Population Geography and Its Impact On Bareilly City

CHAPTER 1
CITY PROFILE & INSTITUTIONAL

FRAMEWORK
Bareilly city is a major urban centre located in the Bareilly district of the northern Indian state of
Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of the district.
The city is situated on the banks of the Ramganga River and is known for its rich history and
culture. It has been a prominent centre of trade and commerce since ancient times and was an
important hub on the trade routes between Delhi and Lucknow.
The economy of the city is primarily driven by agriculture, trade, and industry. It is known for its
production of crops such as wheat, sugarcane, and mangoes, and is also a major centre for the
manufacture of textiles, handicrafts, and furniture. It is a hub for small and medium-scale
industries and has a thriving trade and commerce sector.
Overall, The city is a vibrant and dynamic urban center with a rich history and culture, a thriving
economy.
HISTORY OF BAREILLY
Ahichchhatra (or Ahi-Kshetra) was the ancient capital of Northern Panchala. The remains of this city have been discovered in Bareilly
According to the epic Mahābhārata, the Bareilly region (Panchala) is said to be the birthplace of
Draupadi, who was also referred to as ‘Panchali’ (one from the kingdom of Panchāla) by Kṛṣṇā (Lord
Krishna). When Yudhishthira becomes the king of Hastinapur at the end of the Mahābhārata, Draupadi
becomes his queen. The folklore says that Gautama Buddha had once visited the ancient fortress city of
Ahichchhatra in Bareilly. The Jain Tirthankara Parshva is said to have attained Kaivalya at Ahichchhatra.
In a Historic book (Sikar Ka Itihaas) written by Pt. Jhabarmall Sharma It is believed that the descendants
of Lord Shriram’s son Kusha went from Ayodhya to Rohtas, Narwar, Gwalior and Bareilly respectively
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their capital. In the 21st generation, Maharaja Nala, Soddevji made Gopachal (Gwalior) the capital. The
time of going to Gwalior to Bareilly looks like Vikrama 933.
In the 12th century, the kingdom was under the rule by different clans of Kshatriya Rajputs. Then the
region became part of the Muslim Turkic Delhi Sultanate for 325 years before getting absorbed in the
emerging Mughal Empire. The foundation of the modern City of Bareilly foundation was laid by Mughal
governor Mukrand Rai in 1657 during the rule of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Later the region became
the capital of Rohilkhand region before getting handed over to Nawab Vazir of Awadh and then to East
India Company (transferred to the British India) and later becoming an integral part of India. The region
has, also, acted as a mint for a major part of its history.
From archaeological point of view the district of Bareilly is very rich. The extensive remains of
Ahichchhatra, the Capital town of Northern Panchala have been discovered near Ramnagar village of
Aonla Tehsil in the district. It was during the first excavations at Ahichchhatra (1940–44) that the painted
grey ware, associated with the advent of the Aryans in the Ganges–Yamuna Valley, was recognised for
the first time in the earliest levels of the site. Nearly five thousand coins belonging to periods earlier
than that of Guptas have been yielded from Ahichchhatra. It has also been one of the richest sites in
India from the point of view of the total yield of terracotta. Some of the masterpieces of Indian
terracotta art are from Ahichchhatra. In fact, the classification made of the terracotta human figurines
from Ahichchhatra on grounds of style and to some extent stratigraphy became a model for determining
the stratigraphy of subsequent excavations at other sites in the Ganges Valley. On the basis of the
existing material, the archaeology of the region helps us to get an idea of the cultural sequence from the
beginning of the 2nd millennium BC up to the 11th century AD. Some ancient mounds in the district have
also been discovered by the Deptt. Of Ancient History and culture, Rohilkhand University, at Tihar-Khera
(Fatehganj West), Pachaumi, Rahtuia, Kadarganj and Sainthal. Apart from this, artefacts of painted grey
ware culture of the Iron Age have also been discovered near the city.
Establishment
Bareilly was founded in 1537 by Jagat Singh Katehriya, a Rajput who named it Bareilly after his
two sons Bansaldev and Baraldev. The city was mentioned by the historian Budayuni. The
foundation of the modern city of Bareilly was laid by Mughal governor Mukrand Rai in 1657. In
1658, Bareilly became the headquarters of the province of Budaun. The Mughals encouraged the
settlements of loyal Afghans (Pathans) in the Bareilly region to control the rebellious Katehriya
Rajputs. After the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, the Afghans began to settle in the villages and
assimilated with the local Muslims. These descendants of these assimilated Afghans are known as
Pathans. After the fall of the Mughal Empire, created anarchy and many Pathans migrated from
the Rohilkhand region. Bareilly (like other cities in Uttar Pradesh) experienced economic
stagnation and poverty due to the breakdown of trade and security, leading to the migration of
Rohilla Muslim Pathans to Suriname and Guyana as indentured labour.
British East India Company
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Under Barech at the 1761 Third Battle of Panipat, Rohilkhand blocked the expansion of the
Maratha Empire into northern India. In 1772 it was invaded by the Marathas, repulsing the
invasion with the aid of the Nawab of Awadh. After the war, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula demanded
payment for the nawabs’ help from Barech. When his demand was refused, the nawab joined the
East India Company (under Governor Warren Hastings and his Commander-in-Chief, Alexander
Champion) to invade Rohilkhand. The combined forces of Daula and the Company defeated
Barech (who was killed in battle at Miranpur Katra, ending Rohilla rule) in 1774. Rohilkhand was
handed over to Daula, and from 1774 to 1800 the province was ruled by the Nawab of Awadh who
surrendered Rohilkhand to the East India Company in a treaty signed on 10 November 1801.
During the reign of Shah Alam II, Bareilly was the headquarters of Rohilla Sardar Hafiz Rehmat
Khan and many coins were minted. The city was later in the possession of Awadh Nawab Asaf-ud-
Daulah, and his coins had Bareilly, Bareilly Aasfabad and the Bareilly kite and fish as identification
marks. Coins were then minted by the East India Company.
Modern period
After the Rohilla War, the change in the power structure increased discontent throughout the
district.
The most popular trades in and around Bareilly during the 1820s were manufacturing glass,
jewellery, glass and lac bangles and gold and silver thread, crimping, bean drying, wire drawing,
charpoy weaving, keeping a grocer’s shop and selling kebabs.
• Rebellion of 1857
Bareilly was a centre of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The rebellion began as a mutiny of
Indian soldiers (sepoys), employed in the three Presidency armies, against race- and
religion-based injustices and inequities on 10 May 1857 in Meerut. It expanded into other
mutinies and civilian rebellions, primarily in the major north-central Indian river valleys;
local episodes extended northwest to Peshawar (on the northwest frontier with
Afghanistan) and southeast (beyond Delhi). There were riots in many parts of Uttar
Pradesh, and Muslims in Bareilly, Bijnor and Moradabad called for the revival of a Muslim
kingdom.
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Bareilly was made part of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.
The Rohillas actively opposed the British, but were later disarmed. Khan Bahadur Khan
Rohilla, grandson of Hafiz Rahmat Khan, formed his own government in Bareilly in 1857
and a widespread popular revolt in Awadh, Bundelkhand and Rohilkhand took place. In
1857, Khan Bhadur Khan issued silver coins from Bareilly as an independent ruler. When
the rebellion failed, Bareilly was subjugated. Khan Bahadur Khan was sentenced to death,
and hanged in the police station on 24 February 1860.
Independence
Bareilly Central Jail housed a number of political prisoners who supported the independence
movement including Yashpal (who married while imprisoned on 7 August 1936 was the first such
ceremony in an Indian jail). The rules were changed, preventing future prison marriages.
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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BAREILLY
Location of Bareilly city in Uttar Pradesh
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Location
Bareilly is located at 28°10′N latitude and 78°23′E longitude and lies in northern India. It is among
the largest metropolises in Western Uttar Pradesh and is the centre of the Bareilly division as well
as the historical region of Rohilkhand. The city lies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, about 252
kilometres (157 mi) north west of the state capital, Lucknow, and 265 kilometres (165 mi) east of
the national capital, New Delhi. The city is situated on the banks of the Ramganga River, and it is
surrounded by the foothills of the Himalayas to the north and the Ganges River basin to the south.
Topography
It is situated on the fertile plains of the Ganges River basin and is surrounded by the foothills of
the Himalayas to the north. The study area has an average elevation of approximately 165 meters
(541 feet) above sea level.
The topography of the study area is relatively flat, with the city’s terrain mostly consisting of
alluvial deposits and riverine features. The Ramganga River flows through the city and is the
primary source of water for the region’s agriculture.
Bareilly is known for its rich agricultural lands and is one of the major producers of sugarcane,
wheat, and mangoes in the region. The city’s topography and fertile soils make it an important
center for agriculture and food production in northern India.
The study area is an open plain, sloping gradually from north to south, ‘its level surface being
diversified by the valleys of the numerous rivers and by gentle undulations which become more
pronounced in the south and especially in the south-east. The slope from north to south is
remarkably uniforms. Even river valleys are shallow troughs of little width, so that their waters can
readily be utilised for irrigating the rich level country on either bank. “Further south the valleys
become deeper and more clearly defined, while in the eastern portion they are separated by high
watersheds on which the soil is light and sandy; the level surface is varied by rolling undulations
and in places there appear well marked ridges and low sand hills. On the whole the district is
remarkably fertile, the country is well wooded and water lies almost everywhere within a short
distance of the surface.
The north of the study area Is a geographical continuation of the tarai. It has a rich soil, a
particularly high water-level and an unhealthy climate. There are no longer any forests in this area,
but forest belt of the tarai in several places advances to within a few miles of the northern border
in tehsil Baheri. This tract has an imperfect natural drainage and exceptionally bad character of the
water.
South of the Sub-Himalayan belt is the open country comprising the upland bangar and the low
khadar of the river valleys. The bangar which comprises the greater part of the area consists as a
whole of a series of parallel strips between the various rivers, all of which take a more or less
southerly course. The soil becomes lighter in texture towards the south and south-east, the clays
of the north giving place to the loams of the west and centre, which in turn are succeeded by the
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light sandy soils of the south-east. The khadar is usually of small extent save in the case of the
Ramganga, The valley of this river has an average width of four or five miles, and within these
limits the river has wandered at pleasure in different ages enriching the land with alluvial deposits.
The khadars of the other rivers are not very important.
Soils
In the Ramganga basin, which is typical of the khadar tract, the surface soil varies from the richest
alluvial earth to mere sand. Successive deposits of alluvial silt, known as kamp, gradually raise the
level till the Iand becomes almost or entirely free from inundation and in such places the khadar is
extremely productive, the fertility of the soil remaming unimpaired till the river changes its course.
The bangar soils consist of sand, of clay and of dumat or loam. Sandy soil is called bhur and is the
poorest of all, being too porous to retain moisture. Clay varies greatly in its composition. In the hot
weather the clay dries up and splits into deep cracks, the soil being so hard as to be quite
impenetrable to the plough, until softened by rain. It is very retentive of moisture. A greasy, sticky
clay is called chiknot and the heavy grey clay with traces of iron is called khapat. The latter is a very
unproductive variety. Loam occupies a position mid-way between the two and is by far the most
important soil, occupying about 68 per cent, of the total area, as compared with 4.9 per cent of
bhur, 20.8 per cent of clay and 6.3 per cent of alluvial soil. It is a moderately firm but porous soil.
Loam soils prevail over the larger part of the area and clay is confined mainly to portions of the
Nawabganj, Baheri and Bareilly tehsils and to the south of Aonla.
The soil in the area is predominantly alluvial in nature, and is formed by the deposition of
sediments carried by rivers over thousands of years. The alluvial soil in this area is generally
classified as "entisols" or young soils, which are soils that have not had enough time to develop
distinct soil horizons due to their young age. These soils are rich in organic matter, minerals, and
nutrients and are suitable for a wide range of crops, including sugarcane, wheat, rice, and
vegetables. These soils have not had enough time to develop distinct soil horizons. The alluvial soil
in the area is characterized by a high percentage of clay, silt, and sand. The percentage of clay
ranges from 8-40%, silt ranges from 30-75%, and sand ranges from 10-60%.The soil pH in the area
ranges from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, with values ranging from 6.0 to 8.5. The organic
carbon content in the soil varies from 0.2% to 1.0%, which makes the soil fertile and suitable for
agriculture.
Climate and Rainfall

