Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry

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Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using

various extracts: a review

Mohsin Ijaz , Maria Zafar & Tahir Iqbal

To cite this article: Mohsin Ijaz , Maria Zafar & Tahir Iqbal (2020): Green synthesis of silver
nanoparticles by using various extracts: a review, Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, DOI:
10.1080/24701556.2020.1808680

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/24701556.2020.1808680

Published online: 26 Aug 2020.

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INORGANIC AND NANO-METAL CHEMISTRY
https://doi.org/10.1080/24701556.2020.1808680

REVIEW

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using various extracts: a review

Mohsin Ijaza, Maria Zafarb, and Tahir Iqbalb
a
Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; bDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Gujrat, Hafiz
Hayat Campus, Gujrat, Pakistan

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Recently, nanotechnology has emerged as a tool for the development in the biological synthesis Received 13 March 2020
of noble metal nanoparticles. Among other conventional synthesis methods, biological synthesis Accepted 12 July 2020
methods have received great significance due to cost-effective and less hazardous nature which is
KEYWORDS
due to the presence of plentiful as well as diversified biomolecules acting as capping and reduc-
Nanotechnology; green
ing agents. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) manifest potential applications in several synthesis; Ag NPs; metallic
fields because of its safe and environment friendliness. Reported researches on the green synthesis nanostructures
of Ag NPs using different parts of stem, fruits, and seeds has been summarized along with the
impact on the morphological properties. This review is important to find a way toward the
cheaper, environmentally friendly and controlled synthesis of Ag NPs hence is of special concern.

Introduction
In recent years, nanoscience has emerged as propitious
multidisciplinary section[1] that deals with research and
advancement in material sciences.[2,3] We are seeing Nano
technological developments in various fields and their
impact on living organisms required less hazardous, easy to
handle, more efficient, and eco- friendly[4] methods of syn-
thesis.[5] Generally, smaller sized nanoparticles manifest high
surface to volume ratio.[6] Morphology, size, and compos-
ition of NPs can be varied easily[7] that plays a vital role in
obtaining enhanced physical, chemical, and biological prop-
erties for desirable applications[8] in several areas such as
electronics, house-hold devices, agriculture, cosmetics, and
pharmaceutical industries.[9–14]
Metallic nanoparticles are prepared by several techniques
including biological, physical, and other chemical to manage
morphology, size, and stability of synthesized nano-sized
structures[15] but an approach ‘green chemistry of metallic
nanoparticles’ is the most fascinating synthesis process.
Many researchers have reported that biological synthesis
methods have unique features as compared to other conven-
tional synthesis methods which involved various vigorous
parameters such as inert gases, high pressure, laser radiation,
high temperature[16,17] and toxic by-products.[18,19] Among
other metals, Ag NPs attracting researchers because of their
distinctive physiochemical properties and promising bio-
logical applications.[20]
Natural extracts such as yeasts, algae,[21] fungi, plants,
and micro-organisms are used in the biological synthesis
process. Recently, biosynthesis method using plant extracts
have gained wide attention across the globe because of the
presence of diverse metabolites which not only reduce Agþ
ions into Ag NPs but also cover them, prevents agglomer-
ation and reduce toxicity.[22] The plant mediated synthesis is
known as green synthesis because it takes place without the
participation of any harmful chemicals.[23] Furthermore, it is
investigated that micro-organisms based biosynthesis[24–28]
also have reductive bio-molecules and eco-friendly in
nature[29] but have some limitations such as it is difficult to
synthesize NPs from micro-organisms due to slow synthetic
rate and very tedious parameters involved. Moreover, this
type of synthesis exhibits less diversity in shapes and sizes of
Ag NPs, unlike a plant-mediated synthesis.[30] Figure 1
shows the resources and applications of green synthesis of
nanostructures.
In this review, biosynthesis of Ag NPs of various shapes
and sizes by using various plant extracts has been discussed.
The green synthesis was chosen over other conventional
methods[32] because of its intrinsic attributes such as durable
approach,[33] faster synthesis rate,[34] environment friendli-
ness, cost-effectiveness,[35–37] and large scale production.[38]
The growing popularity of research on green synthesis of Ag
NPs in recent years is significantly pronounced from Figure
2, which markedly demonstrates the current trend about
green chemistry of Ag NPs.
This study also demonstrates that in the recent few years’
biogenic approach of synthesis and characterization of Ag
NPs continually pursued and gaining wide attention day-
by-day.
Green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles
Plant mediated synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles is gar-
nering tremendous attention nowadays[39] because of its

