Recommended Practices ON Static Electricity: I OISD - 110 Amended Edition

Sr.
Number:OISD/DOC/2013/162
Page No. I
OISD - 110
Amended edition
FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
ON
STATIC ELECTRICITY
OISD - RECOMMENDED PRACTICE - 110

First Edition, August 1990
Amended edition, August, 1999
Oil Industry Safety Directorate

Government of India
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
th
8 Floor, OIDB Bhavan,
Plot No. 2, Sector - 73
Noida – 201301 (U.P.)
Sr.Number:OISD/DOC/2013/162
Page No. II
OISD-RP-110
First Edition
August 1990
Amended edition,
August, 1999
FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
ON
STATIC ELECTRICITY
Prepared by
FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEE ON
PROCESS DESIGN & OPERATING PHILOSOPHIES
OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

th
8 Floor, OIDB Bhavan,
Noida – 201301 (U.P.)
Page No. III
Preamble
Indian petroleum industry is the energy lifeline of the nation and its continuous performance is essential for
sovereignty and prosperity of the country. As the industry essentially deals with inherently inflammable
substances throughout its value chain – upstream, midstream and downstream – Safety is of paramount
importance to this industry as only safe performance at all times can ensure optimum ROI of these national
assets and resources including sustainability.
While statutory organizations were in place all along to oversee safety aspects of Indian petroleum industry, Oil
Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) was set up in 1986 Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of
India as a knowledge centre for formulation of constantly updated world-scale standards for design, layout and
operation of various equipment, facility and activities involved in this industry. Moreover, OISD was also given
responsibility of monitoring implementation status of these standards through safety audits.
In more than 25 years of its existence, OISD has developed a rigorous, multi-layer, iterative and participative
process of development of standards – starting with research by in-house experts and iterating through seeking &
validating inputs from all stake-holders – operators, designers, national level knowledge authorities and public at
large – with a feedback loop of constant updation based on ground level experience obtained through audits,
incident analysis and environment scanning.
The participative process followed in standard formulation has resulted in excellent level of compliance by the
industry culminating in a safer environment in the industry. OISD – except in the Upstream Petroleum Sector – is
still a regulatory (and not a statutory) body but that has not affected implementation of the OISD standards. It
also goes to prove the old adage that self-regulation is the best regulation. The quality and relevance of OISD
standards had been further endorsed by their adoption in various statutory rules of the land.
Petroleum industry in India is significantly globalized at present in terms of technology content requiring its
operation to keep pace with the relevant world scale standards & practices. This matches the OISD philosophy of
continuous improvement keeping pace with the global developments in its target environment. To this end, OISD
keeps track of changes through participation as member in large number of International and national level
Knowledge Organizations – both in the field of standard development and implementation & monitoring in
addition to updation of internal knowledge base through continuous research and application surveillance,
thereby ensuring that this OISD Standard, along with all other extant ones, remains relevant, updated and
effective on a real time basis in the applicable areas.
Together we strive to achieve NIL incidents in the entire Hydrocarbon Value Chain. This, besides other issues,
calls for total engagement from all levels of the stake holder organizations, which we, at OISD, fervently look
forward to.
Jai Hind!!!
Executive Director
Oil Industry Safety Directorate

Page No. IV
FOREWORD
The Oil Industry in India is 100 years old. As such variety of practices have been in
vogue because of collaboration / association with different foreign companies and
governments. Standardisation in design philosophies and operating and
maintenance practices at a national level was hardly in existence. This, coupled with
feedback from some serious accidents that occurred in the recent past in India and
abroad, emphasized the need for the industry to review the existing state of art in
designing, operating and maintaining oil and gas installations.
With this in view, the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, in 1986, constituted a
Safety Council assisted by Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD), staffed from within
the industry, in formulating and implementing a series of self-regulatory measures
aimed at removing obsolescence, standardising and upgrading the existing
standards to ensure safe operations. Accordingly, OISD constituted a number of
Functional Committees of experts nominated from the industry to draw up standards
and guidelines on various subjects.
The present document on “Recommended practices on Static Electricity” was

prepared by the functional committee on “Process Design and Operating
Philosophies”. While some of the installations do not have a Work Permit System, a
wide variety of practices exist even among those who practice the Work Permit
System. This document is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of
Industry members and the various national and international codes and practices. It
is hoped that provisions of this standard if implemented objectively, may go a long
way to improve the safety and reduce accidents in Oil and Gas Industry.
Suggestions are invited from the users for futher improve-ment after it is put into
practice. Suggesstions for amendments to this standard should be addressed to
The Co-ordinator,
Committee on “Process Design and Operating Philosopies”,
OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE
8th Floor, OIDB Bhavan,
Noida – 201301 (U.P.)
This document in no way supersedes the statutory
regulations of CCE, Factory inspectorate or any other
statutory body, which shall be followed as applicable.
Page No. V
NOTE
OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE publications are prepared for

use in the Oil and gas industry under Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
These are the property of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and shall not
be reproduced or copied and loaned or exhibited to others without written
consent from OISD.
Though every effort has been made to assure the accuracy and
reliability of data contained in these documents, OISD hereby expressly
disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from their
use.
These documents are intended only to supplement and not replace the
prevailing statutory requirements.
Note 1
in superscript indicates the changes / modifications /
additions as approved in 17th Safety Council Meeting held in
July, 1999.
Page No. VI
FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEE
ON
PROCESS DESIGN AND OPERATING PHILOSOPIES
LIST OF MEMBERS
Name Designation / Organisation Status
S/Shri
W.D. Lande DGM (TECH), HPCL, Member Leader
Visakh Refinery
G. Raghunathan Chief Manager (Process) Member
HPCL Visakh Refinery
B.K. Sedani DGM (Elect.) Member
ONGC Bombay
N.N. Gogoi DGM (LPG, Member
OIL, Duliajan till Oct.87
Shri. A. Sinha Dy. Planning Manager Member
(B&MIS), OIL Duliajan
S.V. Puthil Chief Instl.Manager Member till
HPCL (Mkt). Bombay Jan.89
A.M. Pradhan Sr.Mgr (Safety & Insp.) Member
HPCL, Bombay
S.V. Save DGM (West Coast Refin) Member
HPCL, Bomaby Refinery
M.A. Sreekumar Chief Mgr.(TECH) Member
CRL, Cochin
A. Varadarajan Chief Mgr. (Proc. Devel.) Member
MRL, Madras
B.K. Trehan Addtl. Director , Member
OISD, New Delhi Till Jan. 89
D.K. Sen Additional Director Member
OISD New Delhi Coordinator
In addition to the above several experts from industry contributed in the preparation, review and finalisation of the
document.
Page No. VII
LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS
1. Shri. W.D. Lande, GM (Proj.) 6. Shri. S.V. Save, DGM

