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˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧కณɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘
ೠǵǵᮂǵ*
The Sacred and the Secular in Indian Political Tradition: A Critical Survey
Kimura Masaaki*
Sixty years after Independence, India now faces critical political situations as
shown by the rise of Hindu Revivalism. In this connection, it is highly pertinent to
evaluate the basic political trends in India and formulate a somewhat long-term view
of her political future. In order to tackle this problem, this article aims to analyze
the political culture of India, especially the concept of power in Indian political
tradition. India has cultivated two distinct concepts of power: a secular concept of
power embodied by the traditional Kshatriya and shared by the dominant castes in
contemporary India; and an idealistic concept of power exemplified by Gandhian
saintly politics, which is based on Brahmanical tradition. In the political field of
modern India, these two rather opposite political orientations are intermingled and
have exerted complicated but tremendous influences and determined her course of
political development.
In spite of its ideology, Hindu Revivalism represents the secular political trend,
and as such it lacks the potential to glorify the Indian state as well as mystify its
political values. In this sense, politics of Hindu Revivalism is not qualitatively different
from that of the Indian National Congress, which has been strongly influenced by
the dominant castes since Independence. However, if Hindu Revivalism pursues
its political objective too uncompromisingly, Indian politics might be drawn into a
deadlock. And when the political confrontation becomes too acute, saintly politics
may re-emerge. This type of politics is based on values that lie at the center of Indian
tradition, so that it has the capacity of asserting itself when the situation becomes
too serious, as is shown by the rise of Mahatma Gandhi during the Independence
movement. Of course, it is uncertain whether this type of politics will re-emerge.
However, if it does, it will stabilize the political system, by restraining political behavior
and purifying the political process.
1
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡݖܩድǵፀ 5-1 ش
ѡ̙ъ̙ѳ̙ѝ
ᦏॷ˓Ͳ̝ɹకႥɻʠʚȽʳɌȦሂˁ٘ɌɩȦʳ⏏ᯃಮˁȴȴɁɩˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ
ࢪᗔႶጓ᬴ϝˁ᬴Ȧɵȷ⏋ɇʰɴ̦͡ͻȵᯃؾᇸϯˁᘠǾɌȼࣙᬖɌɩȦɛಁБɴɻ⏋˓Ͳ
̝ɻˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡγᅠɹɲȴɫ႕ᅵɲӵ৩ˁఔɤɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌЁɹ˓Ͳ̝ɻɗȩɌɛ
౬ɹെӵȵᖬឡɓɩχɌȦγᅠɫȡʳ⏏ɲɴʭʱʢʚɑႶጓ᬴ϝɹጓ৲ᓔ˓Ͳ̝ܕЦᡴ༐
ɻ⏋ႶጓГ 60 ॷᦏȼɴʼɛʳɭȷɹ༑ʶɹɲȴɫɗɹࠓѵˁ߉ɤɩʪȷ⏋ʚɑिᡴЦɫ⏋
ɇʰɴɻԃܕᡴЦɫ⏋కณɹএȴʰྜྷʱᘺɠ⏋μ߈⏋ܩɫᦹጓȵฐᏮɇʶʳፈ⏋కႥɻ
༑֪ᇕɫȡʳ⏏ɍɍɦ 1950 ॷȴʰ 1990 ॷɴȴȿɩɹ 40 ॷᬚɴᐵ᧧୲ȵ 8 ܌Ɍȴ୲ɇʶ
ɛɴɐȹɲȦɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋1990 ॷБɴࡸɴ 5 ܌ʢɹᐵ᧧୲ȵࡸేɇʶɛɄɭɻ⏋ɗȩɌɛక
ႥˁጩᇕɴኍɐʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦKohli 2001: 10⏏ɗɹΥɫ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽
͌͠ɭɹᬚɹዩॷɹ᬴ϝɻ֓ވɐʳӲɌˁឿɓɻɍʠɩȲʱ⏋ɇʰɴປᥒᇕᯁያɫȡɤɛ˓Ͳ
̝ɹᘺʢˡͻ˽̜ᬚɹ᬴ϝȵᲞʚʳɴɦʶ⏋๖ፀɴ႒ᱺɲሂˁ٘ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏
ɄȩɌɛႥɻ˛͠ͻ̜కȴʰ߂ᝓకʍɹ᥊ழɭȦȩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹకɹྜྷܩʱᇕ
ɴៀࡴɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ˓Ͳ̝ɹᐁཕᇍࣙɻᧆǾɛʳʢɹɫȡʳʢɹɹ⏋ɗɹᬚ
ɴᦅɹߡཉȼʚɫ༡ᦩɌɛᢪॳᐁཕɻ⏋ᘺɹᏳˁᦅɹఌᨗȴʰៗȷఔɠ⏋৳ʰ
ˁႶጓɹకςкʍɭᲞʠɩʪȼ⏏ɗɹᐄഗᦅɭᘺɹᏳɭɹˡͻ˽̜ࢪጓȵ
ɐʳΥɫ⏋కɹˏ˪̊ͻɹధȵᘿɌȼ߂ވɐʳɄɭɭɲʱ⏋ɗʶʰȵɗɹಁǾɹႥɴਝ
ɍɩకӾɭɹᐄʃЊȷˁฐᏮɐʳɭȷ⏋ϺǾɹఌ୫ˁɦɲȹɭʠ˃ɭɐʳక፤ɻɴʼȴɴ
ភᮊɭɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɍɤɇȦɹɭɄʸ᧧୲ɹɛʃɅɭɴ᧧୲ɭకӾɲȦɌɗɹ༐ᬣɭɹᬚɴ
ᑩʱଁɇʶʳغਃᦹɻ᪻ᐜɌɛሂˁ٘ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛႥɹᐄഗ⏋Ⴖጓ᬴ϝಁБɴݛ
ʼʶɛܕЦᡴ༐ɹӾᏼᑩɻɑɛɑɛɴՖుɇʶKohli 1990⏋ɗʶɴБʼɤɩܩɹ
ˡͻ˽̜ˁݜᇻɭɐʳݖܩςᒶకӾȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹܩعɫدᰄɐʳΥ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻࢃܕɹปጓˁ
Ӿ౸ɴȴȴɁ⏋ϺǾɹ͌͠˽ؙ͌ઢˁ̘˱ɭɌɩϺǾˁᏚغɓ˃ɭɐʳ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾ (BJP:
Bharatiya Janata Party) ȵɴʼȴɴدᰄɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹకႥɹྜྷܩʱᇕˁ
ጩᇕɴኍɐʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɌȴʢɄɹ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾȵ⏋߂̝Ͳ˓ܕˁࡸჼɐʳɛʠɴ
ԋ۬ˁᨗҺɌ⏋ɇʰɴȦకঌɹਖឹਸˁᠭɐʳɽȴʱȴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺӾˁᗳɹɫఌȭʳ
ᒶ֦ (RSS: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) ȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺɴᯌɲкɭᏄኜ⏋ៀ৾ˁ
༱ɐʳɛʠɴྈ᥅᭢ᇕɲ៥ᑇˁʓɰɄɐ᬴ᇕᏼᑩɫȡʳɄɭˁᇿɐʳɴɦʶ⏋ȋγᅠ
߂ɹ͐̚˪͞˹ͻȍ˓Ͳ̝ɹȼೢɴɴʼȴɴತᮖȵɛɠɄʠɩȷɛ⏏ɲȴ˃ɑȼ͌˽͌͠ɴ
ࢪɐʳపઝˁʞȷՏɌɴɌ⏋ณᇕɲకۊˁᇿ୭ɐ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾɹкᣒɻ⏋ȋᯃಮɹܕȍ
˓Ͳ̝ɭȡʚʱɴʢȴȿɻɲʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴˤͲ̚ˑͻʦ̦͡ͻɭȦɤɛڒϺ
కࢃɴრȦʰʶɛȴɦɩɹ˓Ͳ̝ɭᅵɲɤɩ⏋Ёɹ˓Ͳ̝ɫغέɹଝຍˁᱤьɌɩ
2
ೠ⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧కณɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘
ᇿӴɹգᇰɹࡸჼɴႨߗɐʳతయᇕɲకࢃʦ⏋ኜ᠌ɹɲȴȴʰ˹Ͳ̓͡ˁॄʛɴʱՏɌɩ
ϺǾˁᏚغɓ˃ɭɐʳ။֪ᇕకࢃȵଛɐʳɴɦʶ⏋˓Ͳ̝కɻᣒᇕɴᅵɲɤɛሂˁ٘
ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝కɹჼႥɹද២ɻೣዣɹᠩᰍɫɻɲȦ⏏ʞɌʸɄɄɫɻɄʶʰɹΥᦹɹ
కႥɹˁᤑʚȭ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹకɹయᇕᔘಕˁ⏋కณɹ႕ᣒɴᇿɌɦɦՕഓɌ
ɩʛʭȩ⏏కณɴᇿɐʳɹɻ⏋ɗɄɴɄɗ˓Ͳ̝కɹ႕ᣒɭɗɹکᰍဣȵՀᑘᇕɴᝠ
ჼɇʶɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛɗȩɌɛද២ˁᦲɍɩ˓Ͳ̝కɴȲȿʳШᐏɭᦏБɭɹϯ᪻
ɹΥጩȵ౩ʰȴɭɲɤɩȼʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɫɻ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳณɹ႕ᣒɻȦȴɲʳʢɹɫ
ȡɤɛɹȴ⏏ʼʶʼʶɻʚɑШᐏᇕณɹ႕ᣒˁՕഓɐʳɄɭȴʰࠃʠʭȩ⏏
1̝ฦक़ᆙ
˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳШᐏᇕɲకณɹ႕ᣒˁکᰍɭɐʳɭȷ⏋ɲɴʭʱʚɑ୭ɐʏȷɻ⏋క
ɭҙჿɭɹჿᇕɲࢪጓɹέܧˁᠭɐʳ͇̒˪˽˗˙ͻ̫ͻɹଘᠦɫȡʸȩ⏏˗˙ͻ
̫ͻɴʭʶɽ⏋ტɴɻϺǾɹԃˁተѳɌ⏋صˁصʱ⏋ϺǾɹЦᇕɲϯʼʱɹɌɇˁ
ተѳɐʳᒶ֭ȵᠩɇʶɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ɗȩɌɛᒶ֭᧓ؙɴࢪɐʳҙჿᇕɲخɻɌʬɓ˃֟
ɴลᔨɌɲȴɤɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢტɻ̫͐͞ͲɹਠٚɴਃɤɩᐏɐʳɄɭˁឹᠱɇʶɩȦɛʢ
ɹɹ⏋য়ɹ̫͐͞Ͳᕶ᤹⏋ተܔɛʳఠᏼᑩʍɭᏼᑩɇʶɩȦɑ⏋ɛɞ৳ɹ҅Ϻᇕɲٟˡ͠
