Oisd STD 181

Sr.
Number:OISD/DOC/2016/419
Page No. I
OISD -STD – 181

First Edition 1999
Amended Edition October 2010
FOR RESTRICTED CIRCULATION
GEOPHYSICAL OPERATIONS
Prepared by
Committee on Geophysical Operations
Oil Industry Safety Directorate

Government of India
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
8th Floor, OIDB Bhavan, Plot No. 2, Sector – 73, Noida – 201301 (U.P.)
Website: www.oisd.gov.in
Tele: 0120-2593800, Fax: 0120-2593802
Sr.Number:OISD/DOC/2016/419
Page No. II
Preamble
Indian petroleum industry is the energy lifeline of the nation and its continuous performance is
essential for sovereignty and prosperity of the country. As the industry essentially deals with
inherently inflammable substances throughout its value chain – upstream, midstream and
downstream – Safety is of paramount importance to this industry as only safe performance at all
times can ensure optimum ROI of these national assets and resources including sustainability.
While statutory organizations were in place all along to oversee safety aspects of Indian
petroleum industry, Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) was set up in 1986 Ministry of
Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India as a knowledge centre for formulation of
constantly updated world-scale standards for design, layout and operation of various
equipment, facility and activities involved in this industry. Moreover, OISD was also given
responsibility of monitoring implementation status of these standards through safety audits.
In more than 25 years of its existence, OISD has developed a rigorous, multi-layer, iterative and
participative process of development of standards – starting with research by in-house experts
and iterating through seeking & validating inputs from all stake-holders – operators, designers,
national level knowledge authorities and public at large – with a feedback loop of constant
updation based on ground level experience obtained through audits, incident analysis and
environment scanning.
The participative process followed in standard formulation has resulted in excellent level of
compliance by the industry culminating in a safer environment in the industry. OISD – except in
the Upstream Petroleum Sector – is still a regulatory (and not a statutory) body but that has not
affected implementation of the OISD standards. It also goes to prove the old adage that self-
regulation is the best regulation. The quality and relevance of OISD standards had been further
endorsed by their adoption in various statutory rules of the land.
Petroleum industry in India is significantly globalized at present in terms of technology content

requiring its operation to keep pace with the relevant world scale standards & practices. This
matches the OISD philosophy of continuous improvement keeping pace with the global
developments in its target environment. To this end, OISD keeps track of changes through
participation as member in large number of International and national level Knowledge
Organizations – both in the field of standard development and implementation & monitoring in
addition to updation of internal knowledge base through continuous research and application
surveillance, thereby ensuring that this OISD Standard, along with all other extant ones,
remains relevant, updated and effective on a real time basis in the applicable areas.
Together we strive to achieve NIL incidents in the entire Hydrocarbon Value Chain. This,
besides other issues, calls for total engagement from all levels of the stake holder
organizations, which we, at OISD, fervently look forward to.
Jai Hind!!!
Executive Director
Oil Industry Safety Directorate

Page No. III
FOREWORD
The Oil Industry in India is more than 100 years old. Because of various collaboration
agreements, a variety of international codes, standards and practices have been in vogue.
Standardisation in design philosophies and operation and maintenance practices at a national
level was hardly in existence. This coupled with feed back from some serious accidents that
occurred in the recent past in India and abroad, emphasized the need for the industry to review
the existing state of art in designing, operating and maintaining oil and gas installations.
With this in view, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in 1986 constituted a Safety Council
assisted by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD), staffed from, within the industry in
formulating and implementing a series of self regulatory measures aimed at removing
obsolescence, standardising and upgrading the existing standards to ensure safe operations.
Accordingly, OISD constituted a number of functional committees of experts nominated from the
industry, to draw up standards and guidelines on various subjects.
The present standard on "Geophysical operations" was prepared by the Functional Committee on
"Geophysical operations” The document is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience
of industry members and the various national and international codes and practices.
This standard is meant to be used as supplement and not as a replacement for existing codes
and practices.
It is hoped that provisions of this standard, if implemented objectively, may go a long way to
improve the safety and reduce accidents in Oil and Gas Industry. Users are cautioned that no
standard can be a substitute for the judgement of responsible and experienced geo scientist.
Suggestions are invited from the users after it is put into practice to improve the document further.
Suggestions for amendments to this document should be addressed to the Coordinator,
Committee on "Geophysical operations”,

OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE
8th Floor, OIDB Bhavan, Plot No. 2, Sector – 73, Noida – 201301 (U.P.)
Website: www.oisd.gov.in
Tele: 0120-2593800, Fax: 0120-2593802
This standard in no way supersedes the statutory requirements of bodies like DGMS, CCE or any
other Government Body which must be followed as applicable.
Page No. IV
COMMITTEE FOR
STANDARD ON
"GEOPHYSICAL OPERATIONS"
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME DESIGNATION & POSITION IN
ORGANISATION COMMITTEE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S/SHRI
1. D.C. LOHANI ONGC, NRBC, DEHRADUN LEADER
2. K.K. NATH OIL, DULIAJAN MEMBER
3. C.S. RANA ONGC, DEHRADUN MEMBER
4. S.K. KHANDELWAL ONGC, VADODARA MEMBER
5. B.M. SINHA OIL, DULIAJAN MEMBER
6.’ P.K. GARG OISD CO-ORDINATOR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page No. V
CONTENTS
Sr. No. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SCOPE 1
3. CAMP 2
4. COMMUNICATION 5
5. SURVEY 5
6. SHOT HOLE DRILLING 10
7. EXPLOSIVES 12
8. SHOOTING 14
9. SAFETY ASPECTS OF SEISMIC RECORDING OPERATION 16
10. SAFETY WHILE USING VEHIC LES IN THE FIELD 19
11. VIBROSEIS OPERATIONS 20
12. TRAINING 21
13. GLOSSARY 23
14. REFERENCES 27
15. CHECK LIST 28
OISD – STD – 181 Page No. 1

1. INTRODUCTION
Ever since the evolution of civilisation, the mankind has been in quest for hidden
treasures beneath the earth for making life more and more comfortable. In the process of
development of civilisation, the demand for hydrocarbons is growing day by day.
Geophysical surveys are scientific methods for discovery of hydrocarbon, mineral, metals
and ground water etc. The success of exploration largely depends upon the quality of
survey and interpretation of data. Seismic survey is the most widely used method, out of
all geophysical survey for exploration of hydrocarbon.
In seismic survey, holes are drilled to predetermined depth for creating energy source
with explosives or a vibrator is used to generate artificial vibration within the earth. The
energy travels across sub-surface in the form of seismic waves. From each interface
between rocks having different velocity and density, a part of energy is reflected back to
the surface and recorded by seismic recording equipment. The amount of energy
reflected back to the surface is a measure of rock properties above and below the
interface and the time taken is a measure of depth of the interface. In offshore operation
all the operations are conducted from a vessel and air guns are used as energy source.
One of the objectives of this standard is to guide the persons engaged in geophysical
operation about the safety aspects to be taken during survey, drilling, shooting, storage of
explosives, data processing and interpretation. This standard will help managers,
supervisors, operators and contractors in further improving the planning, execution and
evaluation stages of geophysical operations.
There is no standard on geophysical operations prepared either by American Petroleum

Institute or by any other agency. Geophysical operations are covered under different
acts like Mines Act, Indian Electricity Act, Explosive Act, Motor Vehicle Act, Petroleum
Act, Indian Forest Act, Environment Protection Act, Contract labour (Regulation and
Abolition) Act etc. Utilising the practical observations of geophysical survey and
guidelines issued by oil exploration companies, this is an attempt to frame guidelines for
safe working by persons engaged in geophysical operations.
2. SCOPE
2.1 This standard covers safety aspects during establishment of camp, for persons, storing of
material, survey, safe drilling operations by rig and dheki system, safety aspects for
storage and transportation of explosives, shooting, seismic recording and data
interpretation.
2.2 The standard also covers Recommended Practices to be followed during fire drills and
frequency of these drills.
2.3 The standard also covers training to company employees and contractor’s persons
engaged in geophysical operations.
This document is for the safety adherence during geophysical operation and in no way
supersedes the requirements stipulated by statutory bodies like Director General of
Mines Safety, Chief Controller of Explosives or any other Government Authorities.
“OISD hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting
from the use of OISD Standards/Guidelines.”

