1.

Meniere disease : (1) condition of the inner ear characterized by a triad of symptoms episodic vertigo, tinnitus , and fluctuating hearing loss. (2) Meniere's disease
is an abnormal inner ear fluid balance caused by a malabsorption in the endolymphatic sac or a blockage in the endolymphatic duct. It is also called endolymphatic
hydrops. It occurs bilaterally in about 20% of patients. (3) MENIERE'S DISEASE or SYNDROME(also known ENDOLYMPHATIC as IDIOPATHIC HYDROPS) is anuncommon
disorder of inner ear which occurs when the normal fluid and electrolyte balance of the inner ear is disrupted .
2. Benign tumour: (1) Benign bone tumors include osteoms , osteoblastomas , osteoid osteons , osteochondromas , enchondroma, chondromyxoid fiberoma, and
giant cell tumor. (2) A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize. These do not spread into, or invade,
nearby tissues however they can sometimes be quite large. (3) Benign epithelial neoplasms producing microscopically or macroscopically visible finger-like or warty
projections from epithelial surfaces are referred to as papillomas. Those that form large cystic masses, as in the ovary, are referred to as cystadenomas. Some tumors
produce papillary patterns that protrude into cystic spaces and are called papillary cystadenomas. Polyp is a mass that projects above a mucosal surface produces a
macroscopically visible projection above a mucosal surface.
3. Crepitus: (1) Grating sounds heard by rubbing bony fragments together or a Grating sensation felt during examination. (2) The crackling, crunching, grinding or
grating noise that accompanies flexing a joint. (3) Any grinding, creaking, cracking, grating, crunching, or popping that occurs when moving a joint.
4. Atrophy (1) atrophy is defined as A decrease in the mass of the muscle. It can be A partial or complete wasting away of muscle. This leads to muscle weakness
since the ability to exert force is related to mass. (2) Atrophy is defined as decrese in the size or function of an organ due to decrease in cell size 1 and number of
cells 2nd Can be physiologic or pathologic (3) The song "Atrophy" by Pathetic appears to be a Russian song, and as such, I'll provide an analysis based on the
translated lyrics provided. The theme of the song revolves around the concept of "atrophy" - a condition characterized by the wasting away or degeneration of a part
of the body. It seems to metaphorically represent emotional and mental deteriorate songtell.
5. Nasal Septum Deviation: (1) Nasal Septum Deviation is a common physical disorder of the nose involving a displacement of the nasal Septum. (2) This pathology
meets in many people and practically it's impossible to meet a person with not deviated partition of nose. Deformation of nasal septum long time can remain not
noticed and cause not complaints. Only at violation of the nasal breathing or appearance of other symptoms its deformity is diagnosed. (3) Nasal septum deviation is
a physical disorder of the nose, involving a displacement of the nasal septum. Some displacement is common, affecting 80% of people, mostly without their
knowledge.
6. Cardiomyopathy : (1) Disease Of the heart muscle (2) "A primary disorder of the heart muscle that causes abnormal myocardial performance and is not the result
of disease or dysfunction of other cardiac structures myocardial infarction, systemic hypertension, valvular stenosis or regurgitation" (3) Cardiomyopathy constitutes
a group of diseases that directly affect the structural or functional ability of the myocardium. OR Cardiomyopathy is an enlargement of the heart Muscle.
7. Allograft: (1) Tissue harvested from donor for use in another person for grafting. (2) A graft transplanted from a donor who is of the same species as the recipient
but who is genetically distinct. Compare autograft xenograft. (3) Four to five years after their surgeries, Levine said, about half of the patients experience chronic lung
allograft dysfunction, where their lungs are not functioning properly.