The climate is warm and temperate in Bareilly. The summers are much rainier than the winters in
Bareilly. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Cwa. The average annual
temperature in Bareilly is 24.2 °C | 75.6 °F. The rainfall here is around 1005 mm | 39.6 inch per
year.
The given location is in the northern hemisphere. -> The particular spot is situated in the upper
half of the planet. Summer begins here at the end of June and ends in September. The months of
summer are: June, July, August, September. The best time to visit is March, September, October.
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• Weather By Month
The driest month is November, with 4 mm | 0.2 inch of rainfall. The greatest amount of
precipitation occurs in July, with an average of 309 mm | 12.2 inch
• Average Temperature
The warmest month of the year is May, with an average temperature of 31.6 °C | 88.9 °F.
The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in January, when it is around 14.1 °C |
57.3 °F.
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• Day And Night Temperature
1. Summer (April to June): Daytime temperatures in Bareilly during the summer season
can range from 35-45°C, with occasional heatwaves that can push temperatures above
45°C. Night time temperatures during this season typically range from 20-30°C.
2. Monsoon (July to September): During the monsoon season, daytime temperatures in
Bareilly can range from 30-35°C, with night time temperatures ranging from 20-25°C.
Heavy rainfall during this season can sometimes lead to cooler temperatures.
3. Winter (December to February): Daytime temperatures during the winter season in
Bareilly usually range from 15-25°C, with night time temperatures ranging from 6-12°C.
Temperatures can sometimes drop to below 5°C during cold waves.
• Weather By Month // Weather Averages
The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 305
mm | 12 inch. The variation in temperatures throughout the year is 17.6 °C | 31.6 °F.
The month with the highest relative humidity is August (83.35 %). The month with the
lowest relative humidity is April (30.73 percent). The month with the most rainy days is July
(24.63 days). The month with the fewest rainy days is November (0.73 days).
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ENVIRONMENT AND CITYSCAPE
The street system in Bareilly is traditional, with most roads oriented towards different cities. The
city centre is the intersection of Nainital Road and Bada Bazaar–Shyam Ganj Road at a street
known as Kutubkhana. It is a congested street, and the entry of cars or heavy vehicles is prohibited
during the day. The Patel Chowk Choraha–Chaupla and Chowki Chauraha–Chaupla Roads run from
Lucknow Road to Delhi Road (Old National Highway 24). Nainital Road (including the old National
Highway 74 or Pilibhit By-pass Road) and Badaun Road began at Kutubkhana. Heavy traffic is
allowed on these roads only from Koharapeer Sabji-Mandi and Chaupla Crossroads. Bareilly is on
the Ganges plain, with fertile alluvial soil; however, the lower plain is flood-prone. The city is on
the Ramganga, with seven other rivers passing through the district. The lower Himalayas are 40
kilometres (25 mi) north of the river.
ECONOMY
Since India began liberalising its economy, Bareilly has experienced rapid growth. Commerce has
diversified with mall culture, although the area's rural economy remains agrarian, handicraft (zari-
zardosi embroidery work on cloth material), bamboo and cane furniture. The city is equidistant
from New Delhi (national capital) and Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh. This makes Bareilly a
nodal point between two major cities of India.
Bareilly was a flourishing cotton centre in early nineteenth century. There were about 20,000
looms in the city in 1802, with a production value of Rs 30,00,000 per year. Robert Glyn, the then
Magistrate of Bareilly asked Ghulam Yahya to write an account of "craftsmen, the names of tools
of manufacture and production and their dress and manners". The most popular trades in and
around Bareilly during the 1820s were manufacturing glass, jewellery, glass and lac bangles and
gold and silver thread, crimping, bean drying, wire drawing, charpoy weaving, keeping a grocer's
shop and selling kebabs.
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The city witnessed rapid growth in trade and commerce, transport and other socio-economic
activities after the construction of Railway lines in the early twentieth century. Several factories,
including the National Brewery Company, a match factory, an ice factory and a steam-powered
flour mill were established in the city in first decade of the century. The Indian Wood Products
Limited was established in Izzatnagar in 1919, where Catechu was produced on a large scale. A
number of industries such as the Indian Turpentine & Rosin (founded in 1926) and the Western
Indian Match Company (WIMCO; founded in 1937) were also established at C.B. Ganj, located at a
distance of 8 km from the city center. HR Sugar Factory was established in Nekpur in 1932. As a
result, Bareilly emerged as a major industrial and commercial area of the region by the 1940s,
with many banks and educational institutions being established in every corner of the city.
The Industrial development of the city continued after the independence of India in 1947 and
small scale industries related to khandsari, furniture, engineering and oil extraction began to take
shape in Shahamatganj and Nai Basti. Industrial estates were established by the UP State
Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC) in CB Ganj in 1958, Bhojipura in 1979 and in
Parsakhera in 1980. CB Ganj and Ijjat Nagar had by this time established themselves as major
industrial and industrial-cum-transport centers of the city respectively, while the Shahamatganj
and Qila markets were among the largest in Bareilly and surrounding areas. By the 1960s and
1980s, several markets were built around residential areas located on the Qutubkhana-railway
junction road, of which Subhash Market, Chaupula, Punjabi and Kishore Markets were among the
prominent ones. According to the 1971 census of India, Bareilly was a City board of I st category,
and was ranked 9th in the state by importance. The economy here relied on the industrial-cum-
service sector; A large number of workers were engaged in activities that were closely related
either to industry or to tertiary sectors.
By the end of the 1990s many industries in the city were shut down. The Indian Turpentine &
Rosin Factory (ITR) was shut down in April 1998 and the sugar mill of Nekpur ceased production in
September 1998. The mill, which was under the control of the UP Sugar Corporation had been
awarded a gold medal for producing sugar more than the set target in the year 1997 itself. A
rubber factory situated in Fatehganj West was also closed on 15 July 1999. The products of the
factory were famous all over Asia, and about two thousand people were serving in this factory.
The WIMCO factory in CB Ganj, which used to supply matches across the country, was shut down
in 2014. Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO) has a large plant at Aonla (30 km). The
plant was commissioned in 1988 and expanded in 1996. It produces ammonia and urea.
Bareilly has very productive land (Tarai) for growing Sugarcane, Rice, pulses & wheat. Hindustan
Unilever has begun growing rice in Bareilly and the Punjab, but the company desires legal reforms
and facility construction. In 2009, Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) awarded pilot
contracts to supply power to nine cities to companies who will collect revenue for the state
government. Bareilly, Agra, Kanpur, Moradabad and Gorakhpur will be part of the first phase. The
Indian government initiated a 10-percent-ethanol-blending programme on a pilot basis in Bareilly
and Belgaum in Karnataka. The city also has CNG and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) outlets. Bareilly
district was the first to implement India’s bio-fuel standard.
CULTURE
Among the major fairs held in Bareilly are the Chaubari fair, Nariyawal fair, Uttarayani fair and
Dussehra fair. The Chaubari fair is held annually on the banks of Ramganga near Chaubari village.
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The fair takes place on the occasion of Kartik Purnima. The biggest attraction of this fair is the
market of Nakhar Horses, in which people from far off areas come to sell and buy horses. The
Nariyawal fair, which lasts for about 15 days, is the second largest fair of the city. The fair takes
place on the occasion of Gupt Navratri in the temple complex of Goddess Sheetla located at
Nariyawal. The fair is mainly a religious affair which is attended by devotees from far-flung districts
in addition to the nearby villagers. The three-day Uttarayani fair is also organized every year at the
Bareilly Club ground in Civil Lines by the ‘Uttarayani Janakalyan Samiti’. The fair is held from 13 to
15 January on the occasion of Makar Sankranti. Several cultural events are held in Kumaoni and
Garhwali languages, in which many artists from the nearby hill region come to perform.
REGIONAL SETTING AND CONNECTIVITY
Roads
NH 530 connects Bareilly with Rampur
Bareilly lies on the National Highway 30, which connects Sitarganj in Uttarakhand with Vijaywada
in Andhra Pradesh. The 2040 km (1267.5 mi) highway starts at the junction of NH 9 at Sitarganj,
and passes through Bareilly, Lucknow, Allahabad, Jabalpur and Raipur to end at the junction of NH
65 in Ibrahimpatnam suburb of Vijaywada. Other National Highways originating in the city include
NH 530 (Bareilly–Rampur Highway), NH 530B (Bareilly–Mathura Highway) and NH 730B (Bareilly–
Bisalpur Highway). The UP State Highway 37 (Bareilly–Nainital Road) also originates in Bareilly; so
does the MDR29 W road, which connects Bareilly to Bilaspur via Shahi and Shishgarh.
Arterial streets include:
1. Stadium Road (connecting Pilibhit Road (D.D. Puram) to the Shyam Ganj crossroad)
2. Macnair Road (connecting Nainital Road to Stadium Road)
3. Pilibhit By-pass Road, connecting Pilibhit Road to Lucknow Road (Old National Highway 24
or Delhi-Lucknow Highway)
4. SH-33 Bareilly to Mathura via Subhash Nagar & ( Vishwanathpuram ), Budaun and Kasganj
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5. Mini By-Pass, connecting Delhi Road (Old National Highway 24 or Delhi-Lucknow Highway)
to Nainital Road
6. Shyam Ganj– Patel Chowk Choraha–Chaupla–Quila–C.B. Ganj Road (Old National Highway
24 or Delhi-Lucknow Highway)
7. Shyam Ganj–Bareilly Cantt–Chowki Chauraha–Chaupla Road
8. I.V.R.I. Road (connecting Nainital Road to Pilibhit Road)
9. Civil Lines Road
10. Highway connecting Delhi to Lucknow four lane via Bareilly is a 29-kilometre-long (18 mi)
highway which bypasses the city crowd of Bareilly, ensuring the smooth running of local
traffic.
A UPSRTC Bus in Bareilly Cantt
Bareilly is the headquarters of Bareilly region of UPSRTC, which has four depots and twelve
stations under it. The city has two Bus stations, from where inter-city buses operate. The Bareilly
bus station (old bus stand) located in Civil Lines caters to Buses plying on routes towards the
north, west and south of city i.e. on Moradabad-Delhi, Haldwani-Nainital, Haridwar-
Dehradun and Agra-Jaipur routes; while the Bareilly Satellite bus station caters to bus services
eastwards of the city notably to Kanpur, Lucknow, Prayagraj and Tanakpur. Another bus station is
proposed at Izzatnagar. The bus station would be built over an area of 2.285 hectares and would
cater to bus services towards Delhi and Uttarakhand.
• Improvements
As part of the expansion of Old National Highway 24 (connecting Lucknow to New Delhi via
Shahjahanpur, Bareilly, Rampur, Moradabad and Ghaziabad) to four lanes, two contracts
were awarded on a Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) basis for the
National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). Bareilly Ring Road (Bypass) provides an
excellent platform for setting up of industries, MNCs, residential townships, shopping
malls, school and colleges, hospitals, airport, railways, etc. Government of Uttar Pradesh
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has proposed 200 km six lane expressway from Faridpur near Bareilly to Pariyar in Unnao
district (near Bithoor) to connect Bareilly with Kanpur and reduce distance between both
cities from 10 hours to 3 hours.
City Buses
City buses in Bareilly are operated by the Bareilly City Transport Services Limited (BCTSL).Electric
buses run on three routes in the city. A charging station-cum-depot for these buses is located in
the Swale Nagar neighborhood of the city.
City bus services in Bareilly were started initially on the Kutubkhana-Railway Junction route by the
Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation. In the 1960s, a total of 4 buses used to ply on the
urban routes, and in 1964, 6 new buses were introduction , increasing the number of buses to 10.
By 1963–64 the bus services had been expanded from Koharapeer to Bhojipura and Fatehganj. By
the late 1970s, six private buses were operating in the city under the control of the UPSRTC, with
an average of 5000 daily commuters. However, gradual increase in the traffic on the city roads and
the arrival of smaller vehicles resulted in the roadways bus services going into losses, and
therefore the bus services were discontinued in the year 1990. At the time of their
discontinuation, City buses used to operate from Kutubkhana to Railway Junction, Sadar Cantt,
Sainthal, Nawabganj, Faridpur and Fatehganj.
A proposal to restart city bus services in the city was initiated by Bareilly Municipal Corporation in
2019 under the Smart Cities Mission; 25 CNG and Electric buses were proposed to ply on five
routes with a depot at Ramganga Nagar. Approval to operate AC Electric buses in the city was
granted by state Cabinet in December 2019. Construction of a charging station for the electric
buses commenced in Swale Nagar in 2020, and was completed in September 2021. The Electric
Buses were inaugurated on 4 January 2022.
Rail
Bareilly Junction lies on Lucknow-Moradabad Line and Lucknow-Sitapur-Lakhimpur-Pilibhit-