˽͇ɴћɌɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩტɻᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹɲȦɴࢪɌɩᅵᡴˁڟȭʳ̫͞
͐Ͳˁઝɹʚʚɴʱ್ȭʳɄɭȵخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽɛɌȴɴ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩɻˡͻ˽
̜̯˛͞͡˥ͻΫ⏋̫͐͞Ͳȵტ⏮˪˹̜͓͑͠ɴӦеˁװʠɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ჼࡸɹγᅠɫ
ɻტɹ୫ɦᣧថǾɲࡸɴࢪɌɩ̫͐͞ͲɻံɛʳɄɭˁ٨ɧȿʰʶɩȦɛ⏏
ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩ˓Ͳ̝Цȵˡͻ˽̜ɴʭɤɩՕుɇʶ⏋Ɍȴʢɗʶəʶɹˡͻ˽̜ɹଁڊȵ
ա҅Ⴖᕶɹณգɭᒶ֭ɹкᏙˁѳ୫ɌɩȦʳɭᠦȴʶɩȦɛɗɄɫɻ⏋ϺᬚΥᖔɴ߹য়ɐʳಔ
ᇕɲҙჿྈհ̆̆ٞሾɹʭȩɴᕶးɭɻɄȩɌɛྈհɴћɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ̆̆ȵᇎݭɌ
ɩȼʳоܩɻɲȼ⏋ณɭҙჿɭɹᬚɴჿᇕɲࢪጓሂղȵᅊɍɩȼʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛ⏏Ɍɛ
ȵɤɩɛɭȭტȵɗɹᕲɴࢪɌɩᗊభ᠓ິˁ֓ȭɛɭɄʸɫ⏋ɗʶɴࢪɐʳҙჿᇕɲᯃᮑȵ
ᇎݭɌɩȼʳɄɭɻჿᇕɴȡʱȭɲȦ⏏ʚɛȋȍɭȋᥢ᥊ᅊȍɹհˁݠ୫Ɍ⏋մγɹ
ɲȦ߭лɴʭɤɩϺɻϺᬚᅠɹʛɲʰɑ֪႒ᅠɴʢᅊʚʶБʼʳɭᠦȴʶɩȦɛɗɄɫɻ⏋
Ϻɴࢪɐʳ᬴Ȧɻ⏋֪႒ɴࢪɐʳȦɭɗɹೣᣒɴȲȦɩɲ˃ʰᅵɲʳʢɹɫȡʱȭɲȦ⏏Ʉ
ȩɌɛմரɴጓɦᭉʱ⏋ȦȷȲȦϝɻၘဦɲʢɹɭɲʱ⏋ȲʭɗᒶɹϝɭȦɤɛ៎ਥʢ
ᇎݭɌɩȼʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ɄȩɌɛ៎ဣɴɛɤɩ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณˁ⏋ณɹɛʠɴณˁᦠິɌ⏋ϝɹɛ
ʠɴϝɐʳ⏋ɐȽʶɩ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ᇕӃكˁय़ʃɛʢɹɭȭɩȦʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽȋ᭰ܕ
3
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡݖܩድǵፀ 5-1 ش
ˁྙʖɐɴ⏋᠉⏋ࠌ⏋ᓒȭɵȴʶɛȡʳʪʳᯃᱸަᇕɫɑʳᣎȦଝຍɫʢɤɩɌ⏋ɇʰɴ
పȵܐጇɌɩȦʳಁɴɻ⏋ɗɹзɹᬚɴ᭖ᡌˁɗɗɹȴɌ⏋ტȵᰉʛɭɐʳࢃᕲˁᢷؚɐʳ
Υ⏋ᕶܕɹᕲɴࢪɌɩɻࢌҰʦ။֪ᓔˁఔɠ⏋ଯॄˁɄʰɌɩੲઝʦᆄਥˁȷతʰɐɄ
ɭɴʭɤɩ৳ʰˁଵȭɦȿ⏋ᢧకᇕɴᐈʱʳʭȩɴɐʳȍɄɭɄɗȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹტɹဤྈ
հɫȡʳWeber 1966: 145-146⏏ɄȩɌɛᐏɹɛʠɹ୭ೆɻ⏋ٞሾɹʭȩɴ͇˗͓͠ტ
ɹࡿሂ⏋ˡ˗̘ˑ͓͠ȵᘿɌɛȏˏ̊͡˹͑˽̜͞ȑɴᏳɴயȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻΥՖɹ
ҙჿᇕᓒૅȴʰៗఔɇʶɩȦɛဣɫ⏋̦͡˵Ͳ˽ೝɹ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴᇎݭɌɛᰖаɹೆ႒ˁԻᱩ
ɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɴឿʰʶʳГΫɹʭȩɲ႕ᣒɴ⏋
ӯᇕɲҙჿγᅠɴปጓɇʶʳဤྈհɹԎ݀ˁឿՏɌɩȦɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢಔᇕɲҙჿྈհ
ȵࡔܧɌɩȦɲȦଘɫɻ⏋Ȧɑʶɹဤʢɗɹဤྈհˁࡴጓɐʳɴ᭬Ɍɩ⏋ᕶʰȵصʳ᯿ݖ
ɹଯᇕغჿɹكɴكȴʼɊʳˁȭɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫɗʶɻ⏋ᠶϝɹɛʠɹᠶ
ϝଯˁࣙᬖɌɛ̢͓ͻ͓༐⏋ȡʳȦɻਸડɹଯˁ୭Ɍɛȏˡͻ͇˽ͻ̜͞ȑɭؾΥ
ᐻΫɴᇎݭɌɩȷɛʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ȋ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ˓̀͌ɹᰄ࣊ȏลᇕɲȑЦჿᠶɴȡɤɩɻ⏋Јɹៀྈȵ๕߭ɌɩȦɛ
ȵɛʠ⏋ɗʶəʶɹȏᓷɹȑ͇̋͡ˁࢷȷՏɐɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ɗɹଯᇕɲܔɹհਸɴ
ћࡔɓɊʳˁȭɲȴɤɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩল፷ଯȴʰࠃʚɤɩᠶ៷ɭᡴᠶɹɛʠɹଯɛʳᠶ
ჿ⏋ɇʰɴɻ˛ͦ˽ɹଯɴᕸʳʚɫ⏋҅Ǿɹᓷʦᅊ༎᯿ݖɹɛʠɹଯᠶɞȿȵօʱՏ
ɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɻೆȦɩȦʳWeber 1966: 147⏏Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ
˓Ͳ̝ɹტɴɭɤɩឹᠱɇʶɩȦɛɹɻ⏋ӱՕɲପ୫ɫʢɤɩ̫͐͞ͲˁȦ⏋ɗɹɲȴȴʰ
ɐȽʶɛᓔ⏋ȡʳȦɻᕶՕɹઝɹʚʚɴɲʳᓔˁࡾরصኢɭɌɩثɌȴȴȭʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɗ
ʶɻ̫͐͞ͲȵصʳәˁЂɌɩɄɗ⏋ტɹᐏȵয়ਸˁკɌ⏋ʚɛࡸ֟ਸȡʳʢɹʍɭ
ЇጓɩΫɁʰʶʳɭȭʰʶɩȦɛȵɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴტɹҶʰɴࡾরصኢˁᒞȼɄɭ
ˁᒶ֭ɧȿʰʶɩȦɛɭȷ⏋ɄɄɴʢტณȴʰҙჿਸˁռߥɌɩʪȼ⏋ȦʚʁɭɦɹߕลȵԒ
׃ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɛɭȭɽტȵᲞณˁவʳɭؾಁɴᲞɹصኢɭɌɩ߃ɴࢪɐʳәˁصɤ
ɩȦɛμܕɴȡɤɩ⏋ȵϕʶ⏋ᰪʦ᳂ɴឿᖏʼʶʳɭȷ⏋ɗʶʰɻტȵ߃ȴʰឿఔ
ɇʶɛ៷ɭɌɩ⏋ტɹᐏɹয়ਸɴࢪɐʳཉխɲୱɭ؝ȿɭʠʰʶɩȦɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ
ɄɄɫɻტɻЦΥᖔɹᓃѯʦીᓃɴ၇ʰɌɩᕶʰɹ֪ɴɲ˃ʰȴɹଵըˁ֓ȭʳɄɭȵឹ
ᠱɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩტȵؾɍʭȩɲႥɴሁᯆɐʳɭȷ⏋ɗʶɻტɍ
Ɍ˃ɹᄐᆎɴᅓഀɐʳʢɹɫɲȼ⏋ࡾরصኢɭɌɩәˁصʳ̫͐͞ͲɹٟɹέɹɓȦɭ
ɇʶɛᐄഗ⏋ɗȩɌɛଵըсᅎȵɛɠɻɛʰȼоܩɻࡔܧɌɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳWeber 1966:
144-145⏏
Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ˗˙ͻ̫ͻȵШᐏᇕɲ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɴឿՏɐɹɻ⏋ҙჿᇕៀըˁ๕Ȧɛʞȷ
ՏɌɹณɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɗʶɭؾ⏋͡˓͖͐̚Ͳʢʚɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɹ႕ᣒˁᓩᇕɲ
4
ೠ⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧కณɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘
ߕลˁ๕ȦɛγѯᇕɲʢɹɭеᒞɧȿɩȦɛ⏏͖͐̚ͲɴʭʶɽɛɌȴɴ՟ೝʹ˙ͻ̋ɹಁБ
ɴȡɤɩᓩѯθณˁȡʼɓʢɤɛტȵلᕵɌɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ɌȴɌʓɰɲȼɌɩ̫͐͞Ͳɭ˪
˹̜͓͑͠ɭȵՕᮐɌ⏋Ɍȴʢ˪˹̜͓͑͠ɴࢪɌɩ̫͐͞Ͳȵˡͻ˽̜̯˛͞͡˥ͻɫΫ
еˁװʠʳɴᕸʳʦ⏋ტณɻγѯᇕɲਸൔˁय़ʃʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ʢɭʭʱჼࡸɹᬠѥ
ɴᇿɐʳɭȷ⏋ტȵ̫͐͞ͲɴӦᣴɌɩȦɛɄɭɻوʠɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌჼࡸɹᬠѥɹӦᣴɻ
ໆɌɩ̫͐͞ͲɹჿਥᇕɲӦᣴˁុɌɻɌɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ȋᦲ।⏋ፀΥɹ᭥ᏩȵณɫɻɲȼɩࡱఠɴȦȼɹɻ⏋ɴ⏋ɄʶʰɹЦɴɭɤɩࡱఠȵ⏋
̼ͻ˰͡ȵȏಔȑɭ٧˃ɞʢɹɐɲʼɠᐓࢪᇕɲሎࡸˁᝠʼɌɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʱ⏋ழៜɐʶ
ɽ̯˛͞͡˥ͻɻЦˁɗɹೣᇕɲѝғɭᬠѥɧȿɩᐏغɐʳȴʰɫȡʳȍɭ͖͐̚Ͳɻೆ
ȦɩȦʳ͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 360⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ͖͐̚Ͳɴʭʶɽ⏋ˡͻ˽̜̯˛͞͡˥ͻɫ
̫͐͞Ͳȵ।ɴᲞеɴеᒞɌɩȦɛɄɭɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ЦȵɗɹೣᣒɴȲȦɩࡱఠᇕɲѝғɴ
ݜኄɧȿʰʶɛЦɫȡʳɄɭɹաɹᝠჼɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɌȴʢɄɹʭȩɴࡱఠᇕɲ˓Ͳ̝
ЦɴȲȦɩ̫͐͞Ͳɹ͇̋͡ȵɐʏɩɴӦᣴɌɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋Јᯆɫɻ˪˹̜͓͑͠ɹصʳ
᯿ݖȵգᇰɭ᬴ϝȵཥॎȼɭɄʸɹ⏋̫͐͞Ͳɹγᅠɭɻʚɤɛȼᅵᣒɲʢɹɭеᒞɧȿʰʶ
ʳɭȷ⏋కᇕγᅠɴɻႶᕶɹᠶჿɴɌɛȵɤɩغჿɌɩʪȼߕลȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛ͖̚
͐Ͳ 2001: 372⏏ɗʶɻɐɫɴឿɛ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɹឿៗ⏋ɐɲʼɠҙჿᇕɴӯᇕɲγᅠɴȡɤ
ɩ⏋ɗʶəʶɹᅊ༎᯿ݖȵᕶʰɹဤྈհˁࡴጓɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋য়᠍ᅊ༎᯿ݖɫឹᠱɇʶʳ
ܔɹଯᇕհਸɴћɓɊʳˁɲȦɭɐʳឿៗɭ᥄ˁΥɴɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱ͖̚
͐Ͳɴȡɤɩʢ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɻᰄ࣊γѯᇕɫ⏋ɐȽʶɩ໗ҙჿᇕɲณɭɌɩɛɠჼʼʶ
ɩȼʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
Ʉɹઝ٢ɫ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɻإБ˛˻̺̜ʦ˹͖͍ͻ͡⏋ɇʰɴɻμܕɹტณɭ᭬ɞɤɛࢪ၇
ˁɲɌɩȦʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽإБ˛˻̺̜ʦ˹͖͍ͻ͡⏋μܕɴȡɤɩტณȵؾಁɴࡱఠٟ
ᇕลᔨˁшɓ୫ɤɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȡɤɩɻტɻᕶՕᕶ᤹ɫњәˁݚʱȩɄɭȵ
ɫȷɑ⏋।ɴ̫͐͞ͲɴћࡔɐʳɄɭˁоәɲȼɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛᓩณɭѯณɭɹՕᮐȵ
Ȧȴɴ؏ൔɴɲɇʶɩȦɛȴɻ⏋ɛɭȭ̫͐͞Ͳȵტɭɲɤɛغݭɫʢ⏋ᕶʰњәˁݚʱȩ
Ʉɭȵɫȷɑ⏋ࡾরصኢɭɌɩȦʚΥϺաɹ̫͐͞ͲˁਖឹɭɌɩȦɛɄɭ͖͐̚Ͳ 2001:
361ɴጩᇕɴჼʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ̫͐͞Ͳɻɗʶᕶ᤹ɫࡔܧɌʳȵ⏋ტɻ̫͐͞ͲɲɌɫ