CONTACT Mohsin Ijaz mohsin@live.no; mijaz.uog@gmail.com Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
ß 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2 M. IJAZ ET AL.
Figure 1. Green synthesis of nanostructures and their applications (Reprinted with permission from Ref.[31]).
Figure 2. The rational for green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles indicating high
number of contributions. (Data collected on 10/03/2020 from
scholar.google.com.pk).
unique features such as bio-combinatorically stable process
wide-ranging, faster synthesis rate,[34] and versatile morpho-
logical properties as compared to micro-organisms based
green synthesis process.[40] Biogenic systems contain various
reductive bio-molecules which reduce metals during the syn-
thesis process. Many researchers have suggested that the
green synthesis approach exhibits the appropriate choice in
contrast to chemical and other physical synthesis
methods.[18,19] Recently, biologically synthesized Ag NPs
have peaked interests due to their ability to reduce the
impacts of toxic by-products that are being produced during
the fabrication of nanoparticles.[41] Ag NPs also have been
engrossed significant attention by the scientific community
due to their distinctive properties such as nonlinear optical
deportment, good conductive behavior, catalytic activities,
chemically stable, and antibacterial venture.[42] These metal-
lic NPs were utilized in refrigerators, domiciliary used ves-
sels, microelectronics industries,[43] textile industries,[44] and
in washing machines.[45] Ag NPs also have interesting appli-
cations in pharmaceutical science. In medical centers Ag
NPs were used in medical plasters, textile excerption sys-
tems,[46] surgical lint and medical instruments such as cathe-
ters utilize for bacterial disinfectants.[47]
Bioreduction mechanism of Ag NPs
During the biological synthesis of Ag NPs, natural extracts
are used to reduce Agþ into Ag NPs[48] due to the presence
of phytochemical compounds such as polysaccharides, poly-
phenolic compounds, vitamins, amides, alkaloids, terpenoids
tannin, organic acids, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids in
it.[49,50] Figure 3 depicts bioreduction mechanism of Ag
nanoparticles.

