SIGNAL WORDS

SIMILARITY & DIFFERENCE

Just as Like Alike Likewise Similarly In the same way
SIMILARITY
Both.....and..... Neither.....nor..... Also Too / Either As well as
Whereas / While On the other hand Although In contrast However
DIFFERENCE
On the contrary But Unlike Despite Unlike

Exercise:
USE THE LINKERS FROM THE BOX AND COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING COMPARE –
CONTRAST SENTENCES. THERE ARE SOME EXTRA.
Example: In the universities students don’t have to wear uniforms _______________________
_________________________________________________________________________ (High
school)
In the universities students don’t have to wear uniforms whereas high school students do.

1. Life in the city is usually fast and furious

____________________________________________________________________ (village life)
2. The way we learn a second language is very different from the way we learn our mother tongue.
We learn to speak our own language before learning to read or write it.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Turkish people bring money or gold to a wedding as a gift to the happy couple
______________________________________________________________________ (English /
Present)
4. Smoking and drinking are both harmful habits. When you start smoking, it is very difficult to stop
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(addictive / cause serious illnesses)
5. Cats and dogs are very different pets. Cats are generally much cleaner animals and are
independent
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. England and Germany had a similar culture and customs. For example, they ______________
______________________________________________________(celebrate Christmas and
Easter)
7. Bodrum and Marmaris have a lot in common. Bodrum offers sun, sea and night life
_______________________________________________________________________________

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8. The black sea region is known for its green scenery and wet weather
_______________________________________________________________________________
____________ (North of England)
9. Greek and Turkish food cultures are similar in many ways with one important difference. The
Greeks eat all kinds of meat
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________ (Pork)
10. ______________________________________________________________________ Turkish
and native teachers in K.H.U. work the same hours and attend the same meetings.

USE OF LINKING WORDS

WORDS EXPRESSING CONTRAST:

ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH + CLAUSE

DESPITE / IN SPITE OF + NOUN / PRONOUN / V-ing
DESPITE THE FACT THAT + CLAUSE
IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT
BUT / WHILE / WHEREAS / ON THE OTHER
+ CLAUSE
HAND
HOWEVER / NEVERTHELESS / NONETHELESS + CLAUSE
ON THE ONE HAND + CLAUSE ……… ON THE OTHER HAND + CLAUSE ……….
IN CONTRAST TO + NOUN
ON THE CONTRARY + CLAUSE
HOWEVER + ADJECTIVE / ADVVERB + CLAUSE

EXAMPLES:
- Although/Even though/Though she works very hard, she gets very little money.
- Despite/In spite of having no experience, she got a very well paid job.
- Jack likes reading while/whereas/on the other hand/but his brother hates it.
- Richard is a brilliant entrepreneur however/nevertheless/nonetheless, he went bankrupt.
- Despite the fact that/In spite of the fact that, the university has one of the best libraries in town,
the students don’t make use of it.
- Peter is not a liar. On the contrary, he is one of the most honest men I have ever known.
- In contrast to Istanbul, Ankara is a very clean city.
- Tourism has good and bad effects. On the one hand, it brings money to the country. On the other
hand, it ruins areas of unspoilt beauty.

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EXERCISE: CONBINE THE SENTENCES USING THE WORDS IN BRACKETS.
1. Farmers work hard. They earn little money. (Despite/In spite of)
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Sue is hard working. Her brother is lazy. (while/whereas/but)
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. He has been studying Chinese for four years. He can’t speak it properly. (Although/Even
though/Though)
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Most students go to private courses. They are not successful at university entrance exam. (Despite
the fact that/In spite of the fact that)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Linda studied day and night. She got the lowest mark. (however/nevertheless/nonetheless)
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Reading is easy. Writing is difficult. (on the other hand)
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. The school administration can’t decide what to do. It has to accept students at levels high or low.
They are concerned about the quality of the school. (On the one hand... On the other hand)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. Jane is very generous. Her brother is very mean. (On the contrary)
_______________________________________________________________________________
9. Paris is very expensive. Ankara is cheap. (In contrast to)
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. He is hardworking. He can’t get a passing mark. (However + Adjective)
_______________________________________________________________________________
11. You talk quickly. I can understand you. (However + Adverb)
_______________________________________________________________________________

