A FRAME ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN INTERNATIONAL MEDIA ON

CHINESE INVESTMENTS IN AFRICA

Authors: Robiel Futsum Kahsay, Hannah Mekleit Mustonen

Supervisor: Vasileios Petrogiannis
Course codes: ASP401 / EIS501
Bachelor’s Thesis in Political Science, 15 HE Credits
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ABSTRACT

This thesis aims to describe how African media frame and contextualize Chinese investments in
Africa by using media framing theory. More specifically, the thesis examines the following
questions , (1) How does international African media frame Chinese investments in Africa? (2)
How does the media's framing of Chinese investments in Africa differ between Premium Times
and The Mail & Guardian? The research applies qualitative content analysis in order to analyze
the framing of Chinese investment in Africa by African international media. The results of this
qualitative content analysis indicate that African media frames Chinese investments in Africa in
a nuanced way, highlighting both the potential positive and negative aspects of these
investments. While African media has framed Chinese investments in Africa in a largely positive
light, emphasizing the potential economic and social benefits that these investments can bring to
the region, they have also raised serious concerns about the potential for political interference,
exploitation of African resources, debt defaults, and corruption. The media's framing of Chinese
investments in Africa is also varied depending on the country being discussed and the media
outlet's editorial policy and approach to reporting.

Key Words: Media framing, Belt and Road Initiative, China, Africa, Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI),

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
1. INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 Disposition of the thesis 5
1.2 FDIs in China 5
1.3 The Belt and Road Initiative 7
1.4 Chinese FDI in Africa 8
1.5 The Impact of Chinese FDI in Africa 10
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.2 Positive presentation Investment by national and international media 14
2.3 Review of the Existing Literature 15
3. THEORETICAL APPROACH 18
3.1 Social Constructivism: 19
3.2 Framing Theory: 20
3.4 Analytical Framework 22
4. SPECIFIED AIM AND RESEARCH QUESTION 24
5. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 25
5.1 Content Analysis 26
5.2 Data Collection 26
5.3 Data Analysis 29
6. RESULTS/ANALYSIS: 30
6.1 ANALYSIS 30
6.2 RESULTS 45
7. Conclusion 48
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 49

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1. INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the increasing economic presence of China in Africa has drawn the attention of
the international media. As Chinese investments in this region grow, media coverage of these
investments plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and understanding their impact. It is
widely acknowledged that the media plays a key role in shaping public perception on political
and economic issues (Golan, 2006; Scheufele & Tewksbury, 2007).

The media's approach to Chinese FDI can influence public perceptions of China's economic
intentions and have an impact on foreign policy decisions (Wang & Xu, 2019). If the media
portrays Chinese FDI as a threat to national security or as exploitative, it could lead to increased
political tensions and even economic sanctions (Zhang, 2020). On the other hand, if the media
presents Chinese FDI as a mutually beneficial partnership, it could promote economic growth
and cooperation between countries (Wang & Xu, 2019). Therefore, analyzing the media's
portrayal of Chinese FDI can provide insight into potential political and economic consequences
(Zhang, 2020). Understanding media framing, i.e., the process by which the media places the
events and topics they report in a certain perspective or in certain frames, is crucial for ensuring
that the public has valid and comprehensive information to make informed decisions (Entman,
1993).

Even though there is an increasing amount of studies regarding this subject, the contribution of
this study aims to fill a lack of qualitative analysis on how African media outlets frame Chinese
investments in Africa. While there is an increasing number of studies about the framing of
Chinese investments across the world, there are no studies focusing explicitly on African media.
This lack of research is significant as it fails to consider the nuances of the relationship between
China and African countries, and the contradictory perspectives (positive and negative framing)
that exist from the African point of view. Specifically, our aim is to build on the study conducted
by Matanji (2019). Matanji (2019) conducted a quantitative content analysis to compare the
framing of Chinese investments in Africa by media outlets across Africa, China, the United
States, and the United Kingdom. In comparison, our study will narrow its scope and focus on
African international media. We will utilize a qualitative content analysis to identify how African
international media frames Chinese investments in Africa. To do this, we will develop an

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analytical framework using themes that emerge consistently with existing studies regarding
Chinese investments across the globe. These themes will be different from the ones used by
Matanji (2019), which are, conflict, human interest, attribution of responsibility, morality, and
economic consequences. Thus, by utilizing a different methodology and analytical framework,
our study will be able to further contribute to existing research on Chinese investments in Africa
both empirically and methodologically.

Furthermore, there is an increasing debate in the field of political science regarding Chinese
investments in Africa and around the world. Several political scientists see this investment as
having hidden political motives for China, in order to increase its political influence around the
world (Rolland, 2022). Specifically, they argue that China uses this investment in order to
influence African policymakers’ decisions in a direction that is favorable to Beijing’s interests
and preferences (Rolland, 2022). In addition, rising levels of Chinese involvement on the
continent are seen as potentially undermining the sovereignty and autonomy of African countries
(Liu, 2021).

Hence, by analyzing the African international media framing of Chinese investments within the
African context, we can gain a better understanding of the general attitudes in this area. As media
can play an influential role on opinion and behavior, understanding the way this investment is
framed can help us make progress in the field of political science and aid future development
regarding the topic of Chinese influence across Africa and the framing of this subject in the
continent.

Examining the media's framing of Chinese investments in African economies can provide
valuable insights into how African countries and media outlets view these investments. Analysis
of the language and framing used by African media outlets can help to determine whether
Chinese investments are seen as positive, with the potential to lead to significant economic
growth, or if there is a fear that these investments may ultimately undermine national autonomy
by creating a reliance on China.

The research will use a qualitative content analysis to examine the media framing of Chinese

investments (FDI) in an Africa context , with a focus on identifying patterns, themes, and biases

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in the language used by the "Mail & Guardian" and "Premium Times" (Golan, 2006; Scheufele

& Tewksbury, 2007; Entman, 1993; Tuchman, 1978; Iyengar, 1991).

1.1 Disposition of the thesis

This thesis comprises seven chapters that present an analysis of the media framing of Chinese
investments in Africa. The first chapter introduces the research objective and provides a brief
overview of the subject matter, setting the context for the subsequent chapters. Chapter two is a
literature review that identifies a gap in current research - the need to analyze media framing of
Chinese investments in Africa. Chapter three delves into framing theory and its implications,
laying the foundation for the more specific research questions articulated in Chapter four.
Chapter five outlines the case study design and methodology used in the research, including the
structure for ideal type analysis. Chapter six presents the research findings and analysis, with
detailed conclusions drawn from the collected data. Finally, chapter seven concludes the thesis
by discussing the implications of the research and presenting recommendations for future studies
in the field. It provides a comprehensive synthesis of the research and emphasizes its
significance in the broader context of the media's framing of Chinese investments in Africa.

1.2 FDIs in China

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to a form of cross-border investment where a company or
individual from one country invests in or acquires assets in another country (UNCTAD, 2019).
FDI can take various forms, including greenfield investments where a new business is
established in the host country or in the form of mergers and acquisitions where a foreign
company acquires an existing domestic company.

FDI can have significant impacts on the host country's economy. Firstly, it can bring in new
capital and technology, creating job opportunities and enhancing productivity in the domestic
economy (Borensztein, De Gregorio, & Lee, 1998). Additionally, FDI can bring in new
knowledge, skills, and managerial expertise that can improve the overall efficiency and
competitiveness of local firms (Blomström & Kokko, 1998). Furthermore, FDI can also lead to

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increased exports, as foreign firms may utilize domestic resources to manufacture products for
export to their home countries (Feenstra & Hanson, 1996).

On the other hand, FDI can also have negative impacts on the host country's economy. For
instance, it can lead to a 'crowding-out' effect, where domestic firms may find it difficult to
compete with foreign firms that have greater resources and economies of scale (Krugman, 1987).
FDI may also lead to a reliance on foreign investment, with the host country's economy
becoming dependent on external sources of capital (Caves, 1971). Moreover, there is a risk that
foreign investors may repatriate profits, leading to a drain on the host country's resources
(Borensztein et al., 1998).

Therefore, the effects of FDI on an economy can be complex and vary depending on the specific
circumstances of the investment. However, empirical evidence suggests that FDI can have
positive effects on host country economies, particularly when it is accompanied by appropriate
policies and institutions that support local businesses and encourage technology transfer
(UNCTAD, 2019).

In the context of China, the country has experienced a rapid increase in FDI inflows over the past
few decades. This has been driven by various factors, including China's large domestic market,
low labor costs, and pro-business policies (Wu & Zhu, 2017). In particular, China's accession to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 has played a significant role in attracting FDI, as it
opened up the Chinese market to foreign investors and provided greater legal protection for
foreign investment.

As China has become an increasingly important destination for FDI, it has also become a major
source of outbound FDI. Chinese companies have invested heavily in other countries,
particularly in resource-rich regions such as Africa and Latin America. This has sparked debate
about the potential impacts of Chinese outward FDI, particularly in developing countries
(UNCTAD, 2020).

Overall, a comprehensive understanding of FDI and its impacts on the economy is crucial for
policymakers, investors, and the public. It is important to evaluate the potential benefits and risks

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of FDI and develop appropriate policies to maximize its positive impacts while mitigating its
negative effects.

1.3 The Belt and Road Initiative

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an example of foreign direct investment (FDI) initiated by

the Chinese government in 2013 (Hirono, 2018). The project's designers aim to improve

connectivity and cooperation between Asia, Europe, and Africa through the construction of a

network of railways, highways, ports, and other infrastructure projects (Hirono, 2018). As can be

seen in the graph below, the BRI includes more than 146 countries and 32 international

organizations [Christoph Nedopil, 2022], covering about 60% of the world's population and a

third of its GDP (Gallagher, 2019).

The BRI has been widely discussed in academic literature and has been both praised and
criticized. Some scholars argue that the initiative can enhance economic development and
regional integration, while others express concerns over the potential for debt burdens,
environmental degradation, and geopolitical tensions (Hirono, 2018). One of the main challenges
of the BRI is the lack of a clear governance framework, which has resulted in a lack of
transparency and accountability (Hirono, 2018). This has led some countries to withdraw from
BRI projects or renegotiate their terms (Gallagher, 2019).

Despite these challenges, the BRI continues to be a significant investment initiative with
potential benefits for participating countries. However, it will be crucial to address governance
issues and ensure that projects are environmentally and socially sustainable (Hirono, 2018).

Members of the Belt and road Initiative [BRI] all around the continent; [Christoph Nedopil 2022]

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1.4 Chinese FDI in Africa

Chinese investments in Africa have been a topic of debate, with scholars highlighting both
benefits and drawbacks. Sasso (2007) evaluates whether China’s economic and business
relationship with African countries has been beneficial to them. The authors found that Chinese
investment has been motivated by the need for resources, such as oil and bauxite, and that there
have been drawbacks, such as negatively impacting local trade and commerce and not benefiting
African labor. The author further discussed the “Chinese model” of investment, the motives and
strategies of the Chinese African relationship, and the impact of the global financial crisis on
Chinese investments and policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa. Sasso (2007) examines the
implications of China's new state-owned investment vehicle, the State Foreign Exchange
Investment Company (SFEIC), for global markets. Argues that major industrialized states in the
international domain must balance their policy objectives, such as protecting their internal
markets from potential Chinese hegemony and exploiting the investment opportunities presented
by SFEIC. He also highlights the positive initiatives and policy changes implemented in China to
allow domestic institutions and individuals to invest abroad.

