Alexandria Engineering Journal

Healthcare Wearable IoT Connected Applications to 6G Technology based on AI: A

Survey
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number: AEJ-D-24-00930

Article Type: Review Article

Keywords: Internet of medical things; 6G technology; artificial intelligence; Machine learning;

wearable devices

Corresponding Author: Yusuf Can BİLGİN

Istanbul Technical University - Ayazaga Campus
TURKEY

First Author: Yusuf Can BİLGİN

Order of Authors: Yusuf Can BİLGİN

Eray Sezer

Ibraheem Shayea

Abstract: The integration of wearable health Internet of Things with 6G technology and artificial
intelligence stands at a promising frontier in the field of healthcare. This research
explores the potential of wearable health devices in continuously monitoring patients,
managing chronic conditions, enabling early diagnosis and treatment, and tracking
public health trends. The paper delves into the background of IoT and AI concepts for
wearable devices, their applications, prior studies, challenges encountered, and
proposed solutions. Additionally, it presents innovative systems like real-time health
monitoring, IoT devices for early disease detection, and edge computing frameworks
for fall detection. It addresses challenges related to data collection and the necessity
for generalizing AI models across diverse healthcare environments. The research
highlights the transformative impact of wearable health IoT, showcasing the potential to
revolutionize the healthcare domain through advanced technologies.

Suggested Reviewers:

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Conflict of Interest

Cover and Conflict of Interest Letter

Date: 27 January 2024

Dear Alexandria Engineering Journal Committee:

Best Greetings to all of you:

We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript that is titled by “Healthcare Wearable IoT

Connected Applications to 6G Technology based on AI” for your consideration for

publication in Alexandria Engineering Journal. The manuscript has been approved by all

authors and has never been published, or under the consideration for publication elsewhere.

Dear Editor, all authors confirm that they don't have any Conflict of Interest problem
with this paper.

Yours Sincerely,

Authors:
1. Dr.Ibraheem Abdullah Shayea
2. Yusuf Can Bilgin
3. Eray Sezer
Manuscript Click here to view linked References

