MSBTE Diploma All Branch Notes Available in FREE Visit Now: www.diplomasolution.com YouTube: Diploma Solution WhatsApp No: 8108332570 22447 Environmental Studies 5.1 Article (48-A) and (51-A (g)) of Indian Constitution regarding environment, Environmental protection and prevention acts, CPCB and MPCB norms and responsibilities, The role of NGOs. Article 48-A and 51-A (g) of Indian Constitution Regarding Environment: ‘The Constitution of india recognizes the importance of environmental protection and conservation. 1. Article 48-A is part of the Directive Principles of State Policy, which, while not enforceable in court, are considered fundamental in the governance of the country. Article 48-A states: "The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.” 2. Article 51-A (g) Is part of the Fundamental Duties of citizens. It states that “It shall be the duty of every citizen of india to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, river$ and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures." Environmental Protection and Prevention Acts: 1. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974: This act was established to prevent and control water pollution. it established the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBS). 2. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981: This act aims to improve air quality and prevent air pollution. It empowers the CPCB and SPCBs to regulate air quality standards. 3. The Environment (Protection) Act,1986: This act provides the framework for coordination of activities of various ¢éntral and state authorities established under the previous water and air acts. 4. The Hazardous Waste Management Regulations, 1989: This regulation controls the generation, collection, treatment, import, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. CPCB and MPCB Norms and Responsibilities: 1. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): The CPCB is.a statutory organization under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. It promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country. CPCB sets the standards for air and water quality/and also regulates industrial pollution by implementing various environmental laws and acts. 2, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (PCB): MPCB is the state board responsible for implementing environmental laws and policies in the state of Maharashtra. Like other SPCBs, it complements the work of the CPCB within its jurisdiction and has similar responsibilities, including monitoring and controlling water and air pollution. Role of NGOs: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in environmental protection and conservation. They often engage in a range of activities including: 1. Advocacy and Lobbying: NGOs often advocate for environmental policies and regulations, and lobby government officials and businesses to take action on environmental issues. 2. Education and Awareness: NGOs work to raise public awareness about environmental problems and promote sustainable practices. 3. Research and Monitoring: Some NGOs conduct research on environmental issues, and monitor environmental conditions and compliance with regulations.MSBTE Diploma All Branch Notes Available in FREE Visit Now: www.diplomasolution.com YouTube: Diploma Solution WhatsApp No: 8108332570 4. Direct Action and Conservation: NGOs may also engage in direct action to protect the environment, such as organizing clean-up activities, planting trees, or establishing and managing protected areas. Popular environmental NGOs in India include the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), World Wide Fund for Nature-India (WWF-India), and Greenpeace India,MSBTE Diploma All Branch Notes Available in FREE Visit Now: www.diplomasolution.com YouTube: Diploma Solution WhatsApp No: 8108332570 5.2 Concept of sustainable development, EIA and environmental morality. Sustainable Development: Sustainable development is a concept that involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It aims to achieve a balance between economic development and the preservation of the environment. Its often visualized as the intersection of three components: economic prosperity, social equity, and environmental protection. Environmental impact Assessment (EIA): EIAs a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural, and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse. Itis @ tool used to inform decision-makers and the public about the environmental implications of planned actions, and to suggest how adverse effects can be mitigated, ‘The EIA process includes screening, scoping,impact assessment, mitigation, reporting, review of the EIA report, decision making, and monitoring and follow-up: Environmental Morality: Environmental morality fefers to a system of moral and ethical beliefs about the environment, which guide individual and collective actions. Itencompasses a range of views about the relationship between humans and the natural world, and the responsibilities of humans to protect and preserve the environment, ‘There are various philosophical perspectives in environmental morality. For instance, anthropocentrism places human beings at the center and values the environment for its usefulness to humans. In contrast, biocentrism