.20±0.02
Microbial analysis of syrup:
 Pre-treatment of sample:
It shows that sample contain no microbial content.
 Test for Staphylococcus Aureus:
Absence of black colonies surrounded by yellow zones indicates the absence of

bacterium.
65
 Test for Pseudomonas Aeruginosa:
No inflorescence colonies observed under UV light which confirm the absence of this
bacterium.
 Test for E. coli:
No metallic appeared which confirms the absence of E.coli.
 Test for Fungi:
Growth of fungi not observed by both microscopically and macroscopically.
Table: Results of Physiochemical Parameters of Herbal Syrup:
Serial # Evaluation Parameter Test Syrup
1 Colour white
2 Odor Characteristics
of Odor
3 Taste Pleasant
4 PH 6.8
66
5 Density 1.20-+1.02
6 Viscosity 1.02 _+0.03
Discussion:
All of the physiochemical properties, such as color, odor, taste, pH, viscosity, and
sedimentation, are within the ranges specified in the data and findings. Antimicrobial
tests on syrup show that it is free of all sorts of microorganisms, including
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, and fungus. Stability
studies also demonstrate that there is no change in composition or other characteristics
such as color, odor, taste, pH, and so on over time.
Conclusion:
Current research focuses on phytochemical screening, in vitro production of

Ayurvedic multidrug dosage forms and evaluation of pharmaceutical dosage forms,
especially syrups. Phytochemical screening in the first stage provides information on
phytochemicals that are physiologically active and have potential for medicinal use.
In the second step, the antibacterial activity was tested water hyssop against different
bacteria. In the third step, the syrup is made by combining the active and inactive
ingredients according to the protocol. The syrup has been tested for stability as well as
quality control analysis and it meets the criteria established by the literature.
Formulations have been proven to be effective and inexpensive, and nutraceuticals
formulations can be effectively used in the pharmaceutical.
.
67
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lxxv
.( Bacopa monnieri and its constituents is hypotensive in anaesthetized rats and vasodilator in
various artery types Natakorn Kamkaewa , C. Norman Scholfielda , Kornkanok Ingkaninanb ,
Putcharawipa Maneesai a , Helena C. Parkingtonc , Marianne Tarec , Krongkarn Chootipa).
lxxvi
. (Bacopa monnieri and Their Bioactive Compounds Inferred Multi-Target Treatment Strategy
for Neurological Diseases: A Cheminformatics and System Pharmacology Approach Rajendran
Jeyasri 1,† , Pandiyan Muthuramalingam 1,† , Vellaichami Suba 1 , Manikandan Ramesh 1,* and
Jen-Tsung Chen 2)
lxxvii
.(Bacopa monnieri): Up-to-date of memory boosting medicinal plant: A review Natthawut
Charoenphon, Nanthida Anandsongvit1 , Piya Kosai, Kanjana Sirisidthi, Niwat Kangwanrangsan
and Wannee Jiraungkoorskul, 2015)
lxxviii
(Matthew P. Pase, BSc, BA(Hons),1 James Kean, BSc(Hons),1 Jerome Sarris, MHSc, PhD,1,2
Chris Neale, BSc, MSc,1 Andrew B. Scholey, PhD,1 and Con Stough, PhD 2012)
lxxix
. ( James D Kean 1,* ID, Luke A Downey 1, 2 and Con Stough 2017)
lxxx
. (Chuenjid Kongkeaw a,b,c,n , Piyameth Dilokthornsakul a,b,d , Phurit Thanarangsarit a ,
Nanteetip Limpeanchob a , C. Norman Scholfield a,c a 2013)
lxxxi
. ( Partha Sarathi Saha 1 , Sayantika Sarkar 1 , Rajendran Jeyasri 2 , Pandiyan Muthuramalingam
2 , Manikandan Ramesh 2 and Sumita Jha. 2020)
lxxxii
. ( PUSHPENDRA KUMAR JAIN1, DEBAJYOTI DAS2, PUNEET JAIN3*, PRACHI JAIN.
2016)
lxxxiii
. (A Review on the Antioxidant and Therapeutic Pote P. Vishnupriya and V. Vijaya Padma.
2017)
lxxxiv
(Molecular and Functional Characterization of Bacopa monniera: A Retrospective Review.
Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan, Jayakumar Preethi, and Hemant K. Singh. 2015)
lxxxv
. (Bacopa monnieri, a Neuroprotective Lead in Alzheimer Disease: A Review on Its Properties,
Mechanisms of Action, and Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Aimi Syamima Abdul Manap1,
Shantini Vijayabalan2, Priya Madhavan3, Yoke Yin Chia1, Aditya Arya3, Eng Hwa Wong3,
Farzana Rizwan3, Umesh Bindal3 and Shajan Koshy. 2019)
lxxxvi
. (Bacopa monnieri as an Antioxidant Therapy to Reduce Oxidative Stress in the Aging Brain.
Tamara Simpson, Matthew Pase, 1, 2 and Con Stough. 2015)
lxxxvii
. (Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) as functional food ingredient in food processing industry
Devendra, Patel Saurabh Shankar, Birwal Preeti, Basu Santanu, Deshmukh Gajanan and Datir
Rupesh. 2018)
lxxxviii
.( Examining the Cognitive Effects of a Special Extract of Bacopa Monniera (CDRI 08:
KeenMind): A Review of Ten Years of Research at Swinburne University Con Stough1 , Andrew
Scholey1 , Vanessa Cropley1 , Keith Wesnes1 , Andrea Zangara1 , Matthew Pase1 , Karen Savage1
, Karen Nolidin1 , Justine Lomas1 & Luke A Downey. 2013)
lxxxix
(Effects of 12-Week Bacopa monnieri Consumption on Attention, Cognitive Processing,
Working Memory, and Functions of Both Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Systems in Healthy
Elderly Volunteers Tatimah Peth-Nui,1, 2 Jintanaporn Wattanathorn,2, 3 Supaporn Muchimapura,2,
3 Terdthai Tong-Un,2, 3 Nawanant Piyavhatkul,3, 4 Poonsri Rangseekajee,3, 4 Kornkanok
Ingkaninan,5 and Sakchai Vittaya-areekul. 2012)
xc
. (Pharmacological attributes of Bacopa monnieri extract: Current updates on clinical
manifestation. Urooj Fatima1*, Sonam Roy1, Shahnawaz Ahmad2, Sabeeha Ali1, Wafaa M.
Elkady3, Ilyas Khan4, Rana M. Alsaar5, Mohd Adnan6, Asimul Islam1 and Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
2022)
xci
(Neuroprotective Effects of Bacopa monnieri in Experimental Model of Dementia. Neetu Saini.
Devinder Singh'Rajat Sandhil. 2012)
xcii
. (The effectiveness of Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst.as a nootropic, neuroprotective, or
antidepressant supplement: analysis of the available clinical da ta James M. Brimson1,2, Sirikalaya
Brimson3 , Mani Iyer Prasanth1,2, PremrutaiThitilertdecha4 , Dicson Sheeja Malar1,2 &
TewinTencomnao. 2021)
xciii
. (Use of Bacopa monnieri in the treatment of Dementia Due to Alzheimer Disease: Systematics
Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Aneesh Baheer; Ayush Agarwal; Biswamohan Mishra;
Anu Gupta; Madakasira Vasantha Padma Srivastava; Richard Kirubakaran; Venugopalan Vishnu
2022)
xciv
. (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell - A Possible Plant for Impossible Diseases (A Review).
Abhishek Kumar Pandey. 2021)
xcv
(Effect of Bacopa monnieri on Cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Shishir
Goswami, Anand Saoji, Navneet Kumar, Vijay Thawani, Meenal Tiwari, Manasi Thawani. 2011)
xcvi
. (Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): an ayurvedic herb in the management of various diseases Firoj A.
Tamboli1*, Vinod D. Rangari2, Shreyash D. Tarlekar3, Rajendra D. Jadhav4, Kamal M. Alaskar4,
Vaibhava V. Desai4, Rajesh U. Kanthe. 2022)