8. Nosocomial Infection: (1) Nosocomial infections also referred to as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are infection(s) acquired during the process of receiving
health care that was not present during the time of admission. (2) A hospital-acquired infection, also called a nosocomial infection, is an infection that first appears
between 48 hours and four days after a patient is admitted to a hospital or other health- care facility. (3) Also called hospital acquired in- fection, a nosocomial
infection is acquired in a health care facility by a patient who was admitted for a reason other than that infection
9. Mastoiditis: (1) Mastoiditis is inflammation of the mastoid cellular system or posterior process of the temporal bone of the skull that is behind the ear which
contains open, air-containing spaces. Acute mastoiditis is a rare complication of acute otitis media. Chronic mastoiditis is most commonly associated with chronic
suppurative otitis media or with cholesteatoma formations. (2) Mastoiditis is an inflammation of mastoid resulting from an infection of the middle ear. (3) Mastoiditis
is an infection of the mastoid air cells caused by untreated or inadequately treated otitis media "Ignatavicious" It is an inflammation of the mastoid process behind
the ear and of the air space connecting it to the cavity of the middle ear. Mastoiditis is a bacterial infection of the mastoid air cells surrounding the inner and middle
ear.
10. Ectropion : (1) A condition in which the eyelid margin rolls inwards (2) Ectropion is rolling outwards of the eyelid from the globe. It usually affects the lower lid as
it stands against gravity. (3) A medical condition in which the lower eyelid sags from natural aging and everts outwards, thereby resulting in irritation of the eye,
redness, and excessive tearing.
11. Chancroid : (1) Ulcerative, erosive, pustular or vesicular genital lesion(s) with or without regional lymphadenopathy caused by a number of sexually transmitted
infections (STIs) and non-STI-related conditions(2) Chancroid is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection characterized by painful sores on the genitalia. Chancroid is
known to spread from one individual to another solely through sexual contact. (3) Chancroid is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the gram- negative bacteria
Haemophilus ducreyi and is characterized by painful necrotizing genital ulcers that may be accompanied by inguinal lymphadenopathy.
12. Incubation Period: (1) It is defined as the time interval between the entry by an infectious agent and appearance of the first sign and symptom of the disease. (2)
Incubation period: In medicine, the time from the moment of exposure to an infectious agent until signs and symptoms of the disease appear. For example, the
incubation period of Chickenpox is 14-16 days. In biology, the incubation period is the time needed for any particular process of development to take place." (3) A
period between expouse to a pathologic organism and the onset of symptoms of a disease.
13. Epistaxis: (1) A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the
nose. (2) Bleeding from inside the nose is called epistaxis or Epistaxis is defined as acute hemorrhage from the nostril, nasal cavity, or nasopharynx. It is a frequent
emergency department (ED) complaint and often causes significant anxiety in patients and clinicians. (3) Epistaxis means bleeding from the nostrils regardless of
origin of the hemorrhage. Hemoptysis means coughing of blood with hemorrhage usually originating from the lungs.
14. Retinal detachment: (1) separation of the sensory area of the retina from the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. (2) Retinal detachment (RD) refers to
separation of the neurosensory layer of retina from the pigment epithelial layer, to which it is normally loosely attached. (3) Retinal detachment is a disorder of the
eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue.A detached retina is a serious and sight-threatening event. And unless the retina is
reattached soon, permanent vision loss may result.
15. Phlebotomy: (1) PHLEBOTOMY or venesection act of opening a vein by using incision or puncture methods to draw blood for analysis or as part of therapeutic or
diagnostic measures under the physician's request. phlebos which means vein, and temnein which means to cut. (2) Phlebotomy describes the act of removing blood
from a patient using a needle. This can be for the purposes of laboratory testing as a diagnostic tool to narrow down a differential or can be used therapeutically for
certain conditions. (3) The health center hired people already skilled at having nonjudgmental, destigmatizing conversations and trained them to provide clinal care,
phlebotomy, advanced testing and injections
16. Mydriaties : (1) Cycloplegics are drugs that are used for dilatation as well as for paralysing sphincter muscle. Detailed fundus examination, cycloplegic refraction.
