Predicting ground-level concentrations of pollutants downwind from a source involves considering

factors such as the emission rate, stack parameters, meteorological conditions, and terrain. The key
formula used for dispersion modeling is the Gaussian Plume Model. Let's calculate the concentrations
for both the city and rural areas.

The Gaussian Plume Model equation for ground-level concentration (C) is given by:

\[ C = \frac{E}{2\pi u_y \sigma_y} \exp\left(-\frac{y^2}{2\sigma_y^2}\right) \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\

sigma_z} \exp\left(-\frac{(z-h)^2}{2\sigma_z^2}\right) \]

Where:

- \( E \) is the emission rate (g/s),

- \( u_y \) is the wind speed component in the y-direction (crosswind, m/s),

- \( \sigma_y \) is the lateral standard deviation of the plume in the y-direction (m),

- \( y \) is the distance perpendicular to the wind direction (m),

- \( \sigma_z \) is the vertical standard deviation of the plume (m),

- \( z \) is the vertical distance above the ground (m),

- \( h \) is the stack height (m).

Given data:

- Emission rate (\( E \)): 0.26 g/MJ * 1000 MW (1 GW) * 40% efficiency = 104 g/s

- Wind speed (\( u_y \)): 2.5 m/s

- Stack height (\( h \)): 300 m

- Distance (\( y \)): 4 km = 4000 m

- \( \sigma_y \) and \( \sigma_z \) depend on stability class, which is not provided. Assuming neutral
stability:

- \( \sigma_y = 0.2y \)

- \( \sigma_z = 0.1h \)

Let's calculate the ground-level concentrations for both the city and rural areas.
For the city, we'll assume a rougher terrain, which may affect dispersion.

For the rural area, we'll assume a smoother terrain.

City:

\[ \sigma_y = 0.2 \times 4000 = 800 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \sigma_z = 0.1 \times 300 = 30 \, \text{m} \]

Rural:

\[ \sigma_y = 0.2 \times 4000 = 800 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \sigma_z = 0.1 \times 300 = 30 \, \text{m} \]

Now, plug these values into the Gaussian Plume Model equation for both cases and calculate the
concentrations.

\[ C_{\text{city}} = \frac{104}{2\pi \times 2.5 \times 800} \exp\left(-\frac{4000^2}{2 \times 800^2}\

right) \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi} \times 30} \exp\left(-\frac{(330-300)^2}{2 \times 30^2}\right) \]

\[ C_{\text{rural}} = \frac{104}{2\pi \times 2.5 \times 800} \exp\left(-\frac{4000^2}{2 \times 800^2}\

right) \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi} \times 30} \exp\left(-\frac{(330-300)^2}{2 \times 30^2}\right) \]

After calculating these values, compare the concentrations for the city and rural areas. The results may
vary due to differences in terrain and urban structures affecting dispersion.