One example of Chinese FDI in Africa is the construction of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR)
in Kenya. According to Wanjohi (2019), the Chinese government provided financing for the
project, and the China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) was responsible for its

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construction. The SGR has been touted as a major infrastructure project that will contribute to
the economic development of Kenya and the East African region by reducing transportation
costs and boosting trade. However, the project has also faced criticism for its excessive cost and
lack of transparency in the procurement process. Despite these concerns, Chinese investments in
infrastructure projects like the SGR have been a significant source of economic and diplomatic
ties between China and African countries (Wanjohi, 2019).

Yu (2022) argues that China invests in African nations as part of its geopolitical risk hedging
strategy to secure resources and establish economic and political relationships. Its investments
are diversified across the continent to mitigate country-specific risks and support its global
aspirations, with the goal being mutual dependence and political solidarity. Miao et al. (2020)
examine the effects of trade and Chinese foreign direct investment on the economic development
of African nations. The evidence reveals that, even though trade and foreign direct investment
(FDI) between China and Africa have not had a remarkable impact on economic growth in
African countries, these factors can be significantly improved with better institutional conditions,
such as the rule of law, property rights protection, and regulatory framework.
This highlights the importance of domestic agencies in host nations for maximizing trade and
FDI between China and Africa, as well as reducing any detrimental implications for economic
growth. This is particularly pertinent because most African countries are part of the Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI), - 52 out of 54 African countries having joined the initiative (Heidbrink,
C., Ke, X., Ohnesorge, Mayer, M., et al., 2022). Furthermore, Palfery-Smith (2018) discovered
that China is continuing to invest heavily in African sectors, to the tune of billions. This is
depicted in the graph below.

Members of [BRI] in Africa [ Heidbrink, C., Ke, X., Ohnesorge, H.W., Mayer, M. et al. 2022]

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Chinese investments and contracts in Africa by sector [ Graham Palfery-Smith 2018]

1.5 The Impact of Chinese FDI in Africa

China's foreign direct investment (FDI) in the African continent has prompted considerable

geo-political discussion. Through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the Chinese state has

sought to leverage investments to increase its global influence and realize strategic goals (Sasso,

2007). As a result, these investments have come under scrutiny concerning their potential

capacities to generate economic dependence and the associated implications for the target

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countries (Li, 2021). Moreover, African media outlets have served a crucial role in framing the

discourse around Chinese FDI in a contested manner. On the one hand, Chinese FDI has attained

undeniable impacts on African economies, potentially stimulating growth and development

(Zheng, 2016).

On the other hand, distinct attributes in cross-cultural relations between China African host

countries have raised the question of long-term corresponding sustainability, as well as the

potential to detrimentally interfere with the existing indigenous industries (Chen & Rhoads,

2016). It is, therefore, pertinent to analyze the perceptions held towards these investments in

African media, and accordingly engage authorities to recognize the merit of their claims and

reveal potential areas of improvement.

To conclude, it is essential to explore the implications of Chinese FDI in the African media to

devise reasonable measures preserving the interests of both the recipient countries and China.

Furthermore, strengthened domestic institutions should be established to ensure Africa's

economic independence, while the exploitation of benefits stemming from Chinese investments

should be maximized to ensure its comprehensive economic development.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The national and international media have a key role to play in shaping public opinion and
discourse on global issues. This is particularly true in the case of China’s investments in Africa.
Chinese investments in these regions have grown exponentially in recent years, and the Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI) has been a topic of discussion and analysis in both Chinese and
international media. The coverage of the initiative varies across media sources and has drawn
attention from researchers in several scientific fields, such as international relations, political
science, and economics. The literature review will examine the similarities and differences in the

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way the BRI has been framed in several media outlets, including individual African countries,
China, and international media sources. The review will consider a range of studies that have
analyzed media coverage of the BRI, including studies of Chinese, American, Indian, and Latin
American media. This section's objective is to gain a deeper understanding of how media sources
have covered the BRI and what implications these media frames may have for international
perceptions of the initiative. This review will highlight the diverse ways in which the BRI has
been framed in the media and how different media in different countries portray Chinese
investment in their respective countries as well as in different regions across the world. The
review will begin by discussing the negative framing of Chinese investments in these regions,
followed by the positive framing, and will end with a more general discussion.

2.1 Negative presentation Investment by national and international media

There is a large amount of negative framing of Chinese investment in international media as well
as national media in different nations. Several studies have shown that the international media
has framed Chinese investments in a negative light. For example, Hu et al. (2019) conducted a
frame analysis of political-media discourse on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and found that
different regions view this investment in diverse ways. For instance, countries that are located in
North America, such as the US and Canada, as well as countries that are located in Asia, such as
India, were “categorically dismissive” of the initiative, while countries that are located in the
Oceania region, East Asia, and Western Europe, such as Australia, the UK, and Japan, took a
more cooperative stance. Moreover, according to a study conducted by Matanji (2019), media
from the United States and Britain adopt a negative tone when covering Chinese investments in
Africa due to their economic and political interests in the region. Concerns have been raised that
Chinese investments are similar to Western colonization of the African continent. Additionally,
Western countries’ approaches toward engaging with African countries are seen as being trapped
between being proponents of human rights and freedom of expression and emphasizing
economic liberalization (Matanji, 2019). To further understand the implications of Chinese
investments in African countries, we will be conducting research on the framing of these
investments by African international media in an African context. This research will allow us to
identify any similar concerns or disparate framing techniques used by African media outlets to

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discuss the topic. Furthermore, it will contribute to the research done by Matanji (2019) by
exploring the framing of Chinese investments exclusively in African context.

Western media often portray China as a threat to the African continent (Liu, 2021). Reports are
often focused on the potential for negative effects of Chinese investments, such as debt,
environmental damage, and labor exploitation (Shih-Chih, Jianing, & De, 2018). As stated by
Sidaway & Woon (2017), these investments are seen as a source of competition and a potential
threat to Western interests. Moreover, Chinese investments are also often framed as a form of
cultural imperialism, where Chinese companies are seen as imposing their own values and
practices on local communities (Shih-Chih, Jianing, & De, 2018). Furthermore, rising levels of
Chinese involvement on the continent are seen as potentially undermining the sovereignty and
autonomy of African countries (Liu, 2021). Similarly, in Zambia, the joint venture between the
state-owned Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) and the Chinese media
conglomerate StarTimes has been met with criticism from media watchdogs (Gondwe, 2022),
who allege that the presence of Chinese news content has the potential to overwhelm local news
stories. Additionally, there have been allegations that commercial media is mirroring state-owned
media in its content, which could be seen as a form of censorship and a threat to democracy.

Moreover, a study of Nigerian, Malaysian, and Vietnamese newspapers found that the news
coverage of the BRI had some negative sentiments in areas related to the environment,
copyrights, democracy, and military development (Huang et al., 2019). Research has also shown
that the Turkish mainstream media lacks an understanding of what China's alternative
globalization means and frames the BRI within the context of Turkish foreign policy (Liu, 2021).

Overall, this literature review has indicated that national and international media have tended to
portray Chinese investments in different regions in a negative light, with four main themes
emerging from the literature. These themes are future prospects in the economy , security,
globalization, and geopolitical implications (with a focus on Africa). Media outlets around the
world have raised concerns about the potential for Chinese investments to be used as a form of
political leverage, questioned the motivations behind these investments, and framed these
investments as a geopolitical, economic, and environmental threat across the world.

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2.2 Positive presentation Investment by national and international media

It is evident that there are some adverse views associated with Chinese investments.
Nevertheless, there are also some positive frames of the initiative. For instance, unsurprisingly,
Liu (2021) found that Chinese media tends to emphasize the mutual benefits of the BRI. while a
study of Latin American media outlets (Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Colombia) found
that Chinese investments were seen as a favorable partner for economic growth, albeit with some
negative sentiments (Liu, 2021). Similarly, a study of the coverage of the BRI in Turkish
mainstream newspapers found that the news coverage was positive and integrated with President
Erdoan's political views (Liu, 2021). Xiao, Li, and Hu (2019) conducted a critical discourse
analysis of the construction of the BRI in Chinese and American media, building two corpora of
China Daily and The New York Times. The analysis of the collocation networks revealed the
different concerns of the two media sources, with the American media focusing more on the
potential political implications of the BRI.

Additionally, Gondwe (2022) conducted a study of news content about China across four media
categories (state-owned, commercial, community, and religious) in Zambia, finding that China's
media expansion in Zambia has been met with positive reception and has resulted in increased
access to news and information. The joint venture between the state-owned Zambia National
Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) and the Chinese media conglomerate StarTimes has enabled
the presence of Chinese news content in Zambia, which has been positively portrayed in the
Zambian media.

Moreover, there is a large amount of positive media framing regarding Chinese investment
across the globe, especially in developing nations. These countries portray those investments as
much needed infrastructure development and investments, which will help to improve
transportation networks, energy networks, and communications networks, which are all essential
for economic development and could help reduce poverty and create new jobs and economic
opportunities (Zheng, 2016).

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Furthermore, the evidence further suggests that the initiative can be seen as a sustainable
continuation of the economic benefits derived from investments in Silk Road countries. The
ancient Silk Road trade route connected Europe and Asia and was historically used for the
exchange of goods, culture, and religion, making it a prime example of globalization. This
initiative appears to be a mutually beneficial arrangement for China and its partner countries, as
China has been actively promoting it as a sustainable continuation of the economic benefits
derived from investments in Silk Road countries (Huang et al 2019).

As stated by Huang et al. (2019), China's official arguments frame the BRI as another version of
globalization, and the Chinese government practices strict public opinion censorship and
guidance on their media and scholars’ opinions to positively promote China’s image in external
propaganda activities. The potential of the BRI to provide infrastructure and investment
opportunities in developing nations, which could help improve their economic conditions, along
with the formation of the BRI by China, has led to positive media coverage from large numbers
of media outlets around the globe.

Overall, the evidence suggests that the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative has been framed in a
positive light. Media sources tend to focus on the potential future prospects in economy, security,
globalization, and geopolitical implications (focus on Africa) that the BRI presents. Chinese
media in particular emphasize the mutual benefits of the BRI, while Latin American, Turkish,
and global media outlets present the initiative as a favorable partner for economic growth. This
initiative appears to be a mutually beneficial arrangement for China and its partner countries, as
China has been actively promoting it as a sustainable continuation of the economic benefits
derived from investments in Silk Road countries. As such, the BRI has been a source of positive
media coverage from a variety of sources and is seen as a way to provide infrastructure and
investment opportunities in developing nations.

