PAD350 FINAL TEST NOTES
CHAPTER 4: THE ADMIN OF SD
DEFINITION OF ACTORS OF SUSTAINABL E
DEVELOPMENT
 Actor can be defined as individual or
collective people as participants in
purposive actions in an attempt to prevent
or generate change.
 Actors of sustainable development is the
people and institutions that can promote
sustainable development.
The 6 key actors identified in promoting
sustainable development.
1. International Bodies and
Organizations
United Nations (UN)
Every year, the UN Secretary General presents an
annual SDG Progress report, which is developed in
cooperation with the UN System, and based on the
global indicator framework and data produced by
national statistical systems and information
collected at the regional level.
European Union (EU)
Sustainable development is a core principle of the
Treaty on European Union and a priority objective
for the EU's internal and external policies .
Among the most important actors that have to be
reminded of are United Nations (UN) and European
Union (EU) which are supporting and promoting
sustainable development.
Important documents and steps regarding
sustainable development at an international level
are: the UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change (which states that the parties should
promote sustainable development), Our Common
Future project, programs and strategies like Europe
2020 and Agenda 21.
United Nations' Role
1.Knowledge and Data Gathering
2.Supporting Intergovernmental Decision Making
3.Coordinating Finance
4.Implementing Programs on the Ground
5.Catalytic Role on Sustainable Development
1.Knowledge and Data Gathering
As UN is given mandate to address the global issues,
therefore it is the key role of this body to gather the
knowledge and data pertaining this issue.
It could provide data set for policymaker as to
encourage the policy is made based on sound
science and evidence-based.
The data also can be used for deliberative platforms
for strategic conversations. This will encourage the
experts to join the discussion that will benefits the
stakeholders.
Ultimately, with the solid and comprehensive data,
the shared awareness on sus tainability will be
generated.
As with data gathered as well, the activities
between international and national level can be
integrated by knowing what each level could offer
to realize the efforts.
2.Supporting Intergovernmental Decision Making
Members states need guidance and facilitation
from UN in helping them to address issues
pertaining sustainability.
UN has organized many events such as summit
meetings, decision making forums that j oined by
members state as to clarify where they are directing
to.
As the their own internal (in country) issues has
hinder the efforts to sustainability, it is important
that the states aware that as they agreed to
become member states, it is important they abide
the treaty or convention that they have signed.
For example, in Malaysia, in terms of Biodiversity as
Malaysia is the participant of Convention of
Biodiversity (CBD) but we face the problem of
federation as sea fall under the jurisdiction of
federal while forest, land and river is under state‘s
jurisdiction. It is important that regardless of the
jurisdiction biodiversity itself should follow the
international law.
Therefore, the role of UN is to support the
intergovernmental decision that aligned with the
commitment that they have agreed before.
 PAD350 FINAL TEST NOTES

3.Coordinating Finance It is characterized by the public services, which are

The source of fund of UN to support sustainability
efforts come from World Bank, United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) and United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as well as
civil society.
It is reported that Global Environmental Facility that
was founded in 1991 has since then disbursed $10.5
billion in grants as well as a further $51 bill ion in
leveraged co-financing.
offered by the government.
The role of government is so important because the
services it offers have a direct impact on the
environment.
Among the services offered by government are
energy related services such electricity, gas and oil,
education, environmental protection, law
enforcement, transportation, housing, planning,
waste management and water related services.

Climate change is issues that had been most
financed so far.
For instance, The World Bank‘s Climate Investment
Fund (CIFs).
4.Implementing Programs on the Ground
It is the role of the UN system to make sustainable
development a reality at country level.
In the developed countries such as U.S.A and
Canada, the government is the largest employer,
the largest landowner, the largest energy consumer
and it has the largest impact on the environment.
While in the developing countries the role of
government is even bigger as the government
control all or the majority of business and services
such as Romania, Poland, U.S.S.R and North Korea.