Figure 3. Bio-reduction mechanism of Ag NPs.[51]
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the mechanism of biological synthesis of Ag NPs (Reprinted with permission from Ref.[54]).
To prepare Ag NPs by green synthesis method different
factors are involved such as solvent medium, environment,
and stability material. Biogenic synthesis of Ag NPs is inex-
pensive, less toxic, more stable, environment friendly and
this method of synthesis is very simple, quick, and single-
step also[52] due to presence of natural stabilizing agents
Generally, biotic compounds used to overcome water lacking
ability of stabilizing agents.[53] The proposed schematic
mechanism of biologically synthesized Ag NPs is shown in
Figure 4.
Manufacturing of Ag NPs is a less costly process, so it
can easily be utilized in plastics, detergents, shampoos,
shoes, articles of clothes, and other cosmetics such as tooth-
pastes, mouth-wash, sun-screens.[52] Due to unique anti-
microbial properties,[55] Ag NPs significantly used to
increase shelf life of fresh produce.[56] Ag NPs also utilized
for socks to reduce smell, eco-friendly cleaning[57,58] and to
purify water.[59] Due to unique optical properties, metallic
INORGANIC AND NANO-METAL CHEMISTRY 3
NPs such as Ag and Au NPs utilized to manage environ-
ment infections to subtract herbicides.[60] Ag in metallic
form is a good conductor so it is also utilized to make UV-
Spectrophotometer and PCR lid. Nano-sized Ag coating
have no involvement in the reaction in the sample because
of its secureness.[61] Biologically synthesized Ag NPs have
promising applications and plays major role in different bio-
genic activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and
anticancer.[62]
Ag NPs have been proved to be the most efficient anti-
bacterial agent[63] as compared to other metallic nanopar-
ticles because silver and its compounds have powerful
antibacterial capability[64] and extensive antibiotic inhibition
spectra for micro-organisms including bacteria, viruses, and
eukaryotic micro-organisms.[65–67] In recent decades, Ag
NPs widely used to control diseases in human beings.[68]
Along with the various promising applications, Ag NPs
cause inauspicious effects on human health and the
4 M. IJAZ ET AL.
surrounding atmosphere. Similar studies reported that
industrial wastes have free Ag ions which is the main cause
of environmental pollution. Various poisonous effects of
these Ag ions generate serious diseases in all living organ-
isms including skin (argyria), eye (argyrosis), liver and kid-
ney infections, intestinal tract irritations, and variations in
blood tissues.[69]
Antibacterial properties of Ag NPs
Many researchers reported that effective antipathogenic
properties of Ag NPs against B. subtilis, V. cholerae, E. coli,
P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. typhus.[70–73] Sondi et al.
investigated that Ag NPs have significant sub-units which
breaks the cell wall and then interrupts the whole synthesis
process.[74] As mentioned earlier, biogenic Ag NPs have sec-
ondary metabolites and reductive bio-molecules which act as
capping and reducing agents. If these bio-molecules itself
have antimicrobial properties then the overall antimicrobial
activity of Ag NPs increases. So plant-mediated synthesis of
Ag NPs offers enhanced antimicrobial properties.[75] The
penetration capability of silver nanoparticles into the cell
membrane depends upon their size.[76] Due to the small
particle size, these metallic nanoparticles provide the largest
surface area for better interaction with micro-organisms.[77]
Martinez and his coworkers have found that the bactericidal
properties of Ag NPs significantly affected by the shape and
size of NPs. When the size of the Ag NPs decreases, antibac-
terial activity increases.[78] The morphology of these NPs
also provides effective contact areas and reactive facets.
Different shapes such as nano-cubes and nano-spheres have
high contact area and facets reactivity as compared to nano-
wires, exhibit stronger antibacterial activity.[79] Pal et al.
have also reported that different shapes such as spherical,
rod-shaped Ag NPs, and truncated triangular Ag nano-plates
strongly affects the antibacterial activity of E.coli. Among
them truncated triangular Ag nano-plates manifest high
antibacterial activity due to the high contact area and facets
reactivity.[80,81] The antibacterial capacity of Ag NPs also
increases with the increasing concentration of these metal
NPs.[82] There are three different mechanism of Ag NPs
against micro-organism has been reported such as cell wall
and membrane damage, intracellular penetration and dam-
age, and oxidative stress[83–85] but oxidative stress in which
formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as super-
oxide (O2), hydroxyl (·OH), peroxy (RCOO·), and hydro-
gen peroxide (H2O2) provide main toxicity mechanism
against micro-organisms[86,87] as investigated by Electron
Spin Resonance (ESR).[88] These free reactive oxygen species
damages the cell membrane, penetrates into bacterial cell
which causes denaturation of protein and ultimately inhibits
the growth of micro-organisms.[89] Furthermore,
Priyadarshini and his coworkers also reported the enhanced
antibacterial activity of Ag NPs when they release silver cati-
ons[90] because Ag ions penetrated into the bacterial cell-
wall[91,92] leads to denaturation of all proteins and as a result
damages the whole bacterial cell. Some studies have found
that equivalent amount of silver ions and manifest the same
sprouting prohibition rate against E. coli and S. aureus. This
study also reported that Ag ions have a positive charge and
much smaller size as compared to Ag NPs, so they can eas-
ily damage bacterial cell-wall. Several researchers have inves-
tigated that interrelation between Ag NPs and cell
membrane of the micro-organisms provides the highest
growth inhibition rate of the micro-organisms.[91,92] These
NPs incarnate holes in the cell wall of micro-organisms, get
assembled, penetrate into the bacteria, and kill the whole
cell. Some researchers have reported[93,94] that ESR[88] stud-
ies give confirmation that Ag ions and antimicrobial activity
of Ag NPs are inter-related. Basically, silver ions hold
together with the peptidoglycan, DNA, and other proteins of
the micro-organisms which prevents them from further
reproduction[95,96] and impede their key functions. These
organisms do not interact with silver ions and form produce
cysts to resist them.[92,93] The growth inhibition rate of Ag
NPs strongly influenced by the perforation of Ag NPs into
the bacterial cell, electrostatic interaction, and their surface
assimilation into the bacterial cell-wall. Antimicrobial activ-
ity of Ag NPs significantly depends upon structure, surface
moderation, micro-organisms type, and innate attrib-
utes.[97–101] In recent years, it is reported that biologically
synthesized Ag NPs along with antibiotics such as erythro-
mycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and kanamycin exhibit
improved bactericidal properties.[102,103] Similar studies also
report the toxicity of Ag NPs against nitrifying bacterial
strains.[104] Sometime antioxidant agents disturb the ROS
mechanism of toxicity and lower the growth inhibition rate
of Ag NPs against micro-organisms.[105] Figure 5 demon-
strates the general antimicrobial mechanism of Ag NPs.
Furthermore, Prakash and his coworkers investigated the
biosynthesis of Ag NPs using leaves of Mimusops elengi.
These biogenic Ag NPs with 55 to 80 nm size exhibit unique
antimicrobial efficiency against K. pneumonia.[106] Kaviya
and his coworkers studied unique antibacterial properties of
biologically synthesized Ag NPs against P. aeruginosa, E.
coli, and S. aureus.[107] Singh et al. discussed spherical
shaped Ag NPs synthesized from Phyllanthus amarus are
considered as potential candidates of nano-medicine against
MDR burn isolates of P. aeruginosa.[90] Recent work also
reported that biologically synthesized Ag NPs using O. ten-
uiflorum, S. tricobatum, S. cumini, and C. asiatica extracts
exhibit effective antimicrobial activity against K. planticola,
B. subtilis, and other pathogenic bacterial species.[108]
Ag NPs synthesis by different parts of plants
Every portion of plant utilized to synthesize metal nano-
structures owing to unique physiochemical characteristics
and significant progress in green chemistry and plant-
derived areas of research. Silver nanoparticles with different
shapes and sizes were prepared by the green synthesis
method using various parts of plants like root, stem, seed,
leaves, peel, fruit, callus, and flower. Variation in the
amount of metal salt and natural extract significantly influ-
enced the morphological properties of Ag NPs.[109]