3. CAMP
3.1 SAFETY AT CAMP
Normally geophysical operations are carried out in remote areas. For carrying out
operations, it is essential to set up a camp for accommodating personnel, storage of
material, parking of vehicles, office, storage of Explosive and Detonators.
Accordingly, camp is established with tents or thatched houses or portable/mobile bunk

houses for living and office accommodation, with all essential facilities like cooking,
bathing and public utilities. Safety at camp comprises of Safety of Personnel, Material &
Equipment. Following safety aspects should be followed at Camp site.
i) Camp should be properly fenced and guarded.
ii) Minimum two feet distance between each tent/thatched house should be provided for
easy walking.
iii) There should be sufficient lighting arrangement. Fuse must be provided outside each
tent/ thatched house. Back up power from generator should be available in the camp.
Proper specification of wire/cables and appliances should be used.
iv) An Electrician is available in the camp to handle electrical equipment.
v) The fire fighting equipment should be in a ready to use condition.
vi) First aid box with complete kits including disposable syringes should be kept in Camp, at
an easily accessible place.
vii) There should be adequate drainage and pits for disposal of water and waste material.
viii) Safety posters should be displayed to create safety awareness among field personnel.
ix) Trenches should be made all around the individual housing and office units for protection
from snakes and reptiles etc.
x) Field personnel must be trained in rendering first aid.
xi) A doctor should be designated for regular visits to camp.
xii) Surroundings inside the camp should be cleaned regularly.
xiii) Safe, hygienic and comfortable living environment should be provided. DDT, Phenyl
should be sprayed regularly.
xiv) Potable water should be provided in the camp for drinking. Steel or good quality plastic
containers should be used for storing drinking water.
xv) Nobody should be allowed to ignite fire in living tents
xvi) Kitchen should be at least three meters away from living tents.

xvii) Important telephone Nos. of local authorities such as Fire Station, Police Station, Hospital
and headquarters should be displayed at proper place.
xviii) Zone of fire should be isolated from rest of the area and marked as zone 1.
xix) Crew heads including contractors supervisor should ensure that they have kept first aid
box with them before leaving the camp for field.
3.2 SAFETY IN STORAGE OF MATERIAL
A large quantity of various equipment and materials are stored for smooth operations.
The storage of material is done in a store tent in an isolated place leaving safe distance
between residential area and storage tent. Inside tents various types of racks and
partitions to be made to keep different items in a properly stacked manner. No material
should be stored on the ground in loose form.
Proper safety measures should be taken while storing seismic equipment / material.
Following safety measures should be followed:
i) All the store items should be properly stacked in racks.
ii) All the items available in each box should be displayed on the box.
iii) First aid box with complete kits should be kept at proper place inside the store.
iv) Storage of POL should be at a safe distance. Fire extinguishers and sand buckets
should be placed nearby to POL site.
v) The magnetic tapes/cartridges are to be stored in wooden or cardboard boxes.
vi) The sophisticated seismic equipment for daily use is to be stored in a separate tent on
proper racks/tables.
vii) Electrical wiring should be underground within the store.
viii) Smoking should not be allowed near POL storage tanks.
ix) Safe material handling practice using proper material handling equipment should be
used.
3.2.1 Safety in storing spares / Consumables
i) Protect all spares from mechanical damage, loss; mix up and negligent handling.
ii) Store electronic spares at proper places after duly testing and labeling them.
iii) Electronic spares should be protected from sunlight, heat, dust, grease etc. Handle
electronic spares gently.
iv) Provide proper foam or other padding to electronic components/cards / PCBs and keep
them in well protected boxes / cases.

v) Do not top load electronic spares.
vi) On electronic boxes, mark the proper side up.
vii) When required, store PCBs in static free coverings.
viii) Keep magnetic tapes away from heat, dust and store them in air condition.
ix) Protect photographic paper from sunlight exposure.
x) Containers having liquid consumables should be properly capped.
3.3 GENERATORS
i) Generator should be placed at one corner of the camp and should have sufficient
distance from residential areas to reduce pollution.
ii) Muffler should be used to reduce the noise.
iii) Generator should be kept in separate shed.
iv) Proper mountings and earthing are to be provided at the time of installation.
v) Main switchboard should be facilitated with E.L.C.B. (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker).
vi) Insulating mats conforming to IS:15652:2006 having ISI mark shall be provided near the
electric control panel.
vii) Proper ventilation and adequate space should be provided for battery charging and
batteries should be kept on wooden plank.
viii) Generator room must have sufficient space and only authorised person should be
allowed to enter the room.
ix) Danger signs should be displayed boldly all around POL site, Generator, Charging room
and electrical junction boxes.
x) Guards should be fitted on fan and other moving parts.
3.4 ELECTRIFICATION
The wires used for camp electrification should be of proper specification, good quality
and having ISI mark. Three core PVC insulated and PVC sheathed wires should be
used for electric wiring. Each line should be strictly installed with earthing wire. Fuse of
proper rating must be used for each line. Load of camp lighting is to be distributed
properly to avoid accident. Meter room must be away from the living tents. The
switchboard must be neatly fitted with adequate number of panels and wiring must be
properly fitted on that.
Certificate from authorised electrician must be obtained for the temporary wiring of the
camp before the same put to use.