ɻࡔܧɌɲȦɭᠦȴʶɩȦɛɄɭʢ⏋ؾɍᓒȭˁᝠɐʢɹɫȡʳɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ͖͐̚ͲɻტณɹγѯਸɴߕᏝᇕɲტณჿᠶȵᇎݭɌɩȼʳߕลˁឿՏɌɩȦɛ⏏
ɍɍɦ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩ⏋Цዊইˁᐣ୫ɐʳɛʠɴᕶՕɛɠɹɲȴȴʰɗɹКᓔˁ᧧ՏɌ⏋
ɗɹឿȴȭʱɭɌɩؚዲ႒ɹΥᨆ̆̆ᦲ।ɻ 6 Օɹ 1̆̆ˁ৳ɴेɌՏɐɭȦɤɛᰖȦɹߕᏝ
ჿᠶɫʢɤɩტณˁݜኄɧȿ˃ɭɐʳఠᠦȵɐɫɴɌɩإБɴࣙᬖɇʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ʚɇɴɗ
ʶɻኜᓩਸˁռߥɇʶɛტณȵɛɰʱɦȼΥɦɹᠶჿᇕɲॠᐄɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢኽᢧᅋˁᬿ
5
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡݖܩድǵፀ 5-1 ش
Ɍ⏋ɗɹѢࢀᓔɴ؏ᒟˁዀɐɄɭɻტɴᠩɓʰʶɛፀΥɹ֭ɫȡʳɭɇȭеᒞɧȿʰʶɩȦ
ɛɹɫȡʳ⏏1)
ɗʶɻᦏБɹߕᏝჿᠶˁৱ৴ɇɓʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰɄɄɫɻɛɭȭߕᏝჿᠶȵᇎ
ݭɌɩȷɛɭɄʸɫ⏋ɗɄȴʰߕᏝჿᠶɴћɌɩౖࡔɹకณɹয়ਸˁکᰍɭɐʳЦ
ଫՠᇕɲჿᠶȵɴࣙᬖɇʶɲȴɤɛɄɭˁᠭɌɩȲɄȩ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢȦȴɲʳᕶးณ
ʢሾʰɑ⏋ᕶးᇕɲШᐏˁ๕ȦɩȦɛ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻ⏋ჼࡸɹకዊইɭɻᅵᣒɲ⏋ȡʳʏȷక
ዊইȵ᳞౩ɴଠɠՏɇʶʳߕลɻɌʬɓ˃ᇍࣙɌɲȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɰɄʸȴЦ
ዊইɹᐣ୫ࡔᐚɹɛʠɴɄɗტณȵปጓɇʶɛɭȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏋غݭয়ɹტᕶ᤹⏋Цዊই
ˁᐣ୫ɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ຏϺʦࠌˁيʠɩณᡌፑɹᭉʱˁɦȼɌɛɭɄʸɫ⏋Цዊইȵᐣ୫
ɇʶɩȦʳᭉʱ⏋ɗȩɌɛณɻਖɑɌʢέয়ɲʢɹɭʛɲɐɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏
Ʉɹઝ٢ɫߕᏝᇕɲტณჿᠶɭ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ᇕɲณ៎ɭɻໆɌɩჿᇕɴᅵᣒɲʢɹɭ
ʛɲɌʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 253⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴɄɹγȴʰ᤹ˁৄȼɄɭɴɄ
ɗᕸᲞɹѝғȵᒞȴʶ⏋ᓩɲʳณࠓɭѯɲʳณࠓɭȵؾɍॶܩɫϝȩоܩȵࡔܧɌɲȴɤɛ˓
Ͳ̝ɫɻ⏋ߕᏝჿᠶɴيʚʶʳЦଫՠᇕɲߕลȵࡱఠᇕɴخɇʶʳʢჿᇕɴ᧡ుɇ
ʶɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶɰɄʸȴᔵѯᓔɭɌɩ̫͐͞ͲȵγѯɴᔘˁʞȿɩȦɛ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻ⏋ᠶჿˁɦ
ȷɦʠɛɭɄʸɄɹγѯᇕγᅠɻ⏋ȡʳʏȷγᅠɭɻံᑉɹγᅠɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱɗʶɻћးɭ
Ɍɩˏ͐͞͡ɲγᅠɫȡʱ⏋ɌɛȵɤɩɄɹγѯᇕγᅠˁᐏʏʳტณʢҙჿᇕخȴʰៗఔɇ
ʶɛʞȷՏɌɹณɭɌɩɛɠჼʼʶɩȼʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ȋȚ˓Ͳ̝ɹțტณɴɦȷʚɭȩکᰍਸɻ⏋ɐȽʶɩ˓Ͳ̝ᇕɲჼᢒɫȡʳ⏏ʢɠʸ˃˓Ͳ
̝ɹϟёˁ⏋ᏄኜᇕณࠓɭγѯᇕณɭɹՕᮐˁʠȽʳЈɹϟё⏋ɛɭȭɽី๘ɴȲȿʳఠ
Цɭ͌ͻ͞˽˓⏋ࢃܕЦɴȲȿʳ˽̊͡ͻ̠̜ɭ˓͇ͻ͇̜ˁʠȽʳکᰍɭؾ՞ɴᠶɍ
ɲȦʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ŔɌȴɌೣᇕɲሂ᧓ɻ⏋˥͠˽̜ఠγᅠɴȲȦɩʢ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴ
ȲȦɩʢ⏋ᏄኜᇕณࠓɭγѯᇕณɹȦɑʶʢȵؾΥɹЦᇕ᯿ݖɫᕶʰˁࡸჼɌɲȿʶɽɲ
ʰɲȴɤɛɭȦȩɄɭɴȡʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɻፀϠɹႶጓɌɛ᯿⏋ݖɐɲʼɠ
ЦɴᔘˁكȿɛγஅɩϺɹγᅠˁ᠗ʠɩȦɛ⏏ɄɹγஅɩϺɹ᯿ݖɄɗȵ̫͐͞Ͳɭ৳ȵк
ჼɐʳድෑᇕɲณࠓȵॠࣚɐʳݭଘɴʓȴɲʰɲȴɤɛ⏏Ŕ˓Ͳ̝ɹ˭ͻ˽ɫɻ⏋Ϡɦɹȵ
ؾΥɹ᯿ݖԒɫϣȦɴӦᣴਸˁጫȦغȩɄɭɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗʶɰɄʸȴᏄኜᇕɲɻ᤹ˁৄȦ
ɩ⏋ЈɹȵȚγѯᇕγᅠɫțϣȦɴូˁጫȦغȩʚʚɴʚȴɓʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ
1) ɄȩɌɛߕᏝჿᠶˁঈɇɓɛɹɻЅఠɫȡʳ⏏̫͐͞ͲయɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ტɻϺȴʰ᧧Տɇʶʳɹɫɻɲ
ȼɩ⏋ኽᢧᅋɭЦዊইˁࡪʳɛʠɴኜȴʰήȭʰʶʳɭᠦȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ɲȲኽᢧᅋȵჼʼʶʳɭ⏋ɗʶ
ɴɭʢɲɤɩᇴʛȵჼʼʶ⏋ɗɹՃᒟɹɛʠɴტณȵਖឹɭɇʶʳ⏋ɭȦȩ෯ଁˁɭɤɩȦʳ⏏ɠɲʛɴɄȩ
ɌɛႥȵՏჼɐʳɹɻ᧑ਏȵᦡঘɌɛЁɹಁБɴᅊɍʳჼᢒɫȡʱ⏋՟ɹಁБ⏋ɐɲʼɠ˪̊͘͠ˤɫ
ɻɗɹਖឹȵɲȦɭȭʰʶɩȦɛ͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 367-370
⏏
6
ೠ⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧కณɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘
2̝ౡଂѠౕ
ГΫɹʭȩɲ˓Ͳ̝ɹШᐏᇕტณ⏮కณɹਸൔˁਥᰄɴȲȼɭȷ⏋͇̩̜͇ˤͲ
7
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡݖܩድǵፀ 5-1 ش
̚ˑͻɹᯃಮɹਲ਼ɻ႕ᅵɲӵᖳˁఔɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻณɹɛʠɹณˁᦠິɌɩȷɛ˓
Ͳ̝ɹకγᅠɴȡɤɩ⏋క֪ɴȲȿʳҙჿᇕߕลˁ؏ɌȼکȦȴȿʭȩɭɐʳʢɹɫȡ
ʱ⏋కɴʭɤɩࡸჼɇʶʳգᇰʭʱʢక֪ɹҙჿᇕɲᣂᣒˁʭʱᩂែɐʳʢɹɴʓȴɲ
ʰɲȦ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼ɭ֪ɻ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ɭʢ⏋ɇʰɴɻȡʱȷɛʱɹక
ȋᓩᓔɹకȍɇɲȵʰɹਸൔˁय़ʃɩȦʳMorris-Jones 1967: 52-61⏏ɗ
ɭʢံᑉɲ⏋
Ɍɩɗɹᔘಕˁද២ɐʳɭȷ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹ɴʭʳ˓Ͳ̝ɹШᐏɹօᦶᇕɲᠧʛ್ȭɴȷ
ȡɛʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏
ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹకਲ਼ˁکᰍɴɐʳɭȷ⏋ɲɴʭʱʢʚɑ୭ɐʏȷɻᓩɭѯɴᬠɐʳе
ᒞɧȿɹ᥊ழɫȡʳ⏏ΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴ˓Ͳ̝ɹШᐏᇕγᅠɴȡɤɩᔵѯᇕγᅠɄɗ⏋Ϻᬚȵʓ
˃ʰȦᇿ୭ɐʏȷγᅠɭеᒞɧȿʰʶ⏋γѯᇕγᅠɻɗɹೣᣒɴȲȦɩˏ͐͞͡ɲγᅠɭɌɩ
ఔᒞɇʶɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɄɹγѯᇕγᅠ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼకɹγᅠɭɗɄɴȲ
ȿʳ༎֪ɴɐȽʶɩҙჿᇕɲઝ٢غȦˁឿՏɌɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢˤͲ̚ˑͻɴɭɤɩᦏБɭɻɐ
ȽʶɩకᇕɲಁБɫȡʱ⏋ΥՖɹ᯿ݖɴకȵԂʱᦉ˃ɫȼʳɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴ⏋лϺʢక
ɴᔘˁكȿʳɄɭȵ៰ɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ȋሎɴࡱఠɹˁິʠʭȩɭɐʳȦȴ
ɲʳ˓Ͳ̝Ϻʢ⏋కɴᣳးɭɌɩȦʳɄɭɻ៰ɇʶɲȦ⏏ሎɴࡱఠᇕɲᅊ༎ˁᦢʰ˃ɭ๙ɐ
ʳᓔɻ⏋ԇᇕɲᅊ༎ˁᕶैɹь٨ɭɲɇɊʳˁɑ⏋ɌȴʢɄ˃ɴɠʼʶʼʶɻ⏋కᇕɲ͇
˹ͻͲɹɲȴɴঃ፴ɴʱᦉʚʶɩȦʳʪȭɴ⏋ϺʍɹߑЇɻకɴؒᅙɐʳɄɭɲȼɌɩ
έخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ౬⏋ʼȵᦅɛɠɻ⏋ᕶՕɛɠˁఌᨗɐʳᓔȵᠨɫȡʳȴሾʰɲȼɩʢ⏋
ɲ˃ʰȲɗʶʳɄɭɲȼᎎᏬɲᅊ༎ˁᦢʳɄɭȵɫȷɛȵ⏋ʢɻʦɄ˃ɴɠɫɻɗɹʭȩɴ
ံᬠਕɫȦʳɄɭɻ៰ɇʶɲȦ⏏Ʉ˃ɴɠɹʭȩɲႥɫɻࡱఠɹˁʢȩɭɐʳ⏋غݭϺ
ɻਖɑʦకᇕႥˁᓒૅɴԂʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦȍɭˤͲ̚ˑͻɻೆȦɩȦʳIyer 1986:
138⏏
ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩˤͲ̚ˑͻɻШᐏᇕɲᓩᓔɭᅵɲɤɩ⏋γѯɹɴʼȿՏɫɩ⏋ȋγѯᦣ᧫ᇕȍ
ረ⏋ȡʳȦɻኧ๙ᗑɴʭɤɩ੬ʱˁʁʰȴ˃ɭɐʳɴ⏋ਖɑɌʢᔐࡴᇕѝˁήȭɩ
ɻȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢɄɹγѯᇕγᅠʍɹݚመˁుਥɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋γѯɹɲȴɴɭɰ
ʚʳɄɭɄɗȵ⏋γѯɹʍᦣ᧫ɐʳʭʱʢ⏋ʭʱܐᮑɲˁઝ٢ɌɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ழៜ
ɐʶɽγѯᇕ༎֪ˁɲɌɦɦ⏋ɌȴʢγѯɹɴɭʰʼʶɲȦɄɭɹȵ⏋Ϻᩁᮐʶɛගʦ
ɹɲȴɫረɴʈȿʳʭʱʢ⏋ʭʱ؏ɌȦѹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩմᓔɄɗȵሎਸ
˵Ͳ̢͑ͻ˹Ͳ
ɹȋ ᓩ ᓔ ȍɛʱȩʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋γѯɹȵȦɤɇȦࡔܧɌɲȦɭɄʸɫɲɇʶʳᓔɹ
ѹɻ⏋՟ɹɫᤴȷ⏋ʢʸȼʢगʶؑɤɩʪȼ᭝ˁዃʠɩȦɛɭȦȭʭȩParekh
1989: 102-103; Bondurant 1988: 110-111⏏
ɌɛȵɤɩˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɄɹγѯᇕγᅠ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼకɹγᅠɄɗȵᕶैѹᑇɹݭɭеᒞ
ɧȿɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ୭ࢷɌɛؙᗔႶጓ᬴ϝɻ⏋ɛ˃ɴ˓Ͳ̝ɹႶጓˁ᧒ଁɐ
8
ೠ⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧కณɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘
ʳక֪ɴɦȷʳʢɹɫɲȼ⏋ɗɄɴɻɐȽʶɩҙჿᇕɲઝ٢غȦȵᦉʠʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶ
ɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᕶै༒ˁࡸჼɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ȦȩɲʰɽؙᗔႶጓ᬴ϝɻɄȩɌɛድෑᇕ