Figure 5. General antimicrobial mechanism of Ag NPs (Reprinted with permission from Ref.[75]).
Leaf mediated nanoparticles
Jacob and his coworkers investigated the biosynthesis of Ag
NPs by using P.nigrum leaves which have exciting cytotoxic
impacts on cancer cells.[110] Chandirika et al., reported
Melia azedarach leaves to synthesize Ag NPs biologically
which are used to enhance the shelf time of fresh toma-
toes.[111] Vijayakumar et al. prepared Ag NPs by using
Artemisia nilagirica[112] that exhibit attractive antimicrobial
applications in humans.[113] Chaudhuri et al. investigated
the environment friendly synthesis of Ag NPs using
Tecomella undulata (Roheda) leaves.[114] Moreover, Kiruba
Daniel and his coworkers reported the Eichornia crassipes
(Water Hyacinth) leaf extract for biogenic synthesis of silver
nanoparticles.[115]
Stem mediated nanoparticles
Metallic nanoparticles which were prepared by stem extracts
have various suitable functional groups such as phenol, carb-
oxyl compounds, and amines which play a vital role in the
reduction process of Ag ions. Similar studies reported that
Callicarpa maingayi stem extract with its methanolic nature
consists of aldehyde group which is involved in the reduc-
tion process of Ag þ ions.[113] Different functional groups
such as –C ¼ O, C ¼ N shows amide, poly-peptides which
play a significant role to synthesize metal nanoparticles.
Furthermore, Cissus quadrangularis stem extract also used to
synthesize Ag NPs by green synthesis method.[116]
INORGANIC AND NANO-METAL CHEMISTRY 5
Fruit mediated nanoparticles
Biosynthesis of Ag NPs using Tribulus terrestries fruit extract
has been investigated by Gopinath and his coworkers.[117]
Different fruits have phytochemicals such as flavonoids, car-
otenoids, aldehydes, ketones, proteins, and carboxylic acids
that may act as bio-reducing agents and convert sAg ions
into Ag NPs.[118] Various fruit extracts also accustomed to
synthesize Ag NPs which are utilized in medicines and sen-
sors. Jayaprakash and his coworkers also introduced the
microwave method of biosynthesis of Ag NPs using
Tamarindus indica fruit which manifest strong stability and
eco-friendly nature.[119]
Seed mediated nanoparticles
Metallic nanoparticles that are being synthesized from seeds
have various organic compounds such as flavonoids and bio-
logically active compounds like vitamins, saponin, and lignin
in fenugreek seeds. Fenugreek seeds are rich in chloroauric
acid which is used in the reduction process of Ag NPs. Seed
mediated nanoparticles have various functional groups includ-
ing C ¼ N, COO-, and C ¼ C. Vidhu et al. have reported that
Macrotyloma uniflorum seed extract has caffeic acid which sig-
nificantly used as stabilizing agent in the Ag NPs synthesis.[120]
Flower mediated nanoparticles
Different flowers contain rose petals which are rich in sugar
and protein contents. These organic compounds used to
6 M. IJAZ ET AL.