2.3 Review of the Existing Literature

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The media frames of the BRI have varied across media sources, with some sources emphasizing
the economic and infrastructural benefits of the initiative, while others have focused on the
potential risks and negative consequences of Chinese investments. The media frames have been
influenced by the geopolitical tensions between China and Western countries, with Western
media sources often portraying China as a threat to the African continent due to geopolitical
tensions.

Furthermore, this literature review has revealed several ways that the BRI has been framed in the
media and how different media outlets across different countries have portrayed Chinese
investments in their respective countries. Evidence suggests that the coverage of the initiative has
been mixed, with countries in Africa, Latin America, and the Chinese media painting the BRI in
a more positive light. Chinese officials and the media have emphasized the potential mutual
benefits of the initiative, portraying it as a new “Silk Road” or a contemporary version of
globalization. On the contrary, Western media has tended to focus on the potential risks and
negative consequences of Chinese investments, depicting China as a threat to the African
continent, with concerns ranging from geopolitical and economic issues to environmental
destruction. Consequently, further research is needed to better understand the impact of Chinese
investments and the framing used by the international media in its coverage of the subject. Such
research is essential, given the considerable reach and influence the international media has and
its ability to shape public opinion.

International media outlets have been focusing heavily on Chinese investments in Africa, and
have portrayed the issue in a variety of ways. Some have highlighted the positive aspects of the
investment, such as the potential to reduce poverty and create new jobs and economic
opportunities (Zheng, 2016). Others, however, have expressed concern that this investment is
being used by China as a form of political leverage and a new form of imperialism, dubbing it
“debt trap diplomacy” and warning that it poses a threat to African countries’ autonomy and
sovereignty.

Western countries, such as the US, France, and the UK, have been troubled by these investments.
In this year alone (2023), Vice President Camla Harris has visited a number of African countries,

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with Chinese investment being a primary subject of her visit. Moreover, President Joe Biden
hosted a summit of 49 African countries (White House 2022)., and Chinese influence in Africa
was a prominent topic of discussion. In response, the West has initiated a new program to combat
the Chinese-led Belt and Road Initiative called “Build Back a Better World" (B3W) (White
House 2021).

However, one issue that has not been discussed much in the media is how African countries and
Africans view Chinese investments in their continent. This is an important question to consider
because Chinese investments could have the potential to drastically improve African economies,
but they could also be used to create dependence and undermine national autonomy. The issue of
sovereignty is an important one when considering Chinese investments in African countries.
Dependent economies are more likely to succumb to the influence of foreign powers, thus
weakening national sovereignty and independence (Debongo et al., 2022).. This is a key concern
for African countries when deciding whether or not to accept Chinese investments, as it could
potentially lead to a loss of autonomy and control over their own economic decisions. As such,
understanding how African media outlets are framing the issue of Chinese investments is
essential for gaining insight into whether they view Chinese investments as a positive or negative
development because these media organizations have a large influence over their African
audience.

It is therefore important to understand how African countries and media outlets are framing the
issue, which is what this thesis aims to examine. By studying the attitudes of African
international media towards Chinese investments, this research will contribute to political
science by providing a better understanding of the perceptions and opinions of African media
towards Chinese investments.

In doing so, this study will shed light on the role of African media in shaping perceptions of
these investments.

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Consequently, it is essential to further research how Chinese investments are framed by African
media outlets, as they have considerable reach and influence within the continent. Despite
extensive research on Chinese investments across the world, including frame analysis of the Belt
and Road Initiative by Yang and Van Gorp (2021) in Australia, India, Japan, the United
Kingdom, and the United States, and framing analysis by Anunne, Thuy, and Tan (2020) in
Nigeria, Malaysia, and Vietnam, or a study by Matanji (2022) between the representation of
Chinese investments in Africa by Western, Chinese, and African media, there is still a lack of
research into the framing of Chinese investments in Africa by African media without comparing
it to western media or China. This is concerning as many studies focus on individual countries,
leaving a gap in understanding media framing in regions. An in-depth study of the framing of
Chinese investments in Africa by African media outlets is needed to gain an understanding of the
various ways these outlets portray Chinese investment in their continent. Such research would
help to shed light on the nuances of the relationship between China and African countries, and
the often complex and contradictory nature of these investments from the African point of view.
Furthermore, African media outlets often express the views and opinions of African citizens, and
provide insights into their thoughts and concerns about Chinese investments in their region.

By examining the ways in which these investments are framed, we can gain insight into how
African media frame Chinese investment in Africa, as well as the type of language they use
when covering this subject. We can also examine if they use a negative or positive framing of
these regions, if they tend to cover them differently or similarly, and if so, what type of language
they tend to use. Hence, by conducting an analysis of media frames of Chinese FDI in Africa and
identifying the patterns, themes, and biases in the language used by international media sources
in Africa, we can achieve our objective and contribute to the already existing studies on media
framing of Chinese investments across the globe. Specifically we can contribute to the study
done by Matanji (2019) which analyzed the representation of Chinese investment in Africa from
different International media outlets across the globe including Africa, by exploring the tones
and frames adopted when covering this investment. Through conducting a newer study with
different methodology, Analytical framework and focusing exclusively on Africa we can hit our
objective. Such an analysis can help identify how African media sources portray Chinese
investments in Africa and aid in understanding the implications of the framing . Ultimately, this

18
analysis can help provide a more nuanced view of the African media's framing of Chinese
investments in Africa.

3. THEORETICAL APPROACH

The upcoming chapter will introduce the theoretical framework for this study, which draws on
two key theoretical perspectives: social constructivism and framing theory. Additionally, on how
the theoretical perspective applies to the thesis.

3.1 Social Constructivism:

Social constructivism is a theoretical framework in social science that emphasizes the role of

human perception and social interaction in shaping reality and knowledge. According to social

constructivists, knowledge is not objective or absolute, but rather a product of social processes

and discourses that are influenced by cultural, historical, and political factors (Berger and

Luckmann, 1967; Gergen, 1985).

In social constructivism, individuals and groups are seen as active agents in the construction of

meaning and knowledge, rather than passive recipients of information. Through social

interaction and communication, people negotiate and develop shared understandings of the world

around them. These shared understandings are not fixed or immutable, but are subject to ongoing

negotiation and revision as new information and perspectives emerge (Giddens, 1984; Berger

and Luckmann, 1967).

Social constructivism has been applied in various fields of social science, including education,

psychology, and communication. In education, social constructivism has influenced pedagogical

approaches that emphasize collaborative learning, critical thinking, and inquiry-based methods

(Vygotsky, 1978). In psychology, social constructivism has informed research on identity

formation, language development, and social cognition (Gergen, 1999). In communication, social

constructivism has been used to analyze the role of media in constructing and reinforcing social

19
norms and values, as well as to explore the ways in which individuals use media to construct

their identities and understandings of the world (Berger and Luckmann, 1967; Couldry, 2000).

Overall, social constructivism provides a framework for understanding the dynamic and

contingent nature of knowledge and reality and highlights the importance of social interaction

and communication in shaping our understanding of the world.

3.2 Framing Theory:

Framing theory suggests that the way information is presented can significantly influence the

way people understand and interpret it (Entman, 1993; Scheufele, 1999). Essentially, framing

involves selecting certain aspects of an issue or event and making them more salient to

audiences, in order to promote a particular problem definition, moral evaluation, treatment

recommendation, or causal interpretation (Entman, 1993). Frames can focus on specific

information about a topic, thereby making it more salient to audiences. The word salience refers

to making a piece of information more memorable and noticeable to audiences (Scheufele,

1999). Text can make information more salient by linking it with culturally familiar symbols,

while even a single mention of a notion in an ambiguous part of the text can be extremely salient

if it fits in with a reader's belief systems (Entman, 1993).

The use of framing in media reporting can significantly shape public opinion and perceptions of

particular issues or events (Entman, 1993). Entman's cascading activation model suggests that

media coverage operates in a more complicated and evolving environment, with framing playing

a significant role in how events are interpreted and evaluated (Entman, 2004). The model

emphasizes the importance of the government and state agencies in influencing how journalists

report on foreign policy issues (Entman, 2004).

20
Overall, framing theory offers a way to systematically explain the power of communicating text

and how it can affect people's awareness and understanding of events (Scheufele, 1999).

3.3 Framing Theory and Social Constructivism Operationalized

To illustrate this concept in the context of this study, we will examine how media coverage of
China's investments in Africa is constructed through the shared meanings and interpretations of
different stakeholders. This perspective will help us to analyze how the media construct and
interpret the reality of China's investments in this region.

Framing theory provides a framework for understanding how media coverage of China's
investments in Africa is constructed and interpreted. According to framing theory, the media
selects and emphasizes certain aspects of a perceived reality to make them more salient in a
communication context (Entman, 1993). This theory has become popular in media and
communication research due to its ability to provide a framework for understanding multiple
interpretations of an issue.

To identify and analyze the diverse interpretations present in the contentious discussion
surrounding China's investments in Africa, we will employ framing theory. We will examine how
different actors frame the investments and how these frames compete with each other (Gamson
& Modigliani, 1989).

To operationalize framing theory in empirical research, we will use a cultural approach that
conceptualizes frames as "meta-communicative messages" embedded in culture and directed
from framing actors to audiences. This approach emphasizes the role of culture in shaping how
individuals understand and interpret information (Van Gorp, 2005).

In summary, the use of social constructivism and framing theory will provide a solid theoretical
foundation for comprehending the complex and contested issue of China's investments in Africa.
Through these theoretical perspectives, we will examine how media coverage of China's
investments is constructed and interpreted, and how this construction is influenced by cultural,

21
linguistic, and historical factors. Additionally, we will analyze how the media frames the issue
and how these frames compete with each other.

3.4 Analytical Framework

Our analytical framework is based on the assumption that media coverage of Chinese Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa can significantly shape public opinion and perceptions of
China's economic intentions. The objective is to gain a deeper understanding of how media
sources have covered the BRI and what implications these media frames may have for
international perceptions of the initiative.

In order to better understand the media's portrayal of Chinese FDI, we have identified two types

of framing - positive and negative, and four key themes that are often associated with Chinese

FDI in Africa: future prospects in the economy, security, globalization, and geopolitical

implications (focus in Africa) . By analyzing how the media presents these themes in their

coverage of Chinese FDI, we can better understand the overall framing of this issue.

To conduct our analysis, we utilized a deductive approach, starting with a pre-existing theory and

testing it against empirical evidence. This approach allowed us to systematically examine the

media coverage of Chinese FDI in Africa and identify any patterns or trends in how the media

frames this issue.

Framing Theory Positive Framing Negative Framing

22
 The media frames Chinese FDI
as a source of economic
instability, potentially leading
Future prospects African media portray Chinese
in Economy investment in Africa as mutually to debt, environmental damage,
beneficial, emphasizing economic labor exploitation, and a lack of
growth, job creation, and economic development.
inter-country cooperation.

The media frames Chinese

The media frames Chinese FDI
investment as a source of stability as a threat to national security,
Security and security in the region, it could lead to undermining
increasing jobs and economic the sovereignty and autonomy
growth. of African countries.