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Healthcare Wearable IoT Connected
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Applications to 6G Technology based on AI: A
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13 Survey
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16 ERAY SEZER1, YUSUF CAN BILGIN1, IBRAHEEM SHAYEA1
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Electronics and Communication Department, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (ITU), 34467 Istanbul,
17 Turkey
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ABSTRACT The integration of wearable health Internet of Things with 6G technology and artificial
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intelligence stands at a promising frontier in the field of healthcare. This research explores the potential of
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24 wearable health devices in continuously monitoring patients, managing chronic conditions, enabling early
25 diagnosis and treatment, and tracking public health trends. The paper delves into the background of IoT and
26 AI concepts for wearable devices, their applications, prior studies, challenges encountered, and proposed
27 solutions. Additionally, it presents innovative systems like real-time health monitoring, IoT devices for early
28 disease detection, and edge computing frameworks for fall detection. It addresses challenges related to data
29 collection and the necessity for generalizing AI models across diverse healthcare environments. The research
30 highlights the transformative impact of wearable health IoT, showcasing the potential to revolutionize the
31 healthcare domain through advanced technologies.
32
33 INDEX TERMS Internet of medical things, 6G technology, artificial intelligence, machine learning,
34 wearable devices.
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37 I.INTRODUCTION IoT technologies integrated into the healthcare sector
38 involve a diverse array of devices tailored for health and
39 Through the progress of wireless communication and the
integration of AI technology, IoT systems have discovered a medical purposes. Among these innovations, we find smart
40
41 multitude of use cases. Within these domains, there are those wristbands and watches that empower users to continuously
42 that not only offer convenience in people's daily lives, monitor metrics like heart rate, step count, sleep quality, and
43 activities, and routines but also include healthcare various other health-related data points. Furthermore, smart
44 eyewear solutions provide seamless access to critical
technologies that directly impact human well-being.
45 information, particularly valuable for surgeons and medical
46 Wearable health IoT, or Internet of Things in the healthcare
sector, encompasses the use of wearable technologies for practitioners during surgical procedures. Smart textiles are
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48 health and medical purposes. It involves the continuous designed with embedded sensors to meticulously track
49 tracking, data gathering, and transmission of health-related factors such as body temperature, perspiration rates, and
50 information through devices and sensors that individuals levels of physical activity. These sophisticated technologies
51 extend to specialized applications, such as wearable glucose
wear or carry. These wearables can measure vital health data
52 monitoring devices designed specifically for individuals
53 and share it wirelessly with healthcare providers, patients,
and physicians. This facilitates closer health monitoring, managing diabetes. Wearable IoT technologies play a pivotal
54
55 swift diagnoses, and improved treatment management. role in enabling individuals to closely oversee their health
56 Wearable health IoT finds diverse applications, such as status, providing healthcare professionals with an enhanced
57 personal health monitoring, chronic ailment management, stream of data, and ultimately contributing to the tailoring
58 and efficient management of healthcare services. These
exercise tracking, and overall health enhancement. This
59 devices assume a central role in the sphere of health
60 technology contributes to rendering healthcare services more
personalized and efficient. monitoring and administration.
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31 FIGURE 1. Structure of the Survey
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34 The disparities between 5G and 6G wireless communication
35 data transfer speeds, nearly nonexistent latency, and similar
technologies reflect significant generational distinctions. characteristics, possesses the potential to accelerate the
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37 Firstly, 6G, characterized by swifter data transmission rates
38 and broader bandwidth, facilitates the rapid conveyance of transfer of data from wearable health devices considerably,
39 substantial data volumes. Concurrently, its near-zero latency making it more reliable. This capability has the possibility to
40 confers a notable advantage in real-time applications. The enable medical monitoring devices to transmit more accurate
41 ability to accommodate a larger multitude of simultaneous
42 and real-time data, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of
device connections assumes paramount importance in the telemedicine applications. Additionally, 6G's capacity to
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44 realm of extensive IoT deployments. Operating at higher support a larger number of device connections positions it as
45 frequencies, 6G augments data transmission speeds but an advantage in situations requiring extensive patient
46 necessitates shorter signal ranges. Furthermore, its capability tracking and health data collection. The substantial
47 to support subterranean and space-based communication bandwidth of 6G opens up increased opportunities for future
48 aims to establish a more expansive communication network.
49 innovations and improvements in the domain of wearable
Embracing an approach that prioritizes energy efficiency and health IoT technologies. In conclusion, 6G technology holds
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51 environmental sustainability, 6G integrates more closely the potential to transform health monitoring and
52 with artificial intelligence. In summation, 6G, with its management, introducing quicker interventions, improved
53 heightened velocity, amplified potency, and extended patient care, and the more effective utilization of health data.
54 application spectrum, is poised to exert profound influences Healthcare services, which are evolving day by day
55 on forthcoming developments in domains encompassing
56 alongside technology, have reached a significantly
healthcare, communication, and technology. acceptable point in today's world. However, it is well-known
