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7 HERMODYNAM ICcs

Teal
KT4)
rventieal moloeule,
KTG Aup hi mo m a
2 Rondom

re wre
mol C e u l t
No. 4f Col's6n is eloatic.
inade chembe

mehanie.
veum
Follauo Neo tnion
imde

o free Spo
lot
ehembar
Volwma)
mom M mN
To td Co&Si Seremive CouSm

direch anal
vn <vi
force exer e aa in -2) P F m
n
lecle
T
Ferideal g00 PVe nRT
molonme
nms
M
mn NA P
PV AA mNA

Vrms MT
nRT mn ^a Pe
nsKg olta mem c
m
3T MT
V
3
Vems
P P P<
n
NA
1.2 P ms D
N no.6 mo e l t n Pe
V

NA Av#govdro No P e 7 A Vms P Vpms

N nNA
PV mnA Vro
m f
mokenl

kinehie

Erar mw

fideal gan m NA
Potehiod ider moleculen fee |ke-RMA
Ea
(Poteriol e r me eut.) v
dis tri butom
Mamweu
veloethy

d No. moleeules in
velo "
moleleatTo)() to(t d).
No. o
(veloeit)
f6diswibuion funei on
ymoleculn ue Probobi liy denmit
to vt dv
in

Av (m e
f ) dv
N

Nomal disribuHi
mmerie.
o findira
f av Proboail dv) ran
ParHCle in the

PToboliliy D

Curve (reon) at
d
Omost proboble veloc
mae.

uost rortiele
wtie
nt
VariaHm n epeTOJe veloeiy

ene 1) (velo. 1) (ve 1)


To T ore
wndar he u r v e
(Gorytont

if ) Cf))
V

(e)2
3KsT.26
Rooue form
Vrms Vn (reduueed Vr)
/s me

Vmp<7 vms
17 e
Vpms
SPeed nome rm
2T
eWvm
AT 2 T 2KT
m
2KT
Pm)
3D
r:md
V3RT
Enar
M
TT 2XT Ror lE m
on 2 7mAY T2ATa at- mJ
2T 2TT)e mamenm f

Pm]
2D 27T

5me amy
2 rSTT RTor oTT T v
ms

( 2*T
2T )2 JV
O
Ener
1D . 2E/m
M RT
27M O
2KT 27 m |V
Mean tee pat
(Cw0s5-5ecin of one maleule)
Lmslecules N
Orea titan w
con ema jr Vowm V
otter portie le
Colli sien)
So porHe/ molecule diome To tol

remoin coli sion freeane Areard Voume


+ NT trowel
Tota orea
te owes fr eoisSn
te wohm.

(maan free poh) a n


n wumh er demity
. Totol naeft moleudas T wmbe
Volume
d amaed dema
moluul

MTt x mna mo
iven deaity| V V
olecue

P T
PNA
Cven, f 1deal (PV
g moleens
n
RT 4
(m .
st mole) (No.N mNA

reLative
AecsrdiS to o x w e

no
Co Li sn freaua a < T
free porticle waon free
Disibti om o No
pod
porhicles Temair
No. o eoNsim
wwco i d e a
Probobi ty
mo. f parieles
Totad
N
lis tones trowelled
N No e
8 M olar speci ficC ksa (rr 1 mele ideal Gan sP AS
(fn 1 9m. ide

(for
eevstor dU- n
v dT
Covyont Aeto i4ca
Prene
spi vou dU n dT
(wol
(idc

m i x twe df a 3

(wirtvr
de U-i0a

Epovaien
du

Temper otur
U-(nfi nafi)
T
AL
(n)

T14T + na (24 fa)|


Y-Oe ,(2+f1)
(D, fi T ^ata)

f4afa)+2 (ntna)
A
(nf+T 2fa)
AtaA * fr6ole fo Omele
Tom)

A y

T
*L
expov
v V+ 4V
*ATC octicien
vVowm
Gaon lou& of tdeal gon

Boyel's laur Chorle's lau horle' laurAvogadkro's lau


(Voume Cfremue)
au T emt) Co P ccst) PT Cmt)
(a Veat)