4.0 COMMUNICATION
Communication plays an important role in seismic data acquisition. Proper

communication between observer and shot point may avoid accident and accelerate
smooth functioning of seismic operations. It is also required to communicate between
field crew/survey crew to camp and camp to head quarter.
Global communication system (Mobile) will be the best suited system under present
circumstances for communication in geophysical field parties, conducting operation in
diverse geographical areas, which have unique features relating to safe negotiations in
transit during operation along with walkie-talkies.
5.0 SURVEY
Line survey is the first operation of the geophysical data acquisition process after initial
planning work in office. The line survey operation requires different type of equipment
and manpower. Based on the operational areas for data acquisition the operations are
broadly classified as follows:
i) Onshore or onland operations
ii) Offshore or Marine operations
iii) Airborne operations
iv) Well survey (VSP)
The procedures and methodologies, in above classified operations is entirely different

and, therefore, the safety requirements and norms will also differ in each type of
operation.
5.1 ONSHORE SURVEYS
The onland data acquisition techniques depend upon the nature of the terrain. In case of
land operations the terrain has the maximum bearing on the operational aspects.
Different surface conditions such as plain fields, desert, jungles, mountains, swampy
lands and transition zone (land-water junctions) will demand different safety requirements
for safe and efficient operations.
Surveying is the operation for layout of planned profiles from map to ground. The crew
has to move to the virgin and inaccessible areas most of the time, to make way for
subsequent operations. The surveying may be further divided into following sub groups.
i) Reconnaissance & Control Point Survey
ii) Line Layout/Staking
iii) Leveling

5.2 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENT OF SURVEY CREW
The crew for land survey operations requires following equipment / material:
i) Equipment
a) Compass
b) Measuring chain/tape
c) Theodolite with relevant accessories or Total station
d) GPS receiver sets for control point survey
e) Bulldozer for clearing lines in desert for vibroseis operations.
ii) Material
Wooden stakes (Bamboo pegs), paint, brush, red and white flag, wood cutting knife or
axe, spade, hammer etc.
iii) Transport
Adequate number of light and medium duty vehicles pliable on rugged terrain should be
available for operations.
5.3 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR LAND SURVEY OPERATIONS
As mentioned above, the surveying operation is the initial operation where the crew has
to face the ground realities without much previous knowledge of the area of operation.
This requires a cautious and thoughtful approach from the surveying groups. They must
be fully alert and equipped with to meet any exigency / emergency situation in the field.
Following norms must always be adhered to by the surveying crewmembers for safe and
accident free operations:
i) Safety and protective gears such as safety boots, helmet, sunglasses, hand gloves etc.
must be used
ii) The crew must always carry a powerful torch or source of light while surveying in jungle
to scare the wild animals.
iii) Before entering into thick forest area for survey operation, a din of sound from drum
should be made to drive away the wild animals. Crewmembers should use safety glasses
to protect eyes from bushes.
v) While working with bulldozer in desert area, no one should move in front of bulldozer
blade, and always a clear line of sight should be given to the bulldozer operator.
vi) Always keep a first aid box equipped with medicines and dressings for cut / wound and
also anti-venom medicines for snake and other poisonous insects / reptiles bite.
vi) Crew should be given first aid training.


vii) Keep sufficient drinking water with the crew.
viii) While working in transition zone areas or river torn terrain, use of boats, preferably
portable motor boats, to cross the river, be used. Wooden or banana logs should not be
used.
ix) Use of life jacket while travelling in portable rubber boat is a must.
x) Survey umbrella for protection of person & equipment from sun and rain should be used.
xi) While plying on uneven land or in the fields, the vehicle should be equipped with four-
wheel drive and wheel pressure should be lowered to avoid skidding in sand / mud.
xii) Driving must be at a very low speed to avoid accidents.
xiii) Care should be taken to follow environment protection norms. The undergrowth should
be cleared as minimum as possible while surveying through the forest.
xiv) The equipment, particularly, GPS, Total Station / Theodolite, compass etc. should be
carried in a dust / waterproof container.
xv) Detailed traverse report shall be prepared by surveyors to facilitate smooth location
indicating following points in particular:
a) Position of overhead transmission lines
b) Oil / gas / water or any other pipelines
c) Location of permanent structures
d) Rivers / lakes / ponds etc.
The traverse report must be provided to all crew heads invariably.
5.4 GRAVITY SURVEY
The gravity method involves measuring a field force in the earth that is neither generated
by the observer nor influenced by anything he does. Such method of exploration makes
use of natural potential fields. The field observed in gravitational prospecting is a
composite of contributions from all depths within the usual range of exploration interest,
and such contributions can be individually resolved only in special cases. Hence one
cannot expect to obtain the detailed and relatively precise structural picture from gravity
or other potential data that is generally obtainable by seismic methods.
In gravity measurement, the quantity actually observed is not the earth’s true gravitational
attraction but its variation from one point to another, usually at positions along the earth’s
surface, which are close together. Such lateral differences can be measured with a much
greater degree of precision than the total gravitational field, and field instruments are
designed to measure differences in gravity rather that its actual magnitude.

The variation in gravity observed through such measurements depends only upon lateral
changes in the density of earth materials in the vicinity of measuring point. Many types of
rocks have characteristic ranges of density, which may differ from those of other types
that are laterally adjacent. Thus an anomaly in earth’s gravitational attraction can often
be related to a buried geophysical feature, horizontal extent.
The gravity method was initially used in oil exploration for locating salt domes and later
for finding anticline structures. Even now special types of structures in which
hydrocarbons are entrapped exhibit such large contrasts in density with respect to
surrounding formations that gravity data alone can be used to decide on drilling locations.
5.5 MAGNETIC SURVEY
Magnetic prospecting, the oldest method of geophysical exploration is used to explore for
both oil and minerals. In prospecting for oil, it gives information from which one can
determine the depth to basement rocks and thus locate and define the extent of
sedimentary basins. Such information is of particular value is previously unexplored
areas such as continental shelves newly opened for prospecting. It is sometime
employed, although not always successfully, to map topographic features on the
basement surface that might influence the structure of overlying sediments. Sedimentary
rocks exert such a small magnetic effect compared with igneous rocks that virtually all
variations in magnetic intensity measurable at the surface result from topographic or
lithologic changes associated with the basement or from igneous intrusive.
Until the middle 1940s, all magnetic exploration was carried out on the ground using field
methods similar to those in gravity surveys. Today, virtually all-magnetic prospecting for
oil is done from the air or from ships, as are most reconnaissance surveys for minerals.
The speed, economy and convenience of airborne and marine techniques are
responsible for this trend.
The magnetic method of prospecting has a great deal in common with the gravitational
method. Both make use of potential fields. Both seek anomalies caused by changes in
physical properties of subsurface rocks. Both gravity and magnetic have similar
applications in oil explorations. While they are extensively used as reconnaissance tools,
there has been an increasing recognition of their value for evaluating prospective areas
by virtue of the unique information they provide. Seismic data makes it possible to map
an area structurally and, within certain limits, to determine seismic velocities. Gravity
data make it possible to assign densities magnetic data, and magnetic susceptibilities to
seismically defined features. The lithologic identifications that can be made by combining
these different kinds of information have great value in evaluating possibilities for
hydrocarbons over a prospective feature. The most common objective in using gravity
and magnetic at the present times is this type of evaluation.
Gravity and magnetic employ fundamentally similar interpretation techniques. The

magnetic method, for a number of reasons, is more complicated both in principle and in
practice. The characteristic of a rock which determines its magnetic effects, the intensity
of magnetisation (dependent on its susceptibility), has both magnitude and direction,
while the corresponding characteristic governing its gravitational pull, the mass
(dependent on density), has magnitude only. Magnetic force involves both attraction and
repulsion, while all gravitational force is attractive. Also magnetic effects from rocks may
be greatly influenced by small traces of certain minerals, while gravitational effects
originate mainly from the rocks primary constituents.