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58 The connection between wearable health IoT technology that there is still room for improvement when it comes to
59 and 6G networks offers significant promise in reshaping the people's health and the efficiency of healthcare services. The
60 future landscape of healthcare services. 6G, with its faster healthcare sector currently lacks continuous monitoring
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capabilities, and much of the monitoring is left to the
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4 discretion of the patients themselves. Wearable health heralding significant changes in the healthcare system. Over
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6 devices, on the other hand, have the potential to address the course of the next ten years, it is anticipated that the
7 many of these issues. First and foremost, these devices number of connected medical devices would rise from 10
8 enable continuous monitoring of patients, control of chronic billion to 50 billion [1]. While the development of the fifth
9 conditions, early detection, and treatment. They provide the generation followed the strides of 4G, creating a more
10 opportunity to enable early diagnosis by continuously dependable and functional environment for these devices,
11 monitoring essential patient parameters, paving the way for the exponential surge in the number of connected medical
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13 more effective treatments. As these devices are constantly devices necessitates the emergence of the subsequent
14 connected to the internet, they facilitate rapid intervention in generation, 6G. Despite the improvements made after 4G,
15 emergencies. Furthermore, wearable health devices collect the speed and latency limitations of 5G might prove
16 data from numerous patients, allowing for the tracking of insufficient to accommodate this substantial increase. Hence,
17 public health trends. the demand for 6G arises. The proliferation of these devices
18 This paper is organized as follows: Section II provides a not only aids in the identification of patients' vital indicators
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20 background of the IoT and AI concepts for wearable devices. but also facilitates early detection of issues, thereby
21 Section III discusses the applications of wearable IoT enhancing the delivery of superior healthcare services.
22 devices. Section IV reviews some of the previous studies Mobile communication technology continues to progress
23 conducted in this area. Section V lists and explains the each day, incrementally advancing with each iteration. With
24 challenges associated with wearable health devices. Section every new generation in communication, significant
25 VI proposes solutions to the challenges discussed in Section differences and advantages over its predecessor are
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27 V. Section VII discusses performance metrics. Finally, achieved. These benefits not only enhance people's daily
28 Section VIII concludes the paper. lives, making them more quality-oriented and efficient, but
29 also introduce numerous developments in various fields and
30 technological innovations. The most prominent advantages
31 II.RESEARCH BACKGROUND of the fifth generation over the fourth generation are the high
32 bandwidth and reduced latency. These advancements bring
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34 about substantial improvements in everyday life,
Wearable medical devices are a comprehensive topic with
35 workspaces, and technological innovations. The former
the potential to offer significant services in the healthcare
36 indicates that 5G can support transmission rates up to 10
sector. However, the transmission, storage, and rapid and
37 Gb/s, which is 100 times faster than the 4G network's 100
38 reliable interpretation of such a vast amount of data are the
Mb/s; the latter indicates that 5G transmission delays can
39 primary challenges. The main goal of this research is to
theoretically reach 1 ms and that actual delays are also less
40 understand the communication of these devices and to
41 than 10 ms, which is significantly faster than the 4G
highlight the impact of machine learning and artificial
42 network's 100 ms latency. The two aspects mentioned above
intelligence on the interpretation of data. This section will
43 indicate that 5G addresses the issues of low transmission
encompass fundamental information about the Internet of
44 fluency and data transfer per unit time [2]. However, 5G
45 Things for wearable health devices, its integration with 6G
technology has not been specifically developed for broader
46 technology, and the contributions that artificial intelligence
IoT sensing applications such as temperature, humidity, and
47 can make to this field. The following subsections will
48 air quality measurements. Moreover, the high bandwidth and
address some discussions related to the mentioned topics.
49 low latency features of 5G may not be necessary for a more
50 A. INTERNET OF MEDICAL THINGS IN 6G extensive IoT framework. In many IoT scenarios, traditional
51 wireless communication technology might be more suitable.
52 Nevertheless, 5G is currently viewed as a transitional
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) stands as a pivotal
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technology facilitating communication between medical technology. Additionally, there is potential for improvement
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55 devices. It interconnects health devices and enables inter- in the urgency of 5G transmission, the network's coverage in
56 device data exchange, playing a significant role in certain areas, and transmission bandwidth [2]. From a high-
57 monitoring, diagnosing, and potentially influencing bandwidth perspective, 6G's transmission speed surpasses
58 treatment processes for patients' health conditions. 5G by a factor of 100 and is currently 10,000 times faster
59 than 4G. At this accelerated pace, 6G enables real-time
Achieving these functions requires swift data transmission.
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The integration of IoMT with 6G technology is poised to transmission and analysis of even higher-resolution videos
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62 deliver faster and more reliable communication, potentially like 4K, 8K, and potentially 16K, facilitating real-time
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FIGURE 2. Evolution of Mobile Com.
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36 transmission and processing for artificial intelligence. This computer science. In this paper, Turing posed the question,
37 development might pave the way for the "End-to-End- "Can machines think?" [3].