Member - Leader, (West Coast Refinery),
OISD Functional Committee Member-OISD Functional Committe
Hindustan Petroleum Corporate Ltd., Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.,
Visakh Refinery, Post Box No.15, Petroleum House,
VISAKHAPATNAM – 530 001. 17, Jamshedji Tata Road,
BOMBAY - 400 020.
2. Shri. G. Raghunathan, Chief Manager (Process) 7. Shri. M.A. Sreekumar, Chief Mgr.(Tech.)
Member - OISD Functional Committee Member-OISD Functional Committee
Hindustan Petroleum Corporate Ltd., Cochin Refineryes Ltd.
Visakh Refinery, Post Box No.15, Post Bag No.2,
VISAKHAPATNAM - 530 001. Ambalamugal-682 302.
3. Shri. B.K. Sedani, GM (Elect.) 8. Shri.A. Varadarajan, Chief Mgr (Proc.Devlt.)
Member-OISD Functional Committee Member-OISD Functional Committee
ONGC, Marine Survey, 12th Floor, Madras Refineries Ltd,
Express Tower, Nariman Point, 480 Anna Salai,
BOMBAY - 400 021. MADRAS - 600 035.
4. Shri.A. Sinha, Dy.Plannin g Manager (B & MIS) 9. Shri.D.K. Sen, Addl.Director

Member-OISD Functional Committee Member-Coordinator
Oil Indial Limited, OISD Functional Committee,
DULIAJAN-786 602 Oil Industry Safety Directorate,
ASSAM 409, New Delhi House,
27, Barakhamba Road,
NEW DELHI-110 001.
5. Shri A.M. Pradhan, Sr. Mgr (Safety & Insp.)
Member-OISD Functional Committee
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.,
Safety & Inspection Training Centre,
3/4, S.V. Road & Turner Road Junction,
Bandra, BOMBAY - 400 050.
Page No. VIII
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES ON STATIC ELECTRICITY
CONTENTS
SL. NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope 1
2.0 Background on Static Electricity 1
2.1 What is Static Electricity 1
2.2 Conductivity 1
2.3 Relaxation Time 1
3.0 Theory of Static Electricity 2
3.1 Generation 2
3.2 Rate of Generation 3
3.3 Accumulation 3
3.4 Conductivity 3
3.5 Static Discharge 3
3.6 Sparks and Arcs 5
3.7 Sparking Potential 5
3.8 Ignition Energy 5
4.0 Common Sources of Static Electricity 8
5.0 Guidelines for Control of Static Electricity 8
5.1 General 8
5.2 Spraying, Splashing & Misting 9
5.3 Agitation and Mixing 9
5.4 Water 9
5.5 Flow Velocity 9
5.6 Filters 10
5.7 Gauging and Sampling 10
5.8 Insulated Conductive Objects 11
5.9 Projections and probes 11
5.10 Bonding 11
Page No. IX
CONTENTS (Continued)
SL. NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
5.11 Grounding 12
5.12 Use of Additives 12
5.13 Internal Coating 12
6.0 Specific Guidelines for Control of Static Electricity 12
6.1 Storage Tanks 12
6.2 Tank Trucks, Tank Cars, Fuders 13
6.3 Small Containers (Drums, Cans) 14
6.4 Leaky LPG Cylinders 15
6.5 Tank Cleaning 15
6.6 Synthetic Fiber Cords 15
6.7 Belt 15
6.8 Wearing Apparel 16
6.9 Sand or Shot Blasting 16
7.0 Effective Bonding/Earthing Systems : 16
7.1 For Tankwagon Loading/Unloading Gantry 16
7.2 Tanktruck loading and unloading Gantry 16
7.3 Barge/Tanker Jetty Operations 17
7.4 Pipelines/Pumps 17
7.5 Storage Tanks 17
7.6 Sampling/Gauging 17
7.7 Filling small Containers 17
8.0 Classification of Products 17
8.1 Non-accumulators 18
8.2 Accumulators 18
8.3 Low Vapour-Pressure Products 18
8.4 Intermediate Vapour-Pressure Products 18
8.5 High Vapour-Pressure Products 19
9.0 References 19
Appendix ‘A’ 20
Appendix ‘B’ 21
Appendix ‘C’ 22
Appendix ‘D’ 23
OISD – RP – 110 Page No. 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION
It is not possible always in a plant to prevent the formation of explosive mixture, so a possible source of
ignition must be exclude from these areas. Sparks and arcs which result form switches, starters, relays &
similar devices have been rendered harmless by explosion-proof installations. However, there exists an
ever present fire hazard in the processing industries from ignition with may arise from static sparks.
1.1 SCOPE
The purpose of this document is to assist in reducing fire hazard of static electricity by presenting a
discussion of the nature and origin of static charges, the general methods of mitigation and
recommendations in certain specific operations for its dissipation. The application is limited to petroleum
production, refining and marketing installations.
2.0 BACKGROUND ON STATIC

ELECTRICITY
2.1 WHAT IS STATIC ELECTRICITY ?
Static Electricity is a phenomenon of electrification of materials through physical contact and separation
and the various effects that result from the positive and negative charges so formed. In general, static
electricity results form removal of electrons from the atoms of one material (leaving it with positive
charge) and absorption of these electrons on the second material (negative charge) during physical
separation of the two materials.
Both materials remain charged if they are well insulated electrically. The generation of static electricity
cannot be prevented absolutely, because its intrinsic origins are present at every interface.
2.2 CONDUCTIVITY
A charge on one body can induce a charge on a second body that is brought near it (See Appendix : A).
Now, assume a charged insulated conductor is brought close to a second insulated conductor. Like
charges are induced on the opposite end of the second conductor. Unlike charges are induced on the near
end of the second conductor, bound to the original charges.
If, the opposite end of the second conductor is momentarily grounded, the like charge disappears but the
bound unlike charge remains. Then, if the original charge conductor is removed, the second conductor
retains the unlike charge which is no longer bound. There is a voltage between the second conductor and
ground.
Poor conductors behave similarly, but when the charge is in the body of the conductor, more time is
required for the transfer. This is important in liquid hydrocarbons because the charge must move out of
the liquid’s body to the surface before it can transfer to the inside of the container.
2.3 RELAXATION TIME
Relaxation time is a measure of the time it takes charge to leak away form a charged liquid when the
liquid fills a metal container connected to ground. The time varies with the product. it is actually the time
in seconds to remove 63 percent of the charge.
“OISD hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting
from the use of OISD Standards/Guidelines.”

Zero charge is only approached (but not reached) in four or five times the relaxation time,  (tau).  is
approximately equal to 18 divided by the conductivity of the liquid hydrocarbon in picomhos per meter.
For example, if a product has a conductivity of 1 picomho per meter,  is 18 seconds. Thus no charge
will be approached in 90 seconds. If the conductivity were raised to 100 picomhos per meter,  would be
only 0.2 second. So practically zero charge condition would remain after 1 second.
3.0 THEORY OF STATIC ELECTRICITY