WORDS EXPRESSING SIMILARITY:

SIMILARLY / LIKEWISE + CLAUSE

ALSO / TOO CLAUSE + TOO / ALSO
AS / JUST AS + CLAUSE

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 BOTH …AND / NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO / NEITHER… …NOUN …NOUN +
NOR CLAUSE
LIKE / JUST LIKE / SIMILAR TO + NOUN
AS WELL AS + NOUN / V-ing
IN THE SAME WAY + CLAUSE

EXAMPLES:
1. Human can find problems with cars, likewise/similarly a computer can find problems with
them.
2. People can use body language and communicate; an animal can also/too.
3. Both Finland and Norway are cold countries.
4. Not only Izmir but also Adana is a developed city
5. German is a European language, just as English.
6. The organisation helps people in need as well as raising money for local charities.

SAMPLE BRAINSTORMING:
COMMUNICATION

TODAY SIMILARITIES IN 2050

Common Mobile Phones Much cheaper
Popular and More common
Laptops
Cheap Will still be popular

TODAY DIFFERENCES IN 2050

Popular More developed
The Internet
Worldwide used Much faster and cheaper

TODAY DIFFERENCES IN 2050

Home Telephones To talk, to see and to do jobs at the
To have conversations
same time

SAMPLE OUTLINE:
Although some tools of communication like mobile phones
THE THESIS
and laptops will keep their popularity in daily life, the
STATEMENT
internet and home telephones will be much more different.

BODY PARA 1 One obvious similarity in communication will probably be

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 the popularity of mobile phones and laptops.
TOPIC
Support: same popularity because of their price and
SENTENCE
mobility.

On the other hand, the first significant difference in

BODY PARA 2
communication will be the use of the internet.
TOPIC
Support1: more developed
SENTENCE
Support2: faster and cheaper

BODY PARA 3 The second impressive difference in communication will

TOPIC be the different use of home telephones.
SENTENCE Support: to talk, to see and to do jobs

To sum up / To summarize / In conclusion / Taking

everything into account, there are both similarities and
differences between communication today and in 2050. As
CONCLUDING can be seen above, communication in 2050 will be similar
SENTENCE to that of today in terms of mobile phones and laptops.
Unlike this, there will be remarkable changes in the use of
the internet and home telephones, thanks to developing
technology.

SAMPLE ESSAY
TODAY`S COMMUNICATION in 2050

People have always been involved in technology to develop. As a result, the contribution of technology
to the modern world is undeniable. It is obvious that the most significant development has been in
communication. Today people benefit from different means of communication a great deal. It can be clearly
predicted that there will be a lot of new inventions in 2050 and with the help of them, people will have more
opportunities to communicate with others. Although some tools of conversation like mobile phones and
laptops will keep their popularity in daily life, the Internet and home-telephones will be much more
different in 2050.
One obvious similarity in communication will probably be the popularity of mobile-phones and
laptops. Today they are very popular and widely used because of their price and mobility. In the future, people
will still be using them in daily life as they will be cheaper and more common. To give an example, today most
young people are the real users of mobile phones and laptops. Since they have already been familiar to them, in
2050 they will have been addicted to these small devices while communicating with whoever they like.
On the other hand, the first magnificent difference in communication will be the advanced use of
the Internet. Even though it is used worldwide now, technological changes will make the Internet develop
considerably. For example, it will enable people to go on day-trips or holidays to faraway places even to other
planets by virtual reality. Today the Internet is still popular in education. However, as it is going to be much
faster and cheaper, students will get more benefit from the Internet in class environment and communicate with
teachers and students all over the world by video-conferencing.
The second impressive novelty in communication will be the different use of home telephones.
Nowadays, they are mostly used to have conversations, but in 2050 people will not only be talking to and seeing
each other but also doing their jobs at the same time in their houses using their home telephones. As an example,

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a businessman will be able to run his business and make deals with other companies using his audio-visual home
telephone without having to go to his office.
To summarize, it seems that communication in 2050 will be similar to that of today in terms of
mobile phones and laptops. Unlike this, there will be remarkable differences in the use of the Internet and
home telephones thanks to developing technology. To me, while mankind keeps improving himself, changes in
communication depending on technology is inevitable.