Cm’s Statistics Study Notes-2024

2023 Annual Exam Question Paper Pattern/Blueprint

TOTAL
Units I:CCA II:FIB III:MF IV:OWA V:2M VI:5M VII:5M VIII:10M
MARKS
VS 1 11 16 - - - 41 13
I No. 2 6 12 - - 29 - 42 18
TS - - - 17 21 - - 43 13
I&E - - - - 22 30 - - 7
TD 3 7 13 18 23,24 31,32 37 - 23
SI 4 8 14 19 25,26 33,34 38 - 23
SQC - 9 - - 27 - 39 - 8
OR 5 10 15 20 28 35,36 40 - 21
No.of qstns 5 5 5 5 8 8 4 3 43\126
Most Important, Easy questions & Formulae II PUC STATISTICS-2024
PREPARE ONLY THESE UNITS/TOPICS/QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTION PAPER
SURE TO GET MINIMUM OF 70 & MORE MARKS
Unit I: vital statistics: Qstn Nos.,1, 11, 16, 41-------13 Marks
Unit II: Index Numbers: Qstn Nos.2, 6, 12, 29, 42---18 Marks
Unit III: Time Series: Qstn Nos.17, 21, 43-----------------13 Marks
Unit IV: Interpoln and Extrapoln: Qstn Nos.22, 30--- 7 Marks
Unit VIII: OR: LPP, TP, GT, RT, InTh.,
Qstn Nos.5, 10, 15, 20, 28, 35, 36--------21 Marks
Total : 72 Marks
Workout and solve (must & should) all types of questions and problems IN THE
QUESTION PAPERS & PRACTICE QUESTIONS ALL OF THE ABOVE UNITS
10-MARKS:- 41, 42, 43 (Best answered any 2 will be considered)
Even try these Units also
Unit V:Theoretical Distns: 26 Marks.
Q.Nos.3, 7, 13, 18, 23, 24, 31, 71 (Option)
Unit VI: Statistical Inference : 32 Marks
Q.Nos. 4,8, 14, 19, 25, 26, 33, 34, 38 (Option)
Unit VII: Statistical Quality Control: 8 Marks.
Q.Nos.9, 27, 39
Total : 66 Marks
*****
Unit I-VITAL STATISTICS :Q.NO.1, 13, 25, 37
Q.Nos.1&13 of the question paper: Will be of theory(MCQs) OR short problems
Q.NO. 25 of the question paper: 2 Marks (Rarely theory question) problems of the
following:
1. For all theory questions-such as Registration, Census methods.
2. What is life table? Explain components of life table as below Rare question.
Age No. of No. of Mortality Survival No. of years No. of years Life
(in yrs) Survivors Deaths Ratio Ratio lived b/w lived after Expectancy
@ age x age (x,x+1) age x
l l T
X lx
dx= d
qx = x Px = Lx = x x 1 Tx= ex = x
lx-lx+1 1- qx 2 Lx+Lx+1+….. lx
lx
(Problems based on following formulae)
3. Problems on : Pt = P0+(B-D)+(I-E), CBR, CDR
No.of live births occurring in the year No. of deaths occurring in the year
CBR = x1000 ; CDR = x1000
Average population in the year Average population in the year

