CIEM 5790 Under the topic of Hong Kong Slope Safety System

Slope Engineering and Management What are we going to talk about in Lecture 1 ?
HKUST

Part 1 Part 2
Hong Kong Slope Safety System
Multi-pronged
(Part 2 – Multi-pronged Approach) Evolution : why the approach : what it is
system as it is and how it works
Philip CHUNG • Considerations • Components
Deputy Head of Geotechnical Engineering Office
Honorary Professor, Dept of Earth Sci., HKU
• Chronological • Contributions
evolution

160 Landslide Risk Trend 山泥傾瀉風險趨勢

Before the
No. of Fatalities each year

establishment of 140

Annual Fatalities
the Geotechnical 120 成立土力工程處
Engineering Office
(GEO) in 1977, 100

15
年 年均死亡人數
there was a 80
B Landslide risk trend
continuous rising rising trend of
trend of landslide 60
landslide risk 每年死亡人數
risk in Hong Kong 40

20 A
G
1949 1972 1976

2017
3 4
 Hong Kong Slope Safety System 3 major C
C
-Risk Management Strategy strategies
D
香港斜坡安全系統 ：風險管理策略 B
阻止風險上升 contain X and E are target
risk increase risk reduction by yr
Landslide e.g. check new works
2000 and 2010 Holistic 整體的
Risk X
審查新工程 Landslide Risk
B D A Actual risk E Management
減低風險 trend
F G
mitigate risk
Establishment of GEO

A e.g. Improve existing 2020

slopes 防治工程
E
進⼀步控制風險
Further control
risk
e.g. Other risk
management measures
1977 其他風險管理措施
F G 6
2020

Holistic Landslide Risk Management

Strategy  Contain risk increase
C
Annual landslide fatalities

Risk escalation 升級 • Check new works (slopes)

(development with • Plan land use
20 B
inadequate 不足
geotechnical input)

Actual
10 risk
trend
A
0
1977 2000 2010 Year 7 8
 Ensure new slopes meet safety standards
• Private slopes – thro’ law (Buildings Ordinance)
• Government slopes – thro’ administrative procedures

Design 設計審核 制定指引

Design audits Setting guidelines

工地審核 土地規劃
Site audits Land use planning
Construction

Screening Criteria for New Developments Holistic Landslide Risk Management

(Planning and Land Disposal Stage)
Risk escalation C Check new works
For sites subject to For sites that may be affected with urban (regulating

Annual landslide fatalities

severe hazards by natural terrain hazards development development)
D and plan land use
20 B
Freezing size
of problem

Setting up of GEO
10
Actual
risk
A trend
F
0
1977 2000 2010 Year 12
 加裝
Mitigate risk Retrofitting substandard man-made slopes
Strategy  Landslip Preventive Measures (LPM) Programme (until 2010)

• Upgrading of government slopes • upgrade 250 nos. Government slopes, and assess 300
• Maintenance of government slopes nos. private slopes each year (i.e. safety screening)
• Safety screening of private slopes • Expenditure: ~ HK$ 1 Billion / year

+
slope greening

FOS = 1.05 FOS = 1.4

14
13
Geotechnical Slope Engineering

按人命風險排序鞏固斜坡
Prioritising slope upgrading works
according to consequence-to-life

15
 Maintenance of all Government man-made slopes (≈ 40,000) Maintenance Responsibility of Gov. slopes
Annual maintenance expenditure is about HK$1 billion

Gov. Dept No. of Slope

Government
≈ 40,000 no. LandsD 40 %
HyD 25 %
WSD 15 %
ArchSD 13 %
Others 7%

17 18

綠化斜坡 Holistic Landslide Risk Management

Slope greening
Risk escalation C Check new works
with urban (regulating

Annual landslide fatalities

development development)
D and plan land use
20 B
Retrofitting sub-
standard man-

Setting up of GEO
made slopes
10
X +
maintenance
Actual E
risk
A trend
F
0
1977 2000 2010 Year
 Further control risk Squatter Clearance
Strategy  Squatter structures in hilly areas are particularly vulnerable to
landslide hazards
• Squatter clearance 屋清拆
• Public education
• Landslip warning and emergency
services

拆除
• Works cannot be done without first demolishing the structure to
provide access
21
• Severe problems with construction safety and subsequent 22
maintenance

Note Non-development
clearance (NDC)