3.1 GENERATION
Generation of electric charge, usually occurs whenever a liquid, for instance a hydrocarbon, flow past a
solid or another liquid. The
degree of charge generation in the case of oil products is determined not solely by the nature of such
liquids or solids but also by the type and concentration of certain trace compounds which are nearly
always present in solution in oil products.
Static electricity is generated by the separation of like or unlike bodies. Electro-static charges, positive
& negative, always occur in pair and are developed when any tow bodies that have been in contact are
separated. The negative charges migrate to one body, leaving the other body with a positive charge.
For sufficient charges to be developed, the bodies must become and remain insulated with respect to
each other so that the electrons, which have passed over the boundary surface or interface, are trapped
when separation occurs. Insulation may occur through complete physical separation o the bodies or
because at least one of the bodies is an insulator. Petroleum products which have a low conductivity
can serve as an insulators
3.1.1 Generation due to fluid flow:
Of most importance in our operations is the contact and separation which takes place in flowing liquids.
The liquid, prior to flow, contains equal quantities of ions, positively and negatively charged, and is
electrically neutral. However, ions of one sign are preferentially absorbed by the surface of the container
or pipe, leaving a surplus of ions of the opposite sign in the liquid at the interface. Upon liquid flow,
charging of the liquid occurs because the absorbed icons are separated from the free ions by turbulence.
The opposite charge is usually conducted throughout the metallic pipe wall, in the same direction
because of the natural attraction between opposite charges. Ionizable impurities, such as water, metal
oxide, or chemicals, increase the static generation characteristics.
The flow of electricity caused by he entertainment of charged particles in the flowing fluid is known as
the streaming current. if this charged stream enters a container or tank, an equal but opposite charge will
be induced on the inside surfaces of the tank, Also, a charge of the same sign as the incoming stream
will be induced on the outside of the tank. These induced charges arise from charge separation within
the tank wall following exposure to the electrostatic field created by the incoming charged liquid stream.
3.1.2 Generation due to settling.
Strong electrostatic fields may also be generated by droplets of sold particles settling in a medium of low
conductivity, or by agitation of such particles within the medium. If a liquid in a tank containing ionizable
impurities is subject to turbulence, the separation of ions can result in electrostatic charging within the
body. Such charging may cause significant variations in voltage within the liquid or on the liquid surface.
There is no change in the neutrality of total charge within the tank as long as no charged fluid flows into
or out of the tank.

3.2 RATE OF GENERATION
The generating mechanism is related primarily to rat of flow, ionic content, materials turbulence, and
surface area of the interface. The rate of electrostatic generation in a pipeline or hose increases with
increasing length of pipe or hose to a maximum liming value. The maximum limiting value is related to
liquid velocity and conductivity and will be greater for high velocities of liquid flow than for low
velocities. The large surface area of filters causes them to be prolific generators of static electricity.
3.3 ACCUMULATION
Hazardous electrostatic charges can accumulate only on bodies which are relatively well insulated from
each other and from ground. Otherwise, charges leak away and recombine with their counterparts as
fast as they are formed. Electrostatic charges can accumulate on the surface of petroleum products
which have a sufficiently high resistivity. Humidity has little effect on the migration of charges across
hydrocarbon liquid surfaces. The amount of electrostatic charge which may accumulate on an insulated
body depends upon:
 The rate at which the static charge is being generated.
 The resistance of paths by which the charge leaks off (dissipates).
3.4 CONDUCTIVITY
The ability of liquid to retain an electrostatic charge is a function of its conductivity. This characteristic
may be expressed in terms of conductivity (1 conductivity unit = 1 picomho per meter (or) picosiemens
per meter = 10 to the power of minus 14 ohm to the power of minus 1 or in the inverse from as resistivity
(1 resistivity unit = 10 to the power of 14 ohm cm). Metals have very high conductivity and oils have low
conductivity.
Electrostatic generation is not significant when the conductivity of the liquid exceeds 50 picomhos per
meter. Above this value, the charges recombine as fast as they are separated. Thus a conductivity of 50
picomhos per meter is the recommended minimum for the adequate removal of charge from a liquid.
However, there is an overall lower limit of connectivity of 10 picomhos per meter below which static
charges may not be dissipated easily by earthing and bonding.
An important characteristic in connection with electrostatic hazards is the half-value time of the liquid.
This is the time taken for the charge in a liquid, completely filling a closed metal container, to decrease to
half its original value. The half value time is inversely proportional to the conductivity and directly
proportional to the dielectric constant of the liquid. A residence time (relaxation time) of 3 to 4 times the
half value time may be assumed to be adequate for charges to “relax”. The Table-I shows the
relationship between conductivity’s and half value times of various liquids.
3.5 STATIC DISCHARGE
In actual practice, electrostatic charges constantly leak from a charged body because they are always
under the attraction of an equal but opposite charge. This leakage characteristic is called relaxation; and,
because of this, the most static sparks are produced while the generating mechanism is active. It is
possible, however, for charges generated in moving some refined petroleum products to remain for a time
after the fluid has stopped because of the insulation qualities of the fluid.

TABLE - I
LIST OF CONDUCTIVITIES & HALF VALUE TIME OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS
Liquid Conductivity Conductivity Half Value

(Conductivity units (ohm-1 m-1) Time
(Sec.)
Highly purified 0.001 10 (-15) 12,0000

Hydrocarbons
Light Distillates from 0.01 to 10 10(-14) to 10 (-11) 1200 to 12

refinery operation
Shell Jet A-1 150 to 300 15 X 10 (-11) to 0.08 to 0.04

with ASA-3 30 X 10 (-1)
Crude Oil 1000 to 100,000 10 (-9) to 10 (-7) 0.012 to 0.00012
Distilled water 1 X 10 (8) 10 (-4) 12 X 10 (-8)
Source : Fire & Safety Manual – Refineries & Petrochemical Panel – National Safety Council

3.6 SPARKS AND ARCS:

A spark is essentially a transient phenomenon & can be described as the passage of an electric charge
across a gap between tow points not previously in contact. An arc is defined as the flow of electric
current that occurs at the instant of separation of two points previously in contact. Electrostatic
discharges are usually sparks.
3.7 SPARKING POTENTIAL :

For static electricity to discharge as a spark, the voltage across the spark gap must be above a certain
magnitude. In air, at sea level, the minim sparking voltage is approximately 350 volts for the shortest
measurable length of gap. Increased gaps require proportionately higher voltages with the actual voltage
dependent upon the dielectric strength of the material (or gas) which fills the space in the gap. For air,
the dielectric strength is approximately 30,000 volts per cm. Therefore, the voltage across a 1 inch air
gap would have to be over 75,000 volts in order for spark discharge to occur.
In the petroleum industry, these spark gaps will assume many forms and appear at various locations.
For example, a spark gap may be formed between a tank vehicle and the overhead filling downspout if
they are not bonded together or in metallic contact. In this case, a static potential difference is
developed between the tank vehicle and the downspout due to the static charges generated during the
f!ow of product into the compartment.
The potential developed is related to the amount of charge on a body and to the capacitance of this body
with respect to its surroundings. Since the capacitance of a body with respect to its surroundings
depends upon its size and position, it follows that the same charge will not always result in the same
voltage and, hence, sparking may or may not occur.
Under the continuous influence of a charge generating mechanism, the voltage of a an insulated body
continues to grow. As the voltage becomes greater, the rate at which charge will leak through the
insulation will grow since no insulation is perfect. At some voltage, the leakage of charge will be equal to
the rate at which the charge is being placed upon the insulated body and a stabilized condition will be
reached.
If this stabilized voltage is below the required sparking potential, no sparking will occur. if the stabilized
voltage is above sparking potential, then sparking will occur before stabilization is reached.
3.8 IGNITION ENERGY

The mere fact that a spark results from high voltage does not mean that ignition of a flammable mixture
will occur. In order to initiate combustion, sufficient energy must be transferred form the spark to the
surrounding flammable mixture.
Experiments under the most favourable conditions have ignited petroleum vapour-air mixtures at
approximately 0.25 millijoules. The energy requirement increases as the mixture composition
approaches the lean or rich sides of the flammable range; it at a minimum where a slightly richer than
ideal mixture composition is attained.
The energy requirement is also increased by a variety of other factors which tend to decrease the
availability of the stored energy to flammable mixture:
a) A portion of the energy will be dissipated in a resistive portion of the discharge circuit and not be
available at the spark gap.

b) The electrodes, across which the sparking occurs, will be of a shape and material so that a portion
of the energy in the spark will be used to heat the electrodes & will be available in its entirely to
heat the material in the gap. This is more pronounced with short gaps and is known as its
quenching effect.
c) The spark gap may be so long that the energy is distributed over too great a path length. The
energy is not concentrated sufficiently to heat the mixture to ignition temperature.
The typical values of Minimum Ignition Energy (mj), along with the Minimum Experimental Safe Gap
(mm) and the quenching distance (mm) for some hazardous materials are presented in Table-II. Also,
the effect of fuel concentration on Minimum Spark Ignition Energy is presented in Appendix; B.