ɲᇿᇕɴզ᧒ɐʳɛʠɹଝຍɭеᒞɧȿʰʶɩȦɛɭʛɲɌɩៜɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩɗȩɌɛ
ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼ɭ֪ɻ⏋৳ȵᏺᅊਠˁ᠙ɤɛᯃಮɹ៎ਥɴՀᑘᇕɴᝠჼɇʶɩȦɛɹ
ɫȡʳ⏏
ɗʶɻإഀ˓Ͳ̝ɴ؝ȿᐙȵʶɩȷɛȋέຏᅊȍɹհˁৄȷᐙȽʢɹɫȡʳʢɹɹ⏋ȋέ
ຏᅊȍʭʱʢɻʳȴɴঃȦઝ٢غȦȵᦉʠʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢນɹȡʳៜᘽʦઝܩɹੲ
Ȧ୷ʳᖏȦɻ⏋ɴʢʚɇʳᗑᆟˁሂଝɴήȭʳɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴ⏋ɗʶʰɻಮɫȡʱ⏋ɇ
ʰɴᦏБɹᣂೣςᒶЦʢᔀᰩɭȡȴʰɇʚɲோɴћɌɩȦɛʪȭɴؾɍȼಮᇕ
ɲкըˁઝ٢ɌɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛ˓˧͠˽ɹ˓Ͳ̝ఌᨗɻ᥅ϟˁᰉʱɭɌɛံˁȦʼɓɵఌᨗ
кըɫȡʳɽȴʱȴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺˁᕧᆖɴɌ⏋ɗɌɩɄɹᕧᆖɄɗȵ˓Ͳ̝ϺɹᬚɴჁᆄਕˁᅊ
ʛ⏋࠴ɭέѵˁᔒʞɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴ⏋ଠቑɇʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɑ⏋2) ɇʰɴˡͻ˽̜ᬚɹे
ա⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼˏͲ̸̊̒̍͑͡ɴࢪɐʳेաɻಮᇕɲкըˁઝ٢ɌɩȦɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩˤ
Ͳ̚ˑͻɹᯃಮɹਲ਼ɴɻ⏋ɛ˃ɴ˓˧͠˽ɹඨܩఌᨗˁଠɠቑʰ˃ɭɐʳకʭʱ
ʢɻʳȴɴঃ፴ɲଫՠᇕߕลȵᦉʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻՕɹкըɭɌɩɻɭʢȴȼ⏋ेաɹ
кըɭɌɩɹˡͻ˽̜ըɹঘᐓˁॕິɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ɇʰɴᔀᰩɭோɴћɌɛᣂ
ೣςᒶкըɫɻɲȼɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝إഀɹଝूˁ༎ਸɌ⏋ᦅɭଝूɭˁᘺԊؾкɹɲȴ
ɫลᇕɴᏼʛȡʼɓʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ோɭଵܦɭɻံᑉɲЦˁȩɠጓɩʭȩɭɐʳႶ႕
ɹЦςᒶˁਚكɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻȵؙᗔႶጓ᬴ϝˁ୭ࢷɐʳΥɫ⏋ঃ፴ɲЦఒᯊ̺͞ͲˁᑂʛՏ
ɌɛɄɭɻໆɌɩұးɫɲȦ⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᕶै༒ˁᦲɌɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝Цɹ̜ͻ̊͡ɲ
ᯊˁਚكɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ᭬ˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɄȩɌɛ֪ˁɌᦽʠʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ಮ
ɫɻɲȼɩᯃಮ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼડɴݜɧȼჿਸᇕɲᠦɴᩂȷˁᒞȦɩȦɛ⏏ˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭ
ʶɽ⏋ડɲȷᠦɻȦɛɑʰɴؙઢˁȡȲʳɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴံɫȡʳɽȴʱȴ⏋ડɴɻሂ
ଝɹጓݭɴ᤹ˁᒞȼɭȦȩߕลȵԒ׃ɇʶɩȦʳГΫ⏋ᠦˁሎɴჿਸᇕɲʢɹʍɭЇጓɩΫ
Ɂɩʪȼȩȭɫ⏋έخ๕ɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩȋડȍȵȋᕶै႞႓ȍɭΥкɭɲɤɩࣙ
ᬖɇʶʳɭȷ⏋ሂଝɴ᧑ਏᇕɲ܌ਕˁڽᣱɐʳȩȭɫ⏋ᐓ߂ɲˁᇍஸɐʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸ
ȩ⏏ɗʶɭȦȩɹʢȋડȍɻ⏋ਭʱˁɌɑʠ⏋ષʛɭલડɹਕˁሂଝɴڽᣱɐʳΥ⏋ᕶै႞
2) ̮ͤͻ˪ɻ๖ɹʭȩɴೆȦɩȦʳ⏏ȋˤͲ̚ˑͻɻᕧᆖɇȵέѵɭჁᆄ⏋࠴ˁᅊʞɭᓒȭɩȦɛ⏏ȏኽȵʛɑ
ȴʰଡୡɌɛȦɭਲ਼ɤɩȦʳɄɭɻ⏋ȲϣȦɹέѵɫȡʱ⏋֪ลɴࢪɐʳ᧹⏋Ʉʶɫȡʳ⏏ʼʶʼʶɹέΥ
ᕹɫɻɲȼɩ⏋ቂࢸɇɄɗȵʼʶʼʶɴᐓȭɑɦȷʚɭȩᒜɫȡʳ⏏ŔɌɛȵɤɩ⏋ሎɴکᰍɭɐʏȷɻ⏋ʼ
ʶʼʶሂϣɹέΥᕹɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɹᔘɴȡʳቂࢸɇɄɗȵᆄȦʢɲȼឿᗑɌȦʢɹɫȡʳȑȚˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭ
ʶɽț࠴ɭሂϣέѵʪȭɴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺɻϣȦɴံલੳɴሂࢪɌ⏋ɠˁႢɌɛ⏋غݭᕶՕᕶ᤹ʭʱʢЈϺˁ
ʠʳɄɭȵŋፀϠɹᓃਸŌɭɲɤɩȦʳȍParekh 1989: 47
⏏
9
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡݖܩድǵፀ 5-1 ش
႓ɴɻ⏋ɲȲɗʶɫʢపࢪᇕɲ֪ɴݚመɐʳሂଝɹਕɴ⏋ɹઢˁ٧ʃៅʚɐɄɭɴʭɤ
ɩ⏋పઝˁʱȼʚɲȼΥஏɌɩʪȼخᔨਸȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɴɻపࢪᇕɲ
Ⴅˁɽ⏋רးɭᅊɍɩȼʳɫȡʸȩԒᯆᇕɲ܌ਕˁᦲɍɩ⏋ΥሬɹȩɠɴᜨៗɌɩʪȼᮠᇕ
ɲȵࢆɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɦʚʱડɴɻ̆̆ɗʶȵᕶै႞႓ɭΥкɭɲɤɩᇍჼɇʶʳɭȷ̆̆ప
ɹԒߡɹਕɴɓʚʳɄɭɴʭɤɩੲઝˁɌɑʠ⏋ఒ੫ɹˁ٧ʃៅʚɐɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋Ϝೝ
ɌȭɲȦ֟ഗˁᇍஸɐʳخᔨਸȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ʢɤɭʢȋȍɭȋᥢ᥊ᅊȍɴћɌɛ˓Ͳ̝ᇕγᅠ៎ɴȡɤɩɻ⏋عϺȵɗʶəʶա҅
ႶᕶɹѝғˁɤɩᅊȷɩȦʳɭȭʰʶɩȦʳГΫ⏋ɗȩɌɛϺǾɴࢪɐʳડȵᅊɍɩȼʳ
оܩɻᭉʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩˤͲ̚ˑͻȵᕶै႞႓ɭɭʢɴડˁᠦȦɛ᭬⏋ɗɄɴ
ɻ˥͠˽̜ఠɹ৯ᯱˁʛɩɭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȵ⏋ɌȴɌɗɹ᭬Ⴖ႕ɹ˓Ͳ̝ᇕៗᨾȵʓɰɄɇ
ʶɩȦɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢȋડȍɭɻΥᖔɴ⏋ȡʳ႕ࡴɹϺˁࢪᢒɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛ
০ˁɭʳɭȷ⏋Ʉɹȋડȍʢʚɛ⏋ɄɹγɴࢪɐʳݚመˁᅊʛՏɐʢɭɭɲʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
ɗʶɴࢪɌɩˤͲ̚ˑͻɴȡɤɩȋડȍɻ⏋ȡʳ႕ࡴɹ҅Ϻɴࢪɐʳડɫɻɲȼɩ⏋ɐʏɩ
ɹϺɴᬖȴʶɛȋડȍʍɭᘠɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴʢɄɹᘠɹ̺ͦ́˽ˁେɌᦽʠʳɴȡɛɤ
ɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ᇕШᐏȵߴɴЂܧɌɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ˏ ̯ Ͳ ˵
ȋˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹέຏᅊɹ៎ਥˁ؝ȿᐙȦɞȵ⏋ɗʶˁ֪؝ᇕȴɦ༥ෑᇕɭʛɲ
ˏ ̯ Ͳ ˵ ˏ ̯ Ͳ ˵
Ɍɛ⏏ɗɌɩ৳ɻέຏᅊˁჿៗɌ⏋ɗɹԗࡴᒶɴњɐʳɛʠɴȚέຏᅊɭؾᏙ՞ɴȡʳț˥
͠˽̜ఠɹડɴᇿˁʞȿɛ⏏ɌȴɌ৳ɻ⏋ડɭɻၖɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹϺɹᕶ৾ਸˁாɲȦ⏋Ʉ
ˏ̠˵˪̘ˑ
ɹγɴࢪɐʳݚመˁᅊʛՏɐɄɭˁ᠗ʠɛ⏏ɗʶʪȭɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ⏋ံݚመɹ៎ਥɴ၇ʰɌ
ɩ⏋ɗʶˁԗࡴᒶɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹϠᩂɹఒࡱ⏋ɐɲʼɠ˥͠˽̜ఠ
ɇʶɛ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻᇕ៎ਥɹȚԗț̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɻ⏋ᯃၖᇕɫ⏋ያʦȴɫ⏋ံݚመɫɻȡʳ
ȵ⏋ዩෑᇕɫ⏋༎֪ᇕɲડɭȦȩ᳄ᇕɲ៎ਥˁᅊʛՏɌɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ B. ̮ͤͻ˪ɻೆȦ
ɩȦʳParekh 1989: 195⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɭ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɭɹՏЦȦȵᅊʛՏɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ
ȵ⏋ɲȲȴɦ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయᇕШᐏɴཉȼˁȲʸɌɛʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ழៜɐʶɽˤ
Ͳ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼ɭ֪ɻ⏋إഀ⏋γѯȴʰɹᮐᔵˁᦠȦິʠɩȷɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయᇕѝғˁ
ɽ⏋Ʉɹγѯɹɲȴɫᦠິɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋γѯᇕ༎֪ˁɲɌɦɦʢγѯᇕѝғʍɹݚ
መˁుਥɐʳɭᠧʛȴȭʳɄɭɴʭɤɩࡸჼɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ɗʶɽȴʱȴˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ⏋ಮȵᅊʛՏɇʶʳ܍ˁᓒ࢘Ɍ⏋ɗʶȵɄɹγѯᇕγᅠʍɹ
ݚመɴȡʳɭȭɩȦɛ⏏ɗʢɗʢϺȵᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ɭᢧᅋɴݚመɐʳʪȭɴ⏋ɗʶʰˁࡸ
ɴ៲ȭȴȿɩɫʢࡪʱɵȴ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩᯃಮɹਂɴɻ⏋ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹ
ᢧᅋɭᅊ٨ɴࢪɐʳݚመˁᐓɠՖʱ⏋ಮɴࢪɌɩᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ˁହɁՏɐɄɭɴʭɤɩ᬴
ȦɵȼɄɭȵឹᠱɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻకᇕɲ᬴ϝݭគɴృɛɲॶܩˁՖʱୖȴ˃ɭɐʳʢɹ
ɫȡʱ⏋ಮȵʢɹˁȦȩγᅠɴᯊ٨ᇕˁᣱɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴʢɲȲɄɹγ
10
ೠ⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧కณɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘
ɴಮȵࡔܧɐʳɭȷ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɗʶˁᕶʰɹᕶैѹᑇɹέɹ៷ृɭȩȿɭʱ⏋৳ᕶ᤹
ɇʰɲʳѹᑇɴώʱՏɌɩȦɤɛɄɭɴʢ⏋˓Ͳ̝إഀɹШᐏȵହ৯ɇʶɩȦʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗ
ʶɻΥՖɹᣳᣴᓔɹࡔܧˁఽȿ⏋ɛɞᕶՕΥ᤹ɹᏄኜɴᰉʰ˃ɭɐʳ⏋ɐȽʶɩ˓Ͳ̝ᇕɲʢ
ɹɫȡʳ⏏ȦɑʶɴɓʭˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼ɭ֪ɴɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయᇕШᐏȵᔭǾɭਖ਼ɧȦ
ɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ⏋ɄȩɌɛᯃಮɹਲ਼ˁȴȴɁɩؙᗔ᬴ϝɴώʱՏɌɛɭȷ⏋
˓Ͳ̝ɹᝓɻၖႨᇕɴؙਝɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ʢɤɭʢˤͲ̚ˑͻɴࢪɐʳၖႨᇕɲఌ୫ɹᔘಕɻᒶᇕɫȡʸȩ⏏إഀ⏋ኜɹࠒˁᅊ᤹ɹ
Ϻᬚɹȩɠɴឿᐚȿɩȷɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹᝓɴɭɤɩ⏋ᎲˁʚɭɤɩԃܕˁᔰɌ⏋ሬಁɴɌɩ
߂ံປɲ˓˧͠˽ณˁᶁᆨɇɓɩɌʚȩˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ⏋ኜɹᅊʚʶБʼʱɭɑʳɴӱՕ
ɫȡʱ⏋ϺǾɻ৳ɹࠒˁΥራɌ⏋৳ɹ᤹кɴΥ៘ʶɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ɲ˃ʰȴɹ៳έਲ਼ᡴ
ɲ֒ਏɴȡɑȴʶʳɴɠȵȦɲȦɭೝ৺Ɍɛ⏏ɍɍɦˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹ɹᩂɲʳࡴوɴʢȴȴ
ʼʰɑ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻईଢ଼ɹၖɻɭȷɭԊɴౢɍɩȦɤɛʭȩɫȡʳSmith 1974: 135-146⏏
ʚɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᝓˁៅᨮɐʳɴȡɛɤɩᖿࢃᇕॄʛɇɫʢɤɩɌɛ⏏ɛɭȭɽ
1930 ॷɴ॑ᇕέਃ֪ɹ८ˁՖɤɩᘺɭɌɛؿɲȋݾɹᦽȍɴɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹྲ
ՏࢃɭɌɩɹ߃ՕȵʚȵȩɄɭɲȼኍɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ৳ɹਲ਼ɭ֪ɻʭʱཉȦɭɄʸɫ
˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయᇕШᐏɴेɌɩȦɛ⏏ȋȡʰʪʳܕɴɻɗʶႶᕶɹԒɲʳޅᅠฌȵȡʳʢ
ɹɫɐ⏏ɗɹԒᨆɴ⏋ɗɹܕɹᏄኜȵࢆʱ⏋႒ჿᇕɲɻ⏋ɗɹܩܤɹΥȴȿʰɇȭʢ৶ɫ
ȷʚɓ˃⏏ഀɹఌᨗᓔɛɠɻᬐɹɴጓɤɛʚʚɫɐȍɭ⏋॑ᇕέਃɴ᭬Ɍɩ̊˳ͻ͡
ɻೆȦɩȦʳ̶ˑ̒˹͑ͻ 1966: 319-320⏏৳ȵɄɹʭȩɴᦚʏɛɭȷ⏋߂ɲ˓˧͠˽
ณɻ༅Ǿ༙ǾɴȦɛʳʚɫᶁᆨɌ⏋ϺǾɻˤͲ̚ˑͻɹΥ୲ଝΥହˁڣܔˁᰰ˃ɫឿࡪɤ
ɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼ɭ֪ɻ⏋E. ˹̀͡ɹᝠჼˁҏʱʶɽ˓Ͳ̝ɹȋయ
ᇕμਕȍˁᝠჼɌɛʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦShills 1975: 256-275; ೠ 1996: 163-202⏏ΫᦚɌ
ɛʭȩɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ˓Ͳ̝إഀɹᏄኜᇕШᐏɴօᦶᇕɲԗៗᨾˁʓɰɄɌɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛɗɄ
ɴɻ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ȴʰɹ৯ᯱʢᖬȼ৯ˁᘺɭɌɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴʢɲȲˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜ
యᇕШᐏɹμਕɴጓɤɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
3̝ӂӣҹҕ̴̞ҺҧӗҺӚҪӐ
ʢɤɭʢˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹⏋ᕶʰɹᯃಮɹఠᠦȵ˓Ͳ̝ɴࡴመɌɛȴوȴɴɦȦɩɻᐓȭ
ɑᆄਥˁୃȷᐚȿɩȦɛ⏏ɭȼɴ 1935 ॷɹ˓Ͳ̝ᐏɴհɤɩࡸేɇʶɛ᧧୲ɫܕЦᡴ
༐ȵ⏋िͤ̾͡ɫకณˁஒவɌɛɹɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋ᡴڊɛɠȵˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹནᢩˁȴɲȽ
ʱஅɩ⏋ᣛ໘ɲᅊ༎ɴʈȿʳʭȩɴɲʳɴɦʶᆄਥɻॽྙɴɭɤɩБʼʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩ
ȼʳ⏏ɇʰɴ̮ɹՕᮐႶጓɹዐɫ༑ᝐɹઊϟȵᑵʱᦐɇʶ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽ؘ͌͠
ɫϤמΨɭʢᇑΨɭʢȦʼʶʳϺǾȵ٨ˁᘺɭɌɛɹˁᇿɐʳɴɦʶ⏋ॽྙɻໆࡴᇕɲʢɹ
11
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡݖܩድǵፀ 5-1 ش
ɭɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɍɤɇȦɹɭɄʸɗɹಓॷɴ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻȵుᰩˁᑵʱᦐɌɩᕶै༒ɴᏄᦽ
Ɍ⏋ʚɛՕᮐႶጓɹɇɲȴɴɛɤɛΥϺɫ⏋ຏଏɹሎةμʍɭᰧʃᦉ˃ɫȦɤɛɹɻ⏋৳ᕶ᤹
ɹॽྙɭ˓Ͳ̝ɹࢰഀɴࢪɐʳลઢɴᇍɐʳʢɹɫȡʳBrown 1989: 281ff.⏏
ʚɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɴࢪɌɩᏺᅊʼʰɵ҅ϺᇕɲડመˁୃȦɩȦɛ̦͡ͻȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹ՟Б᱔
ሂɭɌɩିɌɛకፑɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹɗʶɭᣒᇕɴᅵɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶɻࢃܕɹঅᡸɹʢɭ
ᩂूˁᔒʛ⏋ᦏБᇕɲᅋЦˁ˓Ͳ̝ɴปጓɓ˃ɭɐʳဣɫ⏋˛˳˓̀͌ɭʢோɭʢံ
ᑉɲ̆̆ɭȭʰʶɛ̆̆إɹ˓Ͳ̝ɹᘺˁ༎ɓ˃ɭɌɩȦɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɹ෯ɭᅵᣒɲ
ʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛςณࢃܕɴʈɇʼɌȦ᥅᭢ˁҺɌ⏋ඨܩಁБȴʰɲࡲӎըˁৄȷᐙ
Ȧɞဣɫʢ⏋ᘺᦹࢃܕغˁ෯Ɍ⏋ࢃܕɹ৲ւˁෑࢸɓ˃ɭɌɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɹᮾԠሎɭ᭬
ɞɤɛ᧓ȦˁឿɓɩȦʳɫȡʸȩ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝ˁ෯ଁɐʳɲ⏋ࡱఠɹԊࡔˁςɌɩʦʚɲȴɤɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼
ɻ⏋ᡉ⏋ᡉࡱఠᬚɴᑵʱঃɁʰʶʳϯ༑Ʉɗȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹయᇕᢌደɇɹ྇ɫȡʳɭȦ
ȩ̦͡ͻɹᓒȭɴ؝ȿᐙȵʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛᘺԊؾкɄɗȵ˓Ͳ̝Цɹݜᇻɫȡʳɭɐʳਲ਼
˱̢͖̘͊ˑ̚ˑʹ˙̺͍ͦ̒Ͳ̜
ʢ⏋ႶጓГᏄᇕɴࣙᬖɇʶɛ ᘺ ᬖ ᇍ ᅙ ʍɭᐄࡸɌɛ⏏ɌȴɌɄɹᘺᬖᇍᅙ
ɻ⏋ɗɄɴହԂɇʶɛᣂᩆɹȼȵᘺԒɹᓔɴʭɤɩመɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛᐄഗ⏋ਖ
ɑɌʢᘺɹᇍࣙɴࢊήɌɛɭɻៜȦᮑȦ⏏ʚɛᡉ⏋ᡉࡱఠᬚɹॶٮԊࡔˁᠦȼɗɹక
ፑɴࢪɌɩʢ⏋͌˽͌͠ɴࢪɐʳɹࡼٮɴɐȹɲȦɭȦɤɛᰖȦɹᯃᮑȵ଼ɴʈʶହɁȴ
ȿʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛᯃᮑɻ⏋ܕЦᡴ༐ɹӾᏼᑩȵಁБɭɭʢɴɑɛɑɛɴՕుɇ
ʶ⏋ӾᏼᑩˁЂɌɩάȴʰɹɲઝˁُȦΫɁʳɭȦȩకӾʓ˃ʰȦɹลᔨȵжάɐʳɹ
ɴЫɲɤɩ⏋ˡͻ˽̜ʦࡱఠɭȦɤɛՏഀغȦɹЦᇕɴћࡔɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭȷ⏋ɐȽ
ʶɩჼࡸਸˁय़ʃʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɭȼɴ᧧୲ɴ᭬Ɍɩ͌˽͌͠ɹኡˁয়ɩɴɌɩ⏋৳ʰ
ɹࡱ༐ᇕɲឹິɴᮮᲓɲᡶȵɲɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȼʳɴɦʶ⏋ɌȦᯃᮑɴɇʰɇʶʳɄ
ɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
1980 ॷБץГᭇ⏋ਸ਼ᦵɴدᰄɐʳӲɌˁឿɓɻɍʠɩȷɛ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾɻ⏋ႶጓГᭇɹ
Цᡴ༐ɹకۊɴࢪɐʳέྃ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼɗʶȵӾ౸ɭɌɩȴȴɁɩȷɛȋγѯࢃܕȍɹჿ
ȵ⏋ɗɹࡸ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹ႞႓ɹʢɭɴɲɇʶɛɭɄʸɹ⏋ࢹధࡱఠ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼ͌
˽͌͠ɴࢪɐʳɹᡶɹաɹᝠჼɴɐȹɲȦɭɐʳ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹࢀᓔઝᡫˁᔘಕɭɐ
ʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ৳ʰɻ˓Ͳ̝⏮̯Ͳ̝˕ͻܔɹШᐏɴћɌɛɲࢃܕলˁغៜ
ᘽɭɌɩక֪ˁࣙᬖɌ⏋ɗɹఌ୫ᓔˁਸ਼ᦵɴЭɽɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗȩɌɛ৳ʰɹςɻ⏋ȡʰ
ʪʳܕɻɗʶܔɹᏄኜˁࢆɐɄɭ⏋ɌȴʢᦏБɴȲȦɩɻܕɹ⏋ᐄˁɻȴʳɛʠ
ɴᅊȷᅊȷɭɌɛᐄਕˁ༱ɐʳɄɭɄɗȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺɹፀΥɹ᧑ਏᇕᒶ֭ɫȡʳɭɐʳఠ
ᠦɴጩᇕɴჼʼʶɩȦʳUpadhyaya 1965: 35-36⏏ʚɛ˓Ͳ̝Ϻɹ᧑ਏ៎ਥɹμഛɴеᒞɌ
ɩȷɛ͇̋͡ɹԒࡸˁɽ⏋ᕶՕΥ᤹ɹգᇰˁଵըɐʳɄɭɭȭʳΥɫ⏋Ʉ˃ɴɠɫɻ҅Ǿ
12
ೠ⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧కณɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘
ϺɹˁЦԃкɹᠭٮɭᇍࣙɹɛʠɴɁʳɄɭ⏋ЦɹɛʠɴᕶैΥ᤹ɹգᇰˁ႞႓ɴњ
ɐʳɄɭɄɗȵɲɴʭʱɹਸ਼֭ɭȭʳఠᠦGolwalkar 1966: 35-36ʢ⏋ؾɍਲ਼ɹযᬏᐻ
ΫɴᇎݭɌɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾɻ⏋ɗɹທᔙɭɌɩᒶ֦ˁ௩ɌɩȲʱ⏋ɌȴʢɗɄ
ɴɻˤͲ̚ˑͻɹᯃಮɹఠᠦɭɻᅵᣒɲਲ਼ȵᔭǾɭਖ਼ɧȦɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶɻˏ̯Ͳ˵⏃ᯃಮ
⏆ɫɻɲȼɩ⏋̯Ͳ˵⏃ಮ⏆Ʉɗȵ⏋ᕶैᬿɹɹʱଘɫȡʳɭɐʳ͇̩͞˹͖̜
͞Տ᤹ɹςᒶᓔ̘ˑ͞˪ɹШᐏˁ؝ȿᐙȽʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭʶɽ⏋ʢɌʢಮྵ
