:. Zstj` vjk`j uk vjoílufi pir $<:.>>>.

>>> pbgb`jris
pbgb`jris bf aekbf `jf bòi y fj pripikjk obljrfj uk
pbgi jquevbfjktj jk jf `íb `j oiy. ¹Luâkti `jhj rjleher se su tbsb `j ipirtuke`b` js `jf 2.:% JM9

Qbfir Auturi $ <:.>>>.>>>  Qbfir ^rjsjktj $

= 
ektjrjs 2,:>% JM (2 +  )  = 2+
ektjrjs >,>:% J@
$  = 2,:%JM

 $ <:.>>>.>>>

 2 + 2,
2,:%
:% 2,:%))∘ = >
 <:.>>>.>>> (2 + 2,:%
^ = $ <:.>>>.>>> _ (2+2,:%)[-28 Bpfelbk`i jlubleikjs `j vbfir
^ = $ 85.87<.:1>
Bpfelbk`i fb airmufb `j ektjrjs limpujsti y tbsb jajltevb `ebreb \e quejri vjk`jr jf Qjoelufi `j
$ <:.>>>.>>> $ <:.>>>.>>> liktb`i `jhi rjleher $85.87<.:1> jf
= = $ 85.87<.:1>
(2 + >,>:%)[> ( 2,>>>: ) [ <1> `eb `j oiy.

2>. Zk pb`rj `j abmefeb kjljsetb tjkjr `espikehfj $2>.>>>.>>> bf aekbf `jf bòi pbrb luhrer jf vbfir `j
fb mbtrílufb `j su oedi jk ukb ukevjrse`b`. ^brb tbf jajlti bhrj ukb lujktb jk ukb jkte`b` aekbklejrb lik
$8.:>>.>>> y oblj uk `jpüseti jk jf mjs 7 pir $<.0>>.>>>. ¹\í fj rjlikiljk ukb tbsb `j ektjrås `jf
>.8>% JM, luâf `jhj sjr jf vbfir `jf `jpüseti jk jf mjs 2> pbrb bflbkzbr su ihdjtevi9

 = >,8>%JM $ 2>.>>>.>>>

$ 8.:>>.>>> $ <.0>>.>>> _
 ∘7 ∘ ∘
8.
8.:>
:>>.
>.>>
>>>
> (2 + >,8>%) <.0
>,8>%) <.0>>
>>.>
.>>>
>> (2 + >,
>,8>%) (2 + >,8>%)
8>%) >,8>%) +2>.>>>.>
+2>.>>>.>>> >,8>%) = >
>> (2 + >,8>%)
 ∘7 ∘
8.
8.:>
:>>.
>.>>
>>> >,8>%)) <.
> (2 + >,8>% <.0>
0>>.>
>.>>>
>> (2 + >,
>,8>%
8>%)) +2>
+2>.>>
.>>>.>
>.>>> >,8>%) =  (2 + >,
>> (2 + >,8>%) >,8>%)∘
8>%

Ektjrjs >,8>% JM (2+>,8>%)= 2,>>8

-$ 8.:>>.>>> * (2,>>8)[ > -$ <.0>>.>>> * (2,>>8)[ -7 $ 2>.>>>.>>> * (2,>>8)[ -28 = >,5? _

-$ 8.:>>.>>> -$ <.007.??7 + $ 2>.808.1:?
$ 0.850.772 = >,5? _
$ 2>.8?2.000
$
0.850.772
= _
>,5?
$ 0.<?2.000 @jhjreb sj `jpisetb`i jk jf mjs 2> pbrb quj figrj fb mjtb `j $2>.>>>.>>> y puj`b luhrer
jf vbfir `j fb mbtrelufb `j su oedi jk ukb Zkevjrse`b`. @j egubf airmb fb jkte`b` aekbklejrb
fj `jvifvjrb $8?2.000 bf aekbfezbr bòi, pir ektjrj `j >,8>% JM.
 2:. ¹Luâktis mjsjs sj `jhjk jspjrbr pbrb tjkjr uk sbf`i `j $?.8>>.887.71 jk ukb lujktb `j
boirris, quj rjlikilj ukb tbsb `j ektjrås `jf >,2:% JM sí sj ekeleb lik $2:.>>>.>>>, sj rjterbk
$0.:>>.>>> bf aekbf `jf mjs 0 y $<.>>>.>>> bf aekbf `j mjs ?9

 = >,2:%JM
$2:.>>>.>>>

k

$ 0.:>>.>>> $ <.>>>.>>>
$ ?.8>>.887,71
2+>,2:%= 2,>>2:
2:.>>>.>>>
2:.>>>.>>>(2 >,2:%))0.:>>.
(2 + >,2:% 0.:>>.>>>
>>> 2 + >
>,2:
,2:%
% ∘
 <.>>>.
<.>>>.>>>
>>> 2 + >,2
>,2:%
:% ∘5
= ?.8>>
?.8>>.887,
.887,71 >,2:%))∘
71 (2 + >,2:%
$ 2:.>>>.>>> -$ 0.011.0>2 -$ 8.5:5.?>8 = $ ?.8>>.887,71 (2,>>2:)[ -k
2 $ ?.8>>.887,71
=
(2,>>2:)[ -k $ 7.:7<.757

(2,>>2:)[k = 2,>?872><87
figY(2,>>2:) 2,>?872>< = k
:<,>8 = k
pbrb tjkjr uk sbf`i `j $?.8>>.887.7
$?.8>>.887.71
1 jk ukb lujktb `j boirris, quj rjlikilj ukb tbsb `j ektjrås `jf >,2:%
JM sj `jhj jspjrbr bprixemb`bmjktj :<,>8 mjsjs

8>. \j ekeleb ukb lujktb `j boirris lik $:.>>>.>>> jk ukb jkte`b` aekbklejrb quj pbgb ukb tbsb `j ektjrås `jf
>,1>% JM. \j `jsjb obljr rjteris jk fis mjsjs <, 1 y 5 tbfjs quj lb`b rjteri sjb jf `ihfj `jf bktjreir. Lbflufbr
jf vbfir `j fis rjteris se sj kjljsetb tjkjr uk sbf`i bf aekbf `jf bòi pir vbfir `j $?>>.>>>
2,>>1

 = >,1>%JM
$:.>>>.>>>

 = $1<0.50< 8 0 $ ?>>.>>>

:.>>>.>>> (2 + >,1>%)  2 + >,1>%

:.>>>.>>> >,1>% ∘  8 2 + >,1>% ∘  0 2 + >,1>% ∘5  ?>>.>>> 2 + >,1>
>,1>%% ∘ = >
:.>>>.>>>
:.>>> >,1>%)) ?>>
.>>> (2 + >,1>% ?>>.>>
.>>> >,1>% ∘ =  2 + >,1>% ∘ + 8 2 + >,
> 2 + >,1>% 1>% ∘ + 0 2 + >,1
>,1>% >% ∘5
>,1>%

$ :.>>>.>>> -$ 700.:?: = >,5?8 _ + 2,585 _ + <,75> _

$ 0.8::.02: = 1,7>8 _
$ 0.8::.02:
= _
1,7>8 XPB4 Jf premjr rjteri b fis trjs (<) mjsjs `jhjreb sjr
$ 1<0.50< = _ `j $ 1<0.50< b fis 1 mjsjs `j 4 $2.815.??1 y b fis 5
mjsjs `j $ 8.:<5.778
8. ¹Ruå tbsb `j ektjrås likvjrtehfj tremjstrbf
tremjstrbf quektupfelb ukb ekvjrseük jk 2? mjsjs9

2>.>>>.>>> 
 =( ) 2
( ⁀) 2
 = 8.>>>.>>>
vbfir prjsjktj $ 8.>>>.>>> >,<>711>0?1 JP
vbfir auturi $ 2>.>>>.>>>  ∗  =  >,<>711>0?1∗0=
>,<>711>0?1∗
2? mjsjs d= 28<,>10% LP
k
1 Premjstrjs

$ 8.>>>.>>>  = 28<,>10

mjsjs
$ 2>.>>>.>>>

7. Bf limprbr uk bltevi ustj` quj`b `jhejk`i $8.>>>.>>> y sj limprimjtj b pbgbr ukb luitb `j $?>>.>>>
`jktri `j 1 mjsjs y ukb ôftemb luitb `j $2.1<:.::<.1:. \í fj lihrbk ukb tbsb `j ektjrås `jf 8.>% JM, lbflufbr fb
ajlob `j fb ôftemb luitb

$?>>.>>> $ 2.1<:.::<,1:
 = 8,>%
8,>% JM

Jslreh
Jslrehb
b bquí
bquí fb jluble
jlubleük.
ük. k

$8.>>>.>>> ∘ 
2.1<:.
2.1<:.::<
::<,1:
,1: 2 + 8
8,>%
,>% = 8.>>>.>>>
8.>>>.>>> 2 + 8,>%  ?>>.>>>(2 + 8,>%)∘
?>>.>>>(2
2.1<:.::<,1: 2
=
8.>>>.
8.>>>.>>>
>>> 2 + 8,>%   ?>>
8,>% ?>>.>>
.>>>(2+
>(2+ 8,>%)∘
8,>%) 2 + 8,>%
8,>% ∘

2,<18518<?0 = (2+8%)[k
 =  +% 2,<18518<?0 Bf mjs 2: lik 25 `ebs `jhj lbkljfbr fb
uftemb luitb `j $2.1<:.::<,1:
$2.1<:.::<,1:
k= 2:,1<7<015?
>,1<7<01571 *<> = 25,28>0>58?

28. Zk ekvjrseikestb tejkj fbs seguejktjs lujktbs pir lihrbr4 $8.8<>.>>> `jktri `j 1 mjsjs y $<.>>>.>>> `jktri `j ? mjsjs.
Fj pripikjk obljrfj uk pbgi ôkeli jquevbfjktj jk jf mjs 8. \e su tbsb `j ipirtuke`b` js `jf <,8% JM, lbflufbr jf vbfir `jf
pbgi
 = <,8% JM
$ 8.8<>.>>> $ <.>>>.>>>

   2 + <,
<,8%
8% ∘
= 8.8<>.>>> 2 + <,
<,8%
8% ∘
+<.>>>.>>> 2 + <,8%
<,8% ∘?

x >,5<?501 = 2?0:575 + 8<<27:5

02777<?
x =
>,5<?50:577 se `jsjbk obljr uk ukeli pbgi b fis `is
x = $ 0.005.<52 mjsjs `jhjk pbgbr $ 0.005.<52
27. Dubk @bve` `jhj rjleher $<>.>>>.>>> `jktri `j 8 bòis. Fj pripikjk pbgbrfj oiy $2:.>>>.>>> y bf aekbf `jf
sjguk`i bòi $21.:>>.>>>. \í su tbsb `j ipirtuke`b`
i pirtuke`b` js `jf 2.:>% JM, `jhj bljptbr fb pripujstb9 …. \ustjktj
su rjspujstb.

$ 2:.>>>.>>>  = 2,:%  $ 21.:>>.>>>

mjsjs


2:.>>>.>>
2:.>>>.>>>
> 2 + 2,:%
2,:%  + 21.:
21.:>>.
>>.>>
>>>
> 2 + 2,:% ∘ =  2 + 2,:%
2,:% 2,:% ∘
$ 2:.>>>.>>> + $ 22.:08.07: = >,155:0<58 x
$ 81.:08.07:
= x
>,155:0<58
$ <7.508.:08 = x

Dubk `bve` `jhjreb bljptbr fb pripujstb yb quj jk titbf `j fis `is bòis y se js duleisi ki sj gbstb jf `ekjri
tjk`reb uk blumufb`i `j $<7.508.:08, pir fi tbkti rjlehj $ 7.508.:08 mbs quj fj servjk pbrb itri kjgilei.

0. Zkb pripej`b` quj tejkj uk vbfir `j $8:.>>>.>>> sj vb b aekbklebr lik ukb tbsb `j ektjrås `jf 2.>% JM, pir
mj`ei `j ukb luitb ekelebf jquevbfjktj b fb `ålemb pbrtj `j su vbfir y lik trjs luitbs jk fis mjsjs 0, 7 y 2>
tbfjs quj jf pbgi `jf mjs 7 sjb $:>.>>> mâs quj jf pbgi `jf mjs 0 y jf pbgi `jf mjs 2> sjb fb metb` `jf pbgi
`jf mjs 0. Lbflufbr jf vbfir `j fis trjs pbgis
2>2,>>%
$8:.>>>.>>>  = 2,>%JM



$8.:>>.>>>   + $:>.>>
$:>.>>>
> 
8
  ∘ ∘7  ∘
$8:.>>
$8:.>>>.>
>.>>>
>> 2 + 2% = $8.:>>
$8.:>>.>>
.>>>
> 2+2
2%
% + x 2 + 2% +  2 + 2% + $:>.>>>
$:>.>>> + 2 + 2%


$8:.>>
$8:.>>>.>
>.>>>
>> 2 + 2%   $8.:>>.>>> 2 + 2%  -$:>.>>> = x 2 + 2% ∘ +  2 + 2% ∘7 +  2 + 2% ∘

∘ ∘7  ∘
$8:.>>>.>>>  $8.:>>.>>> - $:>
$:>.>>
.>>>
> = x 2 + 2% +  2 + 2% + 2 + 2%


