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CHAPTER
Properties of a
Pure Substance
Outlines
• Definition of a pure substance
• Phase Changes
• P-T diagrams
• T-v diagrams
• P-v diagrams
• Property Tables
• The Ideal Gas Law
• Equations Of State (EOS)
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Thermodynamics
HEAT POWER
Dr. Elsa Maalouf CHEN 214 Thermodynamics 1 3
What is an engine?
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Pure Substances
If the system is not properly sized, (e.g. too small) this can
lead to increased friction, which reduces the efficiency (so
more losses).
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What is a pure substance?
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Phases of a Pure Substance
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Phase Changes
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Phase Changes
P atmospheric P atmospheric
Water is still a liquid, but Once boiling starts, T stops rising until the liquid is
Water is in the heat addition causes some of completely vaporized. T = constant during the
liquid phase, a the liquid to vaporize. That entire phase-change process if P is held constant.
compressed liquid, is, a phase-change process During a boiling process, the only change we will
or a subcooled from liquid to vapor is about observe is a large increase in the volume and a
liquid, meaning to take place. A liquid that is steady decline in the liquid level. State 3 is midway
that it is not about to vaporize is called a about the vaporization line i.e., the cylinder
about to vaporize. saturated liquid. contains equal amounts of liquid and vapor.
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Phase Changes
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Phase Changes
Continue transferring heat, the vaporization Once the phase-change process is completed, we
process continues until the last drop of have a a single phase vapor. Transfer of heat
liquid is vaporized (state 4). The entire results in an increase in T and the v.
cylinder is filled with vapor that is on the If we transfer some heat from the vapor, the T
borderline of the liquid phase. Any heat loss may drop somewhat but no condensation will take
from this vapor will cause some of the vapor place as long as T > 100°C (for P = 1 atm). A vapor
to condense (phase change from vapor to that is not about to condense (i.e., not a
liquid). A vapor that is about to condense is saturated vapor) is called a superheated vapor.
called a saturated vapor (state 4).
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Phase Changes
Does water boil at 100 C?
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Phase Changes
P-T diagram
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Phase Changes
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Phase Boundaries – Liquid Vapor
T-v diagram
(Liquid vapor)
P = 1 atm
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Phase Changes – The T-v diagram
the point at which the Let’s add weight to the piston (or
saturated liquid and increase the surrounding pressure)
saturated vapor
states are identical
1- Water starts boiling at
a much higher
temperature
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Phase Changes – The T-v diagram – Critical Point
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Phase Changes – The T-v diagram – Connect the dots
Saturated
Saturated Vapor Line
Liquid Line
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Phase Changes
P-v diagram
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Phase Changes – The P-v diagram
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Phase Changes – The P-v diagram with solids
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Phase Diagram – Triple Point
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Phase Changes
P-v diagram
a
State (a):
Superheated vapor (T >Tsat for same P)
Expanded vapor (P < Psat for same T)
State (b):
Compressed liquid (P > Psat for same T)
Subcooled liquid (T < Tsat for same P)
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Phase Diagram – CO2
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Concept – Why do we care?
Why do we care about the fluid properties?
Because we are using these phase changes and volume changes
for energy transformations.
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Phase Changes – The T-P diagram
The Phase Diagram for Water The Phase Diagram for CO2
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Phase Changes – The P-T diagram
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The P-v-T surfaces
• All the points on the surface represent
equilibrium states.
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The P-v-T surface for water
• The total P-v-T surface shows all the different regions
• Small v's are liquid or solid
• Large v's are vapor (gas)
• Look at this diagram from the right along the volume axis. You see
the P-T phase diagram.
• Look from the left along the T axis you see a P-v diagram partly
obscured by the solid surface.
• We will use these 2-D figures/projections (for simplicity)
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