StatsCm’s: Statistics Study Notes-2024 B E S PU COLLEGE Page 1

4. GFR/ASFR/TFR/ GRR/NRR: (Mostly of 5 marks each, together 10 marks)
No.of live birthsoccurring to women in the year in thespecific age
5. ASFR  x1000
Average population of women in the specified agegroup
Number of live births occurringin the year
6. GFR= x1000
Average population of women of child bearing age in the year
7. TFR=5∑Quinqennial ASFR
Remember only women of age of (15-45) years in all above 3 formulae.
8. GRR/NRR: Remember only women population and births problems
49
Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)= i   (WSFR) ; Where; i = width of ‘age class’;
15
49
Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)  i   (WSFR  S) ; S = Survival rates
15
Female births in the specific age in the year
and WSFR = x1000
Female Population in the specific age in theyear
9. IMR/NMR/MMR: Remember Infants (0-1years),Neo-natal(0-1month/  28 days)
In all 3 formulae only live births in the denominator
No.of deaths among infants in the year No. of deaths of neo-natal babies in the year
IMR= x1000 ;NMR= ×1000
No.of live births occurring in the year No. of live births occuring in the year
No.of deathsof mothers due to childbirthoccurrng the year
MMR= x1000
No.of live births occurring in the year
SURE PROBLEMS: Q.NO.41 of the question paper, 10 Marks problem
TFRs comparison problems/combination of CBR, GFR,TFR problems
SDR/STDR: ASDRs calculation problems for both populations/Villages/Localities/
 Ps A  Ps B
cities/towns types: SDR(A)= & SDR(B)= where A,B-ASDR, Ps -Std.popln,
 Ps  Ps
No.of deahts occurring in the year in the specified agegroup
ASDR = x1000
Average population in the year in the specified agegroup
(For the following type of SDR problems are of 5Marks)
Direct ASDRs calculated problems on calculation of SDR/STDR: Remember- Deaths
per 1000 or deaths/1000 or death rates-means A and B –ASDRs already calculated.
*****
Unit-II INDEX NUMBERS :Q.NOs.2, 6, 12, 29, 42
Q.Nos.2, 3, 14, 15 of the question paper will be of theory/short problems (MCQs)
Q.NO. 29 of the question paper, 5-Marks Theory questions/problems
You may get 1 theory question 5 marks
1. Explain index number and mention/explain types of index numbers. Or uses and
limitations.
2. Mention and Explain any three steps of construction of Index number (7 steps) or
3. Define/Explain TRT & FRT
4. Verification of TRT and FRT for any given formula
5. Explain consumer price index number and explain the steps involved in the
construction of consumer price index number(5steps)
(Problems based on following formulae)
Use suffixes as 0-for base(Old) year & 1-for current (Recent) year for price & quantity.
P P1
1. Problems on Simple/Unweighted AM:P01= ;GM:P01=( Anti log   LogP  ; Where P = x100
n  n  P0
 W Log P P1
2. GM:P01=Antilog ; Where P = x100 and W-weights/expenditure (p0q0)/Budget
W P0
3. Simple problems on Laspeyre’s, Paasches’s, Marshall-Edgeworth’s, Dorbish-Bowley’s,
Fisher’s and Kelly’s methods of price or Quantity index numbers.
StatsCm’s: Statistics Study Notes-2024 B E S PU COLLEGE Page 2
 SURE PROBLEMS (Problems based on following formulae)
10-Marks of Q.NO.42 of the question paper.
1. Major problems on Laspeyre’s, Paasches’s, Marshall-Edgeworth’s, Dorbish-Bowley’s,
Fisher’s and Kelly’s methods of price or Quantity index numbers.
 p1q0  q1p0  p1q1 q p
Po1(L) = x 100; Q01(L)  x100 ;P01(P)= x100; Q01(P)= 1 1
x100;
 p0q0  q 0 p0  p0 q1 q p
0 1
 p1q0   p1q1  q1p0   q 1p1
(F)  p1q0 x p1q1 x100 ;
pq pq
P01(ME)= x 100; Q01 (ME)= x100 ; P
 p0 q0   p0 q1  q 0 p 0   q 0 p1 01  0 0  0 1