∘ ∘7  ∘
$88.0:>.>>>= x 2 + 2% +  2 + 2% + 2 + 2%


$ 88.0:>.>>> = >,512 x + >,5<87 x + >,5>:< x

8
$ 88.0:>.>>> = >,512 x + >,5<87 x + >,0:81 x
$ 88.0:>.>>> = 8,<01< x
jk jf mjs 0 pbgi $ 5.:1?.>?1
$ 88.0:>.>>> jk jf mjs 7 pbgi $ 5.12?.>?1 Jf vbfir `j fis trjs pbgis js `j4
= x
8,<01<02?77 jk jf mjs 2> pbgi $ 0.7?0.>0< $ 8<.57>.820
$ 5.:1?.>?1 = x
5. Jf vbfir `j ukb vevejk`b sj obhíb blir`b`i pbgbr lik trjs luitbs egubfjs jk fis mjsjs 1, 28 y 2?, pir vbfir `j
$:>.>>>.>>> lb`b ukb. Jf pripejtbrei bljptb lbmhebr jf pfbk `j pbgis `j fb seguejktj airmb4 ukb luitb ekelebf y
ukb luitb bf aekbf `jf mjs 80 pir vbfir `j $2>>.>>>.>>>. \e fb tbsb `j aekbklebleük js `jf 8,:% JM, lbflufbr jf
vbfir `j fb luitb ekelebf
2,>8:
  = 8,:%  $ 2>>.>>>.>>>

mjsjs

$ :>.>>>.>>> $ :>.>>>.>>> $ :>.>>>.>>>


8,:%   :>>
 2 + 8,:% :>>>>>
>>>>>
>> 2 + 8,:% ∘  :>>>>
8,:% :>>>>>>>
>>> 2 + 8,:% ∘  :>>>>
8,:% :>>>>>>>
>>> 2 + 8,:% ∘? + 2>>>
8,:% 2>>>>>>
>>>>> 8,:% ∘ = >
>> 2 + 8,:%
$ :>.>>>.>>>
8,:%  = :>>>>>>>
 2 + 8,:% 8,:% ∘ + :>>
:>>>>>>> 2 + 8,:% :>>>>>
>>>>> 8,:% ∘ + :>>>
>> 2 + 8,:% :>>>>>>
>>>> 8,:% ∘?  2>>
> 2 + 8,:% 2>>>>>
>>>>>> 8,:% ∘
>>> 2 + 8,:%

x = 0<220?0<,< + <7277750,8: + <8>:?85:,07 - ::8?7:<:,08

x = $ :7.>1<.<5?

20. Zkb vevejk`b pir vbfir `j $2:>.>>>.>>> sj vb b aekbklebr lik ukb tbsb `j ektjrås `jf 2.8:% JM, pir mj`ei
`jf seguejktj pfbk `j pbgis4 luitb ekelebf `jf <>%, uk pbgi `j $<>.>>>.>>> jk jf mjs 2>, uk pbgi jk jf mjs 20
egubf b fb metb` `j fb luitb ekelebf y uk ôftemi pbgi jk jf mjs 2?. Lbflufbr jf vbfir `jf ôftemi pbgi


$ 2:>  = 2,8:% 

mjsjs

$ 0: $ <> $ 88.: 

2:> 2 + 2,8:% 
 0: 2 + 2,8:% >  <> 2 + 2 ∘ ∘ ∘?
2,8:
,8:%
%  88,: 2 + 2,8:%   2 + 2,8
2,8:%
:% =>
2:> 2 + 2,8:% 
 0: 2 + 2,8: > ∘ ∘ ∘?
2,8:%
%  <> 2 + 2,8:%
2,8:%  88,: 2 + 2,8:
2,8:%
% =  2 + 2,8:%
2:>M - 0:M - 81,:M - 2?,5M = x >,?>
M = $ 2.>>>.>>> :5,1M
= x
>,?>
Fb uftemi pbgi pbrb jf mjs 2?, `jhj sjr `j4 $70.:85.77< $ 70.:85.77< = x

25. Xjjmpfbzbr `is pbgis jk fis mjsjs ? y 2> `j $:>>.>>> lb`b uki, pir `is pbgis jquevbfjktjs jk fis mjsjs
< y :, tbfjs quj jf sjguk`i pbgi sjb fb tjrljrb pbrtj `jf premjr pbgi. Ztefelj ukb tbsb `j ektjrås `jf :.>% JM.
$:>>.>>> $:>>.>>>
 = :,>%JM




 < 
 2 + :,>% ∘
 2 + :,
:,>%
>%  + :>>.
:>>.>>
>>>
> 2 + :,
:,>%
>% ?+:>>.
:>>.>>>
>>> 2 + :,>%
:,>% =>


:>>.>>>
:>>.>>> 2 + :,>%
:,>% ?
+:>>
:>>.>>
.>>>
> 2 + :,>% :,>% < + 2 + :,>%
:,>%  =  2 + :,>% :,>% :
<
<<?025,1?2 + <>15:1,181? = >,?1<?<7:55 x + >,81227:<?5 x
$ 10:.<71 = 2,28:>2< x \e `jsjb pbgbr fb premjr luitb b fis < mjsjs `jhj
$ 10:.<71 pbgbr $:7<.112 y b fis : mjsjs $252.88>,<<, pbrb
$ :7<.112 = = x
2,28:>285?7 quj jf pbgi sjb jquevbfjktj bf ek`elb`i.