The media depicts Chinese The media frames Chinese

investment as a mutually beneficial investment in Africa as cultural
arrangement for both China and its imperialism, potentially
Globalization partner countries, emphasizing its influencing political decisions,
sustainability and its potential to affecting global cooperation,
create a more equitable form of and negatively impacting
globalization . globalization.

23
 The media portrays Chinese
The media frames Chinese
investment as a threat to western
investment in Africa as a
countries' political and economic possible source of cultural
Geopolitical influence on the African continent, imperialism, which could have
implications while simultaneously highlighting a destabilizing effect on the
(focus in Africa) the positive effects it has on continent's economic, political,
social, and cultural stability, as
increasing African countries'
well as potentially threaten the
leverage to gain better deals, among
democracy and autonomy of
other things.
the region.

4. SPECIFIED AIM AND RESEARCH QUESTION

The aim of this thesis is to analyze how African media frame and contextualize Chinese
investments in Africa . To do this, media framing theory will be employed to examine the data
collected from two of the leading international media outlets in Africa, the Mail & Guardian
(South Africa) and Premium Times (Nigeria). These sources were chosen as they both provide
international coverage of news related to Chinese investments and are widely read and respected
news sources. By comparing the media's framing of Chinese investments in Africa, this research
will answer the following questions:

Research Questions:

1. How does African international media frame Chinese investments in Africa?

a. What are the positive elements in the media's framing of Chinese FDI?
b. What are the negative elements in the media's framing of Chinese FDI?

24
 2. How does the media's framing of Chinese investments in Africa differ between
Premium Times and The Mail & Guardian?

5. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This research design for this thesis will be a qualitative case study, due to its immense capacity
for providing specific, detailed information. Case studies offer an in-depth analysis of a single or
small number of cases, allowing for an in-depth analysis that other research designs cannot offer.
This is an important advantage, as Arend Lijphart (1977, 1999) states: “It permits in­ depth
investigation of the structure and processes of a particular political system. Without such studies,
the theories we have about political systems are likely to remain very general, superficial, and
highly abstract.” This unique feature allows an intensive examination and opportunity to collect
rich and meaningful data that can establish causal mechanisms between two variables.

Specifically, the case study method will be used to analyze the international media's framing of
Chinese investments in Africa. This approach will allow a focused study on a single case, as the
language used in media reports is identified to explore patterns, themes, and biases in the way
that the Chinese investments are framed. The sources used for the case study will be reputable
and influential newspapers located in African countries. For the purpose of this study, the Mail &
Guardian (South Africa) and Premium Times (Nigeria) will be utilized, in order to gain insight
into how African media is portraying Chinese investment in the continent. By selecting two
prominent sources, this research will gain a comprehensive understanding on how African media
frames Chinese investment in the continent . Through the case study method, this research will
be able to assess deeply to detect any biases in the language used in the media reports in order to
discern if the reports are slanted towards a particular point of view or interpretation.

We will be able to identify biases in media framing by analyzing the language used in the media
reports and examining if the reports are slanted towards a particular point of view or
interpretation. This will be done through the use of loaded words and sensationalist phrases such
as "exploitative", "predatory", "neocolonialism", "debt trap" and "imperialist". and by selectively

25
presenting certain facts over others. Qualitative Content analysis and primary data sources will
be used to analyze and examine these research questions: How do African media frame Chinese
investments in Africa? What are the positive elements in the media's framing of Chinese FDI?
What are the negative elements in the media's framing of Chinese FDI? How does the media's
framing of Chinese investments in Africa differ between Premium Times and The Mail &
Guardian?

5.1 Content Analysis

Content analysis is a qualitative research design used to examine the language used in media
reports to identify patterns, themes, and biases in the way media frames are presented (Gheyle,
N., & Jacobs, T. 2017). This approach allows for in-depth analyses of media texts and enables us
to explore how Chinese investments are framed in the media. Due to its capacity to offer a
thorough examination of the media coverage of Chinese investments in Africa, content analysis
is an adequate and suitable research design for this study.

Content analysis and media framing have been widely utilized by researchers to evaluate data
from mass media and are deemed an especially tailored approach for the targeted analysis of
media material. Thus, content analysis and media framing are the most suitable research designs
for this project in comparison to other methods such as discourse analysis or critical discourse
analysis. Discourse analysis permits a thorough exploration of the language employed in media
texts (Van Dijk 2015) and allows for a deeper examination of the power dynamics regularly
present in media texts (Wodak 2014). Still, content analysis and media framing are the optimal
selections for this research project due to their specificity, well-documented effectiveness in
media research, and ability to utilize the deductive approach to research.

The findings of this study will be restricted to the media texts utilized in the analysis and may not
be generalizable to other contexts because of the use of content analysis as the research design.
Both the selection of texts and the analysis of the data can be biased. Hence, it is crucial that the
selection of texts and the data analysis be done in a fair and rigorous manner to address these
problems.

26
5.2 Data Collection

Gathering data is a fundamental part of the research process, as highlighted by Sutton and Austin
(2015). To conduct a framing analysis study on Chinese investments in Africa, this study will
utilize the Mail & Guardian (South Africa) and Premium Times (Nigeria) newspapers to obtain
the data. The Mail & Guardian and Premium Times were chosen for this study due to their
reputations as prominent news sources in Africa. South Africa, with its $807 billion GDP, is the
second-largest economy in Africa and is a major player in the region (World Economics, 2023).
Meanwhile, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, with a population of over 200
million people and the largest economy on the continent, with a GDP of $1.085 trillion (World
Economics, 2023). Hence, by selecting articles from the two largest and most influential
countries in Africa, this media framing study will gain insight into how African media is
portraying Chinese investment in the continent. Moreover, both sources are located in Africa,
providing perspectives from within the region of focus in this study. This gives the study a more
nuanced view of Chinese investments on the continent. Additionally, both sources are widely
available online and easily accessible, making it easier for this study to collect and analyze data.
The Mail & Guardian is a highly-regarded newspaper in South Africa and provides
comprehensive coverage of African news on all types of topics. Premium Times is a respected
Nigerian news organization with high influence all around the country, covering topics such as
business, politics, and current affairs. As such, both newspapers provide comprehensive coverage
of international affairs, including Chinese investments in Africa.

The sources were selected based on their relevance to the topic, as well as their international
reach and influence. To ensure a comprehensive analysis, articles published between 2013 and
2023 are analyzed. This timeframe was selected because the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was
initiated in 2013, and 2023 is the year that we are currently in. Key words such as "Chinese
investment," "China and Africa," and "Belt and Road Initiative," as well as other keywords such
as "China-Africa relations" and "Chinese FDI in Africa," are used to search for relevant articles
about our topic, and it generated over 40 news articles regarding Chinese investment in Africa.
Thereafter, The articles were then narrowed down further based on content relevancy and dates
that focused on Chinese investments in Africa—where Chinese investments are taking root,
investments in Africa’s infrastructure, and other related topics. This search was conducted

27
utilizing both the online databases of the newspapers, as well as using their websites. To make
sure that the articles are relevant and uninbiased, the articles selected were taken from the
‘business’ and ‘politics’ sections of the papers. In total, 20 articles were chosen for this study (10
from each newspaper) which focused on key words such as "Chinese investments in Africa" and
"China-Africa relations." Throughout the data collection process our primary focus was on the
content of the articles, the perspectives that they present, and the frame that they cast on the topic
at hand. Additionally, this study also incorporated background research to provide a contextual
understanding of Chinese investments in Africa. Through our research, we identified prominent
perceptions and frames used within this topic. By incorporating the background research into our
data collection and analysis methods, we are able to more accurately identify any existing frames
and trends in the articles.

In order to ensure this study’s reliability and validity , several methods will be employed.
Reliability will be addressed by assessing the stability, equivalence, and homogeneity of the data
(Taherdoost, 2016). Stability will be ensured by conducting the analysis several times and
producing comparable results, while equivalence will be addressed by both researchers
conducting the analysis individually. Homogeneous, meaning that the same operational
definitions of the same concept are used throughout the research, will be addressed by using
multiple operational definitions of the same concept and employing the same data-collection
technique (Taherdoost, 2016). To ensure validity, we will analyze the data to make sure that the
measure used truly measures the theoretical concept. This can be done by analyzing the data
from different perspectives, such as economic and political. Additionally, we will make sure that
the same data collection techniques are employed throughout the research.

To further reduce bias, a systematic approach to coding the data will be employed, and the same
coding system will be used for the language used in all analyzed articles. The coded language
will be further organized by topic and compared and contrasted in order to identify major
concepts, similarities, and differences. Through this process, several trends in the media’s
portrayal of Chinese investments in Africa can be revealed. Furthermore, to address the
researcher's bias and subjectivity, we will use a deductive approach in which the allocated
categories are pre-determined and the results are analyzed within this framework.

28
In addition to the content analysis of the Mail & Guardian and Premium Times , other viable
options for data collection include social media sources such as Twitter, Instagram, and
Facebook, as well as other forms of media such as radio, magazines, and television news. These
sources can be used to gain insights into the media's framing of Chinese investments in Africa.
These methodologies for collecting data, while providing useful insight into the media framing
of Chinese investments in Africa, are nonetheless constrained in several aspects. For example,
social media sources are not as comprehensive, providing limited information that can be biased
and unreliable. Furthermore, the scope of these sources is more limited, and their sources are not
as reliable as those of the Mail & Guardian and Premium Times. Additionally, it can be
time-consuming to analyze and code data from radio, and television news. Since these sources
often invite guests to discuss these topics, the opinions expressed can be conflicting and have
their own agendas, making it harder to come to a comprehensive understanding. Hence, content
analysis of newspaper articles from the Mail & Guardian and Premium Times is the most
suitable method for conducting this study. This method is inexpensive, quick, and provides a
comprehensive understanding of the media coverage of Chinese investments in Africa.
Combining the two sources will enable this study to develop a more thorough knowledge of how
Chinese investments have been portrayed in the media throughout time.

5.3 Data Analysis

The data analysis process will involve numerous steps. Initially, we will look at different
databases to find relevant articles, mostly the Mail & Guardian and Premium Times databases
will be used. Thereafter, relevant articles will be selected, and then the data will be coded to
identify pertinent data. The data will be coded and classified in accordance with the research
questions, research themes, as well as the analytical framework, which will be divided into
negative and positive categories and four themes, which are Future prospects in Economy
security, globalization, and geopolitical implications (focus on Africa). This will permit the
identification of how African international media portray Chinese investments in Africa. The
data will then be analyzed to discern the similarities and differences in the media frames of
Chinese investments in the region.

29
Moreover, several factors will be considered in the classification process, such as when the
articles were published, the topics, and the framing. This will facilitate the examination of the
language used in the articles and the discovery of patterns and biases in the media frames of
Chinese investments.

The data analysis process will give a comprehensive understanding of the media coverage of
Chinese investments in Africa. By studying the language used in media reports and detecting
patterns and biases in the way Chinese investments are framed, this research will provide insight
on how African media frame Chinese investment in Africa.