Q  q1p0 x  q1p1 x100 ; F= L x P ; D-B= L  P …are Relation between Laspeyre’s,

(F) 
01  q0 p0  q0p1 2
Paasche’s and Fisher’s also Dorbish-Bowley’s.
1   p1q0  p1q1  1   q1p0  q1 p1   p1q
P01(D-B)=    x100;Q01(DB)=  +  x100;P01 (K)= x100 (Fixed q)
2   p0q0  p0q1  2   q0 p0  q0 p1   p0 q
Remember the terms: Value/Expense/Expenditure=(p0q0 or p1q1)
2. Problems on consumer price/cost of living index number:
 P1q 0  PW P
Agg.Exp.Method: CPI = x100 ; Family budget method:CPI = ; where P= 1 x100
 p0 q 0 W P0
-price Index/Group Indices/I.No.; W-weights/expenditure (p0q0)/Budget
Remember the terms Group indices/group index number-P (calculated values of P)
***
Unit-III TIME SERIES:Q.No.17, 21, 43
Q.Nos.17 & 21 Marks,1-Mark(MCQ) & 2-Marks of the question paper will be of theory
1. Explain components of time series with examples
All time questions from these Methods only, follow steps sure marks.
(Problems based on following formulae/methods)
2. Problems on 3/4/5 yearly moving averages(Mention upward/downward/oscillatory trend)
Procedure remains same for weekly/monthly/yearly averages
 For 3 Yearly moving averages: Add +3 , Divide  3
 For 5 yearly moving averages: Add +5 , Divide  5
 For 4 yearly moving averages: Add +4 , Add +2 , Divide  8
Only for 4 yearly moving averages use double space for calculation of trend values
3. Simple problems on straight/linear equation: y=a+bx, with or without estimation.
4. Also Just go through with semi-averages problems and graphical method problems.
SURE PROBLEMS (10 Marks Problems based on following formulae/Methods)
Q.No.43-10 marks, if split each 5 marks.
1. Moving averages problems either 3/4/5 yearly with graph.(Very rare)
2. Problems on straight/linear equation: Y=a+bx with estimation of future value and
finding trend values and graphical presentation.
Normal equations: na+b∑x =∑y; a∑x+b∑x2 =∑xy
Quadratic/second degree parabola: Y= a+ bx +cx2 (without finding trend values)
and estimation of future value *No graph in this method.
Normal equations are: na+ b∑x +c∑x2 = ∑y; a∑x + b∑x2 +c∑x3=∑xy ;
a∑x2 + b∑x3 +c∑x4=∑x2y.
Don’t forget to solve eqnn’s, and find the values of a, b and c.
Logarithmic: y = abx, Normal equations: nLog a+Log b∑x=∑logY; Here ∑x=0 so,
a=AL(  ); Log a.∑x+Logb.∑x2 =∑x LogY; Log b and b=AL( 
log y X.log y
)
n  X2
*Very rarely even some problems calculation on 3/4/5 yearly moving averages with
graph can expect. ***

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 Unit-IV INTERPOLATION AND EXTRAPOLATION: Q.NO.22, 30
(From this Unit you will get 7 Marks:1x2 Marks, 1x5 Marks)
Q.No.22 of 2 Marks of the question paper. Theory question of writing the
conditions/Assumption of Interpolation and extrapolation/Binomial/Expansion of
(y-1)4 or (y-1)5, Finding ‘x’ and Yx –Newtons formula etc.,
SURE QUESTIONS: Q.NO. 30 of the question paper. (No Theory, ONLY 5marks
Problems based on following formulae/Methods)
1. Problem may be either from Binomial expansion or Newton’s advancing difference
method.
In Binomial expansion method: For interpolation Remember number of known value
of ‘Y’ as n(=4/5/6) then-Expand:(Y-1)n=0 called as -----(1), Mostly problems on :
(Y-1)4 = 0 ie., Y4 – 4y3 +6y2 – 4y1+y0 = 0 or
(Y-1)5 = 0 ie., Y5 – 5y4 +10y3 – 10y2+ 5y1 – y0 = 0 or
(Y-1)6 = 0 ie., Y6 – 5y5 +10y4 – 10y3+ 5y2 – y1 +y0 = 0
Refer Binomial co-efficient table to write the equation or write Pascal triangle
Then for Extrapolation: Increase suffixes of ‘ Y’s in eqn.(1) by 1 we get:
Y5 – 4y4 +6y3 – 4y2+y1 = 0 or
Y6 – 5y5 +10y4 – 10y3+ 5y2 – y1 = 0 or
Y7 – 5y6 +10y5 – 10y4+ 5y3 – y2 + Y1=0
Newton’s method: Remember the preparation of leading difference table up to, less
by one the number of known values of ‘Y’:∆n-1 . Write ‘x’ formula how many (x-1),
(x-2)… are needed and remember Newton’s formula and most careful while using - &
+ signs @ simplification stage.
Newton’s formula for Interpolation is: Prepare leading difference table Δ10 , 02 ..… upto
less by 1 the number of known values of ‘Y’
x(x-1) 2 x(x-1)(x-2) 3 x(x-1)(x-2)(x-3) 4
Yx = y0 + 10 x + Δ0 + Δ0 + Δ0 +........so on
2! 3! 4!
The of X value to be interpolated -The value of X at the origin
x= ;
The difference between the two adjoining valule of X
***
Unit-VII (OR)OPERATIONS RESEARCH:Q.NO.5, 10, 15, 20, 28, 35, 36, 40
Q.No. 5, 10, 15 and 20 of 1(MCQs) & 28, 2-Marks of the question paper will be of
theory, may also be of short type Problems
1. LPP problems of graphical method: (i) first find co-ordinates as (X, Y),
(ii) Plot the points on the graph and get a straight line
(iii)Shade accordingly ≤ towards origin/inside the line OR shade accordingly ≥ away
from origin/outside the line.
(iv) Identify the feasible region and the corner points and mark their coordinates
(v) Determine the value of objective function whether Max or Min.
(vi) Suggest values of X and Y
2. Transportation problems: There are 2 types of problems
(i) NWCR: North West Corner Rule (ii) MMM or Matrix Minima Method (Least cost
entry method)
In NWCR: Start allocation from the cell (1,1) and end up at diagonally last cell.
 Oi - moves horizontally in the same row and Di - moves vertically in the same
column until they are satisfied
 Don’t forget to change automatically after allocation made of the remaining ai or bj
 Suggest the IBFS and calculate the TTC
In MMM: Start allocation where there is lowest/least cost, delete satisfied Oi or Dj and
replace remaining ai or bj , this process is continued until at last one row and one
column remain and suggest the IBFS and calculate the TTC.,