(2) Mydriasis is generally referred to as an eye condition in which the pupil of the eye of a person finds difficulty in countering light and they become smaller than
they normally ought to be. In mydriasis, the pupils open and close when exposed to light and dimness. Dilation or broadening of the pupil is usual in situations of low
light for allowing more light to reach the retina. (3) Mydriasis is mainly caused by the agents which are muscarinic (M3) antagonists (indirect) and adrenoreceptor
(a1/a2) agonists (direct).
17. Osteoporosis: (1) it is significant loss of the bone tissue.(2) Osteoporosis is a diffuse reduction in bone density that results when the rate of bone resorption
exceeds the rate of bone absorption. Histologically, this is apparent by either diminished osteoblastic activity or excessive osteoclastic activity (3) Osteoporosis is a
skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture
18. Acne vulgaris (1) Acne vulgaris, more commonly referred to simply as acne, is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilocebaceous unit. (2) Acne vulgaris is a
common chronic skin disease involving blockage and/or inflammation of pilosebaceous units (hair follicles and their accompanying sebaceous gland). Acne can
present as noninflammatory lesions, inflammatory lesions, or a mixture of both, affecting mostly the face but also the back and chest. (3) Acne is a chronic
inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous units.It is characterized by the formation of comedones, erythematous papules and pustules, less frequently by nodules or
pseudocysts and, in some cases, is accompanied by scaring.
19. Blepharitis: (1) Blepharitis is kind of inflammation that further affects the eyelids. Blepharitis generally involves the part of the eyelid where the eyelashes grow.
(2) Blepharitis is a common eyelid inflammation that sometimes is associated with a bacterial eye infection, symptoms of dry eyes or certain types of skin conditions
such as acne rosacea. Blepharitis is one of the most frequently observed conditions among eye care practitioners, yet remains largely misunderstood. (3) Blepharitis
is a common eyelid inflammation that sometimes is associated with a bacterial eye infection, symptoms of dry eyes or certain types of skin conditions such as acne
rosacea.
20. Cellulitis: (1) Cellulitis (which includes erysipelas): skin infection that manifests as an area of skin erythema, edema, and warmth; it develops as a result of
bacterial entry via breaches in the skin barrier. A skin abscess is a collection of pus within the dermis or subcutaneous space.(2) An acute, diffuse, spreading infection
of the skin, involving the deeper layers of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue. Periorbital cellulitis is a special form of cellulitis that usually occurs in children. In this
form of cellulitis, unilateral swelling and redness of the eyelid and orbital area, as well as fever and malaise are usually present. (3) It often occurs where the skin has
previously been broken: cracks in the skin, cuts, blisters, burns, insect bites, surgical wounds, or sites of intravenous catheter insertion.21. Menier disease: (1)
condition of the inner ear charaterized by a triad of symptoms episodic vertigo, tinnitus and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss. (2) Meniers disease is a disorder of
inner ear where the endolymphatic system is distended. It is chracterised by Virtigo, Sensorial hearing loss, Tinnitus and Aural fullness (3) Ménière's disease, also
called endolymphatic hydrops, is a disorder of the inner ear where the endolymphatic system is distended with endolymph. It is characterized by (i) Vertigo, (ii)
Sensorineural hearing loss, (iii) Tinnitus and (iv) Aural fullness. 22. Phantom limb pain: (1) • Phantom pain is pain caused by elimination or interruption of sensory
nerve impulses by destroying or injuring the sensory nerve fibers after amputation or deafferentation. Phantom phenomena may also occur following the amputation
of other body parts, such as the breast and rectum. (2) Phantom pain is pain that feels like it's coming from a body part that's no longer there. Doctors once believed
this post-amputation phenomenon was a psychological problem, but experts now recognize that these real sensations originate in the spinal cord and brain.
Although phantom pain occurs most often in people who've had an arm or leg removed, the disorder may also occur after surgeries to remove other body parts, such
as the breast, penis, eye or tongue. (3) Phantom limb pain refers to mild to extreme pain felt in the area where a limb has been amputated. Phantom limb sensations
usually will disappear or decrease over time; when phantom limb pain continues for more than six months, however, the prognosis for improvement is poor. 23.