ȵჿਸɹުɴᓡˁӃȿɲȦ⏋غݭᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ˁହɁՏɐɄɭˁɹʱଘɭɌɩሂଝɹ
܌ਕɴʛˁ៧ɐʏȷɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋̘ˑ͞˪ɴʭʶɽɛɭȭሂଝˁຏɐɄɭɭɲɤɩʢ
ȡȼʚɫʢᕶՕᕶ᤹ˁࡪʳʏȷɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭʶɽ⏋ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ˁ႞႓ɴɐ
ʳៅ੬ȵɫȷɩȦʳʪȭɴ⏋ᯃಮɄɗȵሎɹ֦ຩɹᇍჼɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋̘ˑ͞˪ɴʭʶ
ɽ⏋ɗʶɻᕶʰɹɇɹաɹᝠჼɫȡʱ⏋Ɍȴʢᯃಮɴɻ⏋ᕶʰɹᕧᆖɇˁ᭯ɐȴȼʶʛɹ
ɭɲʳ᭝ȵዃʠʰʶɩȦʳAnderson and Dalme 1987: 31-32⏏ɄȩɌɛਲ਼ɴਠࡸɴ⏋ᔀ
кᇕɲҫɇ⏋ៀ৾ɹᏄኜ⏋୭ࢷᓔɴࢪɐʳਃਕˁ༱ɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ᒶ֦ɫǾྈ᥅
ϟᇕ៥ᑇȵేɇʶ⏋ɇʰɴɗȩɌɛ៥ᑇɹዐɫܕʍɹਠɄɗȵᕸᲞɹᒶ֭ɭᠭɇʶɩ
Ȧʳɹɴᇿɐʳɭȷ⏋ɗɄɴృɛɲకֳɹᇎݭˁʛɩɭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɫȡʸȩμऄ
2002⏏
ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝إഀɹณɹܧʱˁ᳞౩ɴଠɠՏɌɛʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ȡʳȦɻإɹ˪˹̜͑
͓͠ɹШᐏɹ༎ˁৱ৴ɇɓʳʢɹɫȡʳAnderson and Dalme 1987: 33⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛ
కֳȵ⏋ɗɹ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ᇕШᐏɴਠࡸɴ⏋͌˽͌͠ˁਗ਼߫ɹฌᇕɴЇጓɩΫɁ⏋ˏ
̚͜ˑ͓ɹ͐˽˪ɹቑޙɴ߂ᒴᝓˁ֪ڊɌ⏋ɗɹዐɫܩعɫԶઊɲ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɭ
ɹ˱͖̠͊͡ᱺఁˁৄȷᣱɄɌɛɭȷ⏋ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝͐̚˪͞˹ͻɴࢪɐʳཉխɲୱɭ؝
ȿɭʠʰʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏ȋӴᦼˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɫɻ⏋ɐʏɩɹɄɭȵዺးɴᣱɄʱ⏋γᅠɻ
ȷɴឿᖏʼʶɛ⏏3 ॷմɴɻ̾͡͠ͲɹޖȵगʶᘺɠɩᝐˁُȦᦉ˃ɞͤͲˤɹɭɌɩγ
ᅠˁȴɓ⏋2 ॷմɴɻ⏋̲̅˛̜ज़ܕȵዺးɴᄲៗɌ⏋Ʉʶʚɛγᅠˁȴɓɛ⏏ɗʢɗʢ
رɭɻɄ˃ɲʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶˁჿៗɌɲȦᓔɻȦɩጓɠɐȼʞɹʛɫȡʳ⏏Ŕؑ 400
ॷᬚɴɻɍʠɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹرɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɴʭɤɩօʰʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏Гմɴɻ⏋
رɹᦏȼɹȦȴɲʳɭɄʸɴʢ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɻफ़ˁήȭʰʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏Ȧʚʦ৳ʰɻرˁ
ɌɤȴʱɭஒμɴɌ⏋˭Ͳ̸̒͠˻ʦˠ̒˪˽̶˝ͻ̝ɹʢɹɫʢɲȿʶɽ⏋ˏ͡˻͖Ͳ˹
Ͳ̝Ͳ˓ؙϺӾᖬɹȦܕЦᡴ༐ɹకࢃțɹʢɹɫʢɲȦ⏋رɦʚʱɻᕶՕᕶ
᤹ɹرˁೆȼɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ˏ̚͜ˑ͓֪ɻᅙೝᇕɲ֪ɫȡʱ⏋͇̩̜͇ˤͲ
̋Ͳ̚ˑ͇ͻ̍ ˪ ˓ ̒ ̜ ˓ Ͳ ̚ ˑ ˏ
̚ˑͻɹݾɹᦽ⏋ȡʳȦɻŋ˓Ͳ̝ጓɠؑʶŌ֪ʭʱʢ⏋Υࣝᅙೝᇕɲ֪ɫȡʳȍɭ
ᒶ֦ɹลᬠᏨȏˠ͡ˤ̠˓˸ͻȑOrganizer, Dec. 20, 1992ɻೆȦɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ
13
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡݖܩድǵፀ 5-1 ش
ೆȦɛɭȷ⏋˓Ͳ̝ԃܤɴୟ߂Ɍɩʪȼ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ɴϺǾɻȲɹɹȷ⏋ɗɹଁʱȷˁਖ਼
ˁʁɗʠɩឿࡪɤɩȦɛ⏏ɄɄɴឿՏɇʶʳɹɻΥՖɹҙჿᇕᓒૅɭɻံᑉɲณɹࠒɴʓȴ
ɲʰɲȦ⏏ʚɛɗʶɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɭɹዺɴʭɤɩ༑ɇʶɛ߁ɌȦᝐ̆̆ɗɹ႞႓
ᓔɹధɻ 2,000 ؿˁᣳȭʳɭࡴɇʶɩȦʳ̆̆ɴံ᯽መɴ⏋ಮˁɻɽȴʳɄɭɲȼঃៜ
ɐʳȩȭɫ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹకɹࢪෑɴеᒞɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɭؾಁɴɗʶɻܕЦᡴ
༐ɹʢɹɭᅵᣒɲకࠒֳɫʢȡɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ 1998 ॷɴకณˁკɌɩГᭇɹ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾɹకፑɻ⏋ਖɑɌʢ̶ˎ̠̘ˑ̒˪
ɲʢɹɫɲȦ⏏ɗʶɻΥɦɴɻ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾȵΥӾɫɻץధˁըɐʳɴӱՕɲᡴफ़ˁკ
Ɍɑ⏋ȼɹܩకӾɭᦹጓɐʳɄɭˁоәɲȼɇʶɛȵɛʠɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢᦹጓɹሂଝ
ȵ߂ᨆՕ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ɭɻံᑉɲకӾɫȡɤɛɛʠ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺӾɹያҫ
ɴɻʭʱΥࣝɹȵȴȴʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɍɍɦ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾɻ⏋కณკГմ
ɴɻ⏋ˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɴȲȿʳࢩল⏋ૠ 370 ̆̆ɗʶɻ˻͑͌ͻˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɴࢪɐʳ
႕աɲʱȦˁࡴʠɛʢɹɫȡʳ̆̆ɹঘɭ˻͑͌ͻˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɹ˓Ͳ̝ʍɹᐏ̯⏋غ
Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏋͌˽͌͠ɹȦɑʶɴʢ߹য়ɐʳᐏΥᇕɲԎɹըࡴˁ⏋కፑᠩᰍɭɌɩȴȴɁ
ȋᖪȷᐏȍ(Good Governance)
ɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋కณɹএɴɦȦɩГᭇ⏋ɗɹࡸేˁযೝɌ⏋
ɹተጓˁɗɹకፑᠩᰍɭɌɛɄɭɻ⏋ɗɹɲɴʭʱɹ៷ɴʓȴɲʰɲȦJaffrelot 2001:
315-356⏏
ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝͐̚˪͞˹ͻȵ⏋ʚȵʱɲʱɴʢࡴመɌɛɄɭɹ៷ɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰɗ
ʶɴ֓ȭɩɄɄɫɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺӾȵкჼɐʳณɹкᣒɹȩɠɴʢ⏋ɗȩɌɛያҫˁʢɛ
ʰɐߕลȵԒܧɇʶɩȦɛɄɭˁᠭɌɩȲɄȩ⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹณɴ࿃ʞγѯςᒶᇕɲߕ
ลɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɍɍɦˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɹ͐˽˪ቑޙˁʠȽɤɩ߂ᝓ֪ȵࣙᬖɇʶɛɭȷ⏋˓
Ͳ̝ϺӾɹ߂ጓᓔ L. K. ˏ̝ʹˎ̢ȵ⏋ূሼˁଝɴɌɩᕶʰˁ͞ͻ͇ኜʍɭЇጓɩΫɁɩ˫
˻͑͞ͻ̜ɹᓩ̜ͻ̠͌ͻ̅ܩȴʰɫՏᇍɌ⏋ܩعˁीɌɦɦˏ̚͜ˑ͓ˁᇿ୭Ɍɛɭ
ȷ⏋ɗɄɴɻኜᓩకˁปጓɓ˃ɭɐʳઝܒɻࡔܧɌɲȴɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ֪ɻܩعɫၖႨᇕɲؙ
ᯱˁॎȷᣱɄɌɛࢸᢆ 1993: 31-33; Davis 1996: 27-54ɴʢȴȴʼɑ⏋ɗɄɴɻࡱఠᇕ˹Ͳ
̓͡ɹॄʛɲգᅎГΫɹઝ٢غȦȵᦉʠʰʶɩɻȦɲȴɤɛ⏏˓Ͳ̝ɹณɴʛʰʶʳɄȩɌ
ɛкᣒɻ⏋ɛɭȭɽ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹకయᇕᔘಕˁՕഓɌɛ B. ˏͲ̋ͻ̅Ͳɹଘᠦˁද២
ɐʳɭȷ⏋ՠးɭɛɠჼʼʶɩȼʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ˏͲ̋ͻ̅Ͳɴʭʶɽ˽ˡ̨͡ȵ⏋ᮊɲ˓̚
ˠͦ˧ͻɫᕶʰɹкըˁᓩɌ⏋ɇʰɴᢔᘠɲࡾຒˁলɩ⏋ɗɄɴᒭߨˁɻʏʰɓɛɹʢ⏋ໆ
Ɍɩณɹᔼఞˁᝠɐʢɹɫɲȼ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹШᐏᇕɲయɴៀࡴɇʶɩɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏
ɗʶɻΥՖɹჼᢒɹᔘɴ܋๖ӯᇕɫኜዃᇕɲ⏮͇̠ɹӈȷˁឿՏɇ˃ɭɐʳጓݭɹక
ᇕᝠჼɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ழៜɐʶɽ˽ˡ̨͡ȵᕶʰɹٞʱɴநȷᮃʠɛ႒ਕθᯆɹᮊɹឹᏬ
ɻ⏋˽ˡ̨͡ᕶ᤹Ʉɹ܋๖ӯᇕγᅠɹμਕɴеᒞɌɩȦʳɄɭ⏋ɐɲʼɠኜዃᇕɲٟˁԏɷ
14
ೠ⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧కณɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘
ҺȭɩȦʳɄɭˁᝠჼɐʳʢɹɫȡʳAnderson 1972⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩȼȴʰᓩѯθณȵ
ՕᮐɌɛ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻɄȩɌɛకɻᇎݭɌɩȼʳоܩȵɲȴɤɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
ɍɍɦˏ̝ʹˎ̢ᕶ᤹⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺӾȵณɹএɴɦȦɩʓɰɲȼɌɩȋకঌȵȴȴʼʳ
ȼɹ᯿ݖɫɻ⏋ܕᇕգᇰɭȦȩӦӴɹհˁ᭑Ȧɩ⏋˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻ̆̆Ȧȴɲʳ˓̚ˠͦ
˧ͻʢ̆̆ʓɭ˃ɰᬠѥˁ୫ɛɲȦ⏏ɍɤɇȦܕɹᅊ༎ɹʓɭ˃ɰԃɩɹՕᩃɫ⏋ᖪȷᐏ
(Good Governance) ɻ⏋ᔵ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻ⏋ᔵకɇʶɩɄɗخᔨɭɲʳ⏏ɗʶʪȭɴ⏋ɗ
ɹೣഀᇕɲᩂឹਸɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ʢɌɲ˃ʰȴɹϝဣȵ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻᇕਸൔˁय़ʃ⏋ᦹጓక