Bareilly-Kasganj Line. Bareilly has been Connected to the rest of India by rail since the 19th century,
and a 1909 map shows that Bareilly was a railway junction during the early 20 th century. Six rail
lines intersect in the city. After the British Indian Government purchased the Indian Branch
Railway on 31 March 1872, and renamed the Lucknow–Kanpur main line as the Oudh and
Rohilkhand Railway, railway services started to expand towards the west of Lucknow. The
construction of a railway line from Lucknow to Sandila and then further onwards to Hardoi was
completed in 1872. This line was further extended to Bareilly on 1 November 1873. Prior to that,
another railway line connecting Moradabad to Chandausi had already been built in 1872; it too
was extended to Bareilly, the construction completed on 22 December 1873.
A new railway line connecting Bareilly and Moradabad via Rampur, called the Bareilly–Moradabad
Chord, was approved on 4 December 1891, and was completed by 8 June 1894.[80] On 8
December 1894, the main line was officially diverted to this chord, while the older line was
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renamed the Chandausi loop.[80] In 1890 the Bengal and North Western Railway leased the
Tirhoot State Railway to increase the latter’s revenue, and the Lucknow-Sitapur-Seramow
Provincial State Railway merged with the Bareilly-Pilibhit Provincial State Railway to form the
Lucknow-Bareilly Railway on 1 January 1891. The Lucknow-Bareilly Railway was owned by the
Government of India, and operated by the Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway
Izzatnagar is the divisional headquarters of one of the three divisions of North Eastern Railways
The Oudh and Tirhut Railway was formed on 1 January 1943 by the merger of the Bengal and
North Western Railway, the Tirhut Railway (BNW operated), the Mashrak-Thawe Extension
Railway (BNW operated), the Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway and the Lucknow-Bareilly Railway
(R&K operated). The Oudh and Tirhut Railway was later renamed the Oudh Tirhut Railway; it
merged with the Assam Railway and the Kanpur-Achnera section of the Bombay, Baroda and
Central India Railway to form North Eastern Railway (headquartered in Gorakhpur, with a
divisional headquarters in Izzatnagar), one of the 16 zones of the Indian Railways
Bareilly Junction is among the Top 100 booking stations of Indian Railways
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Several railway stations serve the city including:
1. Bareilly Cantt (Station code: BRYC)

2. Bareilly City (Station code: BC)
3. Bareilly Junction (Station code: BE)
4. Bhojipura Junction (Station code: BPR)
5. C.B. Ganj (Station code: CBJ)
6. Dohna (Station code: DOX)
7. Izzatnagar (Station code: IZN)
8. Parsa Khera (Station code: PKRA)
9. Ramganga Bridge (Station code: RGB)
Bareilly is on the Moradabad-Lucknow route. Trains from the north (including Jammu Tawi and
Amritsar) and Delhi running east and northeast (to Gorakhpur, Barauni, Howrah, Guwahati and
Dibrugarh) pass through Bareilly, and the city is also on the route from Uttarakhand to Agra and
Mathura via Budaun. Many trains to railway stations in Uttarakhand pass through Bareilly.
Air
Bareilly city is served by the Bareilly Airport (IATA: BEK, ICAO: VIBY) – a civil enclave at the Indian
Air Force's 'Trishul Air Base' in Izzatnagar, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the city centre.
The Airports Authority of India approved construction of a passenger terminal at the Bareilly civil
enclave in 2016. 10 hectares (25 acres) of land was bought from local farmers by the district
administration for the project. The AAI began the tender process to award construction contracts
for the airport in September 2017 and expected the civil enclave to be ready by March 2018,
pending Uttar Pradesh government approval. However, the IAF requested changes in the layout of
the taxiway connecting the terminal to the runway. After the Ministry of Defence approved the
taxiway, passenger service was hoped to begin by February 2019.
Bareilly Airport was inaugurated by state civil aviation minister Nand Gopal Nandi and Union
minister Santosh Gangwar on 10 March 2019 at the civil enclave of Trishul Air Base. The terminal
building can handle 75 passengers during the peak hour. Flight services from Bareilly to Delhi
commenced on 8 March 2021.
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CHAPTER 2
POPULATION GROWTH
Population growth is one of the main concerns of this world because the human population isn’t a static
factor. Rather, it’s growing at a really alarming rate. In spite of the increasing world population, the resources
of the world remain constant. Thus, the power to take care of sustainable development is becoming a
serious challenge to mankind today.
Human increase is the increase in the number of people in a particular area. There has been a
decrease in the death rate over the past 200 years due to the changes in public health and
sanitation. The advent of antibiotics and vaccines has led to a decrease in the chances of infections
in humans. Urbanization and advancements in agriculture have also led to a rise in population.
Factors that Influence Population Fluctuation
The fluctuations within the population during a given area are influenced by four major factors,
which include the following:
Natality – it’s the number of births during a given period of your time during a population
Mortality – It is defined as the number of deaths that takes place in a population at a given period
of time.
Immigration – it’s defined to be the number of people who come from another population and
increase the population in consideration during a period of time.
Emigration – it’s defined as the number of people from a population who leave the habitat and
attend a special habitat at a given period of time.
Thus, it’s clearly visible that the two factors Natality (N) and Immigration (I) increase a population,
thus increasing population whereas, Mortality (M) and Emigration € decrease the population. The
population density (Pt) at a given point of time is often given as:
Pt =P0 + (N + I) – (M + E)
Where P0 is the initial population density.
HISTORY OF POPULATION GROWTH

Population growth has been a significant issue globally, with cities and countries experiencing varying rates
of population growth. One city that has experienced significant population growth is Bareilly, a city located
in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The city has a long history dating back to the Mughal period,
and its population has grown over the years, shaped by various historical events and factors.
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Population Growth (1537-1850)
During the period between 1537 to 1600, the city saw significant changes in its population due to
the Mughal Empire’s rule and other historical events. In 1537, the Mughal Emperor Humayun
annexed Bareilly and made it a part of the Mughal Empire. Under the Mughal rule, the city
became a center of trade and commerce, attracting merchants and traders from different parts of
the country. This led to an increase in the population of the city, and by the end of the 16th
century, the population of Bareilly was estimated to be around 50,000 people. The city’s
population was predominantly Hindu before the Mughal rule, but under the Mughal Empire, the
city saw a significant increase in the Muslim population, who migrated to the city from different
parts of the country.
The period between 1601 to 1650 witnessed significant changes in the population growth. During
this time, the city experienced both ups and downs in its population growth due to various factors
such as wars, famines, and epidemics. At the beginning of the 16th century, the population of
Bareilly was estimated to be around 50,000 people, which remained stable for the next few
decades. However, in 1631, the city was hit by a devastating famine, which led to a significant
decline in the population. The famine was caused by a combination of factors such as crop failure,
high taxes, and inadequate relief measures, which resulted in widespread starvation and deaths.
The population of Bareilly during this time is estimated to have dropped to as low as 20,000
people.
The period from 1650 to 1700 witnessed a significant increase in the population. The city
continued to experience political instability during this period, which had a significant impact on
its population growth. In 1658, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan fell ill, leading to a power struggle
among his sons for the throne. This struggle led to the Battle of Samugarh in 1658, which was
fought between Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shikoh. Bareilly, being located in the proximity of
Delhi, became a battleground once again, leading to an Influx of soldiers and refugees into the city.
This sudden increase in population resulted in the establishment of new settlements and
neighbourhoods in the city. In addition to the political instability, the city also witnessed significant
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economic and social changes during this period. The city continued to be an important center of
trade and commerce, attracting merchants and traders from different parts of the country. The
city’s textile industry saw significant growth during this period, with the production of cotton and
silk fabrics increasing. The city's bazaars and markets became a hub of activity, with goods from
different parts of the country being traded.
The city also witnessed significant growth in its cultural and religious institutions during this
period. The construction of various mosques, madrasas, and temples continued, attracting
scholars, students, and devotees from different parts of the country. The city also became a center
of Sufi and Bhakti movements, with various saints and mystics establishing their ashrams and
centers in the city.
The population of Bareilly during this period is estimated to have increased from around 70,000 in
1650 to around 100,000 in 1700. This growth was attributed to various factors such as the city’s
strategic location, its growing economy, and the establishment of various cultural and religious
institutions.
The period from 1700 to 1750 witnessed significant changes in the population growth of Bareilly
due to various factors such as political instability, economic growth, and the establishment of
cultural and religious institutions. The city continued to be an important center of trade,
commerce, and culture, attracting people from different parts of the country, contributing to its
rich and diverse cultural heritage.
The city was located in the vicinity of Delhi, which was frequently under attack from various
regional powers. This led to the constant movement of soldiers, refugees, and merchants into and
out of the city, resulting in a significant increase in its population. Additionally, the city also saw
the rise of various local powers, such as the Rohilla Afghans, who established their rule over the
city for a brief period.
During this period the city also witnessed significant growth in the city's cultural and religious
institutions. The city became a center of learning, with various madrasas and schools being
established. The city also continued to be an important center of Sufi and Bhakti movements, with
various saints and mystics establishing their ashrams and centers in the city. The construction of
various mosques, temples, and gurudwaras also continued, attracting devotees from different
parts of the country. The population of Bareilly during this period Is estimated to have increased
from around 100,000 in 1700 to around 130,000 in 1750.
The period from 1750 to 1800 was a time of significant population growth in Bareilly. The city’s
strategic location, growing economy, and cultural exchange contributed to the growth of its
population. This period also saw significant development in infrastructure, cultural and religious
institutions, and political stability, which attracted people to the city and contributed to its growth.
One of the primary factors contributing to the population growth of Bareilly during this period was
the growth of its economy. The city’s location on the trade route between Delhi and the Gangetic
plain made it an important center for the production and trade of goods such as textiles, pottery,
and agricultural produce. As a result, merchants and traders from different parts of India came to
the city to conduct business, leading to an increase in population.
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Another factor contributing to the population growth of Bareilly during this period was political
stability. The city was ruled by various regional powers, including the Mughals and the Rohillas,
who established their capital in the city. Under their rule, the city saw significant development in
terms of infrastructure, such as the construction of roads, bridges, and public buildings, which
attracted people to the city. The city also saw the arrival of European traders and missionaries,
who established their presence in the city and contributed to the cultural diversity of the
population.
According to estimates, the population of this area grew from around 130,000 in 1750 to around
180,000 in 1800.
The period from 1801 to 1850 was a time of significant population growth in Bareilly. The city's
location on the trade route, economic expansion, political stability, and the arrival of new
communities all contributed to the growth of its population.
According to estimates, the population of Bareilly grew from around 180,000 in 1801 to around
250,000 in 1850. This growth was attributed to various factors, including economic expansion,
political stability, and the arrival of new communities.
Population Growth After 1847