TABLE - II
MINIMUM IGNITION ENERGY, MAX. EXPERIMENTAL SAFE GAP AND QUENCHING DISTANCE
FOR VARIOUS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS.
Minimum Spark Maximum Quenching

Ignition Energy Experimental Distance
Chemical
(mj) Safe Gap (mm)
(mm)
Methane 0.47 1.14 2.16

Ethane 0.285 0.91 2.29
Propane 0.305 0.92 1.75
n-Butane 1.07 2.41
Isobutane 0.52
n-Pentane 0.49 0.39 2.07
Isopentane 0.70
n-Hexane 0.29 1.52
Cyclohexane 1.38 0.94 1.78

n-Heptane 0.24 1.78
Methonal 0.215
Ethylene 0.096 0.65 1.25
Propylene 0.28 0.91 2.03

Benzene 0.55 0.99 1.87
Ethylene Dichloride 1.82
Ethylene Oxide 0.087 0.59 1.18
Acetlylene 0.02 0.37 0.52

Carbon Monoxide 0.91
Ammonia >1000 3.18
Hydrogen 0.02 0.20 0.50
Hydrogen Sulphide 0.068

Carbon Disulphide 0.015 0.20 0.55
Vinyl Chloride 0.96
Acetone 1.15 1.01

4.0 COMMON SOURCES OF STATIC ELECTRICITY

Some common sources of static electricity which are experienced in oil industry are as follows:
a) Pulverised materials passing through chutes or pneumatic conveyors, e.g. catalyst handling.
b) Steam or air/gas flowing from any opening in a pipe or hose, when steam is wet or the air or gas
stream contains particulate matter, e.g. steaming of hydrocarbon tanks while cleaning or use of
steam eductors for tank degassing/ ventilations & use of steam/air lances.
c) Non-conductive power transmission belts or conveyor belts in motion.
d) Moving vehicles.
e) Motion of all sorts that involve changes in relative position of cont-acting surfaces, usually of
dissimilar liquids or solids, e.g. Loose wooden /metallic pieces/ projections in tanks / pipes /
vessels, etc.
f) Hydrocarbon flow through micro-filters made of paper/felt elements.
g) Hydrocarbon liquids flowing at high velocities in pipes/nozzles/fittings, etc.
h) Spraying/splashing and misting, such as:
 Free fall of liquid driplets through vapour spaces.
 Splash loading of hydrocarbon liquids.
i) Agitation/mixing & blending including mechanical mixing/agitation with air /steam/gas/ jet nozzles.
j) Water entrainment, e.g. free presence of water in hydrocarbon products or in tanks.
k) Switch loading (term used to describe a product being loaded into a tank or compartment which
previously held a product of different vapour pressure) can result in ignition when low vapour
pressure products are put into a cargo tank containing a flammable vapour from previous usage,
e.g. Furnace Oil loaded into a tank which last carried gasoline.
5.0 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR CO-NTROL OF STATIC ELECTRICITY

5.1 GENERAL :
The following is a general discussion of the conditions which must exist in order to have incendiary
electrostatic sparking. It also covers the major electrostatic generating & spark promoting mechanisms
together with steps which can be taken to prevent gene-ration, accumulation or sparking. This
information forms the basis for establishing the specific guidelines contained in Section 6-0
In order for an electrostatic charge to be a source of ignition, four conditions must be fulfilled :
  There must be a means of electrostatic charge generation.
  There must be an accumulator of an electrostatic charge capable of producing an incendiary spark.
 There must be a means of discharging the accumulated electrostatic charge in the form of an
incendiary spark such as a spark gap.
 There must be a flammable vapour within the spark gap.
Ignition hazards from electrostatic sparks can be eliminated by controlling the above.
Since electrostatic accumulation to incendiary potential can only occur with products that have a
relatively low conductivity, the following discussion primarily pertain to those liquids which are classified
as electro-static accumulators. Likewise, they are confined to situations where flammable vapour-air
mixtures might occur.

5.2 SPRAYING, SPLASHING AND MISTING

An electrostatic charge may be generated on liquid droplets when permitted to have a free-fall through a
tank vapour space. Also, the charged droplets falling into the oil surface in the tank will increase the
bulk liquid electrostatic charge. In addition, the falling or splashing liquid can agitate the liquid in the tank
which also can increase the bulk electrostatic charge. If the bulk liquid charge reaches a high enough
potential sparking may occur across the liquid surface or to the shell of the tank.
Consequently, spray or splash filling or free-fall through a vapour space should be avoided. Further,
misting, in addition to creating an electrostatic charge, may create a flammable vapour space over a high
flash product which under normal circumstances would be too lean to be hazardous.
Charged droplets, such as in a heavy mist, my also be subject to electrostatic dis-charges between clouds
or vapour droplets even though the product has a high conductivity. This phenomenon, however, is
generally confined to locations where large mist clouds can be formed, such as in a large tank. Thank
truck compartments are not sufficiently large to form mist clouds of sufficient size.
Agitation and misting can be avoided by providing a drop piece to the tank bottom when top loading, or
reducing velocities until inlet nozzle is well covered to prevent surface agitation.
5.3 AGITATION AND MIXING
The generation of an electrostatic charge in hydrocarbons influenced by movement of the product such as
by mechanical mixing or agitation with air, steam, gas or jet nozzles. If such agitation occurs in a liquid
hydro-carbon with a substantially low conductivity like ATF, Kerosene, a high electrostatic charge may be
built in the bulk liquid. If there is a flammable vapour space above the surface of the liquid, ignition may
occur. Consequently, agitation should be avoided where there is a likelihood of flammable vapour space.
With high velocity jet mixing nozzles, a charge may also result from the stream breaking the liquid surface
and coming down as a spray or mist. The latter condition usually exists when the liquid level is low. It is
recommended that mixing nozzles be commissioned after ensuring minimum level in the tank to prevent
the stream from breaking through the liquid surface.
5.4 WATER :
The presence of water in hydrocarbons presents several electrostatic generating possibilities. First, water
entrained in a hydrocarbon enhances the electrostatic generation properties of the hydrocarbon when
moving through pipes, pumps or other equipment. Secondly, a very strong electrostatic field occurs when
droplets of water settle out in the hydrocarbon. It should be noted that this settling phenomenon continues
for some period after pumping has ceased.
Since it is not uncommon to have water in hydrocarbons resulting form such operations as water washing,
line flushing, etc., care should be taken to avoid unnecessary mixing. For example, water flushed lines
should be drained, and water bottoms in tanks should not be agitated.
5.5 FLOW VELOCITY
5.5.1 In Tanks