Sustainability fundamentally must need to be

understood as a mainstreaming issue, not as a
Roles of Government
separate, stand-alone area of activity – and still less
as a synonym for environment. Facilitation

In broad terms, the sustainability agenda has two Policy Internal sustainable management
main dimensions at country level:
Policy development
i)There is the need to move towards economies and
Regulation
policies that are sustainable for the long term.
Ways government can promote sustainable
ii)There is the corresponding need to build
development
resilience to the consequences of current
unsustainability – whether it is local, national or 1.Managing natural resources and other state-
international. owned properties.
5. Catalytic Role on Sustainable Development 2.Providing vision and strategy to incorporate
sustainability in public policy.
Despite of UN‘s formal role, it is important for this
organizations to become catalyst (agent that causes 3.Allocating funds for conservation and
great change) in becoming leader, agenda -setter development.
and to bring moral pressure to this effort among the
participants. 4.Redistributing resources between groups in
society
UN should make this agenda is not merely on paper
but must support it from the ground. 5.Improving the environmental performance of
public acquisition

6.Taxing waste and pollution

2. Government and Public Sectors
7.Act as a green fiscal authority
The public sectors is the part of economy which
provides basic government services. 8.Advancing innovation
 PAD350 FINAL TEST NOTES
9.Establishing and enforcing law
3. Private Sectors
Both small companies and international
corporations are nowadays engaged to commit
sustainability.
Their importance toward promoting and
implementing sustainable development is crucial,
both of small firms and especially of international
players.
One of the good examples of promoting sustainable
development by the private sector come from the
international retailer such as IKEA.
They are offered as an example on the International
Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) site for
actively fight against child labor, minimizing the
impact on environment, providing a transparency
policy to customers and for actively collaborating
with organizations such as Greenpeace and UNICEF.
Roles of private sector in promoting sustainable
development
1. Provides goods and services, generates tax
revenues for financing key social and
economic infrastructure.
2. Develops new and innovative solutions
helping solve development challenges.
3. Plays an important role in combating
climate change.
4. Introducing innovation, human resources,
technical information, and technological
inputs.
5. Create decent employment- for instance,
creating jobs that has a direct impact on
poverty reduction (SDG 1).
6. Responsible Production- Natural resources
are becoming increasingly scarce, and the
material footprint of every human being is
growing.
7. Businesses can also focus on developing
more responsible and conservation-
oriented practices and techniques that
have a positive impact on the
environment, society, and economy.
8. Promoting Education- businesses can be
key drivers of education by investing in
educational programs to develop the skills
of their employees and mainstream
sustainability into their practices. Also, by
joining and investing in educational
institutions to help them design programs
that will train professionals who can
respond to the demands of the future.
4. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
The NGOs are non-governmental organizations
including private voluntary organizations, civil
society organizations and non-profit organizations.
Among the ways where they gained international
attention was organizing large-scale protest
(Greenpeace), lobbying and direct actions.
Roles of NGOs:
Sustainable development
Sustainable community development
Sustainable consumption
Social development
Sustainable community development
5. Interest and Pressure Groups
Whilst there have been considerable efforts by the
government, the EU and the UN to implement
measures that will reduce harmful fuel emissions
and hopefully impede (delay or prevent) and halt
(stop) climate change. Many people believe that
not enough is being done.
Pressure groups such as Greenpeace and Friends of
the Earth actively aim to persuade governing bodies
and businesses around the world to develop
workable environmental policies.
The range and scope of issues covered by pressure
groups is huge.
Some, like Greenpeace cover a full spectrum of
issues surrounding sustainable living, others, like
RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds)
have a narrower remit (the task or area of activity).
In both cases the influence exerted on political and
commercial bodies is fundamental to the
development and implementation of sustainable
living policies around the world.
Pressure groups seek to affect government policy
without any intention of gaining power for
themselves. This chiefly achieved by the promotion
of specific issues both at a grass roots level, through
the education of the public, and by directly
'lobbying' government.
 PAD350 FINAL TEST NOTES
Greenpeace have permanent employees used in
parliament's central lobby, ready to engage with a
range of environmental issues.
Pressure groups use a range of 'direct' and 'indirect'
actions to promote environmentally sustainable
policy.
How Pressure Group Influence Decision-Making;
Direct-action
Direct action entails physically attempting to hinder
(stop) an activity that is seen as wrong, or gaining
promotion through spectacular actions that aim to
draw attention to environmentally damaging
activity. Direct actions have in the past included the
attempt by Greenpeace to scupper (sink) French
nuclear testing in the south pacific by blockading
the ship with their own vessel, 'The Rainbow
Warrior', in 1985.
This action resulted in an aggressive attack by
French Special forces using mines. The ensuing
explosions injured several crewmembers, one of
which drowned to death. Following inquiries, the
French Foreign Minister was disgraced, and two
French soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter.
Following this, French nuclear bombings were
halted aid public outrage and the rallying of private
yachts in New Zealand, which further hampered
French plans.
It must be noted that direct action need not be
dangerous or aggressive, although Greenpeace
have at times been criticized for endangering
activists.
The RSPB ((Royal Society for the Protection of Birds)
took direct action of a different kind to save water
starved wild birds in Elmney Marshes, Kent.
Applying for powers under new laws, the RSPB
gained a license to pump water on to the marsh
(swamp), therefore saving wildlife from an
ecological disaster.
Direct action, which is often successful in drawing
attention to environmental issues, approaches
problem activities at their source and attracts
considerable media attention.
How Pressure Group Influence Decision-Making;
Indirect Action
The overwhelming majority of pressure group
action is 'indirect', involving the promotion of issues
through education, debate and calculated lobbying.
The Friends of the Earth have launched a campaign
called 'The Big Ask', encouraging the public to
directly lobby their local M.P's on difficult
environmental issues, either in person, or through
letter writing.
It must be noted that indirect action is usually
behind successful direct action, whilst direct action
adds drive to indirect action. `
6.CivilSociety
According to the World Bank:
“Civil society ... refers to a wide array of
organizations: community groups, non-
governmental organizations [NGOs], labour unions,
indigenous groups, charitable organizations, faith-
based organizations, professional associations, and
foundations.”
When mobilized, civil society - sometimes called the
“third sector” (after government and commerce) -
has the power to influence the actions of elected
policy-makers and businesses.
Examples of well-known civil society organizations
include Amnesty International, the International
Trade Union Confederation, the World Wide Fund
for Nature (WWF), Greenpeace and the Danish
Refugee Council (DRC).
Role of Civil Society
Civil society played an active role throughout this
process. Civil society stakeholders participated in
sessions of the intergovernmental negotiations and
the Open Working Group and provided input to
governments ahead of and during sessions.
Civil society fed into the discussions through
participating in consultations organized by UN,
government and other stakeholders and engaged in
persistent advocacy also outside of formal settings
to influence governments’ positions.
To coordinate their efforts and strengthen the
impact of their advocacy, civil society organizations
worked in coalitions across sectors and across
countries and regions.
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CHAPTER 5: THE PILLARS OF SD