Decadal Population Decadal Population
Census Year Population Increase (In No.) growth rate (in
Percentage)
1847 92,208 - N/A
1853 101,507 - +10.1%
1865 105,649 - +4.1%
1872 102,982 - −2.5%
1881 113,417 - +10.1%
1891 121,039 - +6.7%
1901 133,167 - +10.0%
1911 129,462 -3705 −2.8%
1921 129,459 -3 −0.0%
1931 144,031 14572 +11.3%
1941 192,688 48657 +33.8%
1951 208,083 15395 +8.0%
1961 272,828 64745 +31.1%
1971 326,106 53278 +19.5%
1981 449,425 123319 +37.8%
1991 590,661 141236 +31.4%
2001 720,315 129654 +22.0%
2011 903,668 136859 +25.5%
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According to the 2011 Indian Census, Bareilly had a population of 903,668, of which 476,927 were
males and 426,741 were females. The sex ratio was 895. Population within the age group of 0 to 6
years was 107,323. The total number of literates in Bareilly was 543,515, which constituted 60.1%
of the population, of which male literacy is 66.5% and female literacy is 55.7%. The effective
literacy rate of 7+ population of Bareilly was 68.3%, of which male literacy rate was 72.7% and
female literacy rate was 63.2%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes had a population of
71,215 and 2,771 respectively. In 2011, Bareilly had a total of 166222 households.
Description As Per 2011 Census Estimated

Total Male Female Population in
2023
City Population 903,668 476,927 426,741 1,046,990
Literates 543,515 305,805 237,710 629,716
Children (0-6) 107,323 56,523 50,800 124,344
Average Literacy 68.25 72.74 63.23
(%)
Sex Ratio 895
Child Sex Ratio 899
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Religion
Bareilly has a majority of Hindus, with 58.58% following Hinduism according to the 2011 Indian
Census. Islam is the second most followed religion in the city, with about 38.80% followers.
Sikhism (0.90% followers), Christianity (0.78% followers), Jainism (0.05% followers) and Buddhism
(0.05% followers) are also practised in the city. Apart from that, about 0.03% people follow some
other religions, while about 0.81% of the people did not state their religion.
The city lends Its name to the Barelvi Movement, which follows the Sunni Hanafi school of
jurisprudence, and has hundreds of millions of followers in South Asia. Seven ancient Hindu
temples dedicated to Shiva are located in the city – Dhopeshwar Nath, Madhi Nath, Alakha Nath,
Tapeshwar Nath, Bankhandi Nath, Pashupati Nath and Trivati Nath, due to which the city is also
known by the name of Nath Nagri. There is a Roman Catholic Diocese of Bareilly.
Description Population in 2011 Percentage Estimated

Population in 2023
Hindu 530,043 58.60% 614,108
Muslims 351,025 38.81% 406,698
Christian 7,097 0.78% 8,223
Sikh 8,179 0.90% 9,476
Buddhist 440 0.05% 510
Jain 462 0.05% 535
Not Stated 7,323 0.81% 8,484
GROWTH RATE MODELS

The “population growth rate” is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population
increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically,
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population growth rate refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often expressed
as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period.
This can be written as the formula, valid for a sufficiently small time interval:
A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative growth rate
indicates that the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the
same number of individuals at the beginning and end of the period—a growth rate may be zero
even when there are significant changes in the birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and age
distribution between the two times.
A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net reproduction
rate of more than 1 indicates that the population of females is increasing, while a net reproduction
rate less than one (sub-replacement fertility) indicates that the population of females is
decreasing.
Most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a logistic model. Once the
population has reached its carrying capacity, it will stabilize and the exponential curve will level off
towards the carrying capacity, which is usually when a population has depleted most its natural
resources. In the world human population, growth has been following a linear trend throughout
the last few decades.
Logistic equation
The growth of a population can often be modelled by the logistic equation.
Where
• P(t) = the population after time t;
• t = time a population grows;
• r = the relative growth rate coefficient;
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• K = the carrying capacity of the population; defined by ecologists as the maximum
population size that a particular environment can sustain.
As it is a separable differential equation, the population may be solved explicitly, producing a

logistic function:
where and is the initial population at time 0.
POPULATION GROWTH RATE

Chart and table of population level and growth rate for the Bareilly, India metro area from 1950 to 2023.
United Nations population projections are also included through the year 2035.
The current metro area population of Bareilly in 2023 is 1,349,000, a 2.43% increase from 2022.
The metro area population of Bareilly in 2022 was 1,317,000, a 2.41% increase from 2021.
Data Source: United Nations - World Population Prospects
Year Population Growth Rate Growth

