Division oF POLYNOMIALS ‘The quotient between two polynomials may not necessarily be a polynomial, just as ‘the quotient between two integers may not be an integer. However, it is possible to divide (an integer by another, and get both integral quotient and integral remainder. For instance: 253 + 12 = 21 r. 1—+ integral remainder integral quotient ‘The equation above can be expressed as: | See me 7) x 12)° **+ 1 ' eek { Dividend = (Quotient)(Divisor) + Remainder it is possible to divide one polynomial by another, and get a quotient and ‘each of which is a polynomial. 3x — 4x +5 byx+2. 3x — 10 Divide 3x? by 3x. Place the quotient over 3x?. +2)3e-4«4+5 Multiply: 3x(x + 2). Write the product under 3x? — 4x._ "3x2 + 6x Subtract: (3x — 4x) — (3x? + 6x) —10x+5 Bring down the next term, 5. ae Divide —10x by x. Place the quotient over 4x Multiply: —10(x + 2). Subtract: (—10x + 5) — (10x — 20) is like dividing integers. Recall that the dividend is equal to the and divisor, plus the remainder. In symbols:Dividend = (Quotient)(Divisor) + Remainder Pix) = Qk) + De®) + R Since (3x° — 4x + 5) + (x + 2)=3x — 10 remainder 25, then: 3x? — x +5 = (3x — 10)(x + 2) + 25 P(x) = Q(x) + Dix) +R [Example 2 Divide 2x° + 4x — 10 by x — 1. Express your answer in the form P(x) = Q(x) - D(x) +R) Solution: 24+ 2x 46 — ak) x-1) 2402-44-10 = 28-28 e+ 4x 7 2x - 2x 6x—10 ~ 6x— 6 -4 —e R Thus, 2x° + 4x — 10 = (2x? + 2x-+ 6) — 1) — 4, Dividing a polynomial by another polynomial is just the same as you divide polynomial bya linear polynomial. The dividend and the divisor must be arranged in descending order f terms. Divide P(x) = 3x° — 8x — x° — 3x° — 10x + 3 by D(x) 38-28 $ 4x1 aw) Jae —8e— 6-38 10x43 Be = 6x! = 9° 80 38 Subtract =2x4 + 4 + 6YNTHETIC DIVISION TS ee The division process can be simplified if the divisor is a linear polynomial of the form x — c. For example, the solution of Example 2 on page 63 in the division of polynomials can be shortened in the following way. 2x? + 2x + 6 x—=1) 2x°+ 0x’? + 4x — 10 = 2x8 — 2x7 2x? + 4x = Xe, 6x — 10 ae Oxi) a Did 6 =) Plomiamei0 =a 2A a eee 0) 6 aBy removing the variables as shown, the repetition of numbers in a column can be seen clearly. Removing the 1 ’ repeated numbers will simplify the process of division. f . 2 oO 4 10 { 2 3 ' 5 1 1 ! =2 1 ' : {| Synthetic division is} goby Falso known as “Ruffini’s } a tule” in honor of the ! By moving up the terms under the dividend, the Italian mathematician } resulting array is formed: Sepa eid =lalp2< 0p 4) —10 add Nin ene 2 2 6 Remainder In the array shown above, the leading coefficient of the dividend (2) is rewritten on the bottom row. The top row of the array consists of —1, which comes from the divisor x —1, and the numbers 2, 0, 4, and —10, which are the coefficients of the dividend 2x’ + 0x? + 4x — 10 arranged in descending order. Note that the dividend has no quadratic term, so Ox’ was inserted in the dividend. Each term in the bottom row is the difference between the numbers in the top row and the middle row, while each number in the middle row is obtained by multiplying the number preceding it in the bottom row by —1. A final simplification can be done by multiplying the numbers in the bottom row by 1 instead of —1, and by adding the top and middle row instead of subtracting 1 i 0 4 -10 | Add lai 2a 8 22 6 (4) -» Remainder Wary ey Qk) =28 + 2x4 6 Rx) =—4 last number in the last row is the remainder while the remaining numbers are icients of the quotients. Since the divisor in synthetic division is always of degree the quotient is always one degree less than the dividend. he quotient and the remainder when 2x* — 5x? + x? — 2x + dis divided bySolution: Write down the coefficients of the dividend (arrange