ณ⏋ɌɛȵɤɩࡴɌɛకˁܐᮑɲʰɌʠʳʓɰȼɲʳɭȷɴɻ⏋ɗʶˁʱΫɁɲȦɄ
ɭȵ᧟ՖɫȡʳȍJaffrelot 2001: 340-341ɭᦚʏ⏋Ȧɠɻʦȼര᥉ɲࠒֳʍɭ᥊ழɌɩȦʳ⏏
ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼ˓Ͳ̝కȵ߂ᝓకʍɭ᥊ழɌɩʪȼɴɦʶ⏋కɹᖏدʍɭᇎݭɌ
ɩȷɛȼɹˏ˪̊ͻɛɠɴʢ⏋ɄȩɌɛγѯςᒶᇕɲక៎ɻԊɇʶɩȦɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
͖͐̚Ͳɴʭʶɽ⏋ტɭ̫͐͞Ͳɭɹᬠѥɻ⏋ᘺԒᨆɫɻᘺɹఌᨗˡͻ̜ɭɗɹࢃЊȷ
صኢɭɹᬠѥɭ̮ͤ͞͡ɫȡʳ͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 143⏏ழៜɐʶɽ˓Ͳ̝ɹტȵγѯᇕਸൔ
ˁय़ʃɩȦɛɹɭؾ⏋ఌᨗˡͻ˽̜ȵᘺԒᨆɫьɐʳณʢɐȽʶɩγѯᇕɲʢɹɫ
ȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢ˓Ͳ̝కɹ߂ᝓకɴɭʢɲɤɩకɹ᬴ϝݭគʍɭᇎݭɌɩȷɛɹȵɄȩ
Ɍɛఌᨗˡͻ˽̜ɫȡɤɛɭɌɛɲʰɽ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹకȵႶጓГᭇ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹకȴʰ
๖ፀɴᣧថǾɲգࢀ᬴ϝʍɭውɌ⏋
ȋᓩᓔɹకȍȴʰȋతయᇕɲకȍʍɭ᥊ழɌɩʪȼ
Ʉɭɭɲɤɛɹʢ⏋ɄȩɌɛ෯ᦶɴៀࡴɇʶɩɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢకɹ߂ᝓɹɇʰ
ɲʳᦽࣙɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋ؾɍ̾˪̜͡ȵᘺЦɹঈᦇʍɭ༡ᦩɌɩʪȼɭɐʳɲʰɽ⏋̯Ͳ
̝˕ͻࢃܕˁলɓ˃ɭɐʳ߂ᒶɻ⏋।ᇕɫతయᇕɲకɴʭɤɩέుɴழᲓߥᔙɇʶɩʪ
ȼ᭝ɴɇʰɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴɄʶʰɹకֳȵᇿӴɹգᇰࡸჼɴਸਸ਼ɫ⏋ఌ୫క
Ӿˁᰈᑢɴʱ್ȭʳɭȷ⏋ᦹጓˁᐣ୫ࡔᐚɇɓʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ȦȷȲȦɲ֗ȵឹᠱɇʶ
ʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾȵႶɫिకঌˁɴȹɤɩȦɛ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜िɫɻ⏋Ȧɇɇȴϟȵ
ᅵɲɤɩȦɛ⏏C. ˻̶͑ͦͻȵ୭ɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ɗɄɫɻ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾʓ˃ʰȦɹ˓̚ˠͦ
˧ͻᖬȵɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶɻिጓോɫɹఠዀೆఒ៝ʍɭᐄࡸɌ⏋ɇʰɴिకঌ৲Ϻɹᒶ
֦ʍɹ֓ᇸکᰍȵ߂ȷɲకکᰍɭɌɩ༝ΫɌɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ 1986 ॷɴఒࡴɇʶɛ৾ɫ
ᒶ֦ɻకঌ৲Ϻɹ֓ᇸȵ៰ɇʶɲȦ 32 кɹ 1 ɦɴ୭ࡴɇʶɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋Ʉɹ৾
ˁѹɓ˃ɭɐʳ֪ȷȵয়ܩɹᒶ֦ȴʰՏɇʶɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹکᰍɻᐄ࣌⏋
ᒶ֦ȵឹິˁʱάɁʳɄɭɴʭɤɩໆመɌɛʢɹɹ⏋ɗɄɴឿՏɇʶʳɹɻɄʶʚɫឿ
ɩȷɛμ߈ɫɹ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾɹకۊɭɻᅵᣒɲకɫȡʳJaffrelot 2001: 356-363⏏
ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾɹఌ୫ᓔȵᲞˡͻ˽̜ɴȼ⏋ɗɹΥɫжˡͻ˽̜ȵక
ᇕɴៅᨮɐʳɹɴЫɤɩɗɹఌ୫ݜᇻȵѢɇʶɩʪȼɴɦʶ⏋ɗɄɴɻ͌͠˽ؙ͌ᖬˁ
15
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡݖܩድǵፀ 5-1 ش
м̙ҁ̙Ѽ̙ѝ
ɻɛɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɹకɻȦȴɲʳɭɄʸɴكȴȩɹȴ⏏ʢɭʭʱɄȩɌɛکᰍɴተɛʳፐȭ
ˁՏɐɄɭɻʞɑȴɌȦ⏏ᇿάɹɭɄʸ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾɻ⏋жˡͻ˽̜ɹఌ୫ˁკɐʳɛʠɴ
ܩకӾ̆̆ɗɹȼɻఌ୫ݜᇻˁжˡͻ˽̜ɴЖȦɫȦʳ̆̆ɭɹᦹጓɴћࡔɓɊʳˁȭɲ
Ȧȵ⏋ɗɹಁǾɹႥɴਝɍɩఌ୫కӾˁʠʚȽʳɌȼȭ⏋ɇʰɴᮐӾ⏋ᔵӾȵᰈᇍɌ⏋క
Ӿሂϣᬚɹغਃᦹʢᐓȭɑɐʳ˓Ͳ̝ɹకႥˁᓒȭʳɭ⏋ɄȩɌɛకᅭɻέ
ࡴɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴɗɹ̠͖͊͡˱⏮͌͠˽ؙ͌ᇕкᣒɴ֓ȭʳɴ߂̝Ͳ˓ܕˁਚكɌ⏋
ณᇕɲకۊɴӃహɐʳɄɹకӾɹɄʶʚɫɹ᥄ᤄˁᓒૅɐʳɭȷ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺӾɻћး
ɭɌɩ˓Ͳ̝కᅠɹȋدᰟɹᇿȍɇɲȵʰɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢ˓Ͳ̝ԃкɫ͌˽͌͠ϺؤȵɌʠʳ
ւغɻ 12 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ɫȡʳ⏏ɗȩɫȡʳɭɐʳɲʰɽ͌͠˽ؙ͌ઢɹၱᇍȵᑵʱᦐɇʶʳ
ɭȷ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɻؚ୩ɹɦȴɲȦཌྷϕɴॎȷᦉʚʶʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝ϺӾɻ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɭɹࢪጓɹ܍ˁ⏋ܕЦᡴ༐ȵ͌˽͌͠
ɴࢪɌɩɹࡼٮకፑˁɭɤɛɄɭɴឿՏɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ɌȴɌჼࡸɹ˱͖̠͊͡Ꮺϝɹᔘಕ
ɻʭʱភᮊɫȡʳ⏏A. ʹˎ͡˹̢͖ˑɴʭʶɽ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɫ˱͖̠͊͡ᏪϝȵᰈᇍɐʳɭɄʸ
ɻ⏋ςɭɌɩᨊ॑ɴᭉʰʶɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ɌȴɌȦɑʶɹᨊ॑ʢ˱͖̠͊͡ᏪϝɴນɇʶɩȦ
ɛʼȿɫɲȴɤɛ⏏ɍɍɦ˱̢͖̘͊ˑሂϣᬚɴࢌஞɲ̆̆ूڧ⏋ݖܩᅠ⏋֝ӈᏼ⏋غЦ
༎֪⏋కӾ⏋ˁЂɐʳ̆̆ȵࡔܧɌɩȦʳɭɄʸɫɻ⏋˱ֳ͖̠͊͡ɹӈȷȴȿɴʢȴȴ
ʼʰɑ⏋ಮ֪ȵ֤ᇍɌɩɄɲȴɤɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ɗȩɌɛȵࡔܧɌɲȦᨊ॑ɫɻ⏋ᑵʱᦐɇ
ʶʳಮ֪ɴʭɤɩȼɹϺǾȵ٨ˁᘺɭɌɩȷɛ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɹᬚɴ
ʱीʰɇʶɩȦʳЦᇕ⏋కᇕɲɄɗȵ⏋༎ᇕɴᩂឹɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛ
ɻ⏋ɗʶˁᐣ୫ɓ˃ɭɐʳ֗ȵɲȦȵɌʸɴɇʶʳɭȷ⏋ȼɹɭɄʸɫՖుɇʶʳɄɭɭ
ɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
16
ೠ⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧కณɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘
Ʉɹဣɫˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɻኍڗᇕɲ᥄ᤄˁயȦɩȦʳ⏏ˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɻ⏋᧿ɹ˵ͻ̫͡
͇̘ˑɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɹˏ˹͖͌͞ȵࡔܧɌɩȲʱ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹ༎֪ဣˁɲɐʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
Ɍɛȵɤɩ̮ɹՕᮐႶጓɴ᭬Ɍɩ͌˽͌͠ᦹᇸɻয়ܩˁఓɹฌᇕɭɌ⏋ɄɄɫ˱͖̠͊
͡ಮ֪ˁᣱɄɗȩɭᅙፑɌɛʢɹɹ⏋ɌȴɌɄɹɭȷ⏋Ʉɹᨊ॑ɫȦֳˁ᠔ɤɩȦɛˤͲ
̚ˑͻςᒶᓔɹЦ༎֪к⏋֝ӈᏼ⏋غɗʶɴܕЦᡴ༐ɻ⏋ಮ֪ˁࢸᭉɴଵȭᦉʞɄɭ
ɴଁ֒Ɍɛ⏏ɗʶɻɄʶʰɹкᏼᑩȵ˓Ͳ̊ͻ˱͖̠͊͡ɲ෯ଁˁɭɤɩȲʱ⏋ɗȩɌ
ɛɴћɌɩ՟ೝɹຍ᭥ɫϝȦɹတˁ༥Ɍɛȵɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ 80 ॷБГᭇɄ
ʶʰɹᏼᑩȵȴɦɩɹ༎ˁ߉ɤɩʪȼɭȷ⏋ˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɻᩂɲʳ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ɴॎ
ȷᦉʚʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻႶጓГᭇᅊᣱɌɛঀɹЦᐁཕᇕ⏋కᇕɹ
ភغᇕɲᅋ႒ɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɫᇵ˃ɫȡɤɛᐱूɻ⏋ႶጓГᭇᝢ
ᦡɌ⏋ɗʶɴБʼɤɩɇʚɊʚɲᅋՕᩃɫμࢸɹूݭȵدᰄɌɩȷɛȵ⏋ɗɄɴӈȼᓔɻೡ
ᏼᑩ֝ӈᓔɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛǾɹ؏ɌȦᅊ༎ɹɲȴɫȴɦɩɹႶጓ֪ɹെӵȵᰟɌɩʪȼɭ
ȷ⏋ɄɄˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɴȲȦɩʢˤͲ̚ˑͻɹࠓӵȵᖬឡɓɩʪȷ⏋ɌɛȵɤɩˤͲ̚ˑͻ
ςᒶᓔɹЦ༎֪ɴʢਸ਼ᦵɲᓌʱȵᅊɍɩȷɛ⏏ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩܕЦᡴ༐ʢ⏋ᬏॷɹըᆌ
֝ɴ֓ȭɩ⏋˓Ͳ̚ˑ͞ˤͲ̚ˑͻȵณᇕɲ̴͖͠ͅ˽̜ᇕଝ̆̆ɗʶɻӾᏼᑩˁᰧ
ʃᣴȭɩሁஞɴᝓɴ៲ȭȴȿʳΥ⏋ܩӾᏼᑩɴᕶʰɹࡎᰲȦˁᨗɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡɤ
ɛ̆̆ɴ៲ȭȴȿɛɭȷ⏋ɗɹᕆɻਸ਼ᦵɴкɌɩʪȼɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳVarshney
2002: 219-261⏏
ȦɑʶɴɓʭГΫɹႥȵఠȭʳʢɹɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ЦɹᐏغɴɭɤɩਖឹɭɇʶɩȦʳɹ
ȵ⏋Ϋȴʰɹณᇕఌᨗɫɻɲȼɩ⏋͐̚˪͞˹ͻɴћɌɛάȴʰɹ᧑ܩɲ֗ɫȡʱ⏋ɗ
Ʉɴ෯፷ɇʶʳЦᇕ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɫȡʳɄɭ⏋Ʉʶɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼࢃܕ
˓Ͳ̝ɹჼࡸˁሁែɐʳɭȷ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ɻ⏋ਖɑɌʢ᧟غᇕɫɻɲȦɫȡʸ
ȩ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝ܔɹШᐏɴћɌɛࢃܕলˁฌ
Ɍɦɦʢ⏋˓Ͳ̝ܕˁࡴᒶɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ᯿ܤˁմᯆɴେɌՏɌ⏋ɗɄɴзʞϺǾɹؾᣒ
ˁ့ሉɹਸ਼֭ɭȭʳဣɫ⏋ɗɹࡸ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒༑ɹܕࢃܕɹ္ȷሁɌɴɐȹɲȦɭుɑʳ S.