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3. Problems on Game theory: There are 3 concepts
(i) Maximin-Minimax principle (ii) Dominance principle
(iii) Writing transpose of a Pay-off matrix of player A to Player B
 In Maximin-Minimax: (i) Maximin: Min. payoff in each row is circled as ie., Lowest
no. in the row is circled.
(ii) Minimax :Max. payoff in each column is boxed as ie., highest no. in each column
is boxed.
 In Dominance rule: (i) Row Max retain/ row min delete
(ii) Col. Min retain/ col.max delete
Remember to write the (i) saddle point position, (ii) optimum strategies of the players
and the (iii) value V
4. In Replacement problems: Replace when annual average maintenance cost:A(n)= T ;
n
where T= (P-Sn)+∑Ci ; p-purchase cost; Sn- Resale value, Ci-maintenance cost
Three types of problems (i) n, Ci, Sn given type problems
(ii) Sn=0 and (P- Sn )=Depreciation; same for all the years, type problems
(iii) Short type problems
5. In Inventory theory: Remember the Inventory Notations /terms:-
P-Purchase/Capital cost, Q- Lot size (Inventory/run size, Quantity
replenished/Order quantity) R-Demand Rate/Supply, S-Initial Level of Inventory,
t-Time between two consecutive replenishments/Re-order time (Rescheduling time);
n- Frequency of ordering/Number of replenishment per period; C1-Carrying (Holding
cost, Storage cost, Maintenance cost) per unit per period; C2-Shortage cost/Penalty
cost per unit per period, C3-Setup/ordering cost per production run;
I-Carrying/Holding Cost per Rupee per unit time(%) so C1=P I;
C(Q) or C(Q0, S0) -Average cost per unit time.
Remember conversion days(x 365)/weeks(x52)/months(x12) into years.
6. All time questions from these EOQ problems only: 2 types of problems.
(i) Shortages not given-Model-I problems and (ii) shortages C2 given Model-II.
Specifications EOQ Model-I EOQ Model-II
Without shortages With shortages
EOQ/ELS 0 2C3 R 2C3 R C1 +C 2
(Opt. lot size) Q = units Q
0
 . units
C1 C1 C2

Re-order time 0 Q
0
0 Q
0

(Opt. time b/w orders) t = years t = years

R R
Frequency of order 1 1
n o = o orders/year n o = o orders/year
(Opt. no. of orders) t t
Min. average cost o
C(Q )= Rs.√2C3 C1 R
C(Qo , So )= Rs.
C2
2 C 1 C3 R .
C1 +C 2