The safety measures applicable for gravity and magnetic surveys are same as applicable
for seismic survey as far as camp establishment etc. is concerned.
5.6 AEROMAGNETIC AND AIRBORNE GRAVITY
In this type of survey magnetic and gravity measurements are made from an aircraft over
the area under consideration. This type of survey is widely used as reconnaissance tool
and the areas can be covered in a short interval. By this method the boundary of the
basin can be well defined.
5.7 ELECTRICAL SURVEY
Electrical methods are much more frequently used in searching for metals and minerals
than they are in exploring for petroleum. One of the most widely used electrical
techniques is the electromagnetic method. It is based on the induction of electric
currents in buried conductors, such as certain ore bodies, by the magnetic components of
electromagnetic waves generated at the earth’s surface or in aircraft above its surface.
The waves originate from alternating currents at frequencies ranging from a few hertz to
a few megahertz, which are passed through loops of wire on the ground or in the air.
With some methods, current is introduced into the earth by grounded lengths of wire.
In this method sealed wire is laid along a line with pair of electrodes, maintained at
desired separation. A high voltage current is passed through the wire laid and potential
gradient is measured.
The safety measures required to be taken are as follows:
i) The wires laid along the line should be properly protected to avoid accident as high
voltage current passes through it.
ii) Proper protection should always be provided near electrodes (copper rods) and people /
animals should not be allowed to come near the same.
iii) Insulation used in wire should be of good quality to avoid any leakage.
iv) People deployed to handle generator must be given kits and leverage of good quality
(Hand gloves, safety shoes etc.).
v) There should not be moisture within the system; otherwise it will damage the equipment.
5.8 OFF SHORE OPERATION
The surveying or navigation for offshore seismic surveys is normally done with
DGPS/GPS or satellite navigation methods in which a couple of shore base stations
record the signals transmitted from the ship based transmitter and also from the satellites
available in the area of operations. The operation is much simpler and safer in
comparison to land operations. The safety requirement of the shore base station crew is
same as that of land based crews.

5.9 VSP
Vertical seismic profiling (commonly abbreviated as VSP) is one of the rapidly developing
areas of geophysical technology, which calibrate geology in term of time.
It is a bore hole seismic technique that can provide potentially better answers than
conventional surface seismic techniques. Several well bore seismic techniques have
been evolved to aid in this process ranging in complexity and benefits from the simple
check shot surveys for calculating velocities through synthetic seismograms zero offset
VSP, Offset VSP, multifold VSP and three component offset VSP to detailed reservoir
description by cross-hole tomography.
6.0 SHOT HOLE DRILLING
Shot hole drilling is a part of geophysical operation. In this, hole of desired depth, varying
from 2 m to 60 m is required to be drilled with shot hole drilling rigs. The holes are drilled
at a pre-determined position for creating energy source with explosives. The diameter of
the holes is around 90mm. Different kinds of shot hole drilling rigs are used, depending
upon the logistic conditions of the area to be surveyed. Shot hole drilling is mainly of two
types.
1. Mechanical
2. Manual
Mechanical rigs are also of two types:
1. Truck mounted drilling rig.
2. Portable rig.
Manual drilling are being carried by people manually and no mechanical device is used in
this.
6.1 SAFETY DURING DRILLING
During the drilling process, following precautions are to be taken to avoid any
mishappening:
i) Before start of operation all the crew heads should reccy the area, at least, once and
obtain traverse report from surveyor. This report must be studied and discussed with all
crew head / member for smooth operation.
ii) For critical and hazardous shot points, if any, the same should be inspected jointly by
representative of organisation as well as contractor, in case of contractual drilling and
offset should be decided accordingly. In case, if there is a possibility of damage, the
same shot point should be skipped.
iii) Villagers should not be allowed to come within 15 mtrs. of drilling site.

6.2 DRILLING WITH RIG
i) While moving the drilling rig from one shot point to another shot point, its mast should be
lowered down. After lowering, the mast should be screwed properly.
ii) Drilling rig should be parked at a safe distance from high voltage power line.
iii) Before raising the mast at site, locks should be unscrewed and it should be ensured that
the truck is in level position and there is no obstruction like overhead transmission line
etc. in its path. Wheel of the truck should be firmly blocked to prevent inadvertent motion
during drilling.
iv) Sturdy wooden platform for operator and rotary man should be used.
v) Drilling platform should be regularly cleaned to avoid slipping of crewmember during

operation.
vii) The prime mover should not be over loaded during operation.
viii) The prime mover must be disengaged, if any repairing work to be done during operation.
ix) Except crewmember, no one should stand nearby drilling rig during operation.
x) Main drilling clutch system should always be in perfect condition to control the equipment
in any emergency.
xi) The mud pump should be provided with a pressure gauge and relief valve. The discharge
of the relief valve should be led through a pipe to the ground. The mud lines should be
secured to the mast.
xii) The mud pumps should not be operated until the inlet and discharge valves are checked
and opened. In case the pump stops due to any reason, the pressure should be released
immediately by opening the relief valve.
xiii) Hose, chains and lines should be inspected daily and in case of any defect,
these should not be put into use until the defect is removed. The dies of slips and tongs
should be checked and required to be replaced, if found necessary
xiv) It should be ensured that drill cuttings are not allowed to clog the hole. No attempt
should be made to clean the cuttings manually when drilling is in progress.
xv) Drilling crew should be provided with personal protective equipment like helmet, boots
and hand gloves.
xvi) All shafts, sprockets, gears and moving parts of machinery should be securely guarded.
Repair and maintenance of machinery should not be done while the machine is in motion.
xvii) In case of any malfunctioning of vehicle during operation time, the matter should
immediately be reported to the chief of field crew or to any executive present at the
operational site and corrective measures must be taken immediately.

6.3 DRILLING WITH DHEKI SYSTEM
In case of Dheki system of drilling, following precautions are required to be taken:
i) The wooden logs used for Dheki must be strong enough to withhold the load and
pressure, exerted by the top man and drill pipes. These must be regularly checked for
sag and must be disposed of before reaching the breaking point.
ii) The top man must always be alert for jumping away in case the Dheki collapses.
iii) The drill stamps must be lifted only after the top man has come down from the Dheki top.
iv) The holes should be loaded only after removal of all the equipment from the site.
v) Drilling crew should be provided with personal protective equipment like helmet, safety
shoes and hand gloves. (Ref. OISD – STD – 155 for further details).
vi) During drilling, proper safety precautions should be taken of other seismic equipment like
cables, geophones, batteries, wireless sets etc.
7.0 EXPLOSIVE
Explosive plays an important role in seismic data acquisition as it is being used as energy
source to generate elastic waves. Being its explosive in nature, it requires lot of
precautions during transportation, storage and use. A minor negligence may cause
danger to human life and property.
7.1 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF EXPLOSIVE
Explosive Rule 1983, framed under the Indian Explosives Act, 1884 regulates
transportation, storage and use of explosives in geophysical operations. Magazines for
storage of explosives, detonators and vehicles and transportation of explosives and
detonators should be as per the directives of Chief Controller of Explosives and as per
Explosives Rules. Chief Controller of Explosives is responsible for enforcement of these
statutory provisions, which should be carefully studied. Salient features and safety
precautions are mentioned below:
i) Only licensed person should be deployed to handle the explosive.
ii) The explosives are required to be transported in a vehicle approved by Chief Controller of
explosive.
iii) Explosives and detonators required to be transported in separate vehicles and in their
original packing under armed escort. If material is being transported in a convoy of two
or more vehicles, a safe distance must be kept between the vehicles including other
vehicles running along side.
iv) If any fire occurs in a vehicle containing explosives, the driver shall take all practical steps
to keep the vehicle away from other vehicles and warn all persons in the vicinity about
the danger.