3)
˥̠͡ͻ̢ɹ୭Khilnani 1997: 188-189 ɻ⏋ኍڗᇕɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩȋਲ਼ɭ߀
ȵঀࣝɴʢʼɛɤɩೆȷᦉʚʶɛɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋Гմɴೆȷᦉʚʶɛʢɹȵԃɴ᭯ʶʳ
Ʉɭʢɲȿʶɽ༥ɌؑʰʶɩʢȦɲȦ⏋إȷᒫᇤᏨȍKhilnani 1997: 169ɇɲȵʰɹ˓Ͳ̝
ɫɻ⏋ਸɹ᠗ᡫɻȡʰʪʳకፑɹέخ๕ɹմரɫɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ʢɤɭʢ˛˽̨̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ȵγᅠɹܩعɫᗷʶႨȩЁɹႥˁᇿɐʳɴɦʶ⏋
3) ɲȲᦏБɹࢃܕȵ᯿ܤˁᩂែɌ⏋ɗɄɴȲȿʳؾᣒᇕɲܕɹ০ଁˁᠭɌɛɄɭɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋cf.,Parekh
2000: 179-195
⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩմᦏБࢃܕɴȲȦɩᩂែɇʶɛɹɻ⏋̮ͤͻ˪ɴʭʶɽᅊ༎িɫȡʳ⏏
17
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡݖܩድǵፀ 5-1 ش
యɲȦɌࢃܕɹࢰഀɴɻ⏋ঀɹܐᮑȵ৺ɠȩȿɩȦʳ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢɹԊࡔ
ˁܒʳȩȭɫณᇕఌᨗɫɻɲȼɩ͐̚˪͞˹ͻɄɗȵ⏋᧟غᇕɲక˹˽̘͌ɫȡʳʢɹ
ɹ⏋য়ɹ˛˽̨̠˹͚̠͠˽̜ɹɻ⏋˓Ͳ̊ͻ˛˽̢̒˪ɲˁಮɴʭɤɩՖు
Ɍ⏋᭰ϺަؾˁέҜଔ߃ɹపɴЇጓɩΫɁʳɄɭɴȡɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ˓˫̠̘ˑ˛̶ 1999:
47-90⏏ɗȩɌɛႥɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ʁɭɛʃ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ȵɌȼᗷʶႨȩʦ⏋
ȼɹଘɫ៎ཀྵɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻςɭɌɩȴʰʦɤɩȷɛႢᒜᓔᮃɹЇɫȡʳȵ⏋Ɍ
ȴɌ৳ʰɴʭɤɩзʞࢃˁቑޙɇʶ⏋ࢃϺȵ᭙ᦄ⏋ຏࢀɇʶɛ͌˽͌͠⏃ȡʳȦɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏆
ɴɭɤɩ⏋ʢɻʦ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏃ȡʳȦɻ͌˽͌͠⏆ɹ᭰Ϻɻ⏋ȴɦɩɹ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏃ȡʳȦɻ
͌˽͌͠⏆ɫȡʱɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱɄȩɌɛಮɴɻɗɄɴʱीʰɇʶɛЦᇕ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪
ˁՖుɌ⏋ୡȦؑʱᮑȦӂᤄˁਕɴխʛᦉ˃ɫʪȼߕลȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ˡͻ̸́͡ˎ˪
ȋЁ⏋܌༎֪ࢃȵȡɛȴʢ᧧୲Ϻؿ᎗ˁଝɴ୫ɤɩȷʚʼɤɛȴɹɅɭȼ⏋͌˽͌͠ɭ৳
ʰɹᢧᅋȵᏼᑩᇕɭȦɤɩʭȦᰟɴఓɇʶɛɭȦȩϟࡸȵ⏋ɄɹᅘȚˏ̚͜ˑ͓țˁɻɍ
ʠɩࡱఠɹᐻɴɤɩՕɇɓʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏8 ॷᬚɴʢʼɛʳࡺШ༎֪ȵɲɌɲȴɤɛ
Ʉɭˁ⏋ɄɹᅘɫᣱɄɤɛ՟ɹಮ֪ȵɲɌᧅɁɩɌʚɤɛ⏏ŔΥɦɹԊؾкɭɌɩɹˏ͜
̚ˑ͓̆̆ᩂភɌɛኜ᠌⏋Шᠦ⏋ᅊ༎ি⏋ɄʶʚɫɹԊؾᅊ༎ȵᔒ˃ɫȷɛԊᦲɹᐁᱻˁᔘ
ಕɭɌɩ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɹȦɑʶʢȵɗɄɴΥɦɹȚᅊ༎ɹț⏋ݭȲɗʰȼɻᓩɇ
ʶɛݭˁԊɌɩȦɛᓩɲʳᨊ॑ɭɌɩɹˏ̚͜ˑ͓̆̆ɻ⏋ȦʚɞԃɴȩɠɄʼɇʶɩɻ
ȦɲȦȴʢɌʶɲȦȵ⏋ተࡸɴᝢᦡɌɦɦȡʳ⏏ˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɴȲȿʳԊؾЦɻ⏋।ɴέԃ
ɲʢɹɫȡɤɛȴʢɌʶɲȦȵ⏋ɗʶɫʢԊؾкɫȡɤɛɄɭɻʚɠȵȦɲȦ⏏ɭɄʸȵȦʚ
ʦϣȦɴȲɗʶ⏋ᆄȦ⏋ɗɌɩ᤹෯ȭɛ⏋ϠɦɹሂᅵɲʳᮃɴաǾɹ̚ͻ͐ͲȵɭʱɦȦɛ
ݭଘɭɲɤɩɌʚɤɛ⏏̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ̠˹͚̠͠˽̜ɭɗɹԋަɛɠɻ⏋ʛɑȴʰɹЇϟˁɲ
ɌᧅɁɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ⏋ˏ˹˹͖̠Ͳ̚ˑɛɠɹᠭീ˫͡ͻ̺ɻೆȦɩȦʳNandy et al.
1995: 203⏏
ʢɤɭʢ 1990 ॷБ՟ᰄɴᐁཕᕶᅓకፑɴ᥊ழɌɩГᭇɹ˓Ͳ̝ɻ⏋ॷრ 3 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ɹ
ᐁཕଁᬏრ⏃Ȧʼʪʳ Hindu Rate of Economic Growth⏆ˁᔵɌɩ⏋6 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜մɹଁᬏ
რˁ᧒ଁɌɩȦʳɹɻϟࡸɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛଁഗˁᇿɌɩԒȴʰ˓Ͳ̝ɹೡഀɴ
ූ៎ᇕɲೝ৺ȵࢊɓʰʶɻɍʠɩȦʳʢɹɹ⏋ɗɄɴʢਲ਼ʼɵᘺɭɌዴȵ᭯ɇʶɩȦʳɫȡ
ʸȩ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢɛɌȴɴᐁཕଁᬏɻЦˁ༎ਸɌ༑֪ɌɩʪȼɄɭɭɲʳʢɹɹ⏋зʛ
ીʶɛݖܩЦȴʰ༑ʶՏɛϺǾˁ؝ȿʠʳЦըɹলȵᬚɴغʼɲȦ̢̒˽˛⏋غݭ
˪˫͡ͻ̺⏋ȡʳȦɻˡͻ˽̜ᬚʦࡱ༐ᬚɹˁʠʳɄɭɴɲʳȴʰɫȡʳConnor
1994: 29-66⏏Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ˓Ͳ̝ɹకɻɄʶȴʰʢঀɹܐᮑɴሁᯆɌɩʪȼʭȩɴਲ਼ʼ
ʶʳ⏏ɻɛɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɻ˱͖̠͊͡ᱺఁɴৄȷȴʶ⏋ȡʳȦɻᕸʳଘɫ֤ᇍɐʳˡͻ˽̜ᬚ
ɹࢪጓɴᗑنɐʳɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ɗʶɭʢԗʃˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹకɹ༒֪ȵȲɄʳɹȴ⏏
18
ೠ⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧కณɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘
ʢɭʭʱˤͲ̚ˑͻȵៗȷɻɲɤɛੇʳʏȷ˛̦͡˧ͻɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹ɹ҅Ϻᇕɲˡ͠˽
͇ɴћࡔɌɩɻȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼ɭ֪ȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయᇕШ
ᐏɹμਕɴеᒞɌɩȦɛɭɐʳɲʰɽ⏋ɄȩɌɛخᔨਸʢໆɌɩံែɌؑʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɫ
ȡʸȩ⏏ɌȴʢɗɄɴɻգᇰɭณˁʠȽɤɩɌȼϝȩకˁ༒Ɍ⏋కࢃˁيʠɩϺǾ
ΥᖔˁᇿӴɹգᇰɹகЈᇕɲᦠິȴʰៗȷɻɲɦɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝͐̚˪͞˹ͻɹ˓Ͳ
̶͞˽̜͞˪͖̍ˏɹԗ෯፷ɴᣂɐʳߕลʢዃʠʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
̙ۀᄽ̙ည̙ज़
Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. 1972. The Idea of Power in Javanese Culture. In Claire Holt ed., Culture and
Politics in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Anderson, Walker K. and Shrindhar D. Dalme. 1987. The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism. Boulder: Westview Press.
Basham, A. L. 1967. The Wonder that was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Sub-
Continent before the Coming of Muslim, 3rd and rev. ed. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
Basu, Amrita. 2001. The Dialectic of Hindu Nationalism. In Atul Kohli ed., The Success of India’s
Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bondurant, V. 1988. Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, new and rev. ed.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Brown, Judith M. 1989. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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Davis, Richard H. 1996. The Iconography of Rama’s Chariot. In David Ludden ed., Making India Hindu:
Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
͖͐̚Ͳ⏋͡˓⏏2001⏏ȏ̯́͐˛͞͡˥˪˽̆ˡͻ˽̜кᏙɭɗɹઝ٢ŅȑᅒμᮂΥཡᦇԇΪ៱⏋
ʛɐɑೆଗ⏏
̶ˑ̒˹͑ͻ⏋͡˓˽⏏1966⏏ȏˤͲ̚ˑͻȑإᢽ֯ᨀ៱⏋ᏛР࣒ܕೆঊ⏏
Golwalkar, M. S. 1966. Bunch of Thoughts. Bangalore: Vikrama Prakashan.
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Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
˓˫̠̘ˑ˛̶⏋͇˓˭͡⏏1999⏏ȏϼᒶɲȷ̆ݭᏪϝɭჼБϺɹҙჿ̆ȑሎᩃ౩ង៱⏋ຘృᓬ
⏏
Iyer, Raghavan ed. 1986. The Moral and Political Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon
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Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1996. The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics 1925 to the 1990s:
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ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡݖܩድǵፀ 5-1 ش
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