38 Cloud" architecture, allowing for a direct "End-Cloud"
39 connection, representing an optimal use case for artificial The modeling of intelligent behavior in agents (computers)
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intelligence. Only wireless communication technologies in a way that we, as humans, would consider intelligent or
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42 with reduced latency and expanded bandwidth can humanlike is known as artificial intelligence (AI) [4]. In the
43 adequately cater to the evolving demands of artificial past, the advancement of artificial intelligence was
44 intelligence and the Internet of Medical Things [2]. constrained due to limited datasets, representative samples,
45 and the challenge of storing, indexing, and analyzing vast
46 amounts of data. However, in contemporary times, there has
47 B. AI & MACHINE LEARNING CONCEPT been an increase in real-time data; propelled by the rapid
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49 expansion of mobile usage, proliferation of digital devices,
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been a subject of fascination and the prevalence of the Internet of Things (IoT), leading to
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51 for humans throughout history, sparking questions about a diversification and rapid escalation of data sources. The
52 how far this technology can evolve and what it can offer to current scenario involves data flowing at an accelerated pace
53 society in the future. AI has found its place in various and being readily available for analysis, thereby empowering
54 domains, including mobile communication, autonomous advanced AI to make more informed decisions.
55 vehicles, industry, and, notably, the healthcare sector. The
56 Machine learning is a significant subfield of artificial
roots of AI can be traced back to the late 1930s, and it gained intelligence that enables computer systems to learn from
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58 significant momentum in 1950 with the publication of the data-driven experiences. It allows computers to develop
59 seminal paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" by themselves by identifying patterns, establishing
60 Alan Turing, a British mathematician and a pioneer in relationships, and making future predictions from vast
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datasets. Machine learning focuses on training algorithms
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4 with data and gaining experience rather than explicit
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6 instructions to perform specific tasks. This enables the
7 systems to achieve predetermined objectives with minimal
8 or no external influence, allowing them to reach their goals
9 without human intervention.
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11 C. IoMT BASED ON AI
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The amalgamation of Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial
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15 intelligence (AI) has brought forth a revolutionary
16 technology in the healthcare sector known as the Internet of
17 Medical Things (IoMT). This technology holds immense
18 potential in continuously monitoring patients, collecting and
19 analyzing data, and optimizing treatment procedures. AI has
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the capability to interpret data gathered by IoMT devices,
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22 enabling disease diagnosis, proposing treatment plans, and
even making medical forecasts. This integration not only FIGURE 3. Wearable Devices
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24 enhances patient care but also assists healthcare
25 professionals in making swift and accurate decisions. their health conditions more effectively. Beyond individual
26 This technology serves as a vital tool not only for patients use, wearable devices hold significant potential for the
27 healthcare industry. They can provide healthcare
but also for healthcare professionals. Through AI-assisted
28 professionals with crucial data and analyses to closely
29 systems, doctors can make faster and more precise decisions.
For example, a radiologist can detect even the minutest monitor patient treatment progress, enhance preventive care
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31 details in imaging results with the help of detailed analyses services, and personalize healthcare services. Consequently,
32 provided by AI-supported systems. The possibilities offered wearable technologies lay the foundation for a more
33 by this technology have the potential to greatly enhance the proactive, personalized, and effective approach within the
34 healthcare domain.
experiences of both patients and healthcare professionals in
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36 the healthcare sector. The combined use of AI and IoMT
37 might pave the way for future healthcare services to be more
38 personalized, effective, and accessible. III. USE CASES OF HEALTHCARE WEARABLE IOT
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40 D. WEARABLE DEVICES
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A. REMOTE HEALTH MONITORING
42 Wearable technologies stand out as one of the most
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innovative tools in monitoring and enhancing health and Wearable IoT devices facilitate remote monitoring of
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45 quality of life. These devices offer the ability to continuously patients, continuously measuring and recording fundamental
46 track data derived from users' bodies, allowing real-time metrics such as heart rate, blood pressure, and blood oxygen
47 monitoring of vital health indicators. They can capture levels. For instance, through the wearable IoT device,
48 crucial health metrics such as heart rate, step count, sleep Abuelómetro, these metrics have been tracked for elderly
49 patterns, and even stress levels. This rich stream of data
50 individuals, allowing doctors and caregivers to visualize this
enables users to better understand their health habits, data instantly via a mobile application [5]. This example
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52 mitigate risks, and improve their overall well-being. highlights the feasibility of remote patient monitoring
53 Moreover, these devices assist users in comprehending and through these devices. Patients undergo continual
54 utilizing this data effectively through personalized user surveillance, enabling swift and efficient interventions based
55 interfaces and mobile applications. Analyzing the data on the recorded data. This constant monitoring ensures
56 provides opportunities to offer tailored health
57 proactive healthcare management, where any deviations