In keeping with the above discussions of splash filling and agitation, it is obvious that velocities of
incoming liquids should be kept low enough to avoid splashing and excessive agitation. Velocities of
liquids entering tanks should be held to 1 ft/second) initially until the inlet nozzle is well covered. Note 1
After the inlet is covered, the velocities of stocks entering tanks should be kept low enough to avoid both
breaking the surface and excessive agitation. Velocities upto 4.5 m/second (15 ft/second) may be used
for tanks of 45 cubic meter (10,000 gallons) capacity or less & 10.6 m/sec. (35 ft/second) for tanks larger
than 45 cubic meter (10,000 gallons capacity. An exception is made for low flash turbo fuels where
velocity should be restricted to 6.1 m/second (20 ft/second) regardless of tank size due to the lower
conductivity of turbo fuels. However, the flow velocity into the tank should be restricted to 1m/second, if
the free water is present in a low conducting stock.
5.5.2 In Pipes :
In pipelines handling non-conductive petroleum products, the flow velocity should be restricted to the
values indicated in Appendix “c”, If water is entrained in the product, the velocity should be limited to 1
m/second.
5.6 FILTERS :
Because filters and filter separators have a large surface area exposed to fluid flow, they are prolific
electrostatic generators. This has been confirmed both by laboratory tests and experience.
Micropore paper elements probably generate the highest charges although cloth, felt, chamois and
similar non-conductive materials will also generate a high charge. While tests have not been made with
metal micropore filter elements., it is suspected that they also would generate a high charge, particularly
when they have an appreciable depth or thickness.
Deposits left on the filter elements from the fuel may have an increasing effect on their generating
capabilities throughout their service life.
On the other hand, thin metal screens and perforated metal baskets do not generate high charges.
Tests have shown that flow through a 1400 mesh screen did not produce an appreciable electrostatic
charge.
The high electrostatic charges developed by the flow of fluids through filters can be effectively reduced
by permitting sufficient time for charge relaxation to occur. It has been established that a 30 seconds
residence time is sufficient to lower the electrostatic charge to a safe level regard-less of the fluid
conductivity. Consequently, a minimum of 30 seconds holdup time should be built into the piping
system between the filter or filter separator and the receiving tank. This holdup may be provided by
enlarging or lengthening the piping downstream of the filter or by installing a relaxation tank. If a
relaxation tank is provided, it should not have a vapour space and baffles may be required to prevent by
passing which would reduce relaxation time.
Relaxation time is defined as the time it takes a particle of liquid leaving the filter to reach the receiving
tank. This relaxation time should be established on the basis of the maximum flow velocity permitted.
Theoretically, a 30 second relaxation time needs only to be provided for products that have low
conductivities and can generate flammable aporair mixtures. However, since filters are such prolific
electrostatic generators, this precaution is recommended for all services. This is to safe-guard against
charge in service, contamination or other abnormal situations. It will also provide protection if a high
flash point product, such as kerosene or fuel oil, is loaded into a tank which contains a flammable
mixture from previous service. (Loading heating oil into a tank truck which previously handled gasoline)

5.7 GAUGING AND SAMPLING :
Because there may be an electrostatic charge on the hydrocarbon in a tank, the insertion of a metallic or
conductive object into the tank before the charge has relaxed may be extremely hazardous. As the
conductive gauge or sampling device approaches the product surface, a spark gap can be formed
through which an electrostatic discharge might occur. Sparking could also occur as the gauge or
sampling device is withdrawing from the liquid. Therefore, metallic or conductive objects such as gauge
tapes, sample containers, thermometers, etc. should not be lowered into the tank during, or for a period
of time after, all pumping into the tank or circulation within the tank has ceased. For tank trucks, cars or
fullers, a 5 minutes waiting period should be observed for all storage tanks, tankers and barges.
The intention of the restriction is to avoid the introduction of either conductive probes or insulated
conductive objects. Devices which are completely non-conducting and can be so maintained, may be
used at any time. These may include glass sample bottles on polypropylene rope and non-conducting
gauge tape and rods when operator is earthed through the tank. This restriction does not apply to
gauging and sampling in a gauging well or pipe whose bottom end is submerged. However, for practical
considerations it is recommended to give the above mentioned relaxation time.
5.8 INSULATED CONDUCTIVE OBJECTS :
An insulated conductive object may accumulate an electrostatic charge when exposed to the stream of a
flowing fluid or when exposed to a mist such as a steam cloud. Accumulated charges can be quite large
& capable of producing an incendiary spark when a spark gap is formed. Also, a conductive object
floating on an oil surface can become charged due to its contact with the oil which may be electro-
statically charged due to movement or agitation. if such a floating object approaches a grounded object,
such as the tank shell, a spark gap can be formed.
Therefore, care must be taken to prevent an unbonded conductive objective from entering a tank.
Likewise, all metallic parts of a fill pipe assembly should form a continuous electrically conductive path
downstream from the point of bonding. For example, a metallic coupling on the end of a non-conductive
hose can become charged due to the flow of fluid. If the hose is inserted into the dome of a tank truck,
sparking might occur between the hose coupling and the shell of the tank, or to the liquid surface.
In order to avoid sparking between the metallic coupling on the hose and the shell of the tank or the liquid
surface, an external bonding connection between the metallic coupling shall be provided. Note 1
5.9 PROJECTIONS AND PROBES :

Conductive projections such as structural members or probes should be avoided in the vapour space of
tank. On a rising liquid level, a spark gap can be formed between the projection and product liquid
surface. If the product it electrostatically charged, incendiary sparking may occur.
5.10 BONDING :
Sparking between two conducting bodies can be prevented by an electrical bond attached to both bodies.
This bond prevents a difference in potential across the gap be-cause it provides a conductive path
through which the static charges can recombine. No charge, therefore, can accumulate & no spark can
occur. (Bonding of a tank or container has no effect on the liquid bulk charge within the tank or container).
Static bond wires are usually comparatively large because of mechanical considerations; therefore, bond
wire remittances are low. Such low resistance’s however, are not needed for static dissipation because