Table 1. The dependence of geometry of synthesized Ag nanoparticles on the type of extract.

Plant name Part of plant Shape Size References
[122]
Abelia grandiflora Root Spherical 10–30 nm
[106]
Mimusops elengi Leaves Spherical 55–80 nm
[123]
Vanda Tesssellate Leaves Cubic, hexagonal 10–50 nm
[20]
Nelumbo nucifera Seed Spherical 2.76–16.62 nm
Lycopersicon esculentum – Square 10–45 nm [123]
[124]
Carob leaf Leaves Spherical 5–40 nm
[123]
Bacopa monnieri whole plant Spherical 22 nm
[125]
Phyllanthus amarus whole plant Spherical 8–24 nm
Pomegranate Peel – 5–50 nm [126]
[123]
Elaeagnus indica Leaves Monodispersive 30 nm
[109]
Aloe vera Leaves Spherical 15.2 nm
Ocimum tenuiflorum Leaves Spherical 25  40 nm [127]

Azadirachta indica Leaves Spherical – [128]

Pelargonium graveolens Leaves Crystalline 16  40 nm [129]

Emblica officinalis Fruit – 10  20 nm [130]

Helianthus annus Leaves – – [131]

Basella alba Leaves – – [131]

Oryza sativa Leaves – – [131]

Saccharum officinarum Leaves – – [131]

Sorghum bicolor Zea mays Leaves – – [131]

Jatropha curcas Latex Crystalline 10  20 nm [132]

Jatropha curcas Seed Spherical 15  50 nm [133]

[134]
Carica papaya Fruit Cubic 15 nm
Cinnamon zeylanicum bark, powder Spherical 31  40 nm [135]

Pinus desiflora Leaves Cubic 15  500 nm [136]

Diopyros kaki Leaves Cubic 15  500 nm [136]

Ginko biloba Leaves Cubic 15  500 nm [136]