The 3 main pillars (domains or concepts or

dimensions) of sustainability are economic,
environment and social.
In the last decade, the UN/UNESCO through Agenda
More specifically: 21 for culture added culture (cultural vitality/drive)
as the fourth domain of sustainable development
Economic Viability (Keupayaan Ekonomi) (United Cities and Local Governments, "Culture:
Environmental Protection. Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development “).

Social Equity (value or fairness) All the domains are interconnected.

Environmental pillar: The management of land, A. ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SD

freshwater, seas, forests, air, natural resources, and
wildlife are only a few of the environmental facts 1. Opportunities for growth.
and challenges that are addressed by the 2. Increased GDP and benefits.
environmental pillar of sustainable development. 3. System stability and security.
4. Green jobs and eradication of
Social pillar: The social pillar includes programmes, unemployment.
laws, plans, and policies that promote social 5. Prevention of practices which misuse
concerns. They include things like supporting of resources.
diversity, a high standard of life, access to 6. Regulation of over-exploitation and
healthcare, education, community development, harmful externalities.
cultural sustainability and heritage, and some parts
of religion. They also include things like battling Green job = work in agricultural, manufacturing,
poverty and promoting social justice and peace. research and development (R&D), administrative,
and service activities that contribute(s)
Economic pillar: Economic sustainability refers to substantially to preserving or restoring
actions that promote long-term economic growth environmental quality.
without having a detrimental effect on the
community's social, environmental, and cultural In order to have both economic development and
facets. sustainability, fair trade, debt eradication,
mechanism to ensure that everyone gets his or her
Sustainable development requires that: due reward and resources must be in place.