and ecocentrisrm'extend moral consideration to all living beings and ecosystems, respectively, and-argue for the inherent Valle of nature beyond its usefulness to humans. Environmental morality shapes attitudes towards sustainability, conservation, and environmental justice, and is a key factorin.individdal and societal responses to environmental challenges.MSBTE Diploma All Branch Notes Available in FREE Visit Now: www.diplomasolution.com YouTube: Diploma Solution WhatsApp No: 8108332570 '5.3 Management Measures - Rain Water harvesting, Ground water recharge, Green Belt Development, Use of Renewable energy, water shed management, interlinking of rivers. his is a technique used for collecting, storing, and using rainwater for landscape irrigation and other uses. The rainwater is collected from various hard surfaces such as rooftops and/or other types of man-made aboveground hard surfaces. Groundwater Recharge: This is a process by which water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed asa flux to the water table surface. Groundwater recharge also encompasses water moving away from the water table farther into the saturated zone. Green Belt Development: Green belts are areas of land where urban development is restricted to protect the countryside, provide open spaces for urban residents, and maintain the character of existing rural communities. This kind of development includes parks, community gardens, and other green spaces that help to improve air and water quality, reduce soil erosion, and provide habitat for wildlife, Use of Renewable Energy: Renewable energy is energy that comes from resources that are naturally replenished, like sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat, Using renewable energy over fossil fuels has a number of advantages, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, diversifying energy supplies, ahd contributing to energy security. Watershed Management: Watershed management involves the management of land, water, and other resources in a watershed to provide goods and services that people value, This can involve efforts to improve water quality, manage flooding, enhance wildlife habitat, and provide recreational opportunities. Interlinking of Rivers: Interlinkingof rivers is a proposed large-scale civil engineering project that aims to join the rivers of thdia with a network of reservoirs and canals to enhance irrigation and groundwater recharge, reduce persistent floods in some parts, and alleviate shortages of water other parts. This project has been widely debated due to the potential ecological impact, displacement of people, and changes in water distribution it could cause, Each of these management measures has different impacts and effectiveness, and the selection of measures should take into account the specific local context, available resources, and long-term sustainabilityMSBTE Diploma All Branch Notes Available in FREE Visit Now: www.diplomasolution.com YouTube: Diploma Solution WhatsApp No: 8108332570 Information Technology (IT) in Environment: 1 Environmental Monitoring: IT can be used to collect, analyze, and report environmental data. For example, sensors can monitor air or water quality, and software can analyze trends and create visualizations. Satellites and remote sensing technologies can also provide data on larger scale phenomena, such as deforestation or climate change. Resource Management: Information systems can assist in managing natural resources more efficiently. For example, Geographic Information System (GIS) technology can be used in land Use planning, wildlife management, and conservation efforts. Climate Modelling and Prediction: Supercomputers and advanced algorithms can model climate systems to predict future changes and inform mitigation strategies. Promoting Sustainability: IT can also aid in the development and management of renewable energy systems, smart grids, and energy-efficient buildings. Environmental Education and Awareness: Websites; mobile apps, and social media can disseminate environmental information, promote awareness of environmental issues, and mobilize action, IT in Human Health; 1 Electronic Health Records (EHRs): EHRs allow doctors and-other healthcare professionals to access and share a patient's medical history, improving diagnosis and treatment. Telemedicine: IT enables remote patient monitoring and virtual appointments, improving. access to healthcare, especially in rural or underserved areas, Wearable Technology: Devices like smartwatches can track health and fitness data, helping individuals manage their health and alerting them to potential health issues. Health Information Systems: These'systems can manage large amounts of data to inform public health initiatives, track disease outbreaks, and improve healthcare delivery. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Al and machine learning can aid in diagnosing diseases, personalizing treatment, and predicting health outcomes, While IT has the potential to greatly benefit the environment and human health, itis also important to consider the environmental impact of the IT sector itself, such as electronic waste and energy use, and work towards sustainable IT practices.2s) a AY (@) +91 8108332570 a MSBTE Diploma Solution) bs www.diplomasolution.com| a » ad