recommendations, guide improvements in exercise routines, from normal parameters trigger prompt responses, enhancing
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59 and enhance sleep quality. Additionally, this technology can the overall effectiveness of interventions. The utilization of
60 facilitate easier communication between users and wearable IoT devices for remote patient monitoring
61 healthcare professionals, aiding individuals in managing exemplifies a paradigm shift in healthcare, offering real-time
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4 insights into patients' health statuses and enabling timely their extensive impact on a large patient demographic
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6 actions. underscore the considerable potential of IoT devices in the
7 healthcare arena. In the future, further integration of these
8 B. FITNESS TRACKING AND WELLNESS technologies is expected to enhance patients' quality of life
9 and make their treatment journeys more manageable. This
10 Wearable IoT devices enable the tracking of individuals' could contribute to improving the overall standard of living
11 activities. Among the most recognized and popular devices for individuals grappling with chronic conditions.
12 today are smartwatches and fitness trackers. According to a
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2018 study in the United States, 77% of the population uses E. EMERGENCY RESPONSE
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15 smartphones, with 13% utilizing smartwatches. Moreover,
16 40% of the population contemplates purchasing a In emergency medical services, the decision-making process
17 smartwatch [6]. These devices meticulously record between those seeking urgent help and emergency
18 individuals' fitness routines and various activities. During responders is critical. These decisions are interlinked, and
19 exercise, they instantly measure and record data such as heart time is of the essence; any delay significantly reduces a
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rate, expended calories, and blood oxygen levels. Through person's chance of survival. Additionally, a person's stress,
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22 this data, users gain insights into their activities. They can concern, or uncertainty can impact an emergency responder's
23 observe the impacts of their activities on their cardiovascular ability to understand the real situation. IoMT systems aim to
24 systems and receive personalized workout gather personal data from various sources, intelligently
25 recommendations. analyze it, and provide meaningful clinical feedback. This
26 facilitates rapid and accurate transmission of vital
27 C. MEDICATION ADHERENCE information such as assessing emergency situations,
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29 providing location details, monitoring health status, and
Wearable health devices can significantly aid the accurate ensuring minimal intervention time for those in need of
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31 progression of individuals' treatment processes. They can urgent assistance. IoMT bridges the physical and digital
32 organize the daily medication schedules for patients realms, enabling valuable data delivery to clinical systems,
33 requiring regular medication intake and remind them of the thereby enhancing the quality of emergency medical services
34 times they need to take their medications, contributing to a and improving decision-making processes [9].
35 more precise treatment regimen. Consequently, this ensures
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uninterrupted treatment and enhances the quality of
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38 healthcare services for these individuals. Several studies IV.RELATED WORKS
39 indicate that irregular medication adherence leads to annual
40 financial losses, prolongs the treatment process, and can In recent years, there has been significant momentum in
41 even result in several fatalities [7]. Preventing such research and development concerning wearable IoT
42 adversities underscores the significance of employing these
43 technologies in the healthcare sector. Many outcomes of
devices. these endeavors have evolved into commercial products and
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45 are now accessible to users in the market. Particularly, one
46 D. CHRONIC DISEASE MANAGMENT focal area of these technologies has been solutions targeting
47 groups facing challenges in maintaining independence,
48 Certainly, chronic illnesses entail an ongoing struggle for
notably including the elderly or individuals with specific
49 individuals. This prolonged battle demands constant
50 chronic conditions. Common health issues such as heart
management and monitoring of their health conditions
51 disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's are among the targeted
throughout their lives. Essential aspects such as medication
52 ailments by these technologies. However, considering the
53 adherence, regular physician visits, and prompt responses to
diversity of individual needs, it remains notably challenging
54 emergent situations require consistent attention. Wearable
for a singular application to address this wide spectrum
55 health devices harbor significant potential in this context. For
effectively. Consequently, researchers and developers are
56 instance, studies focusing on chronic diseases like cancer,
57 intensively focusing on diverse strategies within this domain.
diabetes, depression, dementia, cardiovascular ailments, and
58 Tailored solutions are being developed for various purposes
asthma highlight the substantial support IoT can offer in
59 such as health monitoring and management, enhancing
60 these domains [8]. This suggests the potential for the
quality of life, and early diagnosis of diseases. This variety
61 emergence of more effective solutions to aid individuals in
showcases the extensive and adaptable potential of wearable
62 managing their lives. The diversity of these ailments and
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4 IoT technologies within the healthcare sector. Presently, comprehension of their health developments. In adopting
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6 these technologies not only support personal usage but also this patient-centric approach, Diabetes.co.uk contributes to
7 play a significant role in enhancing the efficiency and the more effective delivery of healthcare services. In
8 effectiveness of healthcare services. Anticipations suggest conclusion, the pivotal role played by Diabetes.co.uk at the
9 further diversification in advancements in this field, with the University of Warwick serves to support individuals living
10 provision of more specific solutions aligned with users' with diabetes, amalgamating information and technology to