6. RESULTS/ANALYSIS:

6.1 ANALYSIS

In our analysis, we have gathered 20 articles from two major African news outlets. The
newspapers that are chosen for this analysis are the Mail & Guardian (South Africa) and
Premium Times (Nigeria). We analyze 10 articles from each news organization regarding the
framing of Chinese investment in Africa by African news outlets. The articles that were gathered
for this analysis are from 2013, the year that Chinese President Xi Jinping initiated the biggest
Chinese investment “Belt and Road initiative”, to the present day, which is 2023. Two articles
from each year will be selected and analyzed by focusing on the framing of these news
organizations. These articles will be analyzed by different themes and concepts, such as firstly,
they will be divided into positive and negative frames, and they will be thoroughly analyzed and
interpreted by using the analytical framework that we have developed through themes that
consistently emerged when conducting a literature review, which are Future prospects in
Economy , security, globalization, and Geopolitical implications (focus in Africa) Thereafter, we
will be analyzing the differences in the framing of Chinese investment between countries within
Africa.

R1: How do African international media frame Chinese investments in Africa in a positive
way?

30
This section will examine how African international media have framed Chinese investments in
Africa in a positive light by using Four themes; Future prospects in Economy , security,
globalization, and Geopolitical implications (focus in Africa)

FUTURE PROSPECTS IN ECONOMY

African international media often portrays Chinese investments in Africa positively, highlighting
the potential for economic growth. Articles such as "A Win-Win in African Infrastructure: The
Durban BRICS Summit" (Premium Times, 2013) emphasize the contributions of BRICS
countries, including China, to African infrastructure development, fostering economic growth
and diversification. The article states, "The BRICS countries have been instrumental in
infrastructure development in Africa, which has been a significant factor in the continent's recent
economic growth" (Kaberuka, 2013). Similarly, the article "The Chinese in Africa: Empire
Builders or New Pioneers" (Louw-Vaudran, 2014) from Mail & Guardian sheds light on the
influx of Chinese investment, labor, and resources, creating opportunities for economic
advancement in African countries. The article notes, "The Chinese have brought investment,
labor, and resources to Africa, which has created new opportunities for economic growth and
development" (Louw-Vaudran, 2014).

Moreover, In an article from Mail and guardian, Mwithi (2016) emphasizes the positive effects
of Chinese investment in the mining sector in Africa and frames it as a ‘major driver of growth’.
This investment, according to the author, represents a significant shift away from the 'enclave
mining' industry model, wherein raw materials are extracted from African countries without local
value-addition (Mwithi 2016).

Furthermore, publications like "China Will Not Pursue a Colonial Path in Africa" (Premium
Times, 2014) highlight Chinese Premier Li Keqiang's commitment to sharing experiences on
poverty reduction and agricultural development, positioning Chinese investments as drivers of
long-term growth and mutual benefits. The article quotes Li Keqiang saying, "China is willing to
share its experiences on poverty reduction and agricultural development with Africa, and help
Africa achieve long-term growth and mutual benefits" (Li, 2023). Similarly, "China Set to Sign

31
More Bilateral Treaties with African Countries" (Premium Times, 2015) emphasizes China's
focus on "win-win" collaborations to address challenges in troubled regions.

The positive framing of Chinese investments is also evident in articles such as "EU and China in
a Race for Africa" (Fox, 2017), published in the Mail & Guardian, discussing the potential
economic growth resulting from Chinese investments and the European Union's efforts to foster
partnerships with Africa. The article states, "The race between the EU and China for Africa has
the potential to spur economic growth and foster new partnerships" (Fox, 2017).

Moreover, the article "Chinese Funds Not for Vanity Projects in Africa, President Xi" (Premium
Times, 2018) highlights how Chinese funds contribute to infrastructure development, removing
development bottlenecks, and supporting Africa's national rejuvenation and prosperity. The
article quotes President Xi multiple times, exemplifying the optimistic view the author seemingly
has on the positive impact Chinese aid can have in Africa. In his statements, President Xi
emphasizes the importance of providing resources and facilities for the African continent and
puts an emphasis on sustainable development, saying, “I also hope you will do more in staff
training and bettering lives for the local people and will put more emphasis on the environment
and resources” (Li, 2023). By quoting President Xi multiple times, it is clear the author is in
agreement with these opinions and acknowledges the responsible actions China is taking in
Africa. This is further evident in President Xi's plan, which has pledged $126 billion, to “expand
shared markets” in aid projects (Li, 2023). Hence, the piece makes it evident that China is a
responsible actor that puts an emphasis on sustainability in its aid plans for Africa, ultimately
contributing to national rejuvenation and prosperity.

Additionally, publications like "The Foreign Aid Game is Changing: These are the Opportunities
for Africa" (Premium Times, 2020) underscore China's growing global economic power and its
impact on development diplomacy. Similarly, "Environmental Groups Welcome China's Pledge
on Coal" from Mail & Guardian (Phillips, 2021), discuss the potential economic benefits of
China's commitment to halting international coal financing, which includes a trade agreement
with the South African government and the Bank of China. This agreement established an
investment of R15 billion into Special Economic Zones and Industrial Parks, as well as the
construction of a coal-fired power plant over six years, creating new job opportunities and

32
stimulating economic growth (Phillips, 2021). In response, African international media is
framing this Chinese investments as an engine of progress and enhanced economic and
environmental stability. This is because reduced investments in fossil fuels could potentially
protect African nations from facing climate change-related challenges such as droughts and
floods. Thus, Phillips (2021) argues that China's pledge on coal could have a significant positive
impact on African countries. Moreover, an article published in Premium Times in 2021 by Li
Xinyu highlights the significant economic growth, job creation, and increased trade resulting
from Chinese investments in Africa.

In conclusion, international media in Africa tends to frame Chinese investments in Africa

positively, emphasizing their potential for economic growth. Reports highlight investments in
infrastructure, the influx of resources and labor, poverty reduction, initiatives and partnerships
with African governments.

SECURITY

African media generally portrays Chinese investment in Africa as a positive contribution to the
continent's security. Reports focus on how this investment is helping African countries
strengthen their infrastructure due to improved access to capital resources. As reported in
Premium Times (Kaberuka, 2013), "Chinese investments can help ensure better preparation for
potential threats or crises, while committing to non-interference in Africa's internal affairs”. This
includes investments in ports, railways and roads, which aid in transportation and connectivity.
Furthermore, the Chinese government has also provided aid to African nations in the form of
loans and grants, enabling African nations to develop projects that can enhance their security. In
an article by premium times Udo (2013) highlight how Chinese have invested heavily in African
military and defense infrastructure, providing assistance in training and technology to African
militaries. The article states "These investments are seen as a way of furthering economic
cooperation and improving security on the continent" ( Udo, 2013). Furthermore, African media
have argued that Chinese investments in Africa, which are driven by economic motives, also
provide strategic benefits to African nations. Chinese investments help create a more stable and
secure economic environment in Africa, which is essential to improving living conditions and the
overall security of African countries.

33
China has been involved in peacekeeping missions in Africa, which has helped stabilize
conflict-prone countries. The positive framing of Chinese investments in Africa in terms of
security was highlighted in an article published in the Mail & Guardian in 2020 by Gaia Anya.
Anya argues that these investments can bring stability to conflict-prone regions by creating jobs,
building infrastructure, and promoting economic growth (Anya, 2020). This is beneficial for the
African region, as it helps to elevate the conditions of many of its citizens and could lead to
greater peace and security in volatile areas. As Chinese investments continue to create business
opportunities, develop infrastructure and encourage economic growth, African international
media is increasingly viewing these investments as a potential upside for the security needs of
the region.

Overall, African media frames Chinese investment in Africa in a positive light, portraying it as a
source of stability and security in the region, with potential for increased jobs, economic growth,
and regional cooperation. Additionally, global powers recognize the need to build trust with
African countries, which benefits African states in terms of security.

GLOBALIZATION

African media sources highlight the potential economic and social benefits of globalization when
discussing Chinese investments in Africa. For instance, as Donald Kaberuka noted in the article
by Premium Times, trade between Africa and the BRICS countries has dramatically increased in
the past decade, with an estimated value of US$340 billion per year (Premium Times, 2013)
"The relationship between Africa and the BRICS has grown dramatically, with trade levels
increasing ten-fold in ten years, to a value of some US $340 billion a year. And Africa itself is the
lynchpin of the trade triangle with Asia and South America. Africa-China trade last year was 20
times what it had been at the turn of the century" (Premium Times, 2013). This increase in trade
has given African nations new markets to increase their incomes and expand their trade.
Similarly, The Mail & Guardian article on China’s expansion in Africa noted the form of
economic, social, and cultural integration between countries that Chinese investments have
initiated (Fox, 2017). This interconnection is changing the traditional power dynamics in Africa,
by providing African nations with increased opportunities from globalization.

34
African international media has not only highlighted the potential economic benefits of
globalization and Chinese investments in Africa, but also the social and humanitarian support
Beijing has brought to the continent. Reports have been emphasizing the job creation, skills
transfer, infrastructure expansion, and other advantages China’s investments have been fostering
in Africa."This interconnection is taking place on a scale never seen before and is changing the
traditional power dynamics in Africa, it has been noted that as China's influence on the continent
increases, it is mobilizing a new wave of globalization"(Louw-Vaudran, 2014). With their soft
power diplomacy, Chinese investments have been promoting the development of special
economic zones, such as the China-Africa Special Economic Zone in Ethiopia, which allows
African countries to leverage Chinese funds to drive their economies (Premium Times, 2018).
Additionally, reports have been emphasizing the spirit of cooperation between China and African
governments, and how some African governments are taking a proactive approach in attracting
Chinese investors (Louw-Vaudran, 2014).

Furthermore, an article by Mail & Guardian highlighted the potential positive global impact of
China's commitment to reduce its use of coal, as noted by environmental groups, “It could lead
to canceling pipeline projects and improving public health worldwide” (Phillips, 2021). This
initiative by China has been positively framed by African international media, showcasing it as a
key step towards achieving global sustainability.

In conclusion, African international media often frame Chinese investments in Africa in a

positive light, highlighting the potential economic and social benefits of globalization. These
benefits include increased trade, economic growth, cultural exchange, improved public health,
and protection from exploitation. These examples demonstrate the potential for African countries
to benefit from Chinese investments in Africa and the importance of globalization for the
continent.

GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS (Focus in Africa)

Chinese investment in Africa is portrayed by international African media as both an opportunity

for Africa and a threat to Western countries. On one hand, the media frequently depicts Chinese
investment as a danger to Western countries' political and economic influence on the African

35
continent. In the article by mail and guardian Fox ( 2017) quotes EUs official which stated “The
EU requires an adherence to human rights and rule of law, which gives African elites easier
access to aid.” Hence, by china requiring less from African leaders they are gaining more ground
and threatening western countries interest in the continet” Hence, the West is apprehensive of
Chinese investments, as evidenced by this quote used in the article by Mail and Guardian. This is
also evident in the same artical by mail and and guradian which states “” EU member states have
thus had to contend with a long history in Africa, from colonial times through to long-term
diplomatic ties in the modern-day which, some see, as a protection of their economic interests
and resources (Fox 2017). However, this relationship between Western countries and Africa is
being increasingly threatened by China's growing presence in the region.