electrostatic currents are usually in the order or microamperes (millionths of an ampere). A bond
resistance of 1 megohm (1 million ohms) is entirely adequate for these small electrostatic currents since
the resultant voltage difference appearing across the bond wire terminals is too low for sparking.
Bolted connections within the bond wire or at the bond wire terminals are entirely adequate for static
dissipation. Soldered or brazed connections are unnecessary. Parts of metallic fill pipe assembly form a
continuous electrically conductive path and bond or jumper wires are not needed around flexible joints or
swivel joints. Tests and experience have shown that resistances of these joints are low enough to prevent
static charge accumulation. Conventional “U” clamps or other equivalent means for supporting riser
pipes on metallic loading racks provide an adequate conductive path and permit one end of a bon wire to
be fixed to the metallic loading rack rather than directly to the loading piping.
5.11 GROUNDING :
The earth may be used as part of the grounding system. Where the only gaps over which hazardous static
sparks can occur are between an insulated object and grounded object, such as between electrically
insulated vessels and grounded piping, the electrical insulation may be by passed by rounding the vessel.
This will prevent the accumulation of static charge on the vessel. However, grounding of a container or
tank cannot prevent the accumulation of charges on the surface of a liquid in the container if the liquid
has a low conductivity.
5.12 USE OF ADDITIVES:
Earthing alone may be insufficient to remove charges which have been accumulated in a liquid of low
conductivity. The most effective method of achieving removal of charges is to increase the conductivity
of the liquid to a safe value by means of an anti-static additive. In this way, charges can leak away so
rapidly that they can no longer accumulate to a dangerous extend. The effect of adding anti-static
additive along with other additives added should be discussed with the manufacturer before a decision on
the quantity of additive to be added is made.
5.13 INTERNAL COATING :
It is believed that a coat of paint, plastic coating, or layer of aluminum oxide on the inside of cargo or
storage tanks does not constitute an electrostatic hazard. Such films are not regards as barriers to the
flow of static charges because their resistivity is of the same order of magnitude as the oil.
6.0 SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR CONTROL OF STATIC ELECTRICITY
The following is a list of the specific guide-lines developed to avoid electrostatic sparking in the
presence of a flammable vapour-air mixture. (Refer section 8 for the definition of various product
classification, for the understanding / application of following text)
6.1 STORAGE TANKS :
6.1.1 General :
 Ensure earthing of tanks (Refer Section 7 for details)

 Ensure no metal objects/apurterances projecting from roof/shell plates which will attract highly
charged spots in fuel for dissipation.
 Ensure reduced rate of flow initially into tank/vessel until fill point/nozzle is completely submerged in
fluid (filling rate initially restricted to 1 mtr. per second).
 Ensure that all tanks are provided with Dip pipes extending to tank bottom. If Dip pipes are not
provided, give a relaxation time of 30 minutes before sampling/gauging.
 Ensure that only gauge tapes with earthing provision are used for gauging.
 Ensure periodic checking and recording of earthing test for tanks and piping systems are
maintained.
 Avoid high velocity or splash filling, in all types of products, (low vapour pressure, inter-mediate
vapour pressure and high vapour pressure) unless the tank is inerted, the product flash point
exceeds 54.4 Deg. C (130 Deg.F) and it is not heated to within 6.0 Deg. C (15 Deg. F) of its flash
point.
 Agitation with air, steam gas, jet nozzle or mechanical mixtures should be avoided.
6.1.2 Sampling of Products :
 Ensure nylon rope/cord is not used for sampling/gauging which is to be lowered into product tanks.
 Ensure no personnel is allowed on tank roof for gauging / sampling during product transfer unless
Dip pipes extend to bottom of tanks. Use only mechanical gauges for ascertaining product
transferred during transfer operations otherwise.
 Ensure gauging/sampling of tank after product transfer is done only after relaxation time of 30 min.
unless Dip pipes extend to bottom of tank.
6.2 TANK TRUCKS, TANK CARS,

FUDERS :
6.2.1 Loading/unloading operations in Tank Wagon Gantries :
 Ensure proper grounding of gantry structure.

Note 1
 Ensure tank wagons are electrically bonded to gantry structure.
 Ensure that the tank cars are fully bonded with the chassis for electrical continuity.
 Ensure rails on which tank wagons stand are effectively earthed.
 Ensure rail siding is insulated/ isolated from main running track.

 Ensure piping / header systems are effectively bonded and in the case of rake, unloading hose
point.
 Ensure use of continuous electrically bonded decanting hoses.
 For tankwagon loading, ensure loading hose is electrically bonded with tank wagon manhole cover.
 Ensure splash filling is avoided for all white oil products, LDO and low intermediate and high vapour
pressure products by filling only wagons fitted with fill pipes.
 Ensure gauging/sampling of tank trucks, tank cars or fuders after product transfer is done only after
relaxation time of 10 minutes for ATF or 5 minutes for others, unless Dip pipes extend to bottom of
the tank trucks or tank cars.

Continuity tests for bonding across the piping shall be carried out. Note 1
6.2.2 Loading/Unloading Operations In Tanktruck Gantries :
 Ensure use of electrically continuous hoses having jumper wire between flanges coiled around hose.
 Ensure electrical bonding of wagon with under carriage for electrical continuity.
 For transfer mixing operations, ensure pumping rates are reduced to 0.5 metre per second until fill
lines/nozzles is completely submerged in product. This is particularly important when mixing gasoline/
kerosene/ HSD/ATF.
 Switch loading operation to be avoided. In switch loading the high flash product being loaded into the
tank car partially absorbs the vapour from the previous load of low flash product. Thus, in switch
loading, the vapour air mixture in the compartment becomes flammable as the tank car is loaded &
static sparks can ignite the flammable mixture causing an explosion.
 For transferring small quantities of product from tank trucks (for correcting dip etc.) do not use plastic
bucket or metallic bucket with plastic/plastic coated handles.
 Ensure gauging/sampling of tank trucks after product transfer is done only after relaxation time of 10
mins for ATF or 5 min for others; unless Dip pipes extend to bottom of the tank truck.
6.3 SMALL CONTAINERS (DRUMS, CANS)
 Protective bonding is not required if containers are filled through a closed system.
 Protective bonding is required when fill open containers where the product to be handled has a flash
point below 54.5 Deg.C (130 Deg.F) or, in the case of a higher flash point product, when it is heated to
within 6.0 Deg. C (15 Deg.F) of its flash point. The purpose is to keep the nozzle and container at the
same electrical potential, thus avoiding a possible static spark in the area of a flammable mixture.

 Provide 30 seconds relaxation between a filter and a container where ‘intermediate vapour pressure
products are handled.
 Small containers made up of plastic or other non-conductive materials should not be used for filling
of MS, Naphtha, Kerosene, Diesel etc.
6.4 LEAKY LPG CYLINDERS
Leaky LPG Cylinders should not be turned upside down for speedy evacuation. This can create static
charge generation hazard due to two phase flow (liquid and vapour) charge and this charge may lead to
fire if this charged stream hits any metallic object, which is not properly earthed.
6.5 TANK CLEANING
Introduction of steam into gassy tanks should be avoided. Washing gassy tanks by means of gas oil, or
other hydrocarbons using tank cleaning jets should be avoided.
Water washing is safe from a static electricity stand-point. However, there should be no insulated
conductive objects within the tank.
Air educators used for gas freeing tanks should be bonded to the tank.
6.6 SYNTHETIC FIBER CORDS
Synthetic Fiber Cords can cause static electricity to be generated when they are allowed to run rapidly
through an operator’s gloved hand, such as is practised sampling
while sampling, dipping, gauging, etc. Since the charge generating cannot be prevented, hazards must
be combated by preventing the charge from accumulating to too high a potential. Therefore, if synthetic
fiber cords are used, two conditions must be fulfilled :
a) the operator must be adequately earthed (one mega ohm).
b) the sampling etc. equipment must be of non-conductive material.
Natural fibers such as sisal and manila have sufficient conductivity to prevent the operator from
becoming charged by handling it. Thus condition (a) becomes unnecessary, and it is recommended that
condition (b) remains & should be adhered to.
If the sampling, gauging, dipping, etc., equipment is a conductor, the cord must be conductive, e.g. a
metal wire. Metal chains should not be used instead.
6.7 BELT :
Belt made of rubber, leather or other insulating material, running at moderate or high speeds can
generate considerable quantities of static electricity. Generation occurs when the belt separates from
the pulley and charges will occur on the pulley (regardless of whether it is conducting or non-
conducting) as well as on the belt. if pulley is made of conducting materials, the charge normally will be
dissipated through the shaft and bearing to the ground and offer no ignition hazard. In some case
however, where the machinery frame is insulated or the bearings are composed of insulating materials
such as Nylon, bonding or grounding may be required.