11 distinct needs in the forthcoming periods. contribute to a healthier lifestyle [3].
12
13 Yang et al. [10] have proposed a platform aimed at According to work in [12], an assessment is provided
14 facilitating access to adequate healthcare for patients seeking regarding the potential utilization of 6G technologies such as
15 home-based medical services. This platform integrates point- THz communication for supporting low-latency healthcare
16 of-care diagnostics and the Internet of Medical Things data transmission and expediting medical network
17 (IoMT), intending to assist patients in receiving precise connections between wearables and remote physicians. In
18 healthcare services. Furthermore, the proposed system holds practical terms, healthcare sectors, particularly in areas like
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20 the potential to reduce national healthcare expenses while remote health monitoring, necessitate low-latency
21 monitoring the spread of diseases. communication (below 1 ms) and a reliability requirement
22 Dimitrov [11] provided an analysis of the applications of exceeding 99.999% to achieve almost real-time health
23 Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) and Big Data within the services through rapid and reliable remote diagnostics.
24 healthcare sphere, enabling the emergence of innovative Remarkably, 6G robotics emerge as an intriguing solution,
25 business models and fostering diversity in work processes. offering the potential to conduct surgical interventions with
26
27 This discussion facilitated the enhancement of customer remote doctors managing procedures at millisecond latencies
28 experiences and improvements in output quality. The and high reliability. These advancements may facilitate more
29 utilization of wearable sensors and mobile applications effective and reliable delivery of remote services in the
30 served diverse healthcare needs and enabled the collection of healthcare sector.
31 extensive patient-generated Big Data, ultimately The study in [13] utilizes various machine learning
32 contributing to the advancement of health education. techniques, such as the Bayesian classifier, logistic
33
34 Wang et al. [2] developed a system that detects lung regression, and decision tree, to analyze historical health
35 nodules by integrating various AI algorithms. They records of stroke patients collected through wearable sensors
36 enhanced the convergence speed using the ReLU activation in health-focused 6G heterogeneous networks. To expedite
37 function and introduced a dropout layer to prevent stroke care, an uplink radio resource allocation optimization
38 overfitting. Their model demonstrates a contribution to the solution is integrated, where the allocated resources are
39 early diagnosis of lung cancer by identifying lung nodules in proportional to the stroke probabilities of patients. The
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41 patients. They anticipate incorporating this developed allocated resources must be proportional to the severity of
42 system into 6G-enabled IoMT, envisioning future the patients' medical condition (i.e., stroke likelihood), which
43 possibilities for online diagnostic capabilities. is predicted by an ensemble system classifying readings of
44 Diabetes.co.uk, situated at the University of Warwick, is vital signs obtained from body-attached and nearby IoT
45 recognized as the world's largest diabetes community, sensors. The ensemble system is thoroughly examined to
46 hosting over 45 million visitors annually. The primary enhance the reliability of stroke probability predictions, and
47
48 objective of this platform is to gather health data from the voting classifier achieves an accuracy of 93%, a false
49 diabetes patients through wearable IoT devices and process positive rate of 2.8%, and a false negative rate of 11%. This
50 this information with the assistance of artificial intelligence study highlights critical aspects in 6G-based health systems,
51 to provide feedback to the patients, supporting them in focusing on resource allocation and stroke risk prediction,
52 actively managing and controlling their own health. The demonstrating the potential to deliver more effective
53
service offered by Diabetes.co.uk aims to provide significant healthcare services.
54
55 insights into patients' health status by utilizing real-world Khan [14] proposed an IoT healthcare system for
56 data. The analysis of this data is employed not only to furnish assessing heart diseases. Utilizing a smartwatch and a heart
57 personalized feedback to patients but also to offer monitoring device, information regarding blood pressure and
58 educational opportunities, aiding them in better ECG was collected. This data was subsequently transmitted
59 understanding their health. The utilization of wearable IoT to a server using wireless communication technology. Based
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devices ensures a consistent monitoring of patients on the transmitted information, the system, aided by artificial
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62 throughout their lives, facilitating a comprehensive intelligence, classified the patient's heart condition as either
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4 normal or abnormal, triggering alerts to the physician in case conducted studies demonstrated the effectiveness of
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6 of abnormalities. This innovative approach offers an researchers in detecting falls with approximately 95.9%
7 effective solution for remote heart health assessment. accuracy from actual sensor data.
8 Wan et al. introduce a system named WISE (Wearable IoT- This study [18] proposes an IoT-WBS (Wearable Body
9 cloud-baSed hEalth monitoring system) in their study Sensor) based diagnostic system architecture to monitor and
10 conducted on [15]. WISE embraces the Body Area Sensor track an individual's health condition. The captured data will
11 Network (BASN) framework for real-time health be directly transferred to the cloud server using wireless
12
13 monitoring. Within this framework, several wearable gateways to avoid using smartphone memory as storage
14 sensors, such as heart rate, body temperature, and blood facilities. The proposed IoT-WBS based disease diagnosis
15 pressure sensors, have been integrated. A significant aspect system has a four-level design to capture, store, and process
16 of the study is the observation that many existing wearable extensive device/sensor information. The first layer is
17 health monitoring systems necessitate a smartphone for data utilized to capture and gather information from IoT-based
18 processing, visualization, and transmission. However, in devices for data analysis to monitor physiological body signs