v) License is required to be obtained / renewed for permanent as well as temporary

(portable) magazine.
vi) Explosive should always be kept in a licensed magazine.
vii) Magazine should always be provided with lightening conductor with proper earthing.
viii) The magazine should be away from the village /city etc. as per Explosive Rule.
ix) The construction of magazine must be as per the design approved by the Chief Controller
of Explosives.
x) Magazine must be properly fenced and protected round the clock by armed guards.
xi) Sign boards indicating ‘No smoking’ and ‘Danger’ should be displayed along with red flag
at the temporary and permanent magazine sites.
xii) Smoking, fire or open flames or articles or substances of flammable nature should not be
permitted in proximity to a place where explosives are stored.
xiii) Safe distance must be maintained between B type (explosive boxes) and S type
(Detonators) type boxes, as per explosive rules for storing explosive and detonators
respectively.
xiv) Records of explosive and detonators must be maintained in a register kept at explosive
magazine and at HQR, or at camp.
xv) Explosives and detonators must be transported during daytime only.
xvi) While loading / unloading of explosives in the vehicle, vehicle engine must be shut off
and should not be started until loading / unloading job is completed.
xvii) Keeping in view, the advancement of technology in manufacturing, safe and good quality
of explosives should be used.
xviii) The explosives van/jeep must display the ‘Danger’, ‘Explosive’ and ‘No Smoking’ Signs.
xix) Two fire extinguishers should be provided with each explosive van/jeep.
xx) All electrical wiring and battery cables of the vehicles should be fully enclosed and
maintained in good condition.
xxi) A copy of license of van/jeep should always be kept in the vehicle.
xxii) The explosive van should be painted in aluminum (the explosive carrier part) to avoid
over-heating and the rest of the body with red colour to display danger.
xxiii) Batteries, dry cells, iron material and other source of electrical energy not to be carried
out in the explosive van.
xxiv) Explosives and detonators not to be transported in towed vehicles.


xxv) Authorised and competent persons should operate magazine only.
7.2 HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVE
The following safety standard required to be followed for handling of explosives and
detonators.
i) Only competent person, holding shot firers permit, granted under the Explosive Rules,
1983 should be allowed to handle the explosives.
ii) Only one person should give instructions to the workers handling the explosives to avoid
any confusion.
iii) A record should be maintained of explosives and detonators received, consumed and
balance at the magazine.
iv) As far as possible, priming of explosive is done under shadow to avoid static charge.
v) Cases containing explosives are not thrown or dropped down on ground.
vi) Atleast two detonators should be used for priming one charge and testing of detonator
shouldn’t be carried out at the operation site or near storage of explosives with any kind
of testing device.
vii) No person shall have in his possession matchbox or other appliances of steel, which can
cause spark.
viii) No person wears shoes with an iron heel.
ix) Detonators are required to be carried in wooden boxes duly locked. The end of the
detonator leads should be kept shorted.
x) No detonator is taken out from its container unless; it is required for immediate use.
Separate vehicle / container must be used to carry explosive and detonators.
xi) Explosive primed with detonator should be immediately lowered into the shot hole. No
primed charge should be kept on the surface. The ends of the wire attached to the
primed explosive must be kept shorted, from the time of primary loading, till the time, it is
to be connected to firing line, for blasting.
xii) While stretching the detonator leads, do not hold the detonator cap but grip the wires at
least 5 centimeters away from the detonator cap with one hand and stretch with the
other.
xiii) Accidents by fire or explosion should immediately be reported to the nearest Police
Station and to the concerned Controller of Explosives and Chief Controller of Explosives,
Nagpur.
8.0 SHOOTING

Firing of explosives, loaded in shot hole, to acquire data, is called shooting. Blaster /
synchrophone / Machha system are used to blast the explosives lowered in shot holes,
through main recording system. Blaster / Synchrophone / Machha system are handled
by licensed shot firers, specially trained for the job.
The following safety measures are required to be taken during shooting operation.
i) Shooting crew should strictly study the surveyor’s traverse report daily, before going to
field to know the assess route to the shot point, presence of transmission lines, telephone
lines, roads, permanent structures etc, to avoid any damage / accident to property /
manpower.
ii) No blasting operation should be carried out between the hours of sunset and sunrise.
iii) Only authorised licensed person should be deputed to fire the shot hole.
iv) Every shot firer, deputed to charge shot hole, should use only wooden / non-ferrous tools
for opening of boxes, charging and stemming shot holes.
v) Before loading the explosives, it should be ensured that the hole is thoroughly washed
out and kept clear till loading of the explosives.
vi) Before commencing shooting, adequate warning to public should be given by an efficient
system of signals by putting up red flags in the danger zone i.e. 55 mtrs from the place of
blasting. It should be ensured that persons, in the vicinity, have taken proper shelter.
vii) If shots are being fired in the vicinity of public places or property, adequate precautions
should be taken to guard against danger to the public.
viii) Never blast a shot hole under a high-tension electric line.
ix) After blasting has been satisfactorily carried out, all clear signal should be sounded.
x) The entire shooting crew should wear helmets to guard against any falling debris.
xi) The blasted holes must be filled with earth to avoid injury to people or animals.
xii) Shooting operations should be suspended if there is any possibility of lightning in a

cloudy weather.
xiii) All the loading crew must wear cotton dangarees to avoid static discharge from synthetic
cloths. Anti-static detonators must be used in desert operations.
xiv) In the event of misfire, no attempt should be made to re-bore or tamper the hole that was
charged with explosive or to withdraw the explosive from the hole.
xv) In case of misfire, the re-loading of the misfired hole must be done according to the
Explosive Rules 1983.
xvi) The moment, hole is blasted, the firing line must be disconnected from the blasting
system.

xvii) The firing line must be kept shorted till it is connected to the blaster. Firing line should be
connected to blaster only after receiving instructions from the observer.
xviii) Before firing the shot, the observer should ascertain from the shooter the shot point
number, being fired and whether nearby persons are at safe distance from shot hole.
The shooter should move to the next location only after obtaining clearance from the
observer.
xix) The distance between shot hole and the places where explosives is kept on the ground
for stemming should be at least 55 mtrs. This should be applicable for up hole survey
also.
xx) Instrument should be about 55 mtrs away from the shot hole and in a direction opposite
to the place where the explosive is kept for stemming.
xxi) The blaster / synchrophone should be at a safe distance from the shot hole at the time of
blasting. No person should be present near the shot hole within the radius of 55 mtrs at
the time of blasting.
xxii) In case of up-hole, the shooting wire after blasting should be pulled out and taken away
from the hole. Only then another charge with shooting wire should be brought for
loading. It should be ensured that there is no mix up of wires.
xxiii) Before blasting the charge, the hole should be filled with mud and the firing line at the
mouth of the shot hole should be firmly spilled to the ground so as to prevent firing line to
go up.
xxiv) All communication should be kept in off position during blasting of hole.
xxv) The left over explosives and detonators in the field must be deposited back in magazine
in the evening.
xxvi) A cap tester should be used to check the continuity of each detonator before priming.
xxvii) To avoid any confusion for clear transmission of messages, good quality, perfectly
working, communication systems should be used by shooter and recording persons.
8.1 MISFIRES
i) No person should be allowed to approach the misfire site before getting confirmation from
observer/shot firer.
ii) Misfired hole must be blasted with the help of fresh detonators.
iii) If a relieving hole is to be drilled, it should not be drilled within five meters from misfired
hole. The relieving hole shall run parallel to the misfired hole.
9.0 SAFETY ASPECTS OF SEISMIC RECORDING OPERATION
The recording operation is the main operation in seismic data acquisition, which deploys
a large numbers of men, equipment and vehicles. It involves use of sophisticated
Electronic equipment operated on electrical power, supplied from storage batteries or /
and generators. In the land areas, depending upon the type of operational terrain, the