Hospice Care: (1) A philosophy of medical care that emphasizes symptom management in persons with life- limiting disease and with a primary focus on quality of
life. (2) Residents entitled to hospice services per both state and federal statutes. Regulations establish that the LTC facility is the resident's home. Hospice offers the
patient, the caregiver system, and the family a program of care defined in the Medicare/Medicaid hospice benefit.(3) A specific type of palliative care for patients
who have six months or less to live, appropriate when the focus of treatment becomes comfort instead of curative.24. Cataract: (1) a coulding or opisty that develops
in the crystalline lense of the eyes or in the it's enevolpe , vayring in degree from slight to complete opacity and obstructing passage of light. (2) Opacity of the lens,
which occurs when fluid gathers between the lens fibres. As a cataract develops, the lens becomes clouded, which scatters the light and prevents a sharply defined
image from reaching retina. As a result, vision becomes blurred (3) A cataract is a lens opacity or cloudiness. Cataracts can develop in one or both eyes and at any
age. 25. Extravasation : (1) The inadvertent administration of a vesicant into the surrounding tissue instead of the intended vascular pathway (2) The unintentional
instillation or leakage of a drug or substance out of a blood vessel into surrounding tissue (3) The inadvertent administration of a vesicant solution or medication into
surrounding tissue. 26 Exenteration : (1) It is the surgical removal of the entire globe from the orbit Exisceration it is the surgical removal of entire content of the
globe leaving the scleral (2) Exenteration is a surgical procedure involving removal of the entire globe and its surrounding structures including muscles, fat, nerves,
and eyelids (extent determined by disease being treated). (3) Removal of the entire contents of the orbit, including the eyeball, the extraocular muscles, the optic
nerve, nerves and blood vessels, the orbital fat and connective tissues. 27. Myelosuppression : (1) Myelosuppression, or bone marrow suppression, is defined as a
decrease in the ability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells (2) Myeloma develops and grows in the bone marrow. The disease can suppress the bone marrow’s
ability to make new blood cells (myelosuppression, or bone marrow suppression). Many of the drugs used to treat multiple myeloma can cause myelosuppression as
well. (3) Myelosuppression is caused by the destruction of the proliferating progenitor cells that produce the mature red and white blood cells and platelets found in
the peripheral circulation. 28. Incubation: (1) A business incubator is a place where entrepreneurs and small business es can receive business counseling, coaching
and mentoring, as well as build skills and make connections. Incubators typically provide aff ordable commercial spaces, administrative support services and a ra nge
of seminars and workshops designed to foster and accelerate sm all business growth. They may be located on college campuses or ta ke advantage of existing
buildings that are re-purposed for incubation use. Critical to the definition of an incubator is the provision of manag ement guidance, technical assistance and
consulting tailored to growi ng small businesses. (2) An incubator is an organisation that boosts a (incubation-)process to support the accelerated growth of ventures
into successful enterprises with an integrated service model, such as physical space, common services, culture, coaching, networking connections and (access to)
capital.(3) Business support process that accelerates the successful development if start-ups and fledging companies by providing entrepreneurs with an array of
targeted resources and services. →NBIA (National Business Incubators Association)
29. Neoplasm : (1) Neoplasm Definition Is a new growth Or abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceed & uncoordinated with that of normal tissue &
persist in the same excessive manner even after cessation of stimuli which evoke the changes Tumor: (Greek,swelling). (2) Neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue as
a result of neoplasia. (3) Definition of neoplasm by eminent British oncologist Willis: "A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is
uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change
30. Sprain : (1) Definition: A sprain is a stretch or tearing of one or more ligaments of the ankle. Sprains are generally graded on a scale of I to III depending on their
severity. (2) Sprains: injuries to joints where the supporting ligaments are stretched, partially torn or completely torn. Most sprains occur at the wrist, ankle, knee
and thumb joints (3) characterized by the stretching or tearing of non- contractile structures, such as the investing ligaments or of the joint capsule itself.