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20 WISE, data collected by BASN is directly transmitted to the for disease diagnosis. It is acknowledged that a patient may
21 cloud, and an alternative solution for the rapid display of have several wearable sensors, and the total number of
22 real-time data can be integrated as a lightweight wearable wearable sensors (WSs) is determined by experts, depending
23 device. This approach aims to facilitate faster and more on the required information to capture. The second layer
24 accessible retrieval of health monitoring data without serves as the gateway between data capture and the third
25 impacting the daily use of a smartphone. layer (Cloud-IoT subsystem), linking IoT devices to the
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27 Varatharajan et al. [16] introduce a study in which IoT Internet and transferring the obtained data from the first layer
28 devices are utilized for the early detection of Alzheimer's to the cloud storage database. Similarly, the third layer
29 disease. Wearable IoT devices are employed to monitor utilizes Apache to establish machine learning-based
30 individuals' walking patterns. The Dynamic Time Warping diagnosis for the disease. The final layer generates diagnostic
31 (DTW) algorithm is used to analyze individuals' walking alerts, and the outcome of this layer involves sending an
32 speeds over time. Foot patterns are compared between explanation of patients' conditions to doctors and experts.
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34 normal individuals and those with Alzheimer's disease. Data
35 obtained through physical activity and force sensors are
36 assessed for the classification of Alzheimer's disease. The V. CHALLENGES
37 effectiveness of DTW is verified by comparing it with other
38 classification algorithms. The future objective of the study in A. DATA COLLECTION
39 [16] is to collect various physiological signals from patients
40 The process of data collection may encounter various
41 using diverse IoT devices and detect early stages of various
diseases. challenges regarding the quality, quantity, resolution, and
42
43 In their study in [17], Kulurkar et al. developed a system other criteria of gathered data, depending on the
44 aimed at improving the care for elderly individuals who are specifications of wearable devices. In order for this data to
45 more prone to falls. They presented an edge computing become suitable for clinical application, initial preprocessing
46 framework utilizing real-time monitoring data from cost- of raw data is necessary. Steps such as amalgamating
47 measurements from different devices and eliminating errors
48 effective wearable sensors and employed an artificial
intelligence model to identify individual falls. According to and statistical outliers form a crucial part of data
49
50 the findings of their research, the utilized model accurately preprocessing. Subsequently, these processed data become
51 identified falls with a 99% precision rate. In this study, an ready for utilization in data analytics, often relying on
52 information processing framework was employed with an techniques like machine learning for wearable data
53 processing. However, obtaining high-quality labels for this
artificial intelligence model using a fall classification
54 data is time-consuming and may necessitate expert
55 algorithm to monitor patient activities in real-time and detect
falls. Human activity was tracked using wireless wearable knowledge or user intervention. Furthermore, wearable
56
57 sensors called MetaMotionR produced by MbientLab, which devices implanted within the body (such as implanted
58 transmitted actual data to an edge device. A laptop was used cardiac monitors, continuous glucose monitors, etc.) may
59 as the network edge to process streaming sensor data, and an face diverse challenges during usage, including foreign body
60 reactions affecting the functionality of biosensors or
automated analysis pipeline was set up using unique APIs
61 unexpected movements of the device [19].
62 from MbientLab, Apache Flink, and TensorFlow. The
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4 B. DATA TRANSMISSION complicate the acceptance of this technology. Furthermore,
5
6 the quality and diversity of datasets used in training AI
Data transmission processes are becoming increasingly models can significantly impact the overall accuracy and
7
8 complex in contemporary times. Devices such as wearable reliability of these models. Additionally, during the
9 technologies incessantly gather data from their surroundings integration of AI models into clinical practice, ethical and
10 and users. This perpetual flow is further intensified by high- legal considerations must be carefully taken into account.
11 speed connectivity technologies. For instance, technologies For instance, the use of an AI model in clinical decision-
12 like 6G accelerate data traffic, leading to increased data
13 making raises ethical questions about the evaluation of these
production. Consequently, managing, processing, and decisions and issues concerning patient confidentiality. Such
14
15 analyzing this vast volume of data poses a significant challenges can present significant obstacles in implementing
16 challenge. However, energy efficiency plays a critically AI-assisted healthcare projects and underscore the necessity
17 pivotal role in the processes involved in handling and storing of establishing a robust foundation to ensure reliability. In
18 this data. The continuous processing and storage of conclusion, while the utilization of AI in healthcare holds
19 substantial amounts of data can escalate energy
20 considerable potential, inherent challenges regarding
consumption, consequently raising costs and environmental accuracy, reliability, ethics, and legality may hinder its
21
22 impacts. Thus, considering energy efficiency during the widespread adoption. Therefore, in AI-based healthcare
23 developmental phase of communication solutions holds projects, meticulous attention should be given not only to
24 immense significance. technical challenges but also to ethical, legal, and reliability-
25 related concerns. This represents a critical step towards
26 C. DATA SECURITY
27 enabling efficient and reliable use of AI technology within
28 the healthcare sector.
Contemporary wearable devices possess the capability to
29
continuously gather various data, such as users' locations,
30
31 physical activities, and mental health status [20]. These data VI. EFFICIENT SOLUTIONS
32 are potentially sensitive for users, underscoring the
33 paramount importance of preserving their privacy. A. BIG DATA
34 Regrettably, a comprehensive singular solution addressing
35 security and privacy concerns in wearable devices is Although there are other definitions of big data, Douglas
36
currently absent. This absence complicates the thorough Laney's definition is the most widely used and
37