Thesis Manual-UoE Saba

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PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ALZHIMER’S

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY VEHARI CAMPUS

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY VEHARI CAMPUS

ROLL NO# MCS2100474

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the

DEPARTMENT OF CEMISTRY VEHARI CAMPUS

UNIVERISTY OF EDUCATION LAHORE

Name of Supervisor: ___________________________________________

Name of Co-Supervisor: __________________________________________

I declare that this thesis entitled “PREPARTION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-

I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis entitled

I understand the zero-tolerance policy of the HEC and University of Education,

This research work is wholeheartedly dedicated to my beloved parents, who have

2.0 LITRATURE SURVEY............................................................................29

Test for Flavonoids......................................................................................................57

immune modulators ,anticoagulant , cancer preventions agents, respiratory stomach

1.2 History of Natural Products

distinctive medicate formulations including swishes, snuffs , poultices, mixtures , pills

Ayurveda is “science of life”. Ayurvedic pharmaceutical framework has appeared its

1.3 Origin of Natural Product:

1.4 Importance of Natural Products:

Plants and other common sources can give a tremendous

late, numerous researchers have on the examination of plant and

Expanding more since of the destructive side impacts of the manufactured

Wealthy history of revelation based on screens of restorative herbs and traditional

1.5 Sources from Plants

Screening of plants extricates in creatures) per afterward, by deciding their in vitro

Metabolites are intermediate products of cellular metabolism catalyzed by various

1.6.1 Primary Metabolites

The biosynthesis and breakdown of proteins, fats, nucleic

is known as essential digestion system with the compounds included

1.6.2 Secondary Metabolites

Plants auxiliary metabolites play an assortment of capacities such as in plant

Alkaloids are an exceedingly differing gather of compounds that contain a ring

Alkaloids have assorted physiological impacts: antibacterial, anti-mitotic, anti-

Behrad Eshratkhah and Farhad Baghbani Mehmandar (Iran) Shahin Hassanpour1*,

One significant class of hormones are steroids.

significant role in lowering asthma-related deaths. The main purpose of natural

Phytochemicals (Greek: phyton = plant) are chemical compounds normally display

1.9 Antibacterial Activity

1.10 Syrup Formulation

1.11 Bacopa monnieri

1.11.1 Classification of Bacopa monnieri

The scientific name is Bacopa monnieri. It belongs to

1.11.2 Chemical Constitutes:

1.11.3 Medicinal Uses

2.0 LITRATURE SURVEY

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neuro degerative illness with an unknown

B. monnieri's active compounds interact with dopamine and serotonergic systems,

Ayurveda, an ancient medicine system, uses a holistic approach to healing, combining

, Sayantika Sarkar 1 , Rajendran Jeyasri 2 , Pandiyan Muthuramalingam 2 ,

Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative condition affecting the elderly, affecting their

3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Phase l: Photochemical screening of herbs

Phytochemicals Screening of Herbs:

Add 15g of a-naphthol in 100ml Alcohol or Chloroform (95%)

Test for Alkaloids:

Test for Carbohydrates

Test for Proteins

Test for Flavonoids

1. Lead acetate test: