1. What are the types of errors? Explain parity check error detection.

2. Explain how error detection takes place by using checksum in data link layer.
3. Calculate the error detection if sender wants to send 4 frames each of 8 bits, where the frames
are 10110011,10101011,01011010,11010101 by checksum method.
4. Explain the operation of CRC method of error detection in data link layer.
5. A sender has a original msg M(x)=1101011011 and a generator polynomial G(x)=x4+x+1.
calculate the error detection by CRC method.
6. A sender has a original message M(X) =1001011010 and a generator polynomial
G(X)=x4+x+1. Calculate the error detection by CRC method
7. A (7,4) Hamming code is received as 1011011. Assume even parity and state whether the
received code is correct or wrong , if wrong locate the bit in error.
8. Explain any 2 elementary datalink protocols.
9. Explain GO back N ARQ Sliding window protocol.
10. Explain convolutional code method of error correction in data link layer.
11. Write the comparison between datagram network and virtual circuit network.
12. Explain the network layer design issues.
13. Explain hierarchical routing and broadcast routing with example.

14. What are the steps involved in finding the shortest path using link state algorithm for the
following network.

15. With a flowchart explain how the collision can be detected using CSMA/CD protocol.

16. With a flowchart explain how the collision can be avoided using CSMA/CA protocol

17. Show how the shortest path can be determined to reach the destination using shortest path
algorithm.