 the social condition has to be acceptable
and equitable (fair);
 the environmental condition has to be
acceptable and viable (can be done/ will be
successful); and
 the economic condition has to be
equitable and viable.
Using GDP is not suitable as measure SD since it
does not reflect social inequality and over
exploitation of resources.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary
or market value of all the finished goods and
services produced within a country's borders in a
specific time period.
 PAD350 FINAL TEST NOTES

B. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SD

1. Protection of ecosystems and biosphere

(analogous parts of other planets occupied
by living organisms).
2. Increased quality of water, land and air.
3. Better management of waste and
pollution.
4. Respect and protection for all species
(flora, fauna, marine species).
5. Measures to ensure resource
sustainability and harmony.
6. Protection of marine resources.
C. THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF
SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOLOGICAL
The environment is a crucial pillar due to dire FOOTPRINTS
(terrible) condition of the earth as a result of human
Ecological footprint refers to the;
activities.
impact of human activities on the globe and the
Climate change and global warming, deforestation,
amount of resources necessary to produce the
loss of biodiversity and desertification are among
goods and services necessary to support a
the important environmental issues that need high
particular lifestyle, in terms of the area of
attention.
biologically productive land and water.
Desertification=the process by which fertile land
It also measures how much resources are
becomes desert, typically as a result of drought,
needed to produce what we need, and what
deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.
we consume and dispose of.
Example of Sustainable Development Goals
Ecological Footprint accounting measures the
@SDGs that related to Environmental
demand on and supply of nature.
1. SDG 6 - Clean Water & Sanitation
Everything we do in our everyday life has
2. SDG7 - Affordable & Clean Energy
consequences.
3. SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption &
Production Some impact our immediate future, and some
4. SDG 13 - Climate action have long lasting effect on our environment
5. SDG 14 - Life below water and nature.
6. SDG 15 - Life on land
Everyone has a footprint on ecology by the way
SOCIAL PROGRESS IN SD they live.

Every one of us has an ecological footprint.

1. Participation and inclusion of
everyone. Human footprint on the planet can be calculated by
2. Eradication of poverty and exclusion. measuring how much natural resources are used
3. Food security. that can be divided into 6 categories:
4. Equitable distribution of resources.
5. Better life chances and opportunities.
6. Protection from exploitative practice 1. Carbon

Among important social concerns are: health 2. Cropland

education, equality, peace, food security.
3. Grazing land (tanah ragut)