Accumulation of static charges on the belt can be eliminated through the use of a conductive belt or by
making it conductive through use of belt dressings which are available for this purpose.
These dressings must be renewed frequently to be considered reliable or effective.
General practice has been to avoid the use of flat belts in hazardous area. There is less concern with
Vee belt drives as they are less likely to develop static charges than flat belt.
6.8 WEARING APPAREL :

A great may fabrics under favarouble conditions may generate static electricity. This may occur when
the fabrics are brought into contact with outer materials and then separated or when rubbed on various
substances. Most synthetic fabrics (Nylon, Orlon, Dacron, Rayon, etc) are somewhat more active
generators than natural fabrics. Both rubber and leather soled shoes generate static electricity when
dragged against dry carpeting or other non-conductive surfaces during period of low humidity. Such
potentialities should be recognised and prudence exercised on any occasion when flammable vapours
are present.
6.9 SAND OR SHOT BLASTING :

In sand or shot blasting operations, static electricity is generated by the sand or shot flowing through the
blasting machine and hose. The sweeping effect of the air prevents flammable concentration from
occurring within the stream pattern. Bonding should be provided between sand or shot blast nozzle and
the work surface. The work surface should be grounded. Sparks have been observed jumping form the
rubber hose to grounded objects during sand or shot blasting. This, care should be exercised so that the
hoses will not be passed through areas where flammable mixtures exist. The atmosphere around the
tank to be blasted and within 15 meters of the sand or shot blasting operation must be gas free. When
the tank containing a product has to be sand or shot blasted externally, during the whole period of
operation there shall be no pumping into or out of the tank in question or those adjacent to it which
contain products with a flash point below 51.5 Deg. C. Tanks containing gasoline or any product for
which the vapour space tests more than 20 % of the lower explosive limit must be emptied and rendered
gas free before sand or shot blasting. If the vapour content of the space above the oil is less than 20%
of the lower explosive limit, sand or shot blasting may be done on all external surfaces including the
roof.
The air intake to the sand or shot blasting equipment must be in an area free from combustible vapours.
7.0 EFFECTIVE BONDING / EARTHING SYSTEMS:
Recommended earthing & bonding systems are given below with specifications:
7.1 FOR TANKWAGON LOADING / UNLOADING GANTRY:
Note 1
 Continuity between rail and gantry shall be ensured by checking at a suitable frequency.
 The gantry structure to be suitably earthed in earthing pits of standard specifications (as per electrical
installations and number of earthings also to be as per standards IS-3043 & IS-7689 and OISD-
108.Note1
 Tankwagon siding to be insulated from main running track.


7.2 TANKTRUCK LOADING AND UNLOADING GANTRY :
 For the gantry 6 mm Sq. braided copper wire with one end firmly bolted to the gantry and the other
end provided with G.I crocodile clips are to be used, the crocodile clips being attached to the tank-
truck under loading or discharging.
 The gantry to be suitably earthed as indicated for tankwagon gantry.

 During tanktruck discharge at retail outlets, 6 mm Sq. braided copper wire of suitable length with
crocodile clips on either side are to be used for bonding between tank truck under discharge and
receiving tank pipeline.
7.3 BARGE/TANKER JETTY OPERATIONS :
 6 mm Sq. braided copper wire with crocodile clips on either side are to be used for bonding between
barges/tankers under loading/discharge at jetty.
 Jetty pipeline to be suitably earthed as indicted for tanktruck gantry.
7.4 PIPELINES/PUMPS :
 Running pipelines are to be bonded with loading gantries by running copper strip jumpers suitably
bolted to the flanges.
 The gantry structure to be suitably earthed in earthing pits of standard specifications (as per electrical
installations and number of earthings also to be as per Standards IS-3043 & IS-7689 and OISD-STD-
108). Note 1
7.5 STORAGE TANKS:
 All storage tanks are to be earthed separately as per electrical specifications "IS-3043-1966, IS-7689 -
1994 and OISD-STD-108. Note 1
7.6 SAMPLING /GAUGING :
 For sampling jars to be inserted into product tanks, use only manila ropes.
When the filling nozzle is in electrical contact with the container and will remain so throughout the filling
operation, no special bond is required.
7.7 FILLING SMALL CONTAINERS
When the filling nozzle may not be, or remain, in continuous electrical contact with the container, the
container shall rest on a metal base-plate while being filled. This baseplate shall be bonded to the supply
piping. If the filling nozzle is inherently bonded to the supply piping, as by the use of metallic hose or
pipe, no further bond is required. If the filling nozzle is not inherently bonded to the supply piping, as
when a non metallic hose or pipe is used, an additional bond shall be provided between the nozzle and
the supply piping.

Bonding is not needed around flexible metallic joints or swivel joints.
8.0 CLASSIFICATION OR PRODUCTS.
The guidelines covered in Section-6 are based on avoiding an electrostatic discharge in the presence of a
flammable vapour. If an electrostatic charge cannot be generated of accumulated, or if a flammable
vapour-air condition cannot exist where sparking might occur, the precautions are relatively simple.
However, if static electricity generating and accumulating mechanism are present and a flammable
vapour-air mixture can exist, then detailed precautions must be ob-served.
Therefore, to apply the guidelines contained in Section-6, it is first necessary to classify the petroleum
hydrocarbon or product into one of the categories listed below. For ease of categorising, example have
been listed in each case. These examples, however, are not all-inclusive, and it is necessary to classify
each product. It must also be pointed out that examples listed are one the basis of normal handling
temperature in moderate climatic zones. If products are heated or cooled, the classification may
change. Therefore, at specific locations the classification example may change if substantial changes
occur in product handling temperature. The chart in Appendix-’D’ provides a means for determining the
temperature limits between which a flammable vapour-air mixture can occur. The temperature referred
to is the bulk liquid temperature, not atmospheric. Since this charge is on a calculated basis, it is
suggested that about a 3 Deg. C (5 Deg. F) safety margin be used when applying it.
High vapour pressure products, such as LPG and other compressed or liquefied gases, which are
handled in a closed system, are excluded from this classification system.
8.1 NON-ACCUMULATORS :
Certain petroleum products such as crude oil, residual fuel oil, asphalt (both penetration and cut back),
bunker C and residual products with Conradson carbon above 1%, and water soluble products such as
alcohol have a high conductivity and, therefore, do not accumulate an electrostatic charge. These liquids
are classified as non-accumulators.
8.2 ACCUMULATORS :
Distilled petroleum products, including petroleum solvents, are generally considered electrostatic
accumulators since they have a low conductivity. (Refer Section - 3.4 Conductivity). Methods for
classifying the products and examples in each category are as follows:
8.3 LOW VAPOUR-PRESSURE PRODUCTS:
Low vapour-pressure products are those that are handled at a bulk liquid temperature at least 8 Deg. C
(15 Deg. F) below their flash point. This classification usually includes those products with flash points
above 37.8 Deg. C (100 Deg. F). Products in this classification include heating oil, kerosene, TF-1 or
JP-1, diesel oil and special solvents.
These products do not represent a significant electrostatic ignition problem since the environmental
condition does not produce a flammable vapour unless they are heated above their flash point,
contaminated with high or intermediate vapour-pressure products, or loaded into tanks where a
flammable vapour-air mixture might exist from previous usage. An example of the latter case is heating
or furnace oil which is loaded into a tank truck which previously contained gasoline. This is commonly
called “Switch Loading”.
If a low vapour-pressure product is heated, contaminated, or loaded into a tank having flammable
vapour-air mixture, it must be field as an intermediate vapour pressure.