(N 704 moeenkn)
N nNA)
(m molen)

summins P/NT ceamtPv. N KoTPVnAS

Behov is oKeal an PVnRT


Cideal go e ) ,
Andrew' s urve

(P-v da srom c02n


Reod Gq0) 3M T 49-c
f

Critical Temp
N6swe eom
weh the T21:5'e
emp. ab eve

3
Comt be aui fieal
ne mate a high PT awid s ade

C icol premwe e o e x i s b w ot ay ooM stde Prere


Gaty
Temp ta og3110
fo erkcal
Teyuied
CPTenure) Region obave
at eiical TeP lkquifieah'n 0 prenwe.
g AU in go stete) No

n of molea
eriHical Voum ecmdthin,
tho a
ek is kaufied a critical
Voume of Cmole o
6ipoaa BagA

CLom A Coni

Sechien T
clam
27) 7Roud ode 1-26-em fa
T2 Rb)
V a n d e r Wal's eqynah on o stoe

Rea 8 otim (ar mole eal 9 )


(eevrectin ram iveal 30n)

v) (v-): RT
(a.b) Vander aal's comto
Ma Cculan alr ochon) b ite o moleeula)
1
Cco.vouma)

Cfor mole real


aan) b Ax V* mR a u

b
4xNy Vo me of

Y)" (%-)RT
f
Imole
Roal go)
(Rememben

+ (V-nb) nRT frr nole


p (V Vn)

RTC
PeVe
eal
3 Boyel Temper otue
deal g .

| sectin
Rusy Bafe
TAY fis tya
THERMo0YN AM1 c s a a y)
(TT 63yr fieta;

ysfem open losea isolateal oniverse


motte System
(ehang of) o Q mot or
rar8 Cnerg Enersy surrtund
Gurawnel Tw Cro
tonenicl Concrv cea
Conomica
( als) Diothermic Diostermie Adiohahe

(Hcal exen)AG40(Heal exouoa3 bg.o


permeabe
impemeahle impemeabie
mawer
exCvov3 exanoga)

1ntemive exenaive FOP TeraiveEx*eauv


depend
Por tiele
2erotf la
Hea Exchonse) harme
C-)
centoct
(ost9
odiobode PenlyM A OA

T Temp oume
Exckorae) TToin Energ
LF Leg t
E)>Exteait
¬auahim fShde a m o y n o m ¢
Tt eni be
varlot CEE)B
mole tdeal m) T)
Y
e a i brim
(1/) E/E)
e ef stake
FCeV, T)0+ o-P T
Coneep o f Temporotwe Twe 4ysi en)

Thaemoroma equ ubTm (s ake (*a,9») (*0,3a) (e, Jc)


vorial
Thro D. e A8, c) Tamel aay
chami coa) (Thenm
M echoncal)

(C som) (TemP. som


CPresse som)
P2 NNa (ne. T-T2
f pori ele)
Thermodmoi O proee

isoboie iso Ghori e Aeiaboti c ae


Tso therma
AT APo AV O ini tial
aU nCy oT) W-P V) p6-auta
rok depenole
AUO W 0 AW-4U

st la
/nitia # fial
49: A0+ 4w (Pash inekspendCrd

Lanity

fuch
iriiol final)
15ofRarnmal (Teost). lev:AT s tote
funch VS
e

yeue

LL secericVcst)VRT

(Poemt) Pv=AT
50 borie

wwwww Comvert To

aeiosodic emt) sotte CP-T)


A8) Pcmt.
Pvcost
(6e) T temt.

oc)Pens.

V
veRT AD) Ve

T vRT P

(v-T) (6e)-(P.r) (A8) Tem


(oe) Peamt
eb) Tet
OA) Puwe
(P-v
()+T:1) (1T1) T
(eo)(TTa) pveT
Pever si ble T R r $ible
pr oc9
-
reverible
Tever iblo
Suoai Slatie Proee
in ttis dn) moveCnd
Th
chong So glet
T+ seem eer
i moeiole
Stode reroe retr ein "
in
eas brim
in e i e picce

Hydro stadic yst em to.cters

b in eak
Uro ditf p .