in descending powers of x”) in one row. 2x Sx* 4x2 2x +4 t t ' + , 5 1 2 4 Identify the value of ¢ from the divisor x — c. Write its value on the leftmost portion of the row. 3 2 5 ¥ —2 4 Bring down the first coefficient (2) on the third row. 3 4 Multiply the first coefficient (2) to the value of c (3). Write the product (6) under the second coefficient (—5). Add the product (6) and the second coefficient (—5) Write the sum (1) on the third row. 3 2 5 1-2 2 3 Multiply the sum obtained (1) to c (3). Write the product (3) under the third coefficient (1). Add the product (3) and the third coefficient (1). Write the sum (4) on the third row. 3 25 Lisa? 4 6 4 7 aa Repeat the process of multiplication and addition until the last space on the third row is filled-up. Pp 5 8 6 2 12 0 2 1 4 40 (34) -» Remainder The last number on the last row (34) is the remainder, while the remaining bers are the coefficients of the quotient. (Remember that the quotient is always , degree less than the dividend.)Divide x* + 4x +7 by x + 2 using the synthetic division. solution; P(x) c+ 2 Qix) = *- 2x48 R=-9 Thus, x8 + 4x +7 = (x? — 2x4 8)(x+2) —9, Find the quotient between x° — 4x! + 4x? — 6 and x +1. Pe) = x +04 - ae 44% + Ox -6,DXxX)=x+1 > Renee, 4 it —> Remainder Q(x) = = =1 Thus, P(x) = (4 — x8 — 3° + x — 7) 4.1) +1. In case the divisor is in the form ax — c, some changes are done to obtain the quotient and remainder. The leftmost number on the first row becomes ©, and the numbers obtained in the last row (except the remainder) is divided by a to find the answer. Divide 4x¢ — 2x? — 2x? + 3x — 18 by 2x + 3. Solution: D(x) = 2x + 3 = 2x — (-3) —> RemainderTHE REMAINDER THEOREM ee i If the polynomial P(x) is divided by x — c, then the remainder is P(c). Uv state and prove the ; Recall: ‘ remainder theorem i : | / Evaluate a i P(x) = Q(x) -D@) +R polynomial function nee eae , ee f oe ee tercinicr ; If the divisor D(x) is a linear polynomial x — c, then t theoremtofind 1! P(x) = Q(x) > (x-—c) +R. t = pepeiner = i Ifx=c, then en a polynomial ‘ __ isdivided by ; P©)=Q@)(e-c) +R t a binomial 1 =Q(c)-0+R Sees ee 4 =0+R P(c)=R 7 This proves the remainder theorem which states that _ Synthetic division P(c) is the remainder when a polynomial P(x) is divided by ainder theorem | x —¢, cee eee Find the remainder when P(x) = 5x? + 2x — 3 is divided by x + 2. Solution: Find the value of c from the divisor x — c. x+2-— x-(-2) c=-2Evaluate P(c) by substituting c in the dividend, P(-2) = 5(-2) + 2(-2) -3 5(-8)-4-3 =~40-4-3 P(-2) = 47 Therefore, the remainder when 5x? + 2x ~ 3s divided by x + 2is — 47 Whatis the remainder when f(x) using synthetic division, 4x* — 1 is divided by x — 1? Verify your answer Solution: x-1—+c=1 Remainder Theorem A) = 4-1 =4()-1 =4-1 (1) = 3 —» remainder When x5 — 3x‘ — 2x" + 4x? — 2kx +3 is divided by x + 1, the remainder is —7. What is k? Solution: x+1x-(1)ce=-14 P(-1) = (A) — 3-1) — 2-1)? + 4-1)? — 2-2)k +3 =1— 3(1) — 2-1) + 4(1) + 2k +3 1-3 +2+4+2k+3 5+2k but P(-1) = remainder + 2k It -750, 28 — 3x4 — 20 + 4x — 2k $3 x — 3x4 — 20 + 4x — 26x +3 O34 — 2x $4 $12 43 ler theorem: P(-1) = -1)> = 3-1) — 2-2)? + 4-4 + 12-1) +3 -1-3+24+4-12+3 P(C-1)=-7 By synthetic division: ct) 1-3 -2 #c~, 12. 