32. Debulking : (1) Debulking surgery removes a portion, though not all, of a cancerous tumor. It is used in certain situations when removing an entire tumor may
cause damage to an organ or the body. Other types of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiation, may be used after debulking surgery is performed (2)
Partial removal (debulking) of the tumour can improve quality of life by alleviating symptoms and sometimes improve the effectiveness of radiation therapy or
chemotherapy. (3) Debulking is the reduction of as much of the bulk of a tumour without the intention of a complete eradication. It is usually achieved by surgical
removal.
33. Sterilization: (1) The freeing of an article from all living organisms, including viruses, bacteria, spores & fungi: Pathogenic & non- pathogenic. (2) It is a process by
which an article, surface or medium is made free of all microorganisms either in vegetative or spore form (3) Sterilization: is the killing or removal of all
microorganisms, including bacterial spores which are highly resistant.
34. Opportunistic infection: (1)Opportunistic infections (Ols) are infections that occur more often or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems
(people living with HIV) than in people with healthy immune systems. (2) An infection by a microorganism when the body's immune system is impaired and unable to
fight off infection, as in AIDS, Infants, neutropenia, and congenital (3) Opportunistic pathogens (OPs) are typically characterised in the medical literature as organisms
that can become pathogenic following a perturbation to their host
35. Rules of nine : (1) The size of a burn can be quickly estimated by using the "rule of nines." This method divides the body's surface area into percentages. The
front and back of the head and neck equal 9% of the body's surface area. The front and back of each arm and hand equal 9% of the body's surface area.(2) The body
is divided into anatomical regions that represent 9% of the total body surface. The outstretched palm and fingers approximates to 1% of the body surface area. If the
burned area is small, assess how many times your hand covers the area. Morbidity and mortality rises with increasing burned surface area. It also rises with
increasing age so that even small burns may be fatal in elderly people (3) The rule of nines used in adults may be used only in children older than 14 yr or as a very
rough estimate to institute therapy before transfer to a burn centre.
36. Triage : (1) Triage is the term derived from the French verb trier meaning to sort or to choose It's the process by which patients classified according to the type
and urgency of their conditions to get the Right patient to the Right place at the Right time with the Right care provider (2) Triage: The sorting of patients into priority
groups according to their needs and the resources available in paediatrics, triage is the process of rapidly examining all sick children when they first arrive, in order to
place them in one of the following categories (3) It is the process which places the right patient in the right place at the right time to receive the right level of care.
Accurate triage allow the nurse to do the greatest good for the greatest number of afflicted.
37. Herceptin: (1) new drug called Herceptin has been introduced. It stops cancer cells from dividing and slows the development of the disease (2) Herceptin
introduces the cancer to your immune system, taking a more proactive approach to the cancer by attacking the cancer like any other foreign invader in your body.
Herceptin is only effective in certain types of cancer. Herceptin side effects include, fever, chills, muscle aches, and nausea. In rare cases (5%) heart trauma occurs
which can lead to strokes, and even congestive heart failure
38. Chalazion : (1) It is a cyst in the eyelid that is caused by inflammation of blocked meibomian gland, usually on the upper eyelid. It is a painless inflammation of the
meibomian gland characterized by localized swelling. (2) It is the chronic granulomatous inflammation of Meibomian gland. It is also called "Meibomian cyst". ■Much
common on upper eyelid.
39. Otitis media : (1) Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear, or middle ear infection. "Otitis" means Inflammation of the ear, and "media" means middle) This
inflammation often begins with infections that cause sore throats, colds or other respiratory problems, and spreads to the middle ear. These can be caused by viruses
or bacteria, and can be acute or chronic. (2) "It is an inflammation of middle ear that most often occur in infant & young children but can occur at any age" (3)
inflammation of the middle ear Very common in children but can occur in any age .