Magnolia kobus Leaves Cubic 15  500 nm [136]

Platanus orientalis Leaves Cubic 15  500 nm [136]

Ocimum sanctum root stem Spherical 5  10 nm [137]

[138]
Tanacetum vulgare Fruit Spherical 16 nm
Euphorbia hirta Leaves Spherical 40  50 nm [139]
[140]
Argemone maxicana Leaves cubic, hexagonal 30 nm
Syzygium cumini Leaves Spherical 29  30 nm [141]

Syzygium cumini Seed Spherical 73  92 nm [141]

[142]
Sorghum spp. bran powder 10 nm
Curcuma longa tuber powder Quasi-spherical, triangular, rod 21  30 nm [143]
[144]
Allium cepa Leaves Spherical 33.6 nm
[145]
Mentha piperita Leaves Spherical 90 nm
Syzygium cumini Seed – 3.5 nm [146]

Memecylon edule Leaves Square 50  90 nm [147]

[148]
Murraya keenigii Leaves crystalline, spherical 10 nm
[23]
Mangifera indica Leaves spherical, triangular, hexagonal 20 nm
[149]
Nicotiana tobaccum Leaves Crystalline 8 nm
[150]
Svensonia hyderabadensis Leaves Spherical 45 nm
[151]
Citrullus colocynthis Leaves Spherical 31 nm
Boswellia ovalifoliolata stem bark Spherical – [152]

Shorea tumbuggaia stem bark Spherical – [152]

Cassia auriculata Leaves Spherical 20  40 nm [153]

Zingiber offcinale Rhizome Spherical 6  20 nm [154]

Piper betle Leaves Spherical 3  37 nm [155]

[116]
Coleus aromaticus Leaves Spherical 44 nm

synthesize eco-friendly metallic nanoparticles.[121] Clitoria
ternatea and Catharanthus roseus flowers are involved to
prepare Ag NPs with unique morphological properties.[113]
Different parts of plants have their own phytochemicals on
which morphology of nanostructures depends upon. Table 1
indicates how morphological properties depend on the type
of extract.
These above-mentioned various parts of plants used to
synthesize Ag NPs of different shapes and sizes. Sharma
et al. have reported that Abelia Grandiflora root extract used
to synthesize spherical shaped Ag NPs with 10–30 nm size.
These biotic Ag NPs manifest significant anti-microbial
activity due to large surface area metallic nanoparticles and
this study also proves efficient reductant nature of Abelia
Grandiflora for Ag ions.[122] Awwad and his coworkers used
carob leaves to synthesize Ag NPs of size 5–40 nm.[124] Bar
and his coworkers reported the 10–20 sized crystalline Ag
NPs by J. curcas latex extract.[132] Similar studies also report
biologically synthesized spherical shaped Ag NPs by J. curcas
seed extract.[133] Sathishkumar and his coworkers investi-
gated the biosynthesis of spherical shaped Ag NPs by utiliz-
ing bark- extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum. These biogenic
metallic nanoparticles exhibit 31 to 40 nm size and have
been utilized to test against E. coli strain BL-21.[135] Prakash
et al. used Mimusops elengi leaf extract to synthesize Ag
NPs. These biogenic metallic NPs exhibit 55–80 nm size and
unique anti-microbial efficiency against K. pneumonia.[106]
Other studies have found biotic Ag NPs were synthesized
from Citrus sinensis peel extract exhibit best bactericidal
properties against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. aureus.[89]
Recent work also reported that biologically synthesized Ag
NPs using O. tenuiflorum, S. tricobatum, S. cumini, and C.