2 -1 4 -2_ -2 -10THE Factor THEOREM kame mee eee en The factor theorem is a direct consequence of the remainder theorem. You know that x — cis a factor of the given polynomial, only if the remainder when P(x) is divided by x — cis zero. Since the remainder theorem states that P(c) is the remainder when P(X) is divided by x — c, then x —c is a factor of P(x) if P(c) = 0. Prove that x — 2 is a factor of x* + 2x* — 37x’ + 82x — 48. Solution: Solve for P(2). P(2) = (2)* + 2(2)*— 37(2)? + 82(2) — 48 = 16 + 2(8) — 37(4) + 164 — 48 = 16 + 16 — 148 + 164 — 48 P(2) =0. P(2) = 0, therefore x — 2 is a factor of x* + 2x? — 37x’ + 82x — 48.Determine whether x — 3is a factor of x — 6x? — 15x + 6. solution: Solve for P(3), PQ) = @)*— 63) — 153) +6 81—6(9)— 45 ¢6 81~S4—4546 P(3) = -12 P(3) = 0, therefore, x — 3is NOT a factor of x! ~ 6x? — 15x + 6. Find the value of k so that x + 2 is a factor of x’ — 2x? — kx + 6. Solution: Solve for P(-2). P(-2) = (-2) — 2-2)" k-2) +6 8 ~ 2(4) + 2k +6 —8-8+2k+6 P(-2) = 2k-10 X-+ 2isa factor of x — 2x? — kx + 6 0 = = 2k~10 ——+ if P(-2) = 0. Substitute 0 to P(—2). 2k 10 k 5. To check: Pix) = — 2x kx +6 ——> k=5. P(x) = — 2x? — 5x +6 By the factor theorem: By synthetic P(-2) = (-2)' — 2-2) — 5(-2) +6 2 le 8-8+10+6 P(-2) = P(-2) =Owhen x — 2x? — 5x + 6 is divided by x + 2, thus x + 2s factor of #-2 — 5x +6. Factor x? + 2x? — 11x — 12 completely. tion: trial and error, find a number c that will make P(c) = 0. 3,1 2-11-12 eee 15 4 0 (-83)isafactor.PX) = (x — 3)? + 5x + 4), («+ 1 +4) Thus, P(x) = (x — 3)(x + 1)(x +4).{ ZEROS OF THE POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS TT 7) Learning Objectives: t { t t ' t 1 ' 1 t . 4 Ustdownte | possible zeros ofa} polynomial function | Y Find the integral | zeros and rational | zeros of a 1 polynomial function | using the Integral | Zero or the Rational Zerotheorem | ese eee Terms to Remember... v Synthetic division v Remainder theorem Factor theorem Integral zero theorem, Rational zero theorem The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that; “Every polynomial function P(x) of degree n has exactly n roots.” The roots or zeros of the polynomial function may not all be integers or rational numbers. They may be combinations of integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and complex numbers (a + bi). However, this section will focus on the integral zeros and rational roots of polynomial functions. Consider P(x) = (x — 1)(x — 2)(x + 3)(x — 3). The degree of P(x) is 4, so by the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, P(x) has 4 roots or zeros. Finding the roots of P(x) is easy when the polynomial is expressed as a product of linear factors. The value of the given polynomial P(x) is zero if at least one of the factors is zero. That is: P(x) = 0, if (x ~ 1), or (x — 2), or (x +3), oF —3) is zero. By equating each factor to zero, the roots of the function will be found. ifx—1=0,then | ifx—2=0,then | ifx+3=0,then | ifx—3=0, then xl x=2 x=-3 x Thus, the 4 zeros of the function are 1, 2, —3, and 3. Ingeneral form: P(x) = (x — 1)( — 2)(x +. 3) ~ 3) is P(x) =x — 3x9 — 7x? — 27x — 18. ‘Notice that the 4 zeros of the function are factors of the constant term -18. This leads(2.64 INTEGRAL ZERO THEOREM The Integral Zero Theorem states that: ‘ ica. ‘An integer kis a root of a polynomial function only if k is.a factor of a,, the constant term. s 4 The integral root theorem is applied when the leading coefficient of the polynomial is 1. ww Find the integral zeros of P(x) = x* + 5x? + 2x — 8 Solution: Find the factors of —8 (the constant term) Factors of —8 are +1, +2, +4, +8. Use each factor as c to find the roots of the given P(x) using synthetic division. Try 2: 2] 1 5 2-8 214 32 T 7 16 @) ~+— 2isnotaroot of Pix Try -2: or 2 2G =2 -6 (8 13-4 () ~+— ~2isaroot of P(x) Thus, P(x) = (x + 2)(° + 3x — 4) Using the depressed equation (x° + 3x — 4) as the dividend, find the other roots Using synthetic division. Since the constant termin the new equation is ~4, the choices will be trimmed down to its factors (+1, +2, +4) Try 4: ay 1 > 4 4 28 17 Gh) <—_4isnota root of Px Try -4: <4] 1 -4 3 ~4 no <— -4isaroot of P(x). = (x + 2)(x+ 4)(x— 1) and the integral zeros of the function are —2,Factor x* + 3x* — 5x? — 15x? + 4x + 12, then find its roots. Solution: Factor the constant term 12. +1, +2, +3, +4, +6, +12 Test each factor using synthetic division. If there are many factors, try to start somewhere in the middle. 