1950 207,021 0.00% -
1951 209,976 1.43% 2,955
1952 215,750 2.75% 5,774
1953 221,666 2.74% 5,916
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1954 227,753 2.75% 6,087
1955 234,008 2.75% 6,255
1956 240,443 2.75% 6,435
1957 247,036 2.74% 6,593
1958 253,820 2.75% 6,784
1959 260,790 2.75% 6,970
1960 267,961 2.75% 7,171
1961 274,446 2.42% 6,485
1962 279,343 1.78% 4,897
1963 284,328 1.78% 4,985
1964 289,409 1.79% 5,081
1965 294,567 1.78% 5,158
1966 299,823 1.78% 5,256
1967 305,174 1.78% 5,351
1968 310,627 1.79% 5,453
1969 316,163 1.78% 5,536
1970 321,805 1.78% 5,642
1971 328,747 2.16% 6,942
1972 339,571 3.29% 10,824
1973 350,719 3.28% 11,148
1974 362,250 3.29% 11,531
1975 374,161 3.29% 11,911
1976 386,480 3.29% 12,319
1977 399,169 3.28% 12,689
1978 412,293 3.29% 13,124
1979 425,848 3.29% 13,555
1980 439,869 3.29% 14,021
1981 454,219 3.26% 14,350
1982 468,871 3.23% 14,652
1983 483,995 3.23% 15,124
1984 499,628 3.23% 15,633
1985 515,722 3.22% 16,094
1986 532,357 3.23% 16,635
1987 549,528 3.23% 17,171
1988 567,279 3.23% 17,751
1989 585,551 3.22% 18,272
1990 604,439 3.23% 18,888
1991 621,599 2.84% 17,160
1992 634,505 2.08% 12,906
1993 647,643 2.07% 13,138
1994 661,071 2.07% 13,428
1995 674,778 2.07% 13,707
1996 688,788 2.08% 14,010
1997 703,049 2.07% 14,261
1998 717,626 2.07% 14,577
1999 732,506 2.07% 14,880
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2000 747,715 2.08% 15,209
2001 764,665 2.27% 16,950
2002 785,023 2.66% 20,358
2003 805,923 2.66% 20,900
2004 827,409 2.67% 21,486
2005 849,406 2.66% 21,997
2006 872,020 2.66% 22,614
2007 895,236 2.66% 23,216
2008 919,103 2.67% 23,867
2009 943,539 2.66% 24,436
2010 968,659 2.66% 25,120
2011 994,447 2.66% 25,788
2012 1,020,922 2.66% 26,475
2013 1,048,101 2.66% 27,179
2014 1,076,004 2.66% 27,903
2015 1,104,650 2.66% 28,646
2016 1,134,058 2.66% 29,408
2017 1,164,249 2.66% 30,191
2018 1,195,244 2.66% 30,955
2019 1,225,034 2.49% 29,790
2020 1,255,287 2.47% 30,253
2021 1,285,964 2.44% 30,677
2022 1,317,085 2.42% 31,121
2023 1,348,664 2.4% 31,579
The city population growth rate peaked in 1979 at 3.40% per year and subsequently declined. The
last many years have seen a massive fourfold increase in the population, due to medical advances,
lower mortality rates, and an increase in agricultural productivity made possible by the Green
Revolution. The growth rate is declined but the number of persons living in the area is
continuously increase.
GROWTH BY WARDS
WARD NAME OF THE WARD AREA POPULATION Names of the localities included in
NO. the ward
1 BEHARIPUR CIVIL LINES 0.296 10853 1. Beharipur Civil Lines
2 JATAVPURA 0.372 10195 1. Jatavpura
2. Marwari Gang, Madhavwadi
3. Railway colony
4. Some portion of Alamgiri
Ganj
3 CHHOTI VIHAR 2.040 12971 1. Thula Sher Pur
4 SUGAR FACTORY 0.919 11229 1. Sugar Factory
2. R.P.F Quarter Oil Depo Area
5 NEKPUR 0.383 11931 1. Nekpur Galla Mandi
2. Railway Colony
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3. Some portion of Madhinath
6 NAWADA SHEKHAN 0.235 11696 1. Nawada Shekhan
7 VEER BHATTI 1.300 12738 1. Rajeev Colony
8 MODEL TOWN 1.150 11938 1. Model Town
2. Ekta Nagar
3. Some portion of Narkulaganj
9 NAUMEHLA 1.075 11631 1. Islamiya
2. Naumehla Part
3. District Jail
10 BADI BIHAR 2.110 12859 1. Biharman Nagla
2. Delapeer
3. Munshi Nagar
4. Parwana Nagar
11 KATRA CHAND KHAN 0.720 10348 1. Katra Chand Khan
12 SETHORA 2.252 12765 1. Sethora
2. Sanaiya Dhan Singh
3. Some portion of Shanti Vihar
13 SHANTI VIHAR 0.972 10390 1. Some portion of Sethora
2. Sanaiya Dhan Singh
3. Shanti Vihar
4. Ravindra Nagar
14 BRAHAMPUR 0.628 11366 1. Some portion of Sanjay
Nagar
15 HAZIYAPUR 0.344 12984 1. Haziyapur
16 SANJAY NAGAR 0.770 12595 1. Sanjay Nagar
2. Durga Nagar
17 HARUNAGLA 3.430 12701 1. Harunagla
18 RAILWAY COLONY 1.730 9733 1. Some portion of Partapur
Chaudhary
2. Mehlau
3. Central Jail Road No.2
4. Krishna Nagar
5. Some portion of Faridpur
19 KANJADASPUR 1.220 11834 1. Kanjadaspur
2. Nagariya Parikshit
20 AZAMNAGAR 0.343 10871 1. Some portion of Naumehla
2. Government Inter College
3. Sarai Kham
4. Azam Nagar
21 SUBASH NAGAR 0.350 12719 1. Subash Nagar
2. Railway School Area
3. Veer Bhatti
22 KHALILPUR 1.450 12916 1. Khalilpur
2. Some portion of Bidhouliya
23 INDRANAGAR 0.860 11040 1. Indranagar
2. Mandal Vihar
3. Rajendra Nagar
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24 MAULA NAGAR 0.324 10134 1. Surkha
2. Maula Nagar
25 MADHINATH 0.368 11492 1. Madhinath
26 I.V.R.I 3.790 12406 1. I.V.R.I
2. Partapur jeevan sahai
27 MATHURAPUR 6.950 13400 1. Tuliya
2. Bandiya
3. Mathurapur
28 FAREEDAPUR 1.520 9644 1. Fareedapur Choudhary
CHOUDHARY 2. New Model Colony
3. Some portion of Partapur
Choudhary
29 REHPURA CHOUDHARY 2.400 13190 1. Rehpura Choudhary
2. Math Kamal Nainpur
3. Math Laxmipur
30 SWALENAGAR 3.470 9710 1. Swalenagar
2. Sarai Talfi
3. Ahatmali
4. Village Jasauli
5. Chandan Nagar
31 KATGHAR 0.680 13326 1. Katghar
2. Hussain Bagh
32 GANDHI UDHYAN 1.950 10739 1. MDM compound
2. SSP Office
3. PWD Quarter Tehsil Bareilly
4. Bareilly Hotel Bhatnagar
Colony
5. Gandhi Udhyan
6. Allahabad Bank power
house
33 BANKHANDI NATH 0.512 12255 1. Sher Ali gotiya
2. Samrat Ashok Nagar
34 Parithapur Choudhary 1.134 9935 1. Some portion of Partapur
Choudhary
2. Fareedapur Choudhary
3. Some portion of Mahlu
35 RAMPUR BAGH 2.100 10088 1. Rampur Bagh
2. Makrandpur
3. Semal Khera
4. Shyam Ganj Subzi Mandi
5. Mental Hospital
6. Forest Colony
7. Bareilly College
36 JOHARPUR 6.430 12401 1. Joharpur
2. Sanaiya Rani Mewa Kunwar
3. Some portion of Khalilpur
4. Sargodha Nagar
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5. Railway Area
6. Kanshi Ram Colony
37 NADAUSI 9.860 11928 1. Parsakhera
2. Gagariya Gokulpur
3. Nadausi
4. Hyderabad
5. Khadua
38 BENIPUR CHAUDHARY 2.550 12403 1. Benipur Chaudhary
2. Jasauli Mustaqil
3. Bakarganj
39 KAKAR TOLA 0.204 12538 1. Kakar Tola
2. Some portion of Haziyapur
40 SAHASWANI TOLA 0.307 9969 1. Some portion of Bukharpur
2. Sahaswani Tola
3. Some portion of Sitapur
Road
41 BIHARIPUR MEMARAN 0.192 9915 1. Karolan
2. Biharipur Momaran
3. Some portion of Khatriyan
42 CHAUDHARY MOHALLA 0.307 12417 1. Muravpura
2. Rafiabad
3. Some portion of Chaudhary
Mohalla
43 AKASHPURAM 0.757 10017 1. AKASHPURAM
2. Ma Vaishno Puram
44 MALOOKPUR 0.450 10086 1. Biharipur
2. Kasgran
45 MAHESHPUR ATERIYA 1.136 10299 1. I.T.I. Bareilly
2. Lohia Vihar
46 GANDHI PURAM 1.124 11761 1. Gandhi Puram
2. Some portion of Surkha
Chhawni
3. Ramleela gotiya
4. Siddharthnagar
47 QUILLA CHHAWNI 1.049 10738 1. Quilla Chhawani
48 JOGI NAWADA 0.384 12816 1. Gosai Gautiya
49 SHASTRI NAGAR 0.665 9582 1. Surkha Chhawni
2. Chhawni Ashraf Khan
3. Banke Ki Chhawani
4. Shastri Nagar
50 JANAKPURI 5.136 10207 1. Some portion of Gandhi
Nagar
2. Janakpuri
3. Aaram Singh Basti
4. Priyadarshini Nagar
5. Some portion of Model
Town
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51 NAGARIA PARIKSHIT 2.608 9891 1. Tatarpur
2. Shikarpur
3. Baker Nagar Sundrasi
4. Some portion of NAGARIA
Parikshit Faridapur
52 BANKHANA 0.125 9935 1. Bankhana
2. Koharapeer
53 ROHLI TOLA 0.358 12469 1. Rohili Tola
2. Bukharpura
54 BHOOR 0.613 11718 1. Bhoor
2. Tibri
3. Some portion of Gandhi
Nagar
55 SAIDPUR HAKINS 2.804 10995 1. Saidpur Hakins
2. Karamchari Nagar
56 KUNWAR PUR 0.230 9629 1. Jasoli
2. Kunwarpur
3. Some portion of Malukpur
57 FALTUNGANJ 0.200 10978 1. Kali Bari
2. Zulfiqar Ganj
3. Faltunganj
58 GULAB NAGAR 0.180 11445 1. Chahbai
2. Gulab Nagar
3. Some Portion of Talab
Chaudhary
59 SARNIYA 7.627 10746 1. Bhagwantapur
2. Rotha Ethmali
3. Mustqil Saniya
4. Pastor
60 SHAHDANA 0.280 12552 1. Shahdana
2. Gangapur
3. Bagh Ahmed Ali
61 KANOON GOYAN 0.320 11096 1. Brahampura
2. Narkulaganj
3. Kanoon Goyan
62 CHAK MEHMOOD 0.432 12312 1. Chak Mehmood Nagar
2. Lodhi Tola
3. Chak Mehmood
4. Some Portion of Jogi Navada
63 SAHUKARA 0.263 9669 1. Some portion of Punjabpura
2. Pulkaji Kela Bagh
64 SIKLAPUR 0.200 11010 1. Bagh bhugtan
2. Siklapur
65 SURESH SHARMA NAGAR 1.020 11322 1. Avas Vikas
2. Srinagar
66 BAJARIA PURANMAL 0.278 9749 1. Gali Nawaban
2. Katra Manrai
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3. Memiya Tola
4. Chadai Neem
5. Bajaria Puranmal
6. Jakati Mohalla
7. Some Portion of Punjabpura
67 AVAS VIKAS 0.480 12936 1. Avas Vikas Block A
2. Gulmohar Colony
3. Nagar Nigam E.W.S Quarter
4. Rajeev Nagar
68 KHANNU MOHALLA 0.263 9969 1. Bamanpuri
2. Gadhai or Saraipukhta
Phoolwalan
3. Khannu Mohalla
4. Riksbandiyan
69 SHAHABAD 0.222 10018 1. Shahabad
2. Some Portion of Bhoor
70 PEER BAHORA 1.410 10385 1. Peer Bahora
71 NAI BASTI 0.248 12598 1. Nai Basti Jagatpur
72 ALAMGIRI GANJ 0.230 9843 1. Bans Mandi
2. Akab Kotwali
3. Farshi Tola
4. Alamgiri Ganj
73 BIDHOULIYA 2.945 11864 1. Bidhouliya
2. Sanoa
3. Maidapur
4. Govindapur
74 GHER SHEKH MITTHU 0.310 9985 1. Masjid Domni
2. Ghershekh Mittu
3. Naqshbandhiyan
4. Zakhira
5. Some portion of Malukpur
Partial Domni Masjid
75 EZAZ NAGAR 0.512 12934 1. Ezaz Nagar
76 ENGLISH GANJ 0.242 9599 1. Some portion of Zakhira
2. Kotwali Kohna
3. English Ganj
4. Bajaria Sandal Khan
5. Kanghi Tola
77 SODAGARAN 0.276 9340 1. Biharipur
2. Kaharwan
3. Saudagaran
4. Darji Chowk
5. Madari Darbaza
6. Kuncha Sitaram
7. Kauwa Tola
8. Khwaja Qutb East Khwaja
Qutb West
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9. Some portion of Biharipur
Khatriyan
78 SUFI TOLA 0.306 12597 1. Katkuiya
2. Kazi Tola
3. Kasai Tola
4. Gher Jafar Khan
5. Sufi Tola
79 CHAKMEHMOOD NAGAR 0.483 12583 1. Chak Mehmood Nagar
2. Patial Ezaz Nagar
80 RABRI TOLA 0.249 11265 1. Rabri Tola
2. Some portion of Sufi Tola
3. Kazi Tola
4. Partial Part Sufi Tola
FUTURE POPULATION
Population projections are attempts to show how the human population statistics might change in
the future. These projections are an important input to forecasts of the population’s impact on
this planet and humanity’s future well-being. Models of population growth take trends in human
development, and apply projections into the future. These models use trend-based-assumptions
about how populations will respond to economic, social and technological forces to understand
how they will affect fertility and mortality, and thus population growth.
Year Estimated Growth In Growth Rate Growth