8.4 INTERMEDIATE VAPOUR-PRESSURE PRODUCTS:

Intermediate vapour-pressure products are those that are likely to produce a flammable vapour-air
mixture in the vapour space of a tank. Under normal liquid handling temp-eratures between about 2
Deg. C ( 35 Deg. F) and 37.8 Deg. C (100 Deg. F), flammable liquids having both a Reid Vapour
Pressure below 0.34 Kg/cm Sq. abs (5.0 psia) & a flash point below 37.8 Deg. C (100 Deg.F) will fall in
this classification. Examples of products in this classification are TF-4 or JP-4, and solvents such as
benzol, toluol, and xylol, Contaminated, heated, or “switch loaded’ low vapour-pressure products can be
in this classification as well as high vapour-pressure products handled below about 2 Deg. C ( 35 Deg.F)
8.5 HIGH VAPOUR - PRESSURE PRODUCTS:
High vapour - pressure products are those products whose Reid Vapour pressure is above 0.34 kg/cm
Sq. abs (5.0 Psia).
Products in this classification are aviation and motor grade gasolines, high vapour-pressure naphtha and
the like.
If a high vapour-pressure product is handled at a bulk temperature below about 2 Deg.C (35 Deg.F), its
classification could change to an intermediate vapour pressure product. The charge in Appendix-should
be referred to in these cases to determine if a flammable vapour-air mixture will occur.
If the bulk temperature of a high vapour-pressure product is such that a flammable mixture can occur, it
must be classified as an intermediate vapour pressure product.
9.0 REFERENCES
The following codes, standards and publications have either been referred to or used in the preparation of
this document, and the same shall be read in conjunction with this document.
(I) N E C 1979, Vol.14
(ii) Fire Protection Manual for Hydrocar-bon Processing Plants by Vervalin.
(iii) Fire and Safety Manual - Refineries & Petrochemical Panel - National Safety Council
(iv) N F P A - 1986
(v) IS - 3043 - 1966
(vi) IS - 7689 - 1974
(vii) API - 2003


APPENDIX : ‘A’
INDUCED CHARGE AND ITS BEHAVIOUR
Charged Conductor Uncharged

Conductor
Start
Induced Like Induced Opposite
Free Charge Bound Charge
Insert Charged Ball

Like Charge Opposite Bound
Removed by Charge Remains
Ground
Temporary Ground
Ground
Original Charge Free Opposite
Charge
Distant
Ground Voltage
“OISD hereby expressly
Removedisclaims
Ballany liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting

APPENDIX : ‘B’
EFFECT OF FUEL CONCENTRATION ON MINIMUM SPARK IGNITION ENERGY
11,3 hutadiene
Acetylene
product
Cyclo-
Ethyl Acetane
Equivalence Ratio
Acetylene
Ketone
Methyl
Methyl
Ethyl
Ethylene Oxide
n-Pentane
Propylene Oxide
Hydrogen
Carbon Disulfide
Propane
Minimium Spark Ignition Energy Millijoules

APPENDIX : ‘C’
PIPELINE DIAMETERS VERSUS MAXIMUM FLOW VELOCITY
I TANK BEING LOADED

LENGTH OF PIPELINE EFFECTVELY
INFINITE
TANK DIMENSIONS (METRES)
61-49-126
ULLAGE (METRES) 03
PRODUCT CONDUCTIVITY
01
500
Pipeline Diamet er (I nches)
Maximum Velocity (Metres/Sec.

APPENDIX : ‘D’
FLAMMABILITY CURVE
Reid Vapour Pressure in Psia
Product Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
The Relationship between temperature, Reid Vapour Pressure, and

Flammable limists of petroleum products at sea level.
Example : With a product such as Hexane (vapour pressure = 5.0), the vapour space of a tank will be within the
flammable limits for product temperatures of about –28° F to + 26°F, or when handling Heptane (vapour pressure
= 1.6) at a product temperature of 55°F, the vapour is within flammable limits and care to prevent static discharge
should be taken.

NOTES

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OISD - RECOMMENDED PRACTICE - 110

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

Page No. III

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

The present document on “Recommended practices on Static Electricity” was

OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE publications are prepared for

Name Designation / Organisation Status

Page No. VII

LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS

1. Shri. W.D. Lande, GM (Proj.) 6. Shri. S.V. Save, DGM

4. Shri.A. Sinha, Dy.Plannin g Manager (B & MIS) 9. Shri.D.K. Sen, Addl.Director

Page No. VIII

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES ON STATIC ELECTRICITY

SL. NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

OISD – RP – 110 Page No. 1

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES ON STATIC ELECTRICITY

2.0 BACKGROUND ON STATIC

2.1 WHAT IS STATIC ELECTRICITY ?

OISD – RP – 110 Page No. 2

3.0 THEORY OF STATIC ELECTRICITY

3.1.2 Generation due to settling.

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3.2 RATE OF GENERATION

3.5 STATIC DISCHARGE

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LIST OF CONDUCTIVITIES & HALF VALUE TIME OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS

Liquid Conductivity Conductivity Half Value

Highly purified 0.001 10 (-15) 12,0000

Light Distillates from 0.01 to 10 10(-14) to 10 (-11) 1200 to 12

Shell Jet A-1 150 to 300 15 X 10 (-11) to 0.08 to 0.04

Crude Oil 1000 to 100,000 10 (-9) to 10 (-7) 0.012 to 0.00012

Distilled water 1 X 10 (8) 10 (-4) 12 X 10 (-8)

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3.6 SPARKS AND ARCS:

3.7 SPARKING POTENTIAL :

3.8 IGNITION ENERGY

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Minimum Spark Maximum Quenching

Methane 0.47 1.14 2.16

Cyclohexane 1.38 0.94 1.78

Propylene 0.28 0.91 2.03

Acetlylene 0.02 0.37 0.52

Hydrogen Sulphide 0.068

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4.0 COMMON SOURCES OF STATIC ELECTRICITY

5.0 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR CO-NTROL OF STATIC ELECTRICITY

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5.2 SPRAYING, SPLASHING AND MISTING

5.3 AGITATION AND MIXING

5.5 FLOW VELOCITY

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5.7 GAUGING AND SAMPLING :

5.9 PROJECTIONS AND PROBES :

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5.12 USE OF ADDITIVES:

5.13 INTERNAL COATING :

6.0 SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR CONTROL OF STATIC ELECTRICITY

6.1 STORAGE TANKS :

 Ensure earthing of tanks (Refer Section 7 for details)