TEMA 3 AND 4- INGLÉS

Modal verbs of deduction and speculation

MEANING PRESENT

Certainty I/You/He/She/It/We/They must be tired.

Possibility I/You/He/She/It/We/They might be tired.

Possibility I/You/He/She/It/We/They could be tired.

Not possible I/You/He/She/It/We/They can't be tired.

MEANING PAST

Definitely true I/You/He/She/It/We/They must have been cold.

Possibly true I/You/He/She/It/We/They might have been cold.

Possibly true I/You/He/She/It/We/They could have been cold.

Not possible I/You/He/She/It/We/They can't have been cold.

- We use modal verbs must, might, could and can´t to talk about possibility and certainty, and to
make deductions.
- In the present we use subject + must/might/ could/ can´t + be.
- in the past we use subject + must /might /could/couldn´t /can´t + have been
- to talk about something that is almost certainly true or extremely likely we use must.
- to talk about something that is possible we use might or could.
- to talk about something that is not possible we use can´t.
- We can also use couldn´t to talk about things that are not possible in the past.
Past perfect.
Affirmative Negative

I/You/We/They had seen it. I/You/We/They hadn't seen it.

He/She/It had seen it. He/She/It hadn't seen it.

Questions Short answers

had I/You/He/She/It/We/They seen it? Yes,I/You/He/She/It/We/They had.

No, I/You/He/She/It/We/They hadn't

- We use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened before another action in the past.
- we often use the time expressions by the time, ever , already and by then with the past perfect.
- we form the past perfect with had ( not) + past participle.

VOCABULARY
Amazing- increíble amusing-divertido
ancient-antiguo curious-curioso
awful-terrible disappointing-decepcionante
delighted-encantado dramatic-dramático
exhausted- exhausto entertaining- entretenido
freezing- congelado fascinating-fascinante
huge-enorme frightening-peligroso
tiny-enano inspiring-inspirador
unforgettable-inolvidable original-original
puzzling-confuso realistic-realista
thought-provoking-que hace pensar thrilling-emocionante
unbelievable-increíble
 FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Affirmative Negative

I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They will be working I/You/She/He/It/ We/You /They won't be working

Question Short answer

Will I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they be working? Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will

No, I,you, he/she/it/we/you/they won´t

-We use the future continuous to talk about actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.
-We form the future continuous with will/won't + be + the present participle (ing form).

FUTURE CONTINUOUS
FUTURE PERFECT

FUTURE MODALS
FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

VOCABULARY

get married- casarse

go to university- ir a la universidad
have children- tener hijos
learn to drive- aprender a conducir
leave home- irse de casa
pass your exams- aprobar tus exámenes
rent a flat- alquilar un piso
retire- jubilarse
start work- empezar a trabajar
apply for a course-solicitar un curso
choose a career- elegir una carrera
do an apprenticeship- hacer un aprendizaje
do a voluntary work- hacer un voluntariado
get a degree- obtener un título
get a part-time job- tener un trabajo de media jornada
get careers advice-obtener asesoramiento profesional
go on an exchange- ir de erasmus
make new friends- hacer amigos nuevos
pass driving tests- pasar el examen de conducir
rode a moped- conducir una moto
set up your own business- tener tu propio negocio
study abroad- estudia en el extranjero
travel around the world- viajar alrededor del mundo
write your CV- escribir tu currículum
agree with- estar de acuerdo con
apply for- presentarse
benefit from- beneficiarse de
depend on- depende de
differ from- diferenciarse de
meet with- quedar con
prepare for- prepararse para
rely on- relacionado con
specialise on- especializarse en
take part in- participar en
think about- pensar sobre
worry about - preocuparse por