38 mitigation of potential risks associated with these acknowledged. Laney noted that three distinct dimensions—
39 technologies. Hence, further research and development volume, velocity, and variety, or the "three Vs"—were
40 efforts are imperative to enhance the security and privacy witnessing an increase in the amount of (big) data [21]. Big
41 facets of wearable devices. These additional investigations data can offer various solutions to the challenges
42 will not only safeguard user data but also bolster the encountered in data collection processes. In this context, one
43
reliability of wearable technologies. Ensuring the accurate of the focal points of the big data concept is the volume,
44
45 storage of such data and preventing unauthorized access will velocity, and variety of data. Data collection challenges are
46 enable users to utilize these devices with greater comfort and often associated with the sheer volume of data. In this
47 confidence. Establishing a more robust foundation scenario, creating scalable data storage and management
48 concerning security and privacy is a pivotal stride towards systems allows for the effective processing and storage of
49 rendering wearable devices more trustworthy for user large amounts of data. Velocity represents a crucial factor in
50
adoption. the data collection process. There might be a need for swift
51
52 data gathering and making it accessible for analysis, leading
53 D. RELIABILITY OF AI DECISIONS to the development of infrastructure and tools to support
54 faster data flows. Variety encompasses the diversity of
55 The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in the healthcare different data types and sources. Integrating and
56 sector offers significant potential benefits but also poses harmonizing data in various formats requires more flexible
57 fundamental challenges concerning reliability and accuracy.
58 and adaptive data collection systems. These solutions could
The complexity and depth of AI models may induce enhance the efficiency of data collection processes and
59
60 uncertainties regarding the assurance of accuracy levels. facilitate the effective management of big data. Therefore,
61 Particularly, questions regarding how these models arrive at the diverse advantages offered by big data present solutions
62 decisions and the reliability of these decisions can
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4 to data collection challenges, ultimately improving data C. TRAINING DATASET
5
6 utilization and analysis.
7 The utilization of diverse datasets represents a critical stride
8 B. CLOUD COMPUTING in augmenting the success of artificial intelligence systems
9 within the realm of healthcare. This approach fortifies the
10 The special privacy of health data and the security of model's ability to extrapolate its acquired knowledge and
11 patients' information make data an inherently sensitive issue. apply it across disparate environments. For instance, a model
12 Any misdirected criterion can lead to serious consequences, trained solely on data from a specific hospital system may
13
14 and at times, even life or death situations. Therefore, data not replicate the same level of performance when deployed
15 processing sensitivity can be better controlled with the in a different healthcare institution. An illustrative case arises
16 adoption of new technologies. Generally, as healthcare from researchers who trained a model using data sourced
17 services are restructured and health information technologies from a healthcare system to diagnose pneumonia through
18 (HIT) are subjected to reforms, one of the central or main chest X-rays [23]. However, when this model was evaluated
19 pathways of this transformation is undoubtedly cloud using data from a distinct healthcare system, discernible
20
21 computing [22]. Data security emerges as a significant discrepancies in performance, notably lower than its
22 challenge in the healthcare sector, particularly in the performance in the original system, were observed.
23 processes of data storage and sharing. However, to overcome Variables such as differing disease prevalence, demographic
24 these challenges and enhance effective data management in characteristics, or treatment methodologies can significantly
25 healthcare services, the adoption of cloud computing impact the model's accuracy. Hence, the imperative lies in
26 technology can provide a new perspective. Cloud computing the necessity for artificial intelligence systems to be trained
27
28 holds the potential to offer solutions to data security issues on broader and more diverse datasets. However, this process
29 in the healthcare sector. This technology enables healthcare is accompanied by inherent challenges. For instance,
30 organizations to optimize processes related to data storage, amalgamating and standardizing data obtained from
31 sharing, and access. Additionally, it presents a cost-effective dissimilar healthcare systems or sources can pose technical
32 model, assisting healthcare institutions in avoiding challenges such as data incongruities and quality disparities.
33 expensive infrastructure investments. Cloud computing has Furthermore, the utilization of expansive datasets can elevate
34
35 the capability to accelerate data storage processes and both the complexity of the model and the duration of the
36 facilitate access to data from anywhere. This, in turn, allows training process, potentially engendering new predicaments,
37 healthcare professionals to access patients' medical histories such as overfitting and data-specific issues. Consequently,
38 more swiftly and effectively. Furthermore, it fosters while enhancing the generalization prowess of artificial
39 collaboration among different healthcare units by increasing intelligence models, it becomes imperative to acknowledge
40
information sharing. and surmount these technical challenges. In conclusion, the
41
42 utilization of more comprehensive and diverse datasets can
43 potentially empower artificial intelligence models to produce
44 more consistent and reliable outcomes in real-world
45 scenarios. However, this process demands meticulous
46 consideration of technical, ethical, and data compatibility
47
facets. Thus, enabling artificial intelligence in healthcare
48
49 applications to become more effectively and reliably
50 deployable.
51
52 D. LEARNING-BASED DATA TRANSMISSION
53
54 Traditional data compression methods often struggle to
55
handle complex and large healthcare datasets. In contrast,
56 FIGURE 4. Cloud Technology
57 deep learning-based compression techniques, by robustly
58 modeling features extracted from these datasets, can achieve
59 faster processing, higher compression ratios, and accurate
60 reconstruction [24]. This approach aims to efficiently
61 manage the vast amounts of data from sensors in healthcare
62
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