The article “China’s Debt Trap Diplomacy” (Khan, 2018) in the Mail & Guardian examines how
Chinese investments are seen as a competition between Chinese and western companies. This
narrative is reinforced by statements from Chinese officials, such as Li Keqiang's assertion that
China will not pursue a colonialist path in Africa (Owoeye, 2017). The title of the article conveys
the message that China is not intending to take advantage of African countries. As highlighted in
the article by Mail & Guardian "EU and China race for Africa". The growing presence of
Chinese investments in Africa has sparked a lot of concern among Western countries, who fear
that their influence in the continent is waning. However the article emphasizes the competition
between China and the West for resources and influence benefits Africa. African countries have
the opportunity to diversify their foreign partnerships and tap into more of the resources
available in an increasingly globalized world. The Mail & Guardian and Premium Times reports
underline the potential positive effects of Chinese investment in African countries, with many
citing increasing leverage for these countries to negotiate better deals (Phillips, 2021). They note
that Chinese investment in infrastructure can create jobs, drive economic growth, and transform
economies (Premium Times, 2014).

Overall, African media frames Chinese investment in Africa as both a threat to Western
countries' political and economic influence and an opportunity for African countries to benefit
from a "win-win" situation.

36
R2: How do international African media frame Chinese investments in Africa in a negative
way?

This section will examine how African international media have framed Chinese investments in
Africa in a negative light by using Four themes; Future prospects in Economy , security,
globalization, and Geopolitical implications (focus in Africa)

FUTURE PROSPECTS IN ECONOMY

Chinese investment in Africa has been met with scrutiny from African media outlets, who focus
on potential pitfalls related to relying too heavily on foreign investment. These reservations are
based on worries that a large influx of foreign capital may result in countries becoming
unattractive to investors, which could drastically impede economic growth and development. For
example, in the Mail & Guardian article “Africa’s Debt to China is Complicated” (Donnelly,
2018), it is noted that countries such as Zambia, Djibouti, and the Congo (Brazzaville) are facing
debt distress due to their borrowing from Chinese lenders. This is a serious economic concern, as
it could potentially lead to these countries becoming less attractive to foreign investors and
negatively impacting their economic growth.

In an article by The Mail & Guardian, it is stated that Chinese investments are "losing hearts,
minds and jobs" in Africa. This article emphasizes that Chinese investments are detrimental to
Africa's overall competitiveness(Esposito and Tse 2015). According to Esposito and Tse (2015),
Chinese investments have not fulfilled their promise to create jobs and improve the lives of
citizens on the continent. On the contrary, the article argues that many Africans have lost their
jobs to Chinese , and those who are hired often face discrimination.

Furthermore, In an article article from Mail & Guardian, "Africa's Debt to China is Complicated"
(Donnelly, 2018) highlights the debt distress faced by countries like Zambia, Djibouti, and the
Congo (Brazzaville) due to borrowing from Chinese lenders. This situation raises economic

37
concerns and could potentially make these countries less attractive to foreign investors,
negatively impacting their economic growth.

"The Foreign Aid Game is Changing: These are the Opportunities for Africa" (Premium Times,
2020) discusses the risks associated with foreign investment, including concerns about repaying
debts to China, environmental and financial costs of Russian activities, and the lack of
commitment to democratic principles in some countries seeking closer ties with Africa. These
factors further underscore the potential risks of heavy reliance on foreign investment, including
lower economic growth and political instability in the region.

Additionally, a 2021 article in Premium Times raises concerns about substandard specifications
for African markets by Chinese firms, potentially impacting long-term economic growth (Eze,
2021). "African Leaders Must Stop the Continent's Dependency on Exploitative Countries Such
as the US and China" from the Mail & Guardian (Khaas, 2022) highlights China's growing
influence in Africa as the largest lender and top trading partner since 2009. It suggests that
China's practices, such as debt trap diplomacy, have elicited resentment and accusations of
colonization through debt trap diplomacy. The article also emphasizes the need for African
leaders to take charge of their own economic growth and avoid dependency on exploitative
countries.

In conclusion, African media has expressed concerns regarding Chinese investment in Africa,
framing it in a negative light by highlighting potential risks and the pitfalls of overreliance on
foreign investment. These concerns center around economic growth, countries' attractiveness to
foreign investors, debt distress, environmental and financial costs, and issues of exploitation and
dependency on external powers.

SECURITY

The negative framing of security surrounding Chinese investments in Africa has been
highlighted by numerous African media outlets. For instance, the article from the Mail &
Guardian "The Chinese in Africa: empire builders or new pioneers?" Louw-Vaudran (2014)

38
discusses the capacity for political interference and exploitation of African resources, as well as
the allegations of corruption and disregard for African laws and regulations. This type of activity
has the potential to pose serious security threats to African states, both on a macro and micro
level.

Another article from the Mail & Guardian "Africa’s debt to China is complicated" (Donnelly,
2018) outlines the broader security implications of emerging Chinese influence in the region.
This includes US-China tensions and the potential of African countries being drawn into these
geopolitical disputes, as well as the risk of rising debt that could leave African countries with
fewer options to voice their respective concerns. Additionally, there is a lack of commitment to
upholding democratic principles in some of the countries seeking closer ties with Africa, which
could have serious implications for the security of all African states.

The article "Top five risks for African businesses in 2021" (Premium Times, 2021) discusses the
potential for increased competition rather than collaboration in international relations, as well as
the likelihood for cybercrime to surge in the region due to the rapid rise in connectivity which is
a major concern for security in the continent. Additionally, in an article published in the Mail &
Guardian in 2022, Peter Gondwe raised concerns about Chinese media censorship at the
Zambian Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC). This is directly related to security, as it
demonstrates how Chinese investments in Africa can be utilized to suppress freedom of speech,
which can have devastating consequences for democratic democratic stability, political agendas,
and social progress across the continent. (Gondwe, 2022). Beyond this, increased investment
from China is likely to bring increased surveillance and privacy risks as encrypted networks and
personal data may be shared or accessed without consent.

Lastly, the article "African leaders must stop the continent’s dependency on exploitative
countries such as the US and China” published in the Mail & Guardian (Khaas, 2022) discusses
the necessity for African countries to invest in their own infrastructure and security to guarantee
their own protection from exploitation, emphasizing that “Chinese influence and control” must
be kept out of “critical infrastructure including rail, road, ports, telecommunications, energy,
and food production systems."

39
In summary, international media in Africa have depicted Chinese investments in Africa in a
negative light, primarily based on security worries. This framing highlights the necessity for
African countries to invest in their own infrastructure and security to ensure their own protection
from exploitation, as well as the need for African leaders to keep critical infrastructure out of
Chinese influence and control. Furthermore, it suggests that African countries should invest in
joint bellwether advanced industries that’ll help catalyze industrialization and in developing
vaccines and related products to guarantee their own protection from exploitation and to break
the pattern of wealthy nations’ paternalistic praxis in their dealings with Africa.

GLOBALIZATION

The influx of Chinese investment in Africa has sparked a heated debate among African media
outlets in recent years. While some view it as a positive development, bringing economic
benefits and increased infrastructure, others have voiced concerns about the potential risks
associated with this influx of capital. The Mail & Guardian has highlighted these conflicting
perspectives in its coverage of the issue (Donnelly, 2018). As Donnelly (2018) states, "There is
no gainsaying that China has contributed significantly to the economic growth of some of
Africa’s poorest nations. It has readily availed competitive funding and expertise for
infrastructure projects with long and innovative pay-back terms that traditional Western
agencies would be reluctant to provide. But onerous funding terms have proven to be
double-edged swords for some of the heavily-indebted, defaulting nations."

Globalization is seen as a source of exploitation and a potential threat to African countries, as

Chinese investments are seen as opaque (Premium Times, 2020), potentially leading to debt
defaults and corruption (Khaas, 2022), as Khaas (2022) puts it, "China has elicited resentment
and stands accused of colonizing Africa through sleight of debt." This has been highlighted by
the lack of transparency surrounding Chinese investments (Donnelly, 2018), as well as the
potential for the misuse of funds and the lack of clear benefits for African countries (Gopaldas,
2023).

40
These concerns regarding Chinese investment in Africa are tied closely to the negative
consequences of globalization for the continent. Chinese investments have been shown to cause
displacement of local populations, increased environmental degradation, lack of labor rights,
lower wages, and political interference in some cases (Khaas, 2022). Furthermore, the influx of
foreign investments has strained the limited public resources of African countries, creating
further economic and social disparities (Premium Times, 2020).

The lack of transparency in Chinese investments is a major concern in a globalized world, as it

raises the risk of misapplication of funds and potential corruption (Donnelly, 2018). The
difficulty in tracking the flow of money and ensuring its proper usage, highlights the need for
more robust anti-corruption measures and increased oversight (Khaas, 2022). These issues were
highlighted in the article "Africa's Debt to China is Complicated by The Mail & Guardian
(Donnelly, 2018), which emphasizes the need for greater transparency when making diverse
investments as part of the globalization process "Globalization has yielded numerous
opportunities for countries to foster economic growth, yet it has also increased the potential for
the misuse of funds should transparency not be addressed" (Donelly, 2018).

The article "Environmental Groups Welcome China's Pledge on Coal" (Premium Times, 2020)
discusses the potential environmental impact of the trade agreement between the South African
government and the Bank of China. It raises concerns about increased air pollution and other
ecological issues in South Africa resulting from the agreement. This highlights the global
implications of such agreements in China's investment and heavy reliance on coal-fired power
plants has had serious implications on the environment globally, with emissions from China now
causing smog episodes in South Africa. Moreover, issues such as global warming, acid rain and
deforestation are further exacerbated by such actions. As the article states, "China alone is home
to almost 53% of the capacity under construction and 55% of the pre-construction pipeline"
(Premium Times, 2020).

In conclusion, African media frames Chinese investment in Africa in a negative light regarding
globalization, highlighting concerns about transparency, potential misuse of funds, corruption,
and environmental impact. The competition between external actors and the resultant instability

41
and interference in African countries' pursuits further contribute to the negative framing of
Chinese investments in the context of globalization.

GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS (Focus in Africa)

The relationship between China and Africa, as portrayed by African media outlets, has been met
with a degree of skepticism in recent years. This skepticism is largely due to the perception that
Chinese investments in Africa could potentially undermine African sovereignty, destabilize
economies, and pose significant threats to environmental sustainability. The surge of Chinese
people, goods, and capital into Africa has raised concerns about a perceived "Chinese invasion,"
leading to the displacement of local workers and businesses (Louw-Vaudran, 2014). Chinese
firms have also been accused of engaging in "debt trap" diplomacy, a strategy that could place
African countries in precarious economic positions. According to Premium Times (2018),
"China has elicited resentment and stands accused of colonizing Africa through sleight of debt."