Max. inventory level o C Q o

Q units So = C 2+C units
1 2
Maximum shortage level - o o
Q - S units
*****

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You should try these units also, bcs they are also of easy if u practice
and marks will be given point wise and stepwise
Unit-VII THEORETICAL DISTREIBUTIONS:Q.NO.3, 7, 13, 18, 23, 24, 31, 32, 37
Q.Nos.3, 7, 13, 18 1-Marks and 23, 24-2Marks of the question paper will be of
theory of short type of definition, meaning, problems of all distributions
Q.NO. 31, 32 and 37 of the question paper 5 Marks problems, properties based
on mostly Binomial, Poisson, Hypergeometric and Normal distributions:-
1. Write down the probability mass function of a Bernoulli distribution and with its two
features and examples.
The Bernoulli distribution is:-P(x)=PX(1-P)1-X ; x = 0,1
OR P(x) =PX q1-X ; x = 0, 1(Range)
Features: P-parameter, Mean=p, Var= P(1-p) Or pq ; mean > var
Example:-(i) A coin is tossed & getting H or T (ii) A new born baby is a male or female
is a Bernoulli variate with the parameter P=0.5.
2. Write down the p.m.f of Binomial distribution and with its two Features and examples.
-The Binomial distribution is:-P(x)= ncx P x q n-x ; x = 0,1,2….n
Features:Range: x = 0,1,2,3…n and 0<P<1
Range-(0, n); * Mean=np, * Var(x) = npq; * mean>variance, ie., np>npq
* B.D is symmetrical when p =1/2; * +vely skewed (β1>0) when p<0.5 and
* –vely skewed (β1 < 0) when p > 0.5, * Mode is the value of x which has highest
probability and * mean & mode are equal if ‘np’(mean) is an integer’,
n 1 x p
*BD tends to PD when ‘n’ is large & ‘p’ is very small. *Theo.freq: Tx/Ex= T
x q x 1
Example:-Number of Heads obtained when 5 coins are tossed / Number of male
children in a family of 5 children.
3. Write down the p.m.f of Poisson distribution and with its two features and examples.
e   x
The Poisson distribution is P(x) = ; x = 0,1,2 …∞, & >0
x!
Features:*Range=(0,∞), * - parameter, * Mean= E(x)=Variance = * P.D is +vely skewed
(β1>0), * Leptokurtic (β3>3); * If  is not an integer, PD is Uni- Modal, * If  is an integer
PD is Bi-Modal @ (-1) and , * PD tends to N.D when  is large. *

Theoretical Frequency: T x= T = Tx1 x
x
Example:-Number of telephone calls received by a receptionist/ Number of printing
mistakes in book of 200 pages/Accidents….
4. Write down the p.m.f of Hypergeometric distribution and with its two features and
examples.
a b
Cx Cn-x
-Hypergeometric distn is: p(x)= a+b ; x = 0,1,2….min (a, n)
Cn
na
Features:*Range: 0,1,2.....min (a, n), *.a, b and n are the parameters;*Mean = ,
a+b
nab(a+b-n)
*Var(x) = 2
*Hypergeometric distribution tends to Binomial distribution
(a+b) (a+b-1)
when: (i)( a+b) is large ie.(a+b)  and (ii) a = p is fixed.
a+b
Ex:-Selection type problems No. of {Marbles/Balls/Fishes } vegetarians selected from
a hostel, no. of apples selected from a bag containing 20 oranges and 10 apples etc.,
5. Write down the p.d.f of Normal distribution and with its two features and examples.
-μ  2
- 1  x σ 
Normal distribution:f(x)= 1
.e 2  
;- < x < ;   0
 2π

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Examples:-Ht./Wt.of students of a class; I.Q.of a large group of children,
Age/Wages/Income of Employees.
Features::-(i) Curve is bell shaped, (ii)Mean=Median=Mode. (iii) The curve is Symmetric
ie.,non-skew β1=0) (iv) Mean = µ, Variance = σ2, ; S.D = σ, (v) Q.D = 2 3  , M.D = 4 5 
(vi) The curve is Mesokurtic: β2=3 (vii) The area under the Normal Curve is 1
(viii) The curve is Asymptotic to the x-axis, ie., It touches the x-axis at  & 
(ix) Q1 & Q3 are equidistant from X / M / Z ∴ X / M / Z  (Q3  Q1 )
2
6. Standard Normal Variate (SNV):-A Normal variate with mean: μ =0 & S.D.  =1 is
x-μ
called S.N.V. Denoted by Z; ie, Z= ~N (0, 1)
σ
2
1 Z
The P.d.f of standard Normal Distibution is-f(z) = e ; where - < Z < +  2
2
Featurers:Mean = 0, Variance = 1, SD = 1; Remaining properties mostly holds same as
Normal distn.