recording equipment may be vehicle mounted or manually portable. The safety

requirements in seismic recording operations may be considered from two angles.
i) Truck mounted equipment
(ii) Portable equipment.
In both these cases the safety requirement of the crew on line (responsible for ground
equipment layout) will be the same, where as the safety requirements for recording
equipment, transportation crew and operators will differ a little bit in the two cases.
Recording of seismic data in offshore area differs from onland recording.
9.1 TRUCK MOUNTED EQUIPMENT
The recording site safety requirement is very important, both for operating personnel and
the equipment. Equipment safety is of paramount importance, as a little carelessness
may damage the costly equipment, resulting in suspension of operations. Some of the
important safety aspects of operations which require attention of the observer / operator
while carrying out recording operations are as follows:
i) The main recording equipment should be mounted in a cabin on back of a powerful four-
wheel drive van
ii) The recording equipment is sensitive to temperature and humidity. To avoid damage of
equipment, the cabin should be made air-conditioned. This requires a power supply
backed by a generator
iii) In the rainy season, during a rainy day, recording must be suspended and instrument
must be switched off if rain and thunder persists. It is essential, both for quality of data
recorded and for safety of the equipment.
9.2 RECORDING OPERATIONS WITH PORTABLE EQUIPMENT
In case of portable equipment set up for recording, the equipment must be carried in
waterproof boxes and transportation must be done carefully by deploying sufficient man
power. In case of portable operations, following special safety norms must be complied
with:
i) Instrument modules / panels must be set up in a properly cleaned dry place for
operations.
ii) The set up must be covered on top to protect it from sun & rain i.e. it should be under an
open tent (without side walls).
iii) The batteries for power supply to the instrument must be placed on wooden planks and
connector clips must be dry and clean.
iv) Temperature should not exceed the prescribed limit for seismic equipment. If weather is
hot, operation should be carried out in early morning to avoid temperature exceeding
prescribed limit for seismic equipment.

9.3 OFFSHORE SEISMIC RECO-RDING OPERATIONS
While carrying out seismic surveys in sea, all the operations are conducted from the
vessel, which houses the recording unit, surveying or navigation equipment, compressor
for airgun charging, streamer spool for laying out the streamer. The operational
environment is totally different from that onland. Following safety considerations are
required in offshore operations:
9.3.1 Safety of Equipment
i) Protect instruments from damage while heavy items are being carried around in the
instrument room.
ii) Secure all equipment properly on their bases or in the racks to avoid falling during roll
and pitch of the ship.
iii) Manuals must invariably be kept on the shelves after use.
iv) Secure all plugs, connectors, clamps etc. to avoid loose contact.
v) Make sure that sufficient ventilation is provided. Do not block the ventilation part of any
equipment.
vi) Ensure that temperature in the instrument room is not above the prescribed limit of the
instrument.
vii) Protect equipment from seawater etc.
9.3.2 Safety of Persons
i) Vessel must be equipped with adequate number of lifeboats and all the individuals must
be provided with life jackets.
ii) The living rooms must be adequately isolated from the compressor room to minimise the
effect of noise on the crew personnel.
iii) Use proper uniform, helmet, safety shoes and earmuffs by all the crew personnel.
iv) Carry out regular Evacuation drills and Fire drills to keep crewmembers alert. All the
crewmembers should participate in the drill.
v) All the crew on board should be given basic training in understanding the radio
communication signals, particularly the SOS message reading and transmission.
vi) Never smoke in a no smoking area.
vii) Keep the floors of corridors, galley and cabins clean.

9.3.3 Safety Precautions for Air Guns
Failure to employ proper and careful procedure may result in damage to the airgun or
injury to the personnel, as airguns operate on high pressure.
A) Commencing operation of air gun
i) Ensure that the air guns have been properly assembled as per the instructions of
manufacturer.
ii) Ensure that all screws, nuts and cotter pins are securely fastened, during paying in and
paying out of tailbuoy and streamer.
B) When air gun is pressurised
i) Keep personnel away from immediate vicinity of air gun (minimum 8 ft. distance away).
ii) Never pressurise air gun greater than 500 psi when out of water.
iii) Always reduce the pressure to 500 psi before pulling the gun out of water.
iv) Do not fire air gun – ensure that the electric power to the gun is disconnected.
v) Do not bleed air gun rapidly, which may cause gun to fire.
vi) Before pressurising the air gun, all air gun lines are to be checked properly.
vii) All moving parts (like pulleys, V-belts etc.) should have proper guards.
viii) All the pressure lines should carry a pressure gauge to indicate the pressure in the
respective line.
ix) Inlet and discharge valves in any of the cylinder should be checked regularly.
x) Never screw down a safety valve to keep it from leaking. Do not plug safety valve.
xi) Never allow a safety valve to keep blowing. Check the possible causes.
xii) Frequent check of the cooling water should be made.
C) When Air Gun is out of Water
i) Whenever the gun is out of water and not in operation, it should be vented completely.
ii) Personnel handling air guns (disassembling, checking fasteners etc.) should ensure gun
is vented.
10. SAFETY WHILE USING VEHICLES IN THE FIELD
Different types of vehicles are used in geophysical operation for transportation of men &
material from HQ to camp and from camp to area of operation. Heavy vehicles like

drilling rig, Instrument van, Vibrators, Explosive vans, Water tankers are used for
geophysical operations. RTO & Safety rules to drive the vehicles moving on Road and in
cross - country should be followed.
Following guidelines for safe driving are to be followed during field operations:
.
i) Before taking out the vehicles from the camp, the vehicle should be properly checked.
ii) Over loading of vehicles should not be allowed under any circumstances.
iii) Drivers of the vehicles should maintain strict adherence to speed limit.
iv) The driver should not be allowed to drive any vehicles in intoxicated conditions.
v) Separate vehicle should be used for transportation of men and material as per Vehicle
Act.
vii) Drilling rig should be parked at safe distance from high voltage power line.
11. VIBROSEIS OPERATIONS
The vibrator is widely used as an energy source for VIBROSEIS operation. The vibrator
may be mounted on conventional trucks or on specialised off-road vehicles. The
following precautions should be taken during service, maintenance and operation.
i) Personnel protective equipment such as hard hat, Safety shoes, safety goggles, hand
gloves, sun protector, ear protectors should be used.
ii) At the time of checking always put the transmission in neutral, set the brake, and apply
safety locks provided.
iii) Before servicing, adjusting or repairing vibrators lower the attachments to their fullest
extent. If necessary, to raise them for access to certain parts and secure support by
external means. Do not rely on controls of supports or position attachments for
maintenance.
iv) Keep maintenance areas clean and dry.
v) Before repairing the electrical system, make sure the batteries are disconnected.
vi) Carefully inspect equipment for visual defect leaks in fuels, lubrication and hydraulic
systems.
vii) Check levels of fuel, coolant, hydraulic fluid and lubricating oil.
viii) Since the system works at very high pressure, system vibrator unit should not be left
unattended under high pressure.
ix) The sequence of procedure to put the system into or off the operation be carefully
followed.