Population
2024 1,380,715 2.38% 32,051
2025 1,413,251 2.36% 32,536
2026 1,446,273 2.34% 33,022
2027 1,479,777 2.32% 33,504
2028 1,513,739 2.3% 33,962
2029 1,548,148 2.27% 34,409
2030 1,582,960 2.25% 34,812
2031 1,618,147 2.22% 35,187
2032 1,653,676 2.2% 35,529
2033 1,689,523 2.17% 35,847
2034 1,725,615 2.14% 36,092
2035 1,761,896 2.1% 36,281
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CHAPTER 3
EFFECT OF OVER POPULATION
Rapid population growth refers to the aggressive increase of population brought about by
increased birth rates and decreased death rates. It is also caused by industrialization and the
availability of food, water, energy, and reliable medical care. Rapid population growth can result in
economic consequences by limiting the growth rate of gross national product and exerting a lot of
pressure on agricultural production.
The rising population has always been a topic of debate. A majority of people believe that it has a
negative impact on society. Too much and speedy growth of the population would strain the
natural resources and lead to starvation, health ailments, and even death. On the other hand, an
increase in population also has a few positive effects. This is seen in terms of an economic boost,
low mortality rate, increased innovation, etc. In this chapter, we will cover both the negative and
positive effects of population growth on societies.
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ADVANTAGES OF POPULATION GROWTH
A. Economic Advantages
1. Increased talent pool and human capital – Higher population guarantees an
increased human capital pool, leading to growth in innovation and technological
development. Population growth also increases the chances of getting geniuses
like, leading to further technological and cultural development.
2. Higher economic growth – Rapid population growth leads to more production of
goods due to the available labor, increasing tax revenue. This increased tax revenue
can be used on environmental and health projects. The economy can benefit from
economies of scale and increased specialization.
• The obvious evaluation is to say, the crucial thing is not GDP, but GDP per
capita. If economic growth is at the same rate as population growth,
average living standards will not increase. However, it is possible population
growth can also improve per capita incomes. As the population increases,
the economy can benefit from a bigger talent pool, economies of scale and
greater specialisation. All this can enable higher per capita income, which
we have seen in major developed economies.
• According to the Bareilly Industrial Directory, there are over 3000 small,
medium and large scale industries operating in the district, generating an
annual turnover of over Rs. 5000 crores. An increase in population could
lead to increased employment opportunities and more demand for goods
and services, potentially contributing to further economic growth.
3. Economies of scale – Farming and industry have been able to benefit from
economies of scale, which means as the population grows, food output and
manufacturing output have been able to grow even faster than population growth.
For example, at the turn of the nineteenth century, Thomas Malthus predicted
population growth would lead to famine as we would be unable to feed the
growing population. However, his dire predictions failed to materialise because he
failed to understand, that the productivity of land, labour and capital could all
increase more than proportionately. 300 years ago, most of the population worked
on the land. Technological innovation and economies of scale, mean productivity of
land has vastly increased as farmers make use of mechanisation and economies of
scale for increased food production.
4. Improved public services – With a larger population, there may be more demand
for public services such as healthcare, sanitation, and emergency services. This
could potentially lead to more funding and resources for these services in Bareilly.
According to the Bareilly Municipal Corporation, the city has made significant
improvements in the areas of sanitation and waste management in recent years.
5. Increased demand for local goods – With more people living in an area, there may
be more demand for locally produced goods, which could stimulate the local
economy. Bareilly is known for its production of jhumka (traditional earrings), as
well as its handloom industry, which produces fabrics like silk and cotton. An
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increase in population could potentially lead to more demand for these and other
locally produced goods.
6. Increased job opportunities – A larger population can lead to increased demand for
goods and services, which can create new job opportunities in various sectors such
as retail, healthcare, and education.
7. Increased tax revenue – A larger population can lead to increased tax revenue for
the government, which can be invested in infrastructure and public services.
B. Social Advantages
1. Better demographic structure – Countries are more likely to face a falling
population when the population demographic consists of more retired individuals
than working people because the country may struggle to pay for health care and
pension when there is a decrease in working individuals. Rapid population growth
is essential in restructuring the demographic population structures.
2. Increased diversity – As more people move to an area, there may be an increase in
cultural and ethnic diversity, which can be a positive thing. Diversity can lead to a
more vibrant and interesting community, with a wider range of perspectives and
experiences. Bareilly is already known for its diverse population, with a mix of
Hindu, Muslim, and other religious communities living in the area.
3. Better Social Health – Due to advancements in medical science, a rise in population
signifies low mortality rates in people. The advanced health measures have also
helped to curb population growth.
4. Increased social and cultural opportunities – With a larger population, there may
be more opportunities for social and cultural activities such as festivals, events, and
community gatherings. Bareilly already has a rich cultural heritage, and an increase
in population could potentially lead to the growth and preservation of local
traditions and customs.
5. Greater social cohesion – A larger population can lead to greater social cohesion as
people come together to solve common problems and build community.
• The growth in population has led to greater cultural diversity in the city.
Bareilly has a significant Muslim population, and the city is known for its
vibrant Islamic culture, which is reflected in its many mosques and festivals.
With more people living in the city, there may also be greater demand for
healthcare services. According to a report by the Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare, the government has allocated over INR 1.5 billion for
healthcare infrastructure development in Uttar Pradesh, which includes
Bareilly city.
C. Political Advantages
1. Increased political representation – With more people living in an area, there may
be more political representation for that region. This can lead to increased
attention and funding from government officials. Bareilly is located in the state of
Uttar Pradesh, which has the highest population of any state in India. As a result,
the state has a large number of representatives in the national parliament, which
could potentially benefit the people of Bareilly.
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2. Greater political awareness – A larger population can lead to greater political
awareness and activism among residents, leading to more effective and responsive
governance.
3. Increased voter turnout – With more people living in the city, there may be greater
voter turnout in local and national elections, leading to a more engaged and
participatory democratic process.
• Bareilly city has significant political influence in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
The city is represented by two members of the Legislative Assembly and one
member of Parliament. In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, the Bharatiya
Janata Party won the Bareilly parliamentary constituency with over 50% of
the votes. With more people living in the city, there may be greater voter
turnout in local and national elections, leading to a more engaged and
participatory democratic process.
D. Environmental advantages
1. Investment in green infrastructure – With an increase in population,
there may be greater demand for green infrastructure such as parks
and bike lanes, leading to more investment in sustainable and
environmentally-friendly infrastructure.
2. Greater emphasis on environmental issues – A larger population can
lead to greater awareness and concern for environmental issues,
leading to more activism and advocacy for sustainable and
environmentally-friendly policies.
3. Greater support for renewable energy – With a larger population,
there may be greater demand for renewable energy sources such as
solar and wind power, leading to more investment in sustainable
energy infrastructure.
E. Infrastructure advantages
1. Increased demand for housing – With a larger population, there may be more
demand for housing, which could lead to the construction of new homes and
apartments. This could potentially create job opportunities in the construction
industry and stimulate the local economy. According to a report by the Bareilly
Development Authority, the city is expected to require around 50,000 new homes
in the next 10 years to accommodate the growing population.
2. Increased availability of utilities – With a larger population, there may
be greater investment in utilities such as water and electricity, leading
to improved availability and reliability for residents.
3. Improved transportation – With an increase in population, the city may
invest in improved transportation infrastructure such as roads, public
transportation, and airports, making it easier for residents to travel and
commute.
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• The city has invested in improving transportation infrastructure
in recent years. The National Highways Authority of India is
currently constructing a new four-lane highway between Bareilly
and Badaun, which is expected to reduce travel time between
the two cities. The city has also recently opened a new
international airport, which is expected to improve connectivity
and stimulate economic growth in the region.
F. Educational advantages
1. Greater investment in education – With a larger population, the city may invest
more in education infrastructure such as schools and universities, leading to
improved educational outcomes and opportunities for residents.
2. More resources for education – As the population grows, there may be more
resources available for education. With more students, schools may be able to offer
a wider range of programs and extracurricular activities. According to the Uttar
Pradesh government website, there are over 3000 primary and secondary schools
in the Bareilly district.
3. More opportunities for lifelong learning – With a larger population, there may be
greater demand for lifelong learning opportunities such as adult education and job
training programs, leading to more investment in these programs.
• Bareilly has a number of prestigious educational institutions, including the
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University and the Bareilly College. The
city also has a number of government and private schools, which provide
education to thousands of students each year. With more people living in
the city, there may be greater demand for educational resources such as
libraries and museums, leading to more investment in these resources.
G. Other Advantages
1. Potential for technological innovation – With a larger population, there may be
more potential for technological innovation and entrepreneurship. Bareilly is
already home to a number of tech start-up’s, and an increase in population could
potentially lead to more innovation and investment in the tech sector.
2. Increased tourism – With a larger population, there may be more potential for
tourism in the area, which could bring in revenue and create job opportunities.
Bareilly is already a popular destination for tourists due to its historical and cultural
significance, as well as its proximity to the Jim Corbett National Park. An increase in
population could potentially lead to more investment in the local tourism industry
and the development of new tourist attractions.
3. Critical mass – Higher populations can enable a critical mass of people to enable a
sider, more vibrant society. With low populations, there is less scope for diversity.
But, when the population grows, it can enable the support of a broader cultural
range of activities.
4. Improved infrastructure – With more people living in an area, there may be more
funding available for infrastructure improvements like roads, bridges, and public
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transportation. For example, Bareilly has a population of over 1 million people, and
the city is currently undergoing a massive transformation with the construction of
the Bareilly Metro Rail project, which will help to ease traffic congestion and
provide faster transportation options for residents.
DISADVANTAGES OF POPULATION GROWTH