χ2 n

 
1
7. CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION: The p.d.f. is:- f (χ ) = K. e 2 2 . χ2 2 ; 0  χ2   ;
χ2 -distn with ‘n’ d.f denoted by χ2 (n)
Definition :Let Z1,Z2,Z3…..Zn are n S.N.V’s, then: χ2 = Z12+Z22+Z32+…..+Zn2 ~ χ2 (n)
Features: *Parameter = n, *Range:(0,  ), *Mean=n,*Variance =2n, * SD = Var(x)  2n ,
*Mode = (n-2) for n>2, * χ2 -curve is positively skewed, *distn is leptokurtic ( 2  3 )
*Area under the 2 - curve is 1,* 2 - distn tends to ND When n is large ie. n→∞
Application:- 1.Test for population variance 2.Test for Goodness of fit .
3.Test for Independence of Attributes.
8. STUDENTS’S T-DISTRIBUTION: The p.d.f is:- f(t)  K . 1 ; Range: -∞ < t < ∞
n1
 t2  2
1  
 n
* t - variate with n d.f. is denoted by t(n).
Features:-parameter ‘n’ called d.f, *Range:(-∞, ∞), *t-curve is bell shaped, *Mean=0
X  M  Z  0, *Var(x) = n-2
n
for n>2, *Distn is symmetrical ie., Non-skew ie., β1 =0,

*Leptokurtic: β2 >3 * t-distribution tends to Normal distribution when n is large ie., n→∞.
Application:-t- distribution is used in small sample test of testing hypothesis :1) To test
for mean, 2) Test for equality of means,
Remember Problems of Atleast:≥ or =1- < , Atmost /Not more than: ≤ or = 1- > ,
more than : > or = 1- ≤ ; Less than : < or = 1- ≥
Q.No. 40 of 10 Marks will be combination Theo. Distn and Stl., Inference.
*****
Unit-VIII STATISTICAL INFRENCE: Q.NO.4, 8, 14, 19, 25, 26, 33, 34, 38
Q.Nos. 4, 8, 14, 19-1 Marks(MCQs) and 25, 26:2- Marks of the question paper will
be of theory of short definition, meaning, problems of all types of SEs & others
1. Standard Error of mean and Proportion, difference of sample means of two samples,
s PQ
difference of proportion of two samples. - S.E ( x ) = OR  ; S.E (p) = ;
n n n
s12 + S22 σ12 σ 22 PQ P Q 1 1 
S.E ( x 1  x 2 ) = OR + ; S.E (p1-p2) = 1 1 + 2 2 OR PQ  +  ; If P1 = P2 =P & Q=1-P
n1 n2 n1 n 2 n1 n2  n1 n 2 

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Q.NO. 33, 34 and 37 of the question paper-5 marks problems based on Z, t &
χ 2 -tests (Test procedure marks allotment: H0, H1- 1 Marks, Test statistics- 1 Marks,
Ans/Calculation–1 Marks, writing ±K/K1/K2 or Decision making- 1 Marks, Conclusion-1 Marks)
All time questions from these tests only, follow steps sure marks.
Large sample tests (Z): (sample sizes: n / n1 /n2 ≥ 30)
x -
1. Test for mean: Z = ; 2. Test for equality of means: Z  x1 -x 2
σ n
S12 S22
+
n1 n2
pP
3. Test for proportion: Z= ; Q =1-P & p = x ;
PQ n
n
p1  p 2 x1  x 2 n1 p1  n 2 p 2
4. Test for equality of proportion: Z = ; Here P= OR P =
 
PQ 1  1  n1  n2 n1  n 2

n n 1 2 
Small sample t- tests(n/n1,n2<30)
x 
5. t-test for mean: t  ~t(n-1)d.f
s
n 1
6. Test for equality of means: t = x1-x 2
~t(n1 +n 2 -2)d.f.
n s +n 2s22  1 + 1 
1
1 1
 
n1 +n 2 -2  n1 n 2 
7. Paired t-test for equality of means (Before, After problem)
Where d   d n ; s =
d d
2
 d 
2
t ~ t (n-1) d.f. ;  
and d= x-y
s n  n 
n 1
Chi-square tests
n s2
8. Test for population variance:  2  ~ χ 2 (n-1) d.f.
 2