1 3 -5-15 4 12 318 39 72 228 ceorrisy 24 76 R40) <—— 3isnota root of P(x) 3 -S -15 4 12 =3 o 15 oO 12 1 oe -5 0 4 0 + - 3 is a root of P(x). Thus, P(x) = (x + 3) — 5x24 4). Using the depressed equation (xt — Sx’ + 4) as dividend, find the other roots by synthetic division. Since the constant term of the new equation is 4, the choices will be trimmed down to its factors (41, +2, +4). al a OSS a 2.4 -2 -4 = 2.1, 2 +. 2 isa root of P(x). Thus, Pix) = (x-+ 3)( — 2)(0 + 2x? x— 2). Repeat the process until the polynomial is factored completely. Using the depressed equation: x° + 2x° — x — 2 (£1, £2) eee 2) O,. .2. 0, 0 <+— ~2isa root of P(x) Thus, P(x) = (x + 3)(x — 2)(e+ 2)(@— 1). (c+ )Qe— 1) Factors: P(x) = (x + 3)(x — 2)(« + 2)+ 1)(x— 3) Roots: —3,2,—2,-1,1 ‘the polynomial function whose roots are 1 of multiplicity 3, 2, —2. n roots, write the factors of the polynomial function. 3 means that the factor 1 is repeated three times.Thus, P(x) = (x ~ 2)(x ~ 1) — 1x — 2)(x+ 2). Perform the operation, (= De) =a 4H (@ = 2x +1) — 1) = — 3 43x -1 Ge = 3x2 + 3x — 1) — 2) = x — 5x? 4. 9? — TK 4.2 (A= Sx° + 9x? — Ix + 2)(x + 2) =H? — 3x — 8? HAL? — 12K +4 The required polynomial function is P(x) = x* — 3x4 — x8 + 11x? — 12x +4. (e68 Rationa Zero THEOREM The process of finding the rational zeros of a polynomial function is very similar to finding the integral zeros of the function. The only difference lies in the possible roots to be tested. The rational zero theorem is used when the leading coefficient of the polynomial a, is neither zero nor one. ‘The Rational Zero Theorem states that! hati PE c) ev lowetforn is azeo i rational number © (q = 0) expi in lowest form is a.zero of a polynomial junction P ‘eaall . only if ctor of the constant, term ay, and q is afactor o ‘ i coefficient 4, ‘ Find the rational zeros of 10x° — 17° — 7x +2. Solution: By the rational zero theorem, if a is a root of P(x), then p must be a factor of 2 (the constant term) and q must be a factor of 10 (the leading coefficient). Factors of p are: +1, +2. Factors of q are: +1, +2, +5, +10. Dividing each p by q will give the possible roots of P(x) as:ie The resulting equation 103° + 3x — 1 wil limit the roots to +2, +5 band + Since the remaining depressed equation is a quadratic equation, you may choDse between continuing the process using synthetic division oF by using different factoring techniques (like quadratic formula, trial and error method, and others.) Continuing the process, you have: 1 - | 10 5 1 4 By 10 8 @ +— _fisnotaroot of P(x) 1 ->| 10 3-1 oa 10-2 © —«— —} is aroot of P(x) Using 10x — 2 to find the last root of the function will give you: Thus, the roots of 10x! — 17? — 7% + 2 are 2, ~3, and 2 Factor 6x! — 7x* — 9x? + 7x + 3, then find its rational roots. ~ Solution: 6x4 — 7x8 — 9 + Tx+3 a4, 42,43,46< Ly peta, 42,43, 2. Be ee ae Gibb £2, 43,45,45,4 5.45.45 6-7-9 .7 3 7 a Hzes10" 2 18 =12_38 -58 102 6-19 29-51 (05; is nota root of P(x) + coefficients of the depressed P(x) 1 is a root of P(x) thus (x + > or (3x +1) is a factor of P(x). Using 6x — 9, you get the final root and factor of P(x). 3s the final root and 2x — 3is the final factor, Thus, factors of P(x) = (x — 1) + 2)(3x + 1)(2x— 3). ={1-1,3,3 Roots of P(x)= f. 13, 3}. Give the integral polynomial whose roots are 3, 2, and — Solution: Write the factors of the polynomial from the roots of the function, then solve. From the roots 3, 2, and ~3, the factors are: 4 2 a a («= 3)(Sx — 2)(2x +1) (5x — 17% + 6)(2x +1)