CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A partial or total break in the bone is called a fracture. Fractures come in a wide
variety of forms. A direct strike or kick to the body, falls, or other trauma are common
causes of bone fractures. Stress fractures can be brought on by overuse or repetitive
movements. Fractured, closed, complete, displaced middle 3rd femur left the middle
portion of the left femur is affected by a particular kind of femur bone fracture. The
broken bone does not penetrate the skin since this is a closed fracture. Complete
fractures can be defined as having totally broken through the bone. The shattered ends
of the bone are also misaligned and no longer in their original location due to the
displacement of the fracture. For optimal healing and bone realignment, such injuries
often require medical treatment as well as surgical intervention (Lowe, 2018). Road
traffic accidents, which are the biggest cause of death among those aged 15 to 29, are
one of the variables that induce bone fractures. Femur fractures were the most
prevalent among males, while humerus fractures were the most common among
females. Many orthopedic fractures caused by automobile accidents necessitate
extended hospitalization (Aloudah, 2020).

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.35 million fatalities
worldwide occur each year as a result of traffic accidents. The biggest cause of death
for people between the ages of 5 and 29 worldwide is currently traffic accidents. The
cost of transportation remains intolerably high despite tried-and-true solutions, say
motorcyclists, cyclists, and pedestrians, especially those in developing countries, calling
for immediate action to put preventive measures in place..

In the Philippines, vehicular accidents in 2022 accounted for about 52% of all
accidents. In the count, motorbike accidents made up about 23% of all vehicle
incidents. The case study that is offered focuses on a particular 16-year-old male who
suffered in a motor vehicle accident. The patient had been diagnosed with a fractured,
closed, complete, and displaced middle third femur on the left side. This type of fracture
frequently requires medical treatment and may call for surgery to correctly align and
repair the bone. According to the definition of this sort of fracture, the accident may
have caused a break in the middle of the left thigh bone (femur). Additionally, it shows
that the bone has totally broken into two separate pieces (complete fracture) without
piercing the skin (closed fracture). Additionally, the fracture has led to a misalignment of
the two bone fragments, which are not in their original position (displaced fracture)
(David & Moroux, 2023).
 The DCPO-TEU (Davao City Police Office-Traffic Enforcement Unit) has
documented an increase in vehicular accidents in the first half of 2023 when compared
to the same period last year. According to DCPO-TEU data, there were 2,942
documented car crash events during January to June 2023. This represents a 30%
increase over the same period in 2022, when there were a total of 2,251 incidents. The
number of vehicles engaged in traffic accidents increased by 26% in the first half of
2023, with 5,086 compared to 4,033 in the same period of 2022. Private vehicles
accounted for 39 percent of all vehicles involved in road accidents, followed by
motorcycles (18%) and trucks (10%). The majority of these instances occurred between
2 p.m. and 3 p.m. to 4 p.m. and 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. In terms of the severity of the
incident, property damage has the highest probability (85%), followed by minor bodily
injury (3%), serious physical injury (2%), and homicide (1%) (Patumbon, 2023).
GOALS:

The purpose of this case study is to broaden student nurses' knowledge of

pathophysiology, risk factors, treatments, and modalities by gathering enough
information to serve as a framework for evaluating and analyzing complex issues. It
serves as a guide for future research and provides health care workers with skills
appropriate for the care and management of patients with fractures.

OBJECTIVES:

Generally, this case study seeks to:

1. provide fundamental knowledge of the medical condition of the patient.

Specifically, this case study seeks to:

1. define fracture and its indications and demonstrate its significance using international
and local statistics.

2. examine a patient's demographic profile, health history, and information relevant to

the current illness or condition.

3. utilize cephalocaudal assessment to formulate nursing diagnosis

4. examine the pathophysiology and identify the precipitating and predisposing factors
that resulted in the current condition.

5. establish nursing diagnosis and interventions to develop nursing care plans to meet
the patient's needs.

6. discuss and review the medication given to the patient in relation to the current
illness or condition.

7. implement discharge planning.

8. utilize various documentations to ensure quality and holistic patient care.