4. Forests
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5. Fishing grounds
6. Built-up land
1. Carbon: A measure of carbon emissions. It
is represented by the amount of forest
land that would be needed to sequester
carbon dioxide emissions but not including
the fraction that is absorbed by the oceans
and leads to acidification.
2. Cropland: The amount of cropland used to
grow plants for food, fibre, animal feed,
and commodities including oil, soy and
rubber.
3. Grazing land: The amount of grazing land
used for raising animals for meat, wool,
dairy, hide, and livestock.
4. Forests: The extent at which forests are cut
down for lumber (timber), pulp, fuel, etc.
5. Fishing grounds: The estimated primary
production required to support the fish
and seafood caught in freshwater and
marine environments.
6. Built-up land: The amount of land used for
human civilizations, structures, and
developments.
Measures to reduce ecological footprint on this
planet
1. Sustainable housing: such as utilize
energy-efficient lighting, install insulating
ceiling and wall surfaces, windows with
double glazing, using energy-efficient
appliances etc.
2. Energy savings: such as using the lowest
thermostat possible for winter heating is
one of the most effective ways to reduce
your ecological footprint, reduce the use
of air conditioning in summer, unplug the
electronic device when not in use, dry your
clothes naturally without using a tumble
dryer etc.
3. Sustainable food: such as purchase
seasonal and local foods (to avoid long
distance transportation and
contamination), consume organic food
produced without or with little usage of
pesticides and fertilisers etc.
4. Sustainable behaviour: such as responsible
recycling as recycling lessens air and water
pollution and aids in resource
conservation. Also, it frees up room in our
overflowing landfills.
To achieve a sustainable lifestyle, we need to:
 Reduce our consumption of resources and
reducing pollution.
 Use renewable resources (resources can
be environmental, economical, or social).
 Thus, to achieve sustainability, both
sustainable technology and sustainable
choices are needed.
All three pillars need to be considered and
balanced to achieve sustainable
development because they are
interconnected.
The neglect of any one pillar means there
is no sustainable development
Most focus on only one pillar at a time.
E.g., the United Nations Environmental
Programme (UNEP), the environmental
protection agencies (EPA) of many nations,
and environmental NGOs focus on the
environmental pillar.
Limited budget cause the UN attempts to
strengthen all three pillars, to have only
minor impact.
Hence, the UN focuses mostly on the
economic pillar, since economic growth is
what most of its members want most,
especially developing nations.
The Great Recession of 2008 showed that
weakness in the other pillars can directly
weaken the environmental pillar (cutting
back or postponing stricter environmental
laws or investment due to budget
constraint).
Also, when a war breaks out,
environmental sustainability is neglected
or if a nation lives in dire(terrible ) poverty,
 PAD350 FINAL TEST NOTES
the environment is pillaged (steal ) with
little thought for the future.
Thus, solutions to the sustainability
problem must include making all three 3.
pillars.
The three pillars of sustainability require
systems thinking. That is, seeing the world 4.
as a collection of interconnected systems.
The largest system is the biosphere we live
in containing the human system (which B.
has two main systems: social and
economic).
1.
The people (the social subsystem) are
working together under a government to 2.
maximize their economic system's output.
The environmental sustainability must be
the highest priority, because the lower the
carrying capacity of the environment, the
lower the common good delivered by the
social system and the less output the 3.
economic system can produce.
SD is not anti-growth or anti-wealth but
holistic approach to development where 4.
we want to develop quality of life, justice
and social equality, equal opportunity,
institutions, fair income, culture of
sustainability, and dialogue and
communication WHILE we need to sustain
people and culture, natural resources,
biodiversity, and environment and
ecosystems. Also, good governance is
important and crucial to the success of C.
sustainable development.
1.
CHAPTER 6: OBSTACLES IN SD
A. Obstacles in Sustainable Development-
Politics
2.
1. Requires a strong role for governments
to:
 intervene in public life and 3.
business operations.
 work internationally in often 4.
complex negotiations.
2. Political barriers: Inadequate economic, 5.
social, environmental methods for
policies, plans, and projects are the major
barriers towards the implementation of
sustainable development.
Sustainable development is often not
possible in war-torn countries (struggle)
as there are other priorities on hand.
Corruption.
Obstacles in Sustainable Development-
Economy
Lack of financial resources- to plan and
carry out the sustainable development.
Focus-Economists observed that the
dominating development model tends to
focus on economic growth as precedence
(priority) rather than people's rights or
welfare, and environmental processes and
limits.
International income inequality-mainly
due to lower economic growth and faster
population growth in developing
countries.
Worldviews toward environment-
requires a shift in the worldview from
treating the environment as part of the
economy to treating the economy as part
of the environment; strategically this
means the economy should be adapted to
ensure environmental services are
maintained.
Obstacles in Sustainable Development-
Social
Population growth, paired with
unsustainable consumption and
production patterns among the wealthy,
are the biggest social challenges to
achieving sustainable development in the
world.
Absent of a significant change in human
behavior, sustainability will not be
potential.
Inadequate interaction between civil
society and government.
Insufficient incentives to the private sector
to pursue sustainable development.
Limited awareness about sustainable
development - among both politicians and
civil society.
 PAD350 FINAL TEST NOTES
Initiatives to overcome social challenge s
encountered in Malaysia.
1.Affirmative policy to balance the life of
certain group of people.
2. Fiscal policy in giving out financial aids.
3. Price control in domestic consumption
goods
4. Controlling the infl ation rate
5. Population control - such as through
birth pills control
D. Obstacles in Sustainable Development-
Culture
1. Traditional beliefs and practices:
Traditional beliefs and practices that are
not compatible with sustainable
development can be an obstacle. For
example, in some cultures, deforestation
or overfishing may be seen as necessary
for economic or cultural reasons.
2. Resistance to change: Resistance to
change can also be a barrier to sustainable
development. People may be attached to
their cultural practices and may resist
changes that they see as threatening to
their way of life.
3. Lack of awareness: In some cases, people
may not be aware of the environmental
impact of their cultural practices. For
example, they may not realize the impact
of burning fossil fuels or using pesticides
on the environment.
4. Lack of education: A lack of education can
also be a barrier to sustainable
development. People may not have the
knowledge and skills necessary to
implement sustainable practices or to
understand the long-term impacts of their
actions.
5. Conflicts between cultures: Conflicts
between cultures can also be an obstacle
to sustainable development. For example,
some indigenous communities may have
different priorities and values than the
wider society, which can lead to conflicts
over land use and resource management.
E. Obstacles in Sustainable Development-
Technology
It is widely acknowledged that many of the
technologies necessary for supporting sustainable
development are already available.
The challenges are:
I. E-waste: improper disposal of e-waste
II. Energy consumption: inefficient
consumption of energy
III. Digital divide: inaccessibility of basic
technology to some people
IV. Privacy and security issues: data breaches
and misuse of personal information
V. Cost vs benefits of technology investment:
investment vs return
Aspects where technology may help in Malaysia’s
sustainable development.
 Energy.
 Public Infrastructure.
 Water.
 Food.
 Manufacturing and mining.
 Materials.
 Information technology.
CHAPTER 8: SD EFFORTS IN MALAYSIA
Introduction
 In implementing policies and processes
towards achieving sustainable
development, Malaysia ensures that the
implementation of national policies is
always in line with the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).
 This can be seen based on the policy
framework through the 11th and 12th
Malaysia Plans. However, there are
challenges that need to be addressed to
overcome those challenges through
effective strategies and initiatives.
 The discussion of this topic i s slightly
different from the previous topics (6 and
7). The challenges and strategies discussed
are more specific focused on Malaysia.
 PAD350 FINAL TEST NOTES