While rapid population growth can have a lot of positive impacts on a country, many problems can
be caused by rapid population growth as well.
A. Economic Disadvantages
1. Reduced resources – Overpopulation can result in the overuse of resources. This
happens mainly in countries that depend on agriculture because rapid population
growth causes a reduction in agricultural holdings, as there is limited land to
increase farm production.
2. Negatively Impacts the per Capital Income – Rapid population growth impacts per
capita income in the economy. For the economy to rise, it is very important for the
population growth to be lesser than the per capita income. If population growth
goes beyond the speed at which the economy is growing, then it causes the per
capita income to fall. Bareilly has a high level of income inequality, with the top
10% of the population earning around 37% of the total income.
3. Creates Unemployment – Due to the rapid increase in population, a lot of people
enter the labor market in search of employment. The government may fail to
provide employment to each one of them. This increases unemployment, disguised
employment, and underemployment.
• According to the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Uttar Pradesh,
Bareilly has an unemployment rate of 4.4% as of March 2021, which is
higher than the state average of 3.4%.
4. Lowers the speed of Capital Formation – In underdeveloped nations, high birth
rates and low life expectancy cause a high percentage of dependents. Around half
of the population only consumes and doesn’t produce anything. This reduces the
availability of capital per head that in turn reduces workforce productivity. It results
in reduced income, and savings, that adversely impact capital formation.
5. Needs more Investment – In economically backward area, a quick increase in the
rate of population leads to an increase in the needs of demographic investment.
This lowers their ability to save money. Population growth also leads to more school
funding, property tax dollars, federal grants to local coffers, and revenue for local
businesses. All this causes an imbalance between investment needed and the
obtainability of investible funds.
6. Lower land-man ratio – The agriculture sector employs maximum labor force in
developing countries. In countries such as India, the overpopulation in rural areas
has led to the land fragmentation. This leads to the lowering land-man ratio, which
means low income per head, a foremost cause of poverty.
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7. Growing Population lowers Standard of Living – The standard of living is
determined by their per capita income. The factors affecting per capita income in
relation to population growth equally apply to the standard of living. The increase
in population leads to an increased demand for food products, clothes, houses etc.,
but their supply cannot be increased due to the lack of cooperate factors like raw
materials, skilled labour and capital etc. The cost and prices rise which raise the
cost of living of the masses. This brings the standard of living low. Poverty breeds
large number of children which increases poverty further and vicious circle of
poverty. Thus, the consequence of population growth is to lower the standard of
living. As of 2021, the cost of living in Bareilly was estimated to be around 23%
higher than the national average.
8. Unsustainable growth – Population growth can lead to increased economic activity,
which may have negative environmental consequences and lead to unsustainable
growth patterns.
B. Political
1. Political representation – Bareilly has a single parliamentary constituency, which
represents the entire city and several surrounding rural areas. As the city’s
population grows, it can become more difficult for elected representatives to
effectively represent the needs and interests of all residents.
2. Corruption – Bareilly has been identified as one of the most corrupt cities in India,
with high levels of bribery and graft. Population growth can exacerbate corruption,
particularly in areas such as construction and infrastructure development, which
can be prone to rent-seeking and illegal activities.
3. Poor governance – As the population grows, it can become more difficult for local
governments to manage the needs and demands of residents, leading to poor
governance and reduced accountability.
4. Political unrest – Population growth can lead to increased political tensions and
unrest, particularly in areas where there are ethnic or religious divisions.
C. Environmental Disadvantages
1. Cost to the environment – Population growth exacerbates many of the existing
environmental problems.
• Trying to reduce carbon and methane emissions to reduce global warming is
relatively more difficult as the population.
• There will be greater threat on natural habitats as a greater population has
greater demand for housing and farmland. This will increase pressure to cut
down forests to make way for farming and housing.
• Higher population will lead to a greater consumption of non-renewable
resources, leading to a faster depletion of natural resources.
• Higher population will lead to greater pollution levels in air, water and land.
Higher pollution is associated with a range of health issues, such as cancer
and asthma. The pollution also harms animals and plants.
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• Soil degradation. To feed a growing planet, we have seen serious degrading
hectares of farmland every year. This is due to factors, such as overgrazing,
use of chemicals, climate change and use of chemicals.
• A larger population can also lead to environmental degradation, including
air and water pollution and deforestation. According to a report by the
Centre for Science and Environment, the air quality in Bareilly is already
considered to be poor, with high levels of particulate matter and other
pollutants.
• Bareilly has been identified as one of the most polluted cities in India, with
high levels of particulate matter in the air. As of 2020, the city had an
annual average PM2.5 concentration of 97.5 μg/m3, which is almost four
times the World Health Organization’s recommended limit of 25 μg/m3.
Population growth can exacerbate air pollution, as more people use vehicles
and contribute to industrial activity.
2. Generating unsustainable waste – We are currently generating non-biodegradable
rubbish that we are struggling to process. It tends to end in landfill, causing
methane emissions and other toxic problems.
3. Water shortages – A larger population can put a strain on resources such as water,
electricity, and food. According to a report by the Bareilly Municipal Corporation,
the city is facing a shortage of water due to increasing demand and inadequate
supply. As of 2021, the groundwater level in the city was at 9.6 meters below
ground level, which is below the critical level of 10 meters.
4. Waste management – Bareilly generates over 300 metric tonnes of solid waste
per day, but only a fraction of this is collected and disposed of properly. Population
growth can increase demand for waste management services, leading to strain on
existing infrastructure and increased environmental degradation.
5. Traffic congestion – With more people living and working in an area, there may be
increased traffic congestion, which can lead to longer commute times and
decreased productivity. According to a report by the Bareilly Development
Authority, the city is already experiencing significant traffic congestion, particularly
in the central business district. An increase in population could potentially worsen
this issue and lead to further strain on transportation infrastructure.
D. Social Disadvantages
1. Gives Rise To Poverty – Another very important disadvantage of a rapid increase in
population is that it results in poverty. The explosion of population causes people to
spend a major chunk of their salary on the development of their children.
In this way, the rate of capital formation and savings remains low. Reduced per
capita income, and commodity price results in a drastic increase in the cost of
living. The problem is characterized by scarcity of essential goods, the absence of
innovative industrial and agricultural technological equipment, mass
unemployment, and low standard of living, etc.
2. Widening the rich-poor gap – Overpopulation leads to an unequal distribution of
wealth and income. Consequently, the gap between the rich and poor
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3. Migration of Population – Migration is a natural human trait. When the burden of
population in any area becomes imbalanced compared to the available financial
resources, people tend to move away from their original location. It is comparable
to the phenomenon of bee hive – when it is completely filled, flies leave it and go
elsewhere. Similarly, human beings stop at one place for a time and then feel the
urge to move on again. For this reason, human beings generally do not live
anywhere permanently except for a few exceptions.
4. Social tensions – With more people living in an area, there may be increased social
tensions, particularly if the population is diverse and there are cultural or religious
differences. According to a report by the India Spend Foundation, Bareilly has
experienced communal tensions in the past, particularly between Hindus and
Muslims. An increase in population could potentially exacerbate these tensions and
lead to further social conflict.
5. Crime rates – Bareilly has experienced high levels of crime in recent years, including
a rise in incidents of violence against women. As of 2021, the city had a crime rate
of around 243 per 100,000 people, which is higher than the national average of
234 per 100,000 people. Population growth can exacerbate crime rates, particularly
in densely populated areas.
6. Social services – Bareilly has struggled to provide adequate social services such as
childcare, elderly care, and mental health services. Population growth can increase
demand for these services, leading to strain on existing resources and reduced
quality of care.
E. Infrastructure and Services
1. Overcrowding – Bareilly’s population has grown rapidly in recent years, from
around 700,000 in 2001 to over 1.2 million in 2021. This population growth can
lead to overcrowding in public spaces, such as markets and public transport, and
strain on public services such as hospitals and schools.
2. Housing shortages – While population growth can lead to increased demand for
housing, it can also lead to housing shortages and rising prices. According to a
report by the Bareilly Development Authority, the city is already facing a shortage
of affordable housing options, particularly for low-income residents. An increase in
population could potentially exacerbate this issue and lead to further housing
shortages and affordability challenges. As of 2021, Bareilly had a housing shortage
of over 48,000 units, with a total demand of around 217,000 units.
3. Public services – Bareilly has struggled to provide adequate public services such as
healthcare, education, and public transportation, even with its current population.
Population growth can increase demand for these services, leading to longer wait
times and reduced quality of service.
4. Traffic congestion –
• Bareilly has experienced rapid growth in motor vehicle ownership in recent
years, with the number of registered vehicles increasing from around
180,000 in 2001 to over 720,000 in 2021. Population growth can exacerbate
traffic congestion, leading to longer commute times, increased air pollution,
and reduced quality of life for residents.
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• The city's roads and transportation infrastructure have not kept pace with
the growth in vehicle ownership, leading to poor road conditions and
inadequate public transportation options.
F. Other Disadvantages
1. Short-term food scarcity – Rapid population growth significantly impacts the food
supply and accessibility. Overpopulation is one of the leading causes of increased
food demand, which can cause short-term food scarcity. Short-term food scarcity is
a significant problem for a nation because humans adjust better to long term-
scarcity than short-term scarcity.
Inadequate food supply causes undernourishment in the people that reduce their
productivity. Also, it lowers the production capacity of the farmers and laborers.
The shortage of food forces the nation to import food grains that put unreasonable
stress on their foreign exchange incomes.
2. Obstacle to Self Reliance – The excessive population growth is an obstacle in the
way of attaining self or reliance because it obliges us to importance and more food
articles in order to meet the needs of increasing millions and on the other hand, it
cuts down export surplus heavily. Reduction in exports makes us unable to pay for
imports and we have to depend on foreign aid. Thus, the aim of self reliance cannot
be achieved without controlling the population.
3. Overcrowding in public spaces – With a larger population, there may be
overcrowding in public spaces such as parks, markets, and public transportation.
According to a report by the Bareilly Development Authority, the city is already
experiencing overcrowding in certain areas, particularly during peak hours. An
increase in population could potentially worsen this issue and lead to further
overcrowding.
4. Healthcare challenges – A larger population can also pose challenges for
healthcare, including shortages of healthcare workers and facilities, as well as
increased demand for healthcare services. According to a report by the National
Health Mission, Uttar Pradesh, the state is facing a shortage of healthcare workers,
including doctors and nurses. An increase in population could potentially
exacerbate this issue and lead to further challenges in providing healthcare services
to all residents.
5. Pressure on education system – With more children in the population, there may
be increased pressure on the education system, including shortages of teachers,
classrooms, and other resources. According to a report by the National Education
Policy Center, Uttar Pradesh is facing significant challenges in providing quality
education to all children, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. An
increase in population could potentially worsen this issue and lead to further
challenges in providing quality education to all children.
6. Urban sprawl – An increase in population can lead to urban sprawl, which refers to
the unplanned and uncontrolled expansion of cities. This can lead to the
destruction of natural habitats, increased pollution, and a decrease in the quality of
life for residents. According to a report by the Centre for Science and Environment,
the urbanization rate in Bareilly has been increasing at a rapid pace. An increase in
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population could potentially exacerbate this issue and lead to further urban sprawl
in the city.
7. Urbanization –
• Bareilly has experienced rapid urbanization in recent years, with the urban
population increasing from around 500,000 in 2001 to over 1 million in
2021. Population growth can exacerbate urbanization, leading to the loss of
green spaces and agricultural land, and reduced biodiversity.
• Rapid urbanization can also lead to the growth of informal settlements and
slums, which can lack basic services such as sanitation and clean water, and
increase the risk of disease outbreaks.
The rapid population growth in Bareilly city has both positive and negative impacts on the city’s
infrastructure, environment, and socio-economic fabric. To mitigate the negative impacts, it is
essential to adopt sustainable development practices, increase investment in infrastructure,
promote environmental conservation, and strengthen social institutions.
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CHAPTER 4
MITIGATING THE IMPACTS OF
POPULATION GROWTH
Population growth is a significant challenge that many countries, regions, and cities face. The
population has been increasing rapidly over the past few decades, putting immense pressure on
resources, infrastructure, and the environment. Uncontrolled population growth can lead to a
range of issues, such as poverty, unemployment, food insecurity, resource depletion, climate
change, and social unrest. Therefore, it is essential to address the issue of population growth and
find sustainable solutions to mitigate its impacts.
The solutions to population growth are diverse and multifaceted, and they vary depending on the
context and approach. Some of the solutions that can be considered include promoting family
planning and reproductive health, improving healthcare infrastructure, promoting education,
developing satellite towns, encouraging industries, and implementing population control
measures. These solutions aim to control the population growth rate and ensure sustainable
development that meets the needs of present and future generations.
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In this chapter, we will explore some of the population growth solutions that can be considered,
with a focus on a specific city or region. We will analyze the demographic trends, environmental
conditions, and economic factors that influence population growth in the selected area and
examine the potential solutions to mitigate its impacts. By understanding the complex nature of
population growth and the diverse solutions that can be implemented, we can work towards a
sustainable future and improve the quality of life for people around the world.
Solutions to curve overpopulation

Preventing the rapid growth of the population is the key to the victory over poverty, illiteracy,
unemployment, economic backwardness, etc in the modern world. The increasing population will
only swallow the growing development of the nation and the benefit of advanced technology.
Therefore, the following measures should be taken to curb the excessive growth in population :-
Increase in marriage age:-

Minimum age of marriage of boys and girls should be increased. The age of marriage in India has
been fixed for girls at 18 years and for boys at 21 years. It should be complied with firmly in all the
states. For this, we require a strong political will, accompanied by an effective system of
governance.
Balanced ratio:-
It is also necessary to make qualitative improvement in the population. The gap between the
children should be at least five years and the number of offspring should not exceed two children
per family.
Improvement in public health services:-
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It is necessary to pay attention to public health and cleanliness to increase man’s economic
capacity. In each state, emphasis should be on pollution-free and clean environment in urban and
rural areas.
Proper utilization of land:-

To reduce the burden of the growing population, what is required is the scientific and proper
planning of the land. To achieve this aim, it is necessary to emphasize on certain parameters:
• In the interest of the nation, small areas of land should also be used to their optimum limit.
• To fulfil various needs, land should be used for multipurpose production.
• Land should not be left un-utilized for any reason.
• Appropriate changes in the use of agricultural land should be made in accordance with the
demand for any item.
• Land use should be determined by considerations of workers, marketing and traffic related
arrangements available and the value and quantity of commodities etc.
• There is a need to improve the land system and increase agricultural production.
• In agriculture, innovative technology should be used at all levels.
• In farming, equilibration should be maintained in composting, fertilizers, seeds and
pesticides.
• New mixed and useful breeds of animals should be developed.
• Wastelands, dry and other useless and marshland lands should be made useful by
continuously improving upon them.
Proper industrialization:-
In areas where industrial development has not reached yet, industrialization should be done
promptly. Small and cottage industries should be encouraged, because small industries establish a
necessary linkage and coordination between agriculture and large-scale industries, along with it
between rural and urban income. By reducing the gap, they also develop other means of
livelihood. This leads to the development of many subsidiary and new dwellings in the cottage and
small scale sector. If small industries increase in the villages, they also absorb the burden of
population.
Promoting family planning:-

Spreading awareness about the contraception measures and birth control techniques is most
effective method to keep the population within limit. We need to make people aware about
benefits and ways of family planning in order to overcome the problem of overpopulation. It will
also help them to understand the need of having one or two children at the most.
Family planning needs to be seen under its own right. Right measures will have to be
implemented, force will not work, but only through discussions and persuasion, success can be
achieved. Legal measures can be helpful but what is of urgent need is the social awareness and
realization of responsibility in society as a whole. Other suggestions include:
• Encourage interval method rather than sterilization in family planning programme.