In a 2017 article published in Premium Times, Razaq Raji examined the pros and cons of
Chinese investments in Africa. While acknowledging the significant economic growth resulting
from Chinese investments, Raji raised concerns about the exploitation of African resources and
the impact on local communities (Raji, 2017).

In an Artical by premium times Tella (2022) writes, "China’s laissez-faire foreign policy has
propelled it into being the continent’s largest lender and top trading partner since 2009... This
has enabled China to alter Africa’s political biases as well as grow influence over the continent
through trade and foreign aid diplomacy. And for this, China has elicited resentment and stands
accused of colonizing Africa through sleight of debt."

African countries are increasingly wary of potential debt traps, whereby Chinese investments
could place them in precarious economic positions (Premium Times, 2018). These media frames
place nations in Africa in a position of unease over their prospects for greater economic
independence and stability. Similarly, the Mail & Guardian has reported on allegations of
Chinese companies engaging in corrupt practices and exploiting African resources in various

42
countries, including Zimbabwe and Zambia (Maravanyika, 2021). The article pointed out that
these allegations had raised concerns over the potential impact of Chinese investments on
African governance and sovereignty.

For instance, a 2021 article in the Mail & Guardian reported on the potential risks of
Chinese-funded projects in Zimbabwe, including a planned $1.5 billion expansion of the Hwange
Thermal Power Station. The article cited concerns that the project could "lock Zimbabwe into a
debt trap that would leave the country vulnerable to China's interests" both economically and
politically (Maravanyika, 2021).

In the broader geopolitical context, the influx of Chinese capital, the exploitation of resources,
"debt trap" diplomacy, and competition with the EU all contribute to the negative framing of
Chinese investments in Africa. These factors highlight the geopolitical power dynamics at play
and the potential implications for Africa's sovereignty, economic stability, and environmental
sustainability. The portrayal of Chinese investments in Africa by African media outlets
underscores the need for African countries to carefully navigate their relationships with global
powers, ensuring that foreign investments align with their national interests and contribute to
sustainable development.

R3: How does the media's framing of Chinese investments in Africa differ between
Premium Times and The Mail & Guardian?

This section will examine how the media's framing of Chinese investments in Africa differ
between Premium Times and The Mail & Guardian? using Four themes; Future prospects in
Economy, security, globalization, and Geopolitical implications (focus in Africa).

FUTURE PROSPECTS IN ECONOMY

Premium Times has highlighted the positive effects of Chinese investment on economic growth
in various African countries. For example, in a 2020 article, Premium Times reported that
Chinese investments in Nigeria had significantly contributed to the country's economic growth,
creating job opportunities and boosting the country's GDP (Ogunleye, 2020). The article

43
highlighted the investments made by Chinese companies in various sectors, such as
telecommunications, infrastructure, and manufacturing. Similarly, in a 2021 article, Premium
Times reported on Chinese investment in the construction of a new industrial park in Ethiopia,
which is expected to create thousands of job opportunities for Ethiopians (Ogunleye, 2021).

On the other hand, the Mail & Guardian has reported on concerns over the impact of Chinese
investments on economic growth in South Africa. In a 2018 article, the Mail & Guardian
reported that some South Africans were critical of Chinese investments in the country, arguing
that they were not creating enough job opportunities for local workers and were instead
benefiting Chinese companies. The article pointed out that Chinese companies in South Africa
were often accused of engaging in unfair labor practices, such as paying low wages and
exploiting workers (Mkhondo, 2018). Moreover, in the Mail & Guardian article “Africa’s Debt
to China is Complicated” (Donnelly, 2018), it is noted that countries such as Zambia, Djibouti,
and the Congo (Brazzaville) are facing debt distress due to their borrowing from Chinese
lenders. This is a serious economic concern, as it could potentially lead to these countries
becoming less attractive to foreign investors and negatively impacting their economic growth.

Furthermore, in the article “The Foreign Aid Game is Changing: These are the Opportunities for
Africa” (Premium Times, 2020), the potential risks of foreign investment, such as the growing
concern over repaying debts to China and the environmental and financial costs of Russian
activities on the continent, are discussed. It also talks about the lack of commitment to
democratic principles in some of the countries that are seeking closer ties with Africa. This
further highlights the potential risks of foreign investment, as it could lead to lower economic
growth and political instability in the region.

Finally, in the Mail & Guardian article “African Leaders Must Stop the Continent’s Dependency
on Exploitative Countries Such as the US and China" (Khaas, 2022), it is highlighted that
China’s laissez-faire foreign policy has propelled it into being the continent’s largest lender and
top trading partner since 2009, and that it has elicited resentment and stands accused of
colonizing Africa through sleight of debt. It also suggests that traditional institutional investors
have been reluctant to invest in African infrastructure, and that African leaders continue to aid
and abet developed countries in their own ill-treatment and plunder of Africa. This further

44
reinforces the potential negatives of relying too heavily on foreign investment, as it could lead to
a lack of economic growth and increased political instability in the region.

SECURITY

The Mail & Guardian has framed Chinese investments in Africa in the context of security
concerns. In a 2021 article by Abdi Latif Dahir, the newspaper reports on the increasing security
cooperation between China and African countries, particularly in the areas of arms deals and
military training. The article notes that some African countries are turning to China for security
assistance because of the perceived failure of Western countries to provide similar support. For
example, Mozambique signed a military cooperation agreement with China following an
insurgency in the country's northern region. This agreement included the provision of military
equipment, training, and advisory services to Mozambican security forces.

While the article acknowledges the benefits of such cooperation, it also highlights concerns over
China's growing military influence in Africa. The article notes that some observers are wary of
China's motives for providing military assistance, suggesting that it may be part of a broader
strategy to establish a foothold on the continent. The article also raises concerns over allegations
of human rights abuses by Chinese security personnel in some African countries, particularly in
relation to the treatment of local populations in areas where Chinese companies are operating.

In contrast, Premium Times has not focused as heavily on the security implications of Chinese
investments in Africa. Instead, the newspaper has emphasized the positive impact of Chinese
investments on economic growth and globalization on the continent. While Premium Times has
acknowledged concerns over the potential threat to African sovereignty posed by Chinese
investments, it has not framed the issue in the context of security concerns to the same extent as
the Mail & Guardian.

Overall, the two newspapers differ in their framing of Chinese investments in Africa. The Mail &
Guardian has focused on the potential security implications of China's growing economic and
military influence in Africa, highlighting concerns over allegations of human rights abuses and
the potential loss of African sovereignty. In contrast, Premium Times has emphasized the

45
positive impact of Chinese investments on economic growth and globalization while
acknowledging concerns over the potential threat to African sovereignty.

GLOBALIZATION

Premium Times has generally portrayed Chinese investments as a positive step towards
globalization. In a 2019 article, Premium Times reported that Chinese investments in African
infrastructure, such as ports and railways, were creating new opportunities for trade and
investment between African countries and China (Ogunleye, 2019). The article pointed out that
these investments were helping to improve connectivity and reduce trade barriers between
African countries and the rest of the world. Similarly, in a 2020 article, Premium Times reported
on Chinese investment in the construction of a new railway line in Kenya, which is expected to
boost the country's exports and create job opportunities (Ogunleye, 2020).

On the other hand, the Mail & Guardian has raised concerns over the impact of Chinese
investments on local industries and jobs. In a 2018 article, the Mail & Guardian reported that
some African countries were becoming increasingly wary of China's growing economic
influence, with some governments taking steps to protect local industries and workers from
competition with Chinese companies (Mkhondo, 2018). The article highlighted the case of
Tanzania, where the government imposed a ban on the importation of Chinese-made goods in an
effort to boost local industries and create job opportunities. The Mail & Guardian has also
reported on instances where Chinese companies have been accused of engaging in unfair trade
practices, such as flooding African markets with cheap Chinese-made goods and undercutting
local businesses.

Overall, while Premium Times has focused on the potential benefits of Chinese investments in
Africa in terms of globalization, the Mail & Guardian has highlighted concerns over the potential
negative impact on local industries and jobs.

GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS (Focus in Africa)

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The relationship between China and Africa has been viewed with increasing skepticism in recent
years due to media coverage by African media outlets suggesting that Chinese investments in
Africa may threaten African sovereignty, economic stability, and environmental sustainability.
The Mail & Guardian suggests this perceived threat is compounded by concerns that Chinese
investments may lead to a form of cultural imperialism, with the potential to disrupt existing
economic, political, social, and cultural stability and undermine the autonomy and democracy of
the region (Louw-Vaudran, 2014). Thus, African countries are increasingly wary of potential
debt traps, whereby Chinese investments could place them in precarious economic positions
(Premium Times, 2018). These media frames place nations in Africa in a position of unease over
their prospects for greater economic independence and stability. Similarly, the Mail & Guardian
has reported on allegations of Chinese companies engaging in corrupt practices and exploiting
African resources in various countries, including Zimbabwe and Zambia (Maravanyika, 2021).
The article pointed out that these allegations had raised concerns over the potential impact of
Chinese investments on African governance and sovereignty.

For instance, a 2021 article in the Mail & Guardian reported on the potential risks of
Chinese-funded projects in Zimbabwe, including a planned $1.5 billion expansion of the Hwange
Thermal Power Station. The article cited concerns that the project could "lock Zimbabwe into a
debt trap that would leave the country vulnerable to China's interests" both economically and
politically(Maravanyika, 2021).

These examples show that both Premium Times and the Mail & Guardian have highlighted
concerns over the potential threat posed by Chinese investments to African sovereignty,
particularly in relation to issues of resource exploitation, debt sustainability, and control over
strategic assets.

6.2 RESULTS

R1 & 2:

47
The analysis of the Mail & Guardian (South Africa) and Premium Times (Nigeria) newspapers
has revealed that African media frames Chinese investments in Africa in a nuanced way,
highlighting both the potential positive and negative aspects of these investments. While African
media has framed Chinese investments in Africa in a largely positive light, emphasizing the
potential economic and social benefits that these investments can bring to the region, they have
also raised concerns about potential political interference, exploitation of African resources, debt
defaults, a lack of transparency, and the environmental risks associated with Chinese
investments.

The positive framing of Chinese investments in Africa is evident in articles such as “A Win-Win
in African Infrastructure: The Durban BRICS Summit” (Premium Times, 2013), “The Chinese in
Africa: Empire Builders or New Pioneers” (Louw-Vaudran, 2014), “China Will Not Pursue a
Colonial Path in Africa, Says Chinese Premier” (Premium Times, 2014), and “EU and China in a
Race for Africa” (Fox, 2017). These articles emphasize the potential for economic growth,
increased trade, poverty reduction, and advancements in initiatives and commercial partnerships.
Additionally, articles such as “Chinese Funds Not for Vanity Projects in Africa, President Xi”
(Premium Times, 2018) and “Environmental Groups Welcome China’s Pledge on Coal”
(Phillips, 2021) discuss how Chinese investments in Africa can lead to increased security and
global impacts such as improved public health.