x) While operating near villages or when profile crosses populated areas, the drive
percentage should be reduced to safe level so as to avoid any damage to property.
xi) The driving instructions mentioned in the manuals are strictly followed while moving in
cross-country with highly undulated terrains.
xii) All the pipes of servo mechanical system be checked properly before starting the system
for any leakage / cracks / breakage at the ends or in-between, as it may lead to serious
accidents.
xiii) Before starting, at any Vibro Point, it should be ensured that the base plates of all the
vibrators are kept down making proper coupling with ground and the system and lift
cylinder pressures are at mentioned ratings, radio is switched on to proper channel.
Also, before moving to next vibro point it should be ensured that the base plate is lifted up
fully.
xiv) While crossing the power lines, antennas be removed or lowered.
xv) If vibrator is under repair, the radio of the vibrator is switched off or start code is changed
because start command from RU may initiate sweep.
xvi) No untrained person should be allowed to go near the vibrators while in operations.
xvii) Stay at safer distance from the vibrators as the hot oil splash may create serious burns,
in case of pipe burst.
xviii) After shifting gears care should always be taken to slowly depress the foot pedal so that
the gears may engage smoothly.
xix) Hydraulic system should always be pre-charged before starting the prime mover driving
the hydraulic pump. This is necessary to avoid cavitation in pump.
xxvii) Never turn Electronics power supply ON or OFF with hydraulic system pressurised.
xxviii) In the event of bursting of hoses, press the emergencies kill of the engine.
xxix) All adjustments of high-pressure hydraulic system should be done with system,
pressured upto 750 PSI and not at 3000 PSI / or 210 Bars.
xxx) The transmission should be in a neutral position while being towed.
12. TRAINING
A) Fire Fighting
Head of Seismic Field Party, Geophysicists, Drillers, Shot firers, Surveyors and Staff
posted in field party should be trained for:
i) Use, handling and operation of different types of fire fighting equipment. During
training, actual operation should be demonstrated to trainees.

ii) Made familiar with likely fire situations and the best means of tackling them.
iii) Duties to be carried out in case of fire
B) SAFE HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES
i) Training for safe storing, transportation and handling of explosives and detonators should
be arranged through Department of Explosives, Govt. of India or any other reputed
agency to shot firers, Head of Geophysical Party, Geophysicists before assigning the job.
ii) Drivers engaged for transportation of explosives and for operation of vibrators should be
trained about hazards associated with explosives, detonators and vibrators and evoke
prompt response in emergency.
C) First aid
i) First aid training to be given to staff persons posted in the camp of geophysical parties,
drillers, shot firers, geophysicists, and surveyors by an ONGC doctor or reputed agency.
D) Fire Drill
Fire drills should be held before commencement of geophysical operations and

thereafter once in a month. During fire drill every person should carry out his duties as if
an emergency exists.
E) Refresher course
Refresher Course for shot firers, geophysicist be arranged about the safety measures to
be taken in storing, transportation and handling of explosives once in every three years.
F) For the jobs awarded to contractors, contractor and his persons should follow safety rules
as per this Standard along with other Rules and Acts of Govt. of India and company
representatives should inspect these measures time to time.
Casual labourers and contractor workers employed for drilling shot holes should be
briefed by their supervisors for one day to provide knowledge on the hazard associated
with the drilling job. Safe way to perform the job, safe handling of equipment,
housekeeping etc. Persons should be engaged for the job only after one-day briefing
and satisfactory response from the individual. Company representative should check
such briefing to labourers as and when required.

13. GLOSSARY
Aeromagnetic and Airborne Gravity
In this type of survey magnetic and gravity measurements are made from an aircraft over
the area under consideration.
Air Gun
A seismic energy source, which injects a bubble of highly, compressed air into the water.
Its frequency spectrum depends on the amount of air in the bubble, the pressure and the
water depth.
Blaster
A device to detonate explosive by sending an electric current through a blasting cap.
CDP Cables
A group of long wires concealed in a plastic covering, used in seismic data acquisition to
transmit signal.
Common Depth Point (CDP)
A technique of seismic data acquisition.
Detonators
A small explosive designed to be detonated by an electric current and which in turn

detonates another explosive.
DGPS
Differential Global positioning system
Dheki
Manual drilling device using logs and metallic pipes for drilling.
Energy Source
The source, which is used to generate artificial waves, is known as energy source. The
most commonly used sources are Explosives, Vibrators, Airgun etc.
Explosive magazine
A place where explosive and detonators are stored. These can be permanent magazines
as well temporary (Portable magazines).
Geophone

The instrument used to transform seismic energy into electrical voltage.
Geophone Array
The use of areal, linear or occasionally vertical patterns with more than one geophone
per channel.
Geophysical Survey
A programme of geophysical exploration which involves electrical survey, geothermal

prospecting, gravity survey, magnetic survey, reflection survey, refraction survey, remote
sensing, well logging etc.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
An instrument used to fix locations of point with great accuracy by measuring

coordinates.
Gravity survey
In this method gravitational field over an area of interest, at various locations, is

measured with the help of an instrument called Gravimeter.
Interface
The common surface separating the different media in contact.
Magnetic Tape
A sheet or strip of plastic, coated with a magnetically sensitive material on which

information can be stored in the form of magnetisation pattern.
Magnetic survey
Measurement of magnetic field or its component at a series of different locations, over an

area of interest is called Magnetic Survey. The instrument used to measure magnetic field
is called magnetometer.
Magazine
Building especially constructed in accordance with the design approved by the Chief
Controller of Explosives and intended for storage of explosives.
Mudpump
A water pump used to supply water in drilling operation.
POL

Petrol, Oil and Lubricant
Reconnaissance
A general examination of a region to determine its main features, usually preliminary, to a

more detailed survey.
Rig
A mechanical drilling equipment
Seismic Profile
The line along which seismic measurements are made.
Seismic Record
A recording of the seismic data from one shot, picked up by a spread of geophones.
Seismic Survey
A programme for mapping geological structures by observation of seismic waves,

especially by creating seismic waves with artificial sources and observing the arrival time
of the waves reflected from acoustic impedance contrasts or refracted through high-
velocity layers.
Seismic waves
An elastic disturbance which is propagated from point to point through medium.
Synchrophone
A device which is used to blast explosive by transmitting radio signal, in general.
Shot firer
A license holder who is authorised by Explosive Authorities to handle explosives.
Signal
That which is sought which carries desired information.
Theodolite
A precision survey instrument, which is used in measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
Uphole Shooting
The successive detonation of a series of charges, at varying depth, in a shot hole, in

order to determine the velocities of near surface formations.