• Age of girl child marriage should be raised further.
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• Emphasis to be laid on economic development.
• Rapid awareness campaign to be run by the government and non-governmental
organizations
• New, innovative contraceptives should be explored.
• Reduction in birth and fertility rates.
• Emphasis on gender parity priority for girl education.
Empowering women:-
Any woman who has many children for parenting and who passes through child deliveries
repeatedly spends most of her life as a mother and wife. She is imprisoned in the four-walls of her
house. She cannot play any meaningful role in her community and society until she is able to limit
her family to a proper size. Family planning will not only improve family welfare, but also
contribute to achieving social prosperity and personal happiness.
Raising awareness:-
Fast population growth in India hinders the progress and development of the country. Reducing
the existing population is not possible but it is possible to check further rise in population of our
country which can overcome the problem of population growth, through spreading awareness
about overpopulation.
Tax Benefits or Concessions:-

The government of various countries might have to come up with various policies related to tax
exemptions to curb overpopulation.
One of them might be to waive a certain part of income tax or lowering rates of income tax for
those married couples who have single or two children. As we humans are more inclined towards
money, this may produce some positive results.
Knowledge of Sex Education:-
Imparting sex education to young kids at the elementary level should be a must. Most parents feel
shy in discussing such things with their kids that results in their children going out and look out for
such information on the internet or discuss it with their peers.
Mostly, the information is incomplete, which results in sexually active teenagers unaware of
contraceptives and embarrassed to seek information about the same. It is, therefore, important
for parents and teachers to shed their old inhibitions and make their kids or students aware of
solid sex education.
Social Marketing:-
Social marketing has already been started by some societies to educate the public on
overpopulation effects. The intervention can be made widespread at a low cost. A variety of print
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materials (flyers, brochures, fact sheets, stickers) can be distributed in places such as at local
places of worship, sporting events, local food markets, schools and at car parks.
Quality Education For All:-
Ensuring every child receives a quality education is one of the most effective levers for sustainable
development. Many kids are out of school, with girls affected more than boys due to gender
inequality. Education opens doors and provides disadvantaged kids and young people with a “way
out”. There is a direct correlation between the number of years a woman spends in education and
how many children she ends up having.
Developing satellite towns:-
To ease the burden on Bareilly’s resources, the government can focus on developing satellite
towns in the surrounding areas. This would not only help control the population growth in Bareilly
but also provide more opportunities for economic growth in the region.
Improving healthcare infrastructure:-
The government can invest in improving the healthcare infrastructure in Bareilly. Better healthcare
facilities would help in reducing the infant mortality rate, which in turn would reduce the need for
large families.
Encouraging industries:-
The government can encourage the development of industries in Bareilly to create more job
opportunities. This would discourage migration to other cities and help control population growth.
Increase employment opportunities:-
Lack of job opportunities in rural areas often drives people to migrate to cities like Bareilly in
search of work. The government can work towards promoting entrepreneurship and attracting
investment to create more job opportunities. The city can also be developed as an industrial hub
to attract more industries and create employment opportunities.
Improve infrastructure:-
Bareilly needs to improve its infrastructure, especially in terms of transportation, housing, and
sanitation. The government can build more affordable housing projects, improve public transport
facilities, and provide clean water and sanitation facilities. This will encourage people to settle in
other areas and reduce the population pressure on the city.
Regulate migration:-
The government can regulate the inflow of migrants to Bareilly by creating a system for
registration and monitoring. This will help ensure that only legal migrants are allowed to settle in
the city and prevent overcrowding.
Page 48 of 53
Steps taken by the government to control population
The government of India and the state government of Uttar Pradesh have taken several steps to
control the population growth. Some of the key steps include:
Family planning initiatives:-
The government has launched several family planning initiatives in Bareilly, such as the National
Family Planning Programme and the Mission Parivar Vikas. These initiatives aim to promote
family planning methods and provide access to contraceptives to couples who want to limit the
number of children they have.
Education programs:-
The government has launched education programs to raise awareness about population control
measures, including family planning methods and the benefits of having smaller families. These
programs aim to educate the public, particularly women and girls, about the importance of family
planning.
Incentives for small families:-
The government has also introduced several incentives for families who adopt family planning
methods and have fewer children. For instance, the government provides cash incentives to
families who opt for sterilization procedures.
Regulating migration:-
The government has taken steps to regulate the inflow of migrants to Bareilly. The state
government has established a migration commission to monitor migration patterns and ensure
that only legal migrants settle in the city.
Healthcare facilities:-
The government has improved healthcare facilities in Bareilly to reduce the mortality rate and
improve overall health. Better healthcare facilities can lead to a decline in the population growth
rate.
Smart City Mission:-
Bareilly has been included in the Smart City Mission, which aims to promote sustainable urban
development. The initiative includes measures to improve infrastructure, regulate migration, and
promote sustainable development.
Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY):-
This is a government scheme that provides financial assistance to pregnant women who opt for
institutional deliveries. The scheme aims to promote safe deliveries and reduce maternal and
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infant mortality rates. By providing better healthcare facilities to women, the scheme also
indirectly promotes family planning and can help control population growth.
National Health Mission (NHM):-
The NHM is a government initiative that aims to improve healthcare facilities in rural areas. The
initiative provides financial assistance to states to strengthen their healthcare systems, including
promoting family planning and reproductive health.
Promotion of girl child education:-
The government has launched several initiatives to promote the education of the girl child in
Bareilly. Education has a direct correlation with lower fertility rates, and educating girls can help
control population growth.
Urbanization initiatives:-
The government has launched initiatives to promote the development of urban areas in Bareilly.
The objective is to create more employment opportunities in the city, reducing the need for
people to migrate to urban areas in search of work.
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS):-
The ICDS is a government scheme that aims to improve the nutritional and health status of
children in the age group of 0-6 years. The scheme provides a package of services, including
supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check-ups, and referral services. By improving the
health status of children, the scheme indirectly promotes family planning and can help control
population growth.
Mahila Samakhya Programme:-
This is a government initiative that aims to empower women in rural areas by promoting their
participation in decision-making processes. The programme also promotes awareness about
family planning and reproductive health.
Bareilly, like many other cities in India, is facing the challenge of rapid population growth. While
there is no one-size-fits-all solution to address this issue, there are several strategies that can be
implemented in the area to mitigate its negative impacts and promote sustainable development.
Finally, it is essential to engage in community-based initiatives and promote awareness of the

challenges of population growth in the city. By involving community members in the conversation
and empowering them to take action, the government can create a more inclusive and sustainable
solution to population growth. The community can work together to implement sustainable
practices and advocate for policies that promote sustainable development. This can help ensure
that the solutions to population growth in the area are tailored to the unique needs and
challenges of the city and its residents.
Page 50 of 53
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
This research paper provided an insight into the growing issue of overpopulation. Although
scientists cannot predict what the future will look like, they argue that devastating impacts of
growing population cannot be ignored. Disease, climate change, shortage of food and water,
inequality in distribution, lack of family planning, and a declining economy are warning signs that
domestic and global institutions need to act on time. As overpopulation is not the only global
threat, one would not be wrong to conclude that apocalypse is coming at a faster rate than ever.
However, it is widely believed that technology may be the only factor that will save the planet
from destruction. Technological innovations and devices produce large sets of data that are able to
predict what actions should be taken to maintain environmental sustainability and support
humanity. Nevertheless, these innovations have not yet been acknowledged by governments, and
therefore their use, beside the scientific one, seems irrelevant. To find a solution to population
growth, nations rely on each other to contribute to the well-being of the global community, while
at the same time, individuals within this circle act in their own interest. The real solution to
overpopulation, or an apocalypse, is in the answer to whether the natural resources and financial
means can be distributed equally to maintain sustainability and implement measures on future
fertility rate. If the humanity surrenders in its combat to fight overpopulation, then this issue may
as well be the way the world ends.
Page 51 of 53
References
Books
Geography Of Population Part-I Concepts, Determinants And World Pattern’s (R.C. CHANDNA)
Kalyani Publication
Government Reports
Rajiv Awas Yojana Slum Free City Plan Of Action
District Census Handbook

https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/stat10.pdf
Websites
https://bareilly.nic.in/census/
https://www.nagarnigambareilly.com/hi/population.php
https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/521-bareilly.html
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareilly
https://www.ceicdata.com/en/india/census-population-by-selected-cities/census-population-city-
bareilly
https://populationstat.com/india/bareilly
https://www.indiacensus.net/district/bareilly
https://www.brandbharat.com/english/up/districts/Bareilly/Bareilly.html
http://www.bareillydirectory.com/industries.htm
https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-cities/bareilly.html
https://up.gov.in/en/education
https://www.techinasia.com/india-startup-report-2017-2018
http://bareilly.nic.in/municipal-corporation/
https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/uttarpradesh/bareilly.html
https://www.indiaspend.com/bareillys-disturbing-communal-tensions-highlight-what-ails-indian-
cities/
https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/education-in-uttar-pradesh
Articles & News
Page 52 of 53
Assessment of Population Growth and Its Impact on Urban Environment of Bareilly City” by
Prashant Tiwari and Dr. R. S. Yadav (International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,
Volume 6, Issue 7, July-2015)
“Urbanization and its Impact on the Environment: A Study of Bareilly City, Uttar Pradesh, India” by
Dr. Mahendra Singh and Dr. Bhupendra Singh (International Journal of Current Research and
Review, Volume 8, Issue 7, April-2016)
“Impact of Rapid Urbanization on the Environment of Bareilly City, Uttar Pradesh, India” by Rajesh
Kumar Singh and Dr. R. K. Yadav (International Journal of Advanced Research, Volume 6, Issue 7,
July-2018)
Population Growth and Its Impact on Urbanization: A Case Study of Bareilly City, Uttar Pradesh” by
Shashank Gupta and Dr. K. K. Sharma (International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and
Development, Volume 5, Issue 3, May-June 2021)
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/with-population-set-to-double-in-25-years-bda-
drafts-master-plan-for-2031/articleshow/57604460.cms
https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/increasing-population-of-bareilly-water-
supply-decreases
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/air/bareilly-s-air-quality-among-the-worst-in-the-country-
61846
https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-inaugurates-
bareilly-metro-rail-project-122031700211_1.html
https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-uttar-pradeshs-bareilly-is-a-mini-india-
with-a-diverse-population/365198
https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/uttar-pradesh-news/bareilly-jhumka-makers-now-eye-
global-market-101642514654938.html
https://www.dbs.com/digibank/in/articles/india-statewise-unemployment-rate.page
https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/up-faces-shortage-of-over-30000-doctors-4-lakh-
nurses/1718009
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/bareilly-among-top-50-indian-cities-with-
highest-pollution-levels/articleshow/78908828.cms
https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ncrb-2020-crime-rate-up-lead-india-s-islands-sikkim-
1869545-2021-10-28
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/urbanisation/despite-struggles-to-meet-sanitation-
targets-bareilly-has-almost-tripled-its-urban-population-in-30-years-58374
Page 53 of 53

Population Geography and Its Impact On Bareilly City

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CHAPTER 1

CITY PROFILE & INSTITUTIONAL

British East India Company

Location of Bareilly city in Uttar Pradesh

Climate and Rainfall

REGIONAL SETTING AND CONNECTIVITY

NH 530 connects Bareilly with Rampur

Arterial streets include:

A UPSRTC Bus in Bareilly Cantt

Bareilly Junction lies on Lucknow-Moradabad Line and Lucknow-Sitapur-Lakhimpur-Pilibhit-

1. Bareilly Cantt (Station code: BRYC)

HISTORY OF POPULATION GROWTH

Population Growth After 1847

Description As Per 2011 Census Estimated

Description Population in 2011 Percentage Estimated

GROWTH RATE MODELS

As it is a separable differential equation, the population may be solved explicitly, producing a

where and is the initial population at time 0.

POPULATION GROWTH RATE

Data Source: United Nations - World Population Prospects

Year Population Growth Rate Growth

Year Estimated Growth In Growth Rate Growth

DISADVANTAGES OF POPULATION GROWTH

Solutions to curve overpopulation

Increase in marriage age:-

Improvement in public health services:-

Proper utilization of land:-

Promoting family planning:-

• Encourage interval method rather than sterilization in family planning programme.

Tax Benefits or Concessions:-

Knowledge of Sex Education:-

Quality Education For All:-

Developing satellite towns:-

Improving healthcare infrastructure:-

Increase employment opportunities:-

Family planning initiatives:-

Incentives for small families:-

Smart City Mission:-

Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY):-

National Health Mission (NHM):-

Promotion of girl child education:-

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS):-

Mahila Samakhya Programme:-

Finally, it is essential to engage in community-based initiatives and promote awareness of the

District Census Handbook

Articles & News

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