About 80,000 squatters have been cleared

After

A big contribution to the reduction of

overall landslide risk in Hong Kong

Before
24
 Provide assistance to private Meet slope owners

Public Education slope owners to regularly

maintain their slopes

Public education plays two key roles in enhancing slope

Set up a Community Advisory
safety : Unit to provide any necessary
assistance

 to reduce the probability of landslides by reminding

the private slope owners to regularly maintain their
slopes;

 to reduce the consequences of landslides by

promoting personal precautionary measures during
heavy rain

25 指引文件
Outreach promotion Guidance documents

留意山泥傾瀉警告
Watch for landslip
採取個人防禦措施 warning
Taking personal In the past 35 years, almost 90% of
precautionary measures landslide fatalities occurred when
the landslip warning was in force

遠離斜坡
留意山泥傾瀉跡象 Keep away from
Watch for evidence of landslide slopes
danger

Already Indoor
 Stay at home or in a safe shelter
 Keep vigilant 警惕
 Pay attention to evacuation notices
Still Outside
27  Keep away from slopes
 • Squatter dwellers
• Villagers
• Students
• Teachers
1993 landslide at
Two examples Cheung Shan bus stop • Uniform groups
• Elderly people
• Property managers
• Private slope owners
FP open space/ FP
playground
• General public

1994 landslide at
Kwun Lung Lau

Provide landslip warning and emergency services
GEO Landslide Emergency Services
To maintain a 24-hour, year-round service to provide geotechnical advice
to Government Departments on any emergency action to be taken to deal
with immediate or potential danger arising from landslides, e.g. :
• road closure,
• evacuation of buildings 疏散
• urgent slope repair works

Objective :
 To protect the public from
landslide hazards
恢復
 To assist in restoring public
services disrupted by
landslides ASAP

31 32
 .
Our Landslide Emergency Services Declared Emergency
* 24 hours all year round *
In the following situations we will declare Emergency:
Within Office
Around Declared Hours : Handling
the clock Emergency
Outside Office Hours Working days Media 1. When Landslip Warning is issued
09:00 – 16:30
2. When Tropical Cyclone Signal No. 8 (or above) is in force
Emergency Manager (EM) 3. Under special circumstances as decided by the EM
District
- Oversees emergency service and monitor CGEs
adequacy of resources

Emergency
Emergency
Supporting
Control Emergency Duty District
SGE/PI
During Declared Emergency
Centre Officers (EDOs) SGEs
Sections • Emergency Control Centre (ECC) will come into operation,
(ECC)
Emergency manned by an emergency team.
Team Kowloon &
Controller (ETC) New HK Island District GEs GE/PI
and Team Territories
Members

33 34

Classification of Landslides
Service Target
Limited staff resources available during emergency ∴necessary to classify the
incidents to ensure more serious cases are given priority for handling.
Serious
Target Response Times for Landslide Inspections :
– casualty (or suspected casualty) 傷亡 • Serious : within 2 hours (proceed to site immediately!)
– major evacuation
• Significant : within 8 hours
– significant traffic impact
– overwhelming public concern
壓倒性的公眾關注 • Minor : as soon as practicable
– widespread media interest
動員
Significant Mobilisation Times for the Emergency Control Centre :
– damage to property
– evacuation • Within 1 hour
– disruption to traffic
– media attention
Minor
• no immediate consequence 35
36
 Temp Slope Surface
Protection
Response to Landslide Emergency Phases Response to Landslide Emergency Phases
Top Priority - Rescue Phase Recovery Phase
• remove immediate danger • advise on the necessary emergency
• protect life & property Rescue Works repair works to make the slope
• enable safety of rescue team temporarily safe
噴射混凝土
• Initial emergency works : debris removal, • e.g. shotcreting, removal of
diversion of surface water, temp slope remaining landslide debris, etc.
surface protection, temp barriers, etc. Emergency Slope Works
 closed roads be re-opened,
evacuated buildings be Shotcreting
Evacuation Road Closure Building Closure reoccupied, services on essential
utilities be restored

37 38

GEO Landslide Emergency Service (1994 – 2012) Landslip Warning System

dealing with incipient instability
• Most landslides in Hong Kong are caused by heavy rainfall. By using
a combination of real-time rainfall data and rainfall forecasts from
the HKO, and based on the GEO’s study on the rainfall-landslides
relationship, We are able to identify instances when the landslide
danger is high and when it would be appropriate to issue the
Landslip Warning through the media.
• GEO and the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) jointly operate the
Landslip Warning System to safeguard the public against landslide
(3.3) (259) (1.1) (6.6) (~122)
danger.