Uphole Time
Time for the first wave, from an explosion, to reach the surface at or near the shot point.
Vibroseis
A seismic method in which a vibrator is used as an energy source to generate a

controlled wave train.
Vibrator
Vibrator is a mechanical device being used as energy source to create vibration.
VSP
VSP is a measurement of the response of a geophone at various depths in a borehole to

sources on the surface. A reversed VSP has the source in borehole and geophone on
the surface.

14. REFRENCES
ii) Mines Act 1952
iii) Mines Rule 1955
iv) The Oil Mines Regulations 1984
v) Indian Explosives Act 1984.
vi) Explosive Substances Act 1908
vii) Explosive Rules 1983
viii) Recommended Code of Practices of ONGC
ix) Indian Electricity Act

CHECKLIST
I. CAMP
i) Selection of isolated high ground with road connection of sufficient dimensions for camp
establishment to house the party personnel and equipment.
ii) Sufficient space between adjacent thatch / tent houses while laying out camp.
iii) Pucca flooring (cemented if possible) for the residential dwellings.
iv) Fully equipped First Aid boxes at least at two prominent places.
v) Few trained first aid personnel in each camp.
vi) Adequate & appropriate Fire fighting equipment at suitable locations in the camp.
vii) Lights at suitable interval within the camp area.
viii) Focus lights at Magazine site and camp corners.
ix) Generator for power supplies as standby system in case of power failure.
x) Security system of the camp.
xi) Communication system to be checked before proceeding to field.
xii) Availability of traverse report to all crew heads.
II. STORAGE FACILITIES
i) Stacking of cables on the stand or Hanging on the fixed bar.
ii) Hanging of the geophone strings.
iii) Repairing kit for cables & geophones.
iv) Camp kit space and safety gear storage.
v) Storage of loading & shooting equipment.
vi) Separate storage space for storing electronic equipment.
vii) Separate POL storage facility at camp.
viii) Display of non-smoking board near generator & POL storage site.
III. PARKING SPACE
i) Proper parking yard within camp for various vehicles.

ii) Proper light arrangement in the parking yard.
iii) Separate parking places for light, medium and heavy vehicles.
iv) Display of safety rules in bold letters at parking yard.
IV. BATTERY CHARGING PLACE / MAINTENANCE
i) Sufficient number of battery chargers at camp kept in a separate room.
ii) Cleaning of the battery terminals regularly.
iii) Sufficient number of wooden planks for keeping batteries for charging / maintenance.
iv) Charging of batteries at proper rate & time.
V. GENERATOR ROOM
i) Proper electrical panel for power supplies from generator.
ii) Grouting of the generators.
iii) Silencer along with exhaust pipe.
iv) Insulating mat conforming to IS:15652:2006 having ISI mark in the generator room.
VI. WATER FACILITY & DRAINAGE
i) Sufficient number of tube wells for washing, cleaning and toilet purpose.
ii) Suitability of potable water.
iii) Proper drainage around the tube wells.
iv) Storage of drinking water in clean container.
v) Provision of water filters for filtering water for drinking purpose.
VII. TRANSPORT FLEET
i) Proper record of the statutory as per Motor Vehicle Act for all the vehicles / drivers in the
camp.
ii) All the vehicles should be in proper condition.
iii) Check the toolbox & spare wheel used for each vehicle.
VIII. STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVE & DETONATORS
i) Proper fencing and light arrangements around the magazine area as per the Explosive
Rule.

ii) Separate box for storage of explosives and detonators.
iii) Display of a board of large size stating “Danger” and “Non smoking zone”.
iv) Display board showing license number of the magazine.
v) A proper gate for entry.
vi) Strict vigil and a security morcha near the gate.
vii) Proper earthing of the magazine hut.
IX. HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES & DETONATORS
i) Explosives and detonators must be transported during daytime.
ii) While loading / unloading of explosives in the vehicle, the vehicle engine must be shut off
and should not be restarted until loading / unloading job is completed.
iii) Use of tools made of iron or steel for opening cases and priming of cartridges is strictly
prohibited.
iv) All connections are to be done by a licensed shot firer.
v) Never blast a shot hole under a high-tension electrical line.
vi) No person wears shoes with an iron heel.
vii) No smoking, fire or open flame in the proximity to storage place.
viii) No match box with the person handling explosives.
X. SAFETY PROGRAMMES
i) To conduct a safety meeting with all crew members fortnightly to assess the difficulties in
implementation of these programs and suggestions of the members are to be taken to
remove these difficulties, as and when required.
ii) Periodic training on safety aspects.
iii) To assess the difficulty in implementation of these programmes and suggestions.
XI. ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
i) Filling of shot holes after blasting.
ii) No blasting close to ponds, lakes or rivers to protect the inhabitants.

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Sr.

OISD -STD – 181

Committee on Geophysical Operations

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

Petroleum industry in India is significantly globalized at present in terms of technology content

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

Page No. III

Committee on "Geophysical operations”,

1. D.C. LOHANI ONGC, NRBC, DEHRADUN LEADER

2. K.K. NATH OIL, DULIAJAN MEMBER

3. C.S. RANA ONGC, DEHRADUN MEMBER

4. S.K. KHANDELWAL ONGC, VADODARA MEMBER

5. B.M. SINHA OIL, DULIAJAN MEMBER

6.’ P.K. GARG OISD CO-ORDINATOR

Sr. No. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

OISD – STD – 181 Page No. 1

There is no standard on geophysical operations prepared either by American Petroleum

OISD – STD – 181 Page No. 2

3.1 SAFETY AT CAMP

Accordingly, camp is established with tents or thatched houses or portable/mobile bunk

i) Camp should be properly fenced and guarded.

iv) An Electrician is available in the camp to handle electrical equipment.

v) The fire fighting equipment should be in a ready to use condition.

x) Field personnel must be trained in rendering first aid.

xi) A doctor should be designated for regular visits to camp.

xii) Surroundings inside the camp should be cleaned regularly.

xv) Nobody should be allowed to ignite fire in living tents

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3.2 SAFETY IN STORAGE OF MATERIAL

i) All the store items should be properly stacked in racks.

v) The magnetic tapes/cartridges are to be stored in wooden or cardboard boxes.

vii) Electrical wiring should be underground within the store.

viii) Smoking should not be allowed near POL storage tanks.

3.2.1 Safety in storing spares / Consumables

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v) Do not top load electronic spares.

vi) On electronic boxes, mark the proper side up.

vii) When required, store PCBs in static free coverings.

ix) Protect photographic paper from sunlight exposure.

x) Containers having liquid consumables should be properly capped.

ii) Muffler should be used to reduce the noise.

iii) Generator should be kept in separate shed.

x) Guards should be fitted on fan and other moving parts.

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Communication plays an important role in seismic data acquisition. Proper

i) Onshore or onland operations

ii) Offshore or Marine operations

iii) Airborne operations

iv) Well survey (VSP)

The procedures and methodologies, in above classified operations is entirely different

5.1 ONSHORE SURVEYS

i) Reconnaissance & Control Point Survey

ii) Line Layout/Staking

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5.2 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENT OF SURVEY CREW

c) Theodolite with relevant accessories or Total station

d) GPS receiver sets for control point survey

e) Bulldozer for clearing lines in desert for vibroseis operations.

5.3 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR LAND SURVEY OPERATIONS

vi) Crew should be given first aid training.

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vii) Keep sufficient drinking water with the crew.

xii) Driving must be at a very low speed to avoid accidents.