N  ad  bc 
2
9. To test for Independence of Attributes:   2
~  21d.f
(a  b)(c  d)(a  c)(b  d)
O  E 2
10. Test for goodness of fit:  2   ~  2 (n-1)/( n-1-1) d.f *
E
*only when any of the parameter (p/ λ from Binomial/Poisson) is estimated or given as
estimated then d.f. = (n-1-1)=(n-2)
*****
Unit-VII (SQC) STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL: Q.NOs.9, 27 & 39
Q.Nos.9(MCQ) and 27-2Marks of the question paper will be of theory of short
definition, meaning, problems of all types of writing one or two control limits
Q.No. 39 is of writing control limits, when standards- known (given), not-known,
calculation of standard problems etc.,
All time questions from these writing control limits only
CONTROL LIMITS FOR VARIABLEs & ATTRIBUTES: For Mean/Averages X and
S.D/Ranges R-Charts, & np/d-(defectives), C(defects) – Charts
Control Stds., Stds., Control Stds., Stds.,
Limits Known Not Limits known Not
For X -Chart Known For np-chart known
C.L X X C.L np1 np
L.C.L X  A X  A2R L.C.L np1 -3 nP1Q1 np -3 np q
U.C.L X  A X  A 2R U.C.L np1  3 nP1Q1 np  3 np q

StatsCm’s: Statistics Study Notes-2024 B E S PU COLLEGE Page 8

 For R-Charts For C-chart
C.L d21 R C.L λ1 c
1
L.C.L D1 1
D3 R L.C.L 1
λ -3 λ c- 3 c

U.C.L D2 1
D4 R U.C.L 1
λ +3 λ
1
c+ 3 c

Where in the above table: X | , σ , P1 (and Q1=1-P1), λ1 are Known( given) standards,
and if not known (given) calculate - X =  X and X =  X , R =  R ; P   d , c = c
n K K nk K
where K is the number of samples/sample no./subgroup no. The constants A, A2,
d2, D1, D2, D3 and D4 are referred from the tables for samples n =4/5.{only for X
and R-charts}

Interpretation of control charts (Detection of Lack of control):

1) One or more points lie outside the control limits.
2) A run of seven or more subsequent points lie to one side of the central line.
3) Upward or downward trend in the points.
4) Presence of cyclical variation in the points.
SSP procedure:-1) If d  c, accept the lot and replace ‘d’ defectives by good ones.
2) If d > c, the entire lot is inspected and all defectives are replaced.
DSP procedure:-1) If d1  c1 accept the lot, where ‘ d1’defectives in the n1 samples
2) If d1 > c2, reject the lot. Inspect the entire lot and replace ‘ d1’ defectives by
good ones.
3) If c1 < d1  c2, another sample n2 is drawn from the lot.
4) If (d1 + d2)  c2 accept the lot. Where d2 - no. of defectives from second sample,
However (d1+d2) defectives are replaced by good one.
5) If d1 + d2 > c2 Reject the lot, inspect the entire lot and replace all defectives by
good ones. *****
-: KEY NOTES FOR EXAMINATION:-
* KEEP ADMISSION TICKET, IDENTITY CARD SAFELY & BRING DAILY TO THE EXAMINATION HALL
WITHOUT FAIL.
* BRING CALCULATOR, PEN, PENCIL, ERASER, SCALE etc. Don’t borrow from others.
Don’t buy new ball pens as they are uncomfortable to use first time.
* WRITE YOUR REG.NO. NEATLY, LEGIBILY ON THE ANSWER PAPER
* READ THE QUESTION PAPER WITH COOL HEAD-10 MINUTES TIME ALLOTED
FOR THAT PURPOSE ONLY, mark the questions with perfect known answers and
keep others questions Pending, so that they can be attended at the end without fail.
* START WRITING THE ANSWERS WHEN ANNOUCEMENT IS MADE TO DO SO BY THE INVIGILATOR-
Take a long breath and keep close your eyes while doing so, as it increases the concentration and
reduce tension, then starts to write.
* First after writing SECTION-A; ATTEND AS MANY AS POSSIBLE QUESTIONS (EXTRA QUESTIONS) WITH
COMPLETE & PERFECT ANSWERS FIRST-OF ANY SECTION, OF ANY MAIN.
* AIM-ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTION PAPER-with all full or partial
answerable questions. It is time-tested truth that statistics students are capable of answering all 43
questions [for all 128 marks]. Since the best answered/marks allotted answers are considered & less
marks allotted answers are considered as extra.
* WRITE QUESTION NUMBERS, SECTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE ANSWERS NEATLY, WITH ALL
NECESSARY STEPS, FORMULA & SUSTITUTIONS.
*****All the Best & God Bless You All*****
StatsCm’s: Statistics Study Notes-2024 B E S PU COLLEGE Page 9