Isothormal comprei biliy (k)+|G so1Rermad


Sso a e eloati eity (ET) +
2 moi (v, P)
voum
eponasb lih (4) Y) Vowme is
cempreyee

PV: RT (1sothomal) (T emt) Vouwn expowa


P
Commm
W
() Pomt )T Voum 9 )

Vouwn& Camp mid OT

Werk denR in
Wak dana) W PJV
paRO(A3)
ATe
W a r k dona Area welr
isottarma
work an i
sotarmal) (Teemt) P
ond Cyo
PV n RT

w- P V Arca dr Area nde


we TRT M Mea ve
Wgrk NA

W mRT iso thar nal


(AMgNA) orea.
opomi
Vone tPeal o)
expondins Vome
expoac | cepers 4mole

RT
w- )-FT|
wer K dm
Pv,PaV2 v tonkden P. interm of V
an tts 5
T test)
werk ds idobaric
Wark done isochr ic (Ne ar@
Vtmot dw PJv
t)

VOW-0

odioeaie b dor dioohe prece |eve t


aEG-0 eal ) pvanRT7:1
d Pov

Pv. tot)»©

Wava- P.) . n.RT-n,AT


0-7 )
ore) A8-o 0-dJ-nCy (T2-1 wRC, (Ti2)|
ise ttarma Sape
adiahe

(ol)
PV Cst
PV Conot
p sape(ts9

PdPtvdP: o
Pyvv +vaPao
iso Rarr

PAay-(A)
eav)-()
(od) ()(supe(is)|
-

(slepe
a l internok *t n
nternol Ener (sum of
proces
fm au tmo omic
ld-n
Cv T| T

s ekacic
fir o
oem
ad'aboh c so horie
iso ttormal JU 63-3
dU- CydT
4W
U89 tmatle-nU-KT

( mole) 0 R T
di
(fo o syst em xTKedi tiaian) (fs a
aysten ohare oeCu
fuain
8 dU 80-AdN

omeun f in

heat erchw o ind m a l


ok
b/ 6ystm
Sstemn
padk f
in enact-

inerenedeer eone
cois fua**
Heati
abs bee eloato inte l (Enas e
Ererg].

moo Sp. hNa D


pecife
spe he a

nmole)

ole) r - ) 1 42 v
Reol g)+ f b)
- R
(190/er)
o Heak
esn verted

2 la t Themmo
D O k eon be

oDTk

au Hea0on't be Can vorted


Heok Engm irdecnal tu
e i e pra (Choe in
TT2
Cmeeded) 60O
CG, 9) w
Efi erency

Sin
ible.
Carnot's He Enain

PAVAT2 'aVa2

adlobohie vd
ehtben
i sfeomalM adloboic isotterma aelokahie
Lexporaim Capremio Lcorpream C i e Proce
reversbR) rersible) (reveraile) rever le)
Nek 0dobahie

r k don
W2+wA
Teot
Tert

W-4
T-0 N i s o Henmak

1- nRTi n
mRCT2
T
nRTan nAT2 n
VA

seM Aduo
ma te
k dens)
isotter
Mek

Ne nRT,
t onclalkohie | Ne tr don

aY d n

W nR(T-Ta)

etieienoy
EntepP mepare ment of di'srdenes in tte ystem

in reve uble
S chonge in Choneg of as

85T Entopy vemperatre

Enmor
memureo

9- Exact Inexack. Chonge f meaaued


Vale x
Enrepy

45: o
1n yelie ro00
h a n +emp
is

yoie pT00O
e n +eP
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Some (Rever ib1

nCpdT8 ny T
&= msdT 5
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np
a PhoMe. T r a n i t i m Se,v chonge dPo
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(sc mon
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Fir st e mR romitin
tmyton
TP

m
Clapeyrn eauatin
werd oT3

Sey VUcmtont reverse f


phone
anaion 4st rde
2nd r a e w
w
w .
ww
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N

/dP CPP
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Ekrenfeas eauahm

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2nd
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p h o s
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