asiatica extracts exhibit effective antimicrobial activity
against K. planticola, B. subtilis, and other pathogenic bac-
terial species.[108] The biological synthesis method also uti-
lized Murraya Koenigii leaf extract to prepare spherical
shaped Ag NPs.[148] It is reported that Mangifera Indica leaf
extract used to synthesize Ag NPs. Though biogenic synthe-
sis triangular, hexagonal, and nearly spherical shaped Ag
NPs synthesized with size approximately 20 nm. This study
also reveals that these biogenic Ag NPs utilized in several
fields including cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceutical indus-
tries.[23] Prasad and his coworkers synthesized Ag NPs by
using Nicotiana tobaccum leaf extract. These biogenic Ag
NPs exhibit crystalline nature with approximately 8 nm par-
ticle size and show significant antimicrobial efficiency
against P. aeruginosa and E. coli DH5.[149] Rao et al. used
Svensonia hyderabadensis leaves for biogenic spherical
shaped Ag NPs synthesis with size up to 45 nm manifest sig-
nificant growth inhibition property against microorganisms.
Present work also reveals that the Green synthesis process
exhibits the best stability, manipulation, and control over
growing crystals in contrast to other conventional synthesis
methods.[150] Moreover, Satyavani et al. investigated biosyn-
thesis of spherical shaped Ag NPs using Citrullus colocynthis
leaf extract. This study also found the significant antibacter-
ial properties of metallic silver nanoparticles against bio-flim
bacteria for the first time. Some bacterial strains show max-
imum antibacterial activity against E.coli, V. paraheamolyti-
cus, P. aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and L. monocytogens P.
mirabilis, S. enteritidis, and S. aureus show no antibacterial
activity.[151] Cassia auriculata leaves have been also reported
for biogenic synthesis of 20–40 nm Ag NPs. These biogenic
Ag NPs exhibit spherical shape. Present work also describes
the green synthesis method has been proved as a less costly,
nonpolluting and appropriate choice in contrast to other
conventional techniques.[153] The spherical shaped Ag NPs
with 6–20 nm size can also be synthesized from Zingiber
officinale extract using the green synthesis method. These
biologically synthesized Ag NPs were significantly stable and
strong blood compatibility which is utilized in several med-
ical applications. It is also reported that Z. officinale used as
a potential antiplatelet agent than aspirin.[154] Another study
also found biosynthesis of Ag NPs from Coleus aromaticus
leaves. This study also reveals that these spherical shaped
biosynthesized Ag NPs exhibit 44 nm size and expressed
strong antibacterial activity against B.subtilis and K. planti-
cola. Furthermore, green approach does not involve any
toxic chemicals and the appropriate method for large scale
production of Ag NPs as compared to other chemicals,
physical, and micro-organisms based synthesis processes.[116]
Conclusion
This review article reports a brief overview of distinctive
properties of green synthesis of Ag NPs, their recent
research trend, and the potential application of metallic Ag
NPs. Previously used synthesis techniques have various limi-
tations such as toxic by-products, the requirement of vigor-
ous parameters i.e., high temperature and pressure, longer
INORGANIC AND NANO-METAL CHEMISTRY 7
time period, high energy, and large space is necessary to
attain thermally stable nanoparticles but the biological
approach of synthesis of Ag NPs fetching significant atten-
tion since it is simple, single-step, eco-friendly, and less
costly. The present study reveals that enlisted various plant
species and plant parts in tabular form which have been suc-
cessfully deployed to synthesize Ag NPs due to the presence
of an extensive range of bio-active compounds such as car-
bohydrates, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and
enzymes. One of the major benefits of green synthesis meth-
ods of Ag NPs exhibit versatile shapes and sizes to achieve
desirable properties. The mechanisms of micro-organisms
based green synthesis of Ag NPs are still under discussion;
nevertheless, they demonstrated shape and size-dependent
organic activities and eradicated the requirement for stabiliz-
ing and reducing agents. Furthermore, biologically synthe-
sized Ag NPs manifest various physical, chemical, biological,
optical, thermal, electrical characteristics which are utilized
in several appropriate applications. Among all promising
applications biologically synthesized Ag NPs in daily life,
more research is required to unknot long-term chemical and
physical properties and to overcome the toxicity of bio-syn-
thesized Ag NPs.
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