Total No.
Annual Average No.
39 40
 Spatial distribution
of slopes
Landslip Warning System
Forecast rainfall Real time rainfall

• The purpose of the Landslip Warning is to alert the public to reduce

their exposure to possible danger from landslides. The issuing of
觸發
the Landslip Warning also triggers an emergency system within
government departments, which mobilizes staff and other resources Part of the Landslip Rainfall landslide
correlation
to deal with landslide incidents.
Warning System

Spatial distribution
of rainfall Actual reported 848,000

number of landslides 842,000

Issue landslip 836,000

warning Landslip
830,000
1.5 no.

824,000
1.0 no.

warning 818,000
0.5 no.

criteria? 812,000
0.1 no.

41
806,000 Predicted number 0.0 no.

800,000
800,000
of landslides
807,500 815,000 822,500 830,000 837,500 845,000 852,500 860,000

Holistic Landslide Risk Management

Risk escalation C Check new works
with urban (regulating
Annual landslide fatalities

development development)
D and plan land use
20 B
Retrofitting sub-
standard man-
Setting up of GEO

made slopes
10
X +
maintenance
Actual E Squatter
risk clearance + public
A trend education +
F landslip warning
0
1977 2000 2010 Year 43 2010 44
 Evolution of Slope Engineering and Recall from Part 1, Hong Kong is facing new challenges
Landslide Risk Management in Hong Kong with respect to Slope management, e.g. :
Before 2010 , 3 major periods + focus on man-made slopes
Continuous Improvements to the e.g. LPMitP
Slope Safety System in HK

45

Landslide Prevention and Mitigation Programme Post-2010 Landslip Prevention and

(LPMit P) Launched in 2010
Mitigation Programme (LPMitP)
Landslide risk As
B
Low
As To dovetail with the Landslip Preventive
Reasonably Measures (LPM) Programme, the Government
Set up GEO

LPM (防止) has launched the LPMitP on a rolling basis, in

A Programme Practicable
order to contain the landslide risks associated
with the remaining man-made slopes and
LPMitP (防治) vulnerable natural hillside catchments
F
“合理可行的低限度”
(ALARP) 區域
Year
1977 2010 More details will be given in
LPM P 減低風險 LPMit P 控制風險 Lecture 3 (by Ir Dr HW Sun)
Contain risk 47
Reduce risk 48
 ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable) 山泥傾瀉風險 (按 七百萬人口計 年死亡率)
Landslide Risk (Actual fatalities per 7 million population)
The risk is regarded as tolerable only if risk reduction is
impracticable or if the cost is grossly disproportionate 30
to the improvement gained. This involves determining
(HSE, 1992):
20
1.whether a given risk is so great or the outcome so unacceptable that it
must be refused altogether; or
10
2.whether the risk is, or has been made, so small that no further precaution
is necessary; or
3.if a risk falls between these two states, that it has been reduced to the
0

Global
China
Mainland
Italy
S. Korea
lowest level practicable, bearing in mind the benefits flowing from its

Taiwan
Japan

Canada
USA
acceptance and taking into account the costs of any further reduction. The

Austria

HK
injunction laid down in safety law is that any risk must be reduced so far as
reasonably practicable, or to a level which is 'as low as reasonably
practicable'.
More details on QRA will be given in
Lecture 9 (by Ir Prof Ken Ho) 49 50

So far so good, but what next?

Last multiple-fatality
Annual Fatalities

landslide in 1994

26 yrs
to be vigilant and be prepared for danger
B
in times of peace
Last fatal
landslide in 2008 居安思危
每年死亡人數

?
A
12 yrs
G
2020

51 52
 SL1
投影片 53

SL1 Stella LIEN, 19/02/2020

Final remarks

53

Slope Safety Technical Review Board (SSTRB)

“SSTRB finds that GEO continues HK is among the best in the world
to lead international practice on slope safety and
is a model that other countries aspire to follow.”
Slope Engineering and Management
amid the Challenge of Climate Change

HK is still vulnerable, and we are

enhancing our preparedness & resilience

Annual review of HK’s

slope safety by SSTRB
54 55
不可輕視自然的力量 不可能達至零風險
Never underestimate Impossible to achieve zero
the power of nature risk

採取個人防禦措施
Taking personal End of Part 2
precautionary measures

需要市⺠及政府共同努力
需要持續努力
Joint effort from citizens
Need for sustained effort
and the Government is
required

56 57