Example: Mapping SDGs with Mid-Term Review of Strengthening Sustainabilit y

11 Malaysia Plan - Challenges and Strategies

Challenges:

1. Major off-budget and quasi-fiscal

operation in Malaysia
2. Anticipation of declining revenue in line
with economic downturn
3. Higher government debt
4. Higher subsidies on fuel, diesel and
electricity
5. Coal as the main source of electricity
Mid Term Review of 11 MP:
generated in Malaysia that contributed to
7 Pillars, 19 Priority Areas, 66 Strategies climate change
6. Higher Carbon Dioxide (Co2) emission
Example: Mapping SDGs with Mid-Term Review of (28.8%) contributed from fossil fuel
12 Malaysia Plan transport sector (that higher than global
CO2 average, 24.5%).

Mid Term Review of 12 MP:

1 Key enabler, 3 Focus Areas, 17 Big Bolds, 71 Mapped to SDGs: 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,17

Strategies

This framework will then be mapped to the SDGs.

Building Prosperous Society
The Key Enabler - Challenges and Strategies
- Challenges and Strategies

 Corruption Challenges:
 Less efficient of public service delivery
1. Political instability and lack of unity in
system
society
2. Urban poverty gap between rich and poor
-Strategies and Initiatives 3. Poverty in urban and rural area
4. Lack social protection for informal workers
such as in gig economy
5. Increase in house rental rates, and the
ability to own a home
6. Increasing the number of less populated
villages
7. Inability to obtain health insurance
Mapped to SDGs: 13,15,16,17
8. Increasing issues of mental health
problems
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9. Issues of border security and national 8. Lack of ability to optimally use digital
sovereignty technology and infrastructure that
accelerate community mobility
Building Prosperous Society
9. Slow in the ability to produce new talent
- Challenges and Strategies
that is in line with the pace of technology
and the latest market demands.
Strategies and Initiatives
Achieving High-Income Nation
- Challenges and Strategies