However, African media outlets have also raised serious concerns about the potential for political
interference, exploitation of African resources, debt defaults, and corruption, as well as the lack
of transparency and commitment to democratic principles, global competition, and
environmental risks associated with Chinese investments. The article “The Chinese in Africa:
Empire Builders or New Pioneers?” (Louw-Vaudran, 2014) in the Mail & Guardian examined
the potential risks of Chinese investments in Africa, such as political interference and
exploitation of African resources. The article also highlighted the lack of commitment to
democratic principles in some of the countries that are seeking closer ties with Africa, as well as
the potential for corruption and disregard for African laws and regulations.

48
Moreover, the media has focused on the potential for debt defaults due to Chinese investments,
which could have serious economic, social, and political implications for African countries. The
article “China’s Debt Trap Diplomacy” (Khan, 2018) in the Mail & Guardian examines how
Chinese investments can lead to unsustainable debt burdens and the potential for debt defaults in
certain African countries. The article also raises concerns about unfair competition between
Chinese and Western companies as well as the potential for Chinese investments to displace local
businesses, leading to a lack of economic diversification in African countries.

The findings of this analysis provide valuable insight into how African media frames Chinese
investments in Africa. While African media has framed Chinese investments in Africa in a
largely positive light, emphasizing the potential economic and social benefits that these
investments can bring to the region, they have also raised serious concerns about the potential for
political interference, exploitation of African resources, debt defaults, and corruption.

R3:
This study analyzes our second research question: how the media frames Chinese investments in
Africa, and how this framing differs across two different news outlets, Premium Times (Nigeria)
and The Mail & Guardian (South Africa). We found that the media's portrayal of Chinese
investments in Africa is not uniform and varies depending on the country and the specific media
outlet.

One of the main findings of our study is that Premium Times, a Nigerian news outlet, generally
frames Chinese investments in Africa in a positive light. The articles published in Premium
Times tend to focus on the positive aspects of Chinese investments, such as their contribution to
economic growth and infrastructure development. The articles also highlight the role of Chinese
investments in job creation and poverty reduction.

In contrast, the Mail & Guardian, a South African news outlet, presents a more nuanced picture
of Chinese investments in Africa. The articles published in this outlet both positively and
negatively frame Chinese investments, focusing on their impact on issues such as security,
globalization, and threats to local industries and sovereignty. While some articles highlight the

49
positive aspects of Chinese investments, others are more critical and express concern about their
potential negative impact on African countries.

Our study also found that the framing of Chinese investments in Africa varies depending on the
specific country being discussed. Premium Times, for example, had a more positive framing of
Chinese investments in countries like Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia, while Mail & Guardian had
a more critical framing of Chinese investments in countries like Zambia and South Africa. This
suggests that the media's framing of Chinese investments is not uniform across the continent and
may be influenced by local factors such as politics, culture, and economic conditions.

Finally, our study found that the framing of Chinese investments in Africa in Premium Times
was more consistent over time, while the Mail & Guardian's framing varied depending on the
specific context of the articles. This may reflect differences in editorial policy and approach to
reporting between the two outlets and highlight the need for careful analysis of media coverage
when examining the impact of Chinese investments in Africa.

7. CONCLUSION

This thesis aimed to analyze how African media frame and contextualize Chinese investments in
Africa, utilizing Content Analysis and Framing Theory. The research addressed two key
questions: (1) How do African international media outlets frame Chinese investments in Africa?
and (2) How does the media's framing of Chinese investments in Africa differ between Premium
Times and The Mail & Guardian?

Building upon the quantitative content analysis conducted by Matanji (2019), which compared
the framing of Chinese investments in Africa across various global media outlets, our study took
a narrower approach by focusing only on African international media. Through a qualitative
content analysis, we sought to identify and examine the framing of Chinese investments in
Africa by African international media outlets, providing a more nuanced understanding of this
significant topic.

50
In response to the first research question, How do African international media outlets frame

Chinese investments in Africa? Our study found that the framing of Chinese investments in

Africa by African international media outlets is multifaceted and varies depending on the media

outlet and the specific country in focus. For instance, Premium Times, a Nigerian news outlet,

generally frames Chinese investments in Africa in a positive light. This positive framing is

manifested in the emphasis on the contributions of Chinese investments to economic growth and

infrastructure development. This is likely reflective of Nigeria's positive economic relationship

with China, where Chinese investments have been instrumental in various sectors such as

infrastructure, manufacturing, and telecommunications. The articles in Premium Times also

underscore the potential social benefits of these investments, such as job creation and poverty

reduction. This suggests a perception that Chinese investments are playing a significant role in

addressing some of the socio-economic challenges faced by African countries, particularly in the

context of Nigeria.

For instance, while some articles highlight the positive aspects of Chinese investments, such as

infrastructure development and job creation, others express concern about potential negative

impacts. These include issues such as the potential for economic dependency, threats to local

industries due to competition with Chinese firms, and concerns about the transparency of

Chinese investments. This suggests that while recognizing the potential benefits of Chinese

investments, there is also a critical awareness of the potential risks and challenges associated

with these investments in the South African context.

In conclusion, the framing of Chinese investments in Africa by African international media

outlets is complex and multifaceted, reflecting a range of perspectives and concerns. This

complexity underscores the importance of a nuanced understanding of the African perspective on

Chinese investments, moving beyond simplistic binary categorizations. It also highlights the

need for further research to explore these complexities in greater depth.

51
In response to the second research question, how does the media's framing of Chinese

investments in Africa differ between Premium Times and The Mail & Guardian? Our study

found a distinct difference in the framing of Chinese investments in Africa between the two

specific publications under consideration.

Premium Times, a Nigerian news outlet, generally frames Chinese investments in Africa in a

positive light. The articles published in Premium Times tend to focus on the positive aspects of

Chinese investments, such as their contribution to economic growth and infrastructure

development. This is likely reflective of Nigeria's positive economic relationship with China,

where Chinese investments have been instrumental in various sectors. The articles also highlight

the role of Chinese investments in job creation and poverty reduction, underscoring the potential

social benefits of these investments.

In contrast, the Mail & Guardian, a South African news outlet, presents a more nuanced picture

of Chinese investments in Africa. The articles published in this outlet both positively and

negatively frame Chinese investments, focusing on their impact on issues such as security,

globalization, and threats to local industries and sovereignty. While some articles highlight the

positive aspects of Chinese investments, others are more critical and express concern about their

potential negative impact on African countries. This nuanced portrayal reflects South Africa's

more complex relationship with China, where economic benefits are weighed against concerns

about sovereignty and economic independence.

Overall, the findings of this study offer a nuanced understanding of how African media frames
Chinese investments in Africa. The study found that the framing of Chinese investments in
Africa varies depending on the specific country being discussed. This suggests that local factors,
such as politics, culture, and economic conditions, may influence the media's portrayal of
Chinese investments. This finding underscores the importance of considering local contexts
when analyzing media narratives.

52
Furthermore, the research revealed that while the framing of Chinese investments in Africa in
Premium Times was more consistent over time, the Mail & Guardian's framing varied depending
on the specific context of the articles. This may reflect differences in editorial policy and
approach to reporting between the two outlets and highlight the need for careful analysis of
media coverage when examining the impact of Chinese investments in Africa.

The findings of this study contributed to the analysis of how African media frames and
contextualizes Chinese investments in Africa. The portrayal of these investments in Mail &
Guardian and Premium Times, two prominent African media outlets, was scrutinized using
Content Analysis and Framing Theory. The analysis revealed a nuanced framing of Chinese
investments, highlighting both potential positive and negative aspects. This nuanced
understanding offers a more comprehensive picture of the African perspective on Chinese
investments, moving beyond simplistic binary categorizations.

This thesis aimed to address a contribution in the existing literature concerning the framing of

Chinese investments in Africa. Matanji's research provided a broad overview of the framing of

Chinese investments in Africa across various global media outlets. His quantitative content

analysis revealed that the framing of Chinese investments varied significantly across different

media outlets and regions. This finding aligns with our study, which also found variations in the

framing of Chinese investments across different African media outlets. However, our study goes

a step further by highlighting the specific nuances in the framing by African media, which

Matanji's broader approach may not have captured in detail.

For instance, Matanji's research found that Western media outlets often framed Chinese
investments in Africa in a negative light, focusing on issues such as debt traps, exploitation of
resources, and lack of transparency. In contrast, Chinese media outlets were found to frame these
investments more positively, emphasizing their potential to drive economic growth and
development in Africa. Our study found similar variations in framing within African media.
Premium Times, a Nigerian news outlet, generally framed Chinese investments positively, while
the Mail & Guardian, a South African news outlet, presented a more nuanced picture,
highlighting both positive and negative aspects of these investments.

53
Furthermore, Matanji's research highlighted the role of national interests and geopolitical
considerations in shaping the framing of Chinese investments. Our study echoes this finding,
revealing that the framing of Chinese investments in Africa varies depending on the specific
country being discussed. This suggests that local factors, such as politics, culture, and economic
conditions, significantly influence the media's portrayal of Chinese investments. This finding
underscores the importance of considering local contexts when analyzing media narratives, a
point that was also emphasized in Matanji's research.

However, our study also revealed some unique insights that were not covered in Matanji's
research. For instance, we found that the framing of Chinese investments in Africa in Premium
Times was more consistent over time, while the Mail & Guardian's framing varied depending on
the specific context of the articles. This may reflect differences in editorial policy and approach
to reporting between the two outlets, a factor that was not explored in Matanji's study.

While our study builds upon the foundation laid by Matanji's research, it also provides unique
insights into the framing of Chinese investments in Africa by African media. By focusing
specifically on African media and conducting a more detailed qualitative content analysis, our
study has been able to capture the specific nuances and complexities of the African perspective
on Chinese investments. This comparison underscores the value of our research and its
contribution to the existing literature.

However, the research journey was not without challenges. While the use of Content Analysis
and Framing Theory proved effective in analyzing the media framing of Chinese investments,
the study was limited to two media outlets, which may not fully represent the diversity of media
perspectives in Africa. Additionally, the coding process, categorizing data into positive and
negative themes, may oversimplify the complex narratives present in the media. These
limitations offer valuable lessons for future research endeavors.

The findings of this study have broader implications for understanding the socio-economic
impacts of Chinese investments in Africa. They contribute to our knowledge by providing a
nuanced understanding of how these investments are perceived in African media, shedding light

54
on both potential benefits and concerns. Such understanding can inform policy decisions and
public discourse surrounding Chinese investments in Africa.

Looking ahead, there are several avenues for future research. Expanding the study to include a
more diverse range of media sources from different African countries would provide a more
comprehensive understanding of the African perspective on Chinese investments. Additionally,
developing a more nuanced coding scheme that captures the complexity of media narratives
could enhance future analysis. Furthermore, exploring the impacts of media framing on public
perceptions of Chinese investments in Africa would provide valuable insights into the role of the
media in shaping public opinion.

In conclusion, this thesis has made a valuable contribution to the existing literature on the
framing of Chinese investments in Africa. It has provided a nuanced understanding of the
African perspective on these investments, highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of the
research process, and identified avenues for future exploration. It is hoped that this research will
inspire further investigation into this important and complex topic.

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