Strategies and Initiatives

Building Prosperous Society

- Challenges and Strategies

Strategies and Initiatives

Achieving High-Income Nation

- Challenges and Strategies

Strategies and Initiatives

Mapped to SDGs: 1,2,3,5,6,8,10,11,16

Achieving High-Income Nation

- Challenges and Strategies

Challenges

1. Less innovative products and ideas to

increase the country's productivity
2. Lack of high-value products based on the
latest technology Achieving High-Income Nation
3. Lack of ability to develop and diversify - Challenges and Strategies
agricultural products
4. Still dependent on import agricultural Mapped to SDGS:
products to support agriculture resources 1,4,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17
in the country
5. Still using agricultural production methods
that increase carbon emissions which Initiatives taken by Malaysia to
contributed to climate change implement the 17 sustainable goals in a
6. Lack of research and development in the systematic manner.
use of rare earth and new resources
7. Lack of development of new business 1. National SDG Roadmap: Malaysia has
models and development of developed a National SDG Roadmap to
entrepreneurs with modern technology guide its efforts towards achieving the
 PAD350 FINAL TEST NOTES
SDGs. The roadmap outlines the country's
priorities and targets for each goal and
provides a framework for collaboration
between different stakeholders.
2. SDG Action Council: The government of
Malaysia has established an SDG Action
Council to oversee the implementation of
the SDGs. The council is made up of
representatives from different ministries
and agencies, as well as civil society and
the private sector.
3. Voluntary National Review: Malaysia has
conducted a Voluntary National Review
(VNR) of its progress towards achieving the
SDGs. The VNR is a self-assessment
exercise that allows countries to identify
areas where they need to improve and
share their experiences with other
countries.
4. Green Technology Master Plan: Malaysia
has developed a Green Technology Master
Plan to promote the development and
adoption of green technologies. The plan
includes initiatives to promote renewable
energy, energy efficiency, sustainable
transportation, and sustainable buildings.
5. National Biodiversity Policy: Malaysia has
a National Biodiversity Policy that aims to
conserve and manage the country's
biodiversity. The policy includes initiatives
to protect and restore ecosystems,
promote sustainable agriculture and
forestry, and reduce the impact of climate
change on biodiversity.
6. Sustainable Development Unit: Malaysia
has established a Sustainable
Development Unit within the Prime
Minister's Department to coordinate the
implementation of the SDGs. The unit
works with different stakeholders to
ensure that Malaysia's efforts towards
achieving the SDGs are coordinated and
effective.
7. Corporate Social Responsibility: Malaysia
has introduced policies to encourage
corporate social responsibility (CSR)
among businesses. The government
provides incentives for companies that
engage in sustainable practices and has
established a CSR Centre to provide
guidance and support to businesses.
Involvement of Malaysia in the International
Sustainable Development efforts
A. Coral Triangle Initiative
 The Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs,
Fisheries, and Food Security (CTI-CFF) is a
multilateral partnership of six countries
working together to sustain extraordinary
marine and coastal resources by
addressing crucial issues such as food
security, climate change and marine
biodiversity.
 The CTI-CFF is a multilateral partnership
between the governments of Indonesia,
Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste (the
‘CT6’).
 The CTI-CFF seeks to address both poverty
reduction through economic
development, food security, sustainable
livelihoods for coastal communities and
biodiversity conservation through the
protection of species, habitats and
ecosystems.
SDGs target: 1,2,3,14,17
B. Promoting South-South Cooperation
through Climate Change Education (CCE)
in Asia-Pacific Small Island Developing
States (SIDS).
 This partnership aims to enhance
regional cooperation on
sustainability challenges by
leveraging the resources and
expertise of UNESCO and the
Malaysian Higher Education
Leadership Academy to build the
capacity of teacher training
institutions in small island pacific
states to deliver locally-relevant
Climate Change Education (CCE).
 Partner(s) - UNESCO Jakarta,
UNESCO Apia, Malaysian Ministry
of Education (Educational
Planning & Research Division,
Higher Education Leadership
Academy (AKEPT)), Ministries of
Education and Teacher Training
Institutes in target SIDS.
SDGs target: 4,10,13,17