Chapter 4

### 4.1 Overview of Network Layer:

**1. What is the primary purpose of the network layer?**

- A) Physical transmission of data
- B) Logical communication between app processes
- C) Ensuring reliable data transfer
- D) Managing link-layer protocols

**Answer: B) Logical communication between app processes**

**2. What are the two key network-layer functions?**

- A) Encryption and Decryption
- B) Framing and Flow Control
- C) Routing and Forwarding
- D) Modulation and Demodulation

**Answer: C) Routing and Forwarding**

**3. In the analogy of taking a trip, what does "forwarding" correspond to?**
- A) Planning the trip
- B) Deciding the route
- C) Getting through a single interchange
- D) Choosing the destination

**Answer: C) Getting through a single interchange**

### 4.2 What's Inside a Router:

#### Router Architecture:

**4. What are the four main parts of a router architecture?**

- A) Processor, Memory, Input, Output
- B) Routing Processor, Input Ports, Switching Fabrics, Output Ports
- C) CPU, RAM, Hard Drive, Network Interface Card (NIC)
- D) Data Link Layer, Physical Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer

**Answer: B) Routing Processor, Input Ports, Switching Fabrics, Output Ports**

#### Input Port Functions:

**5. What is HOL blocking in the context of input ports?**

- A) Head-of-Line blocking where the first packet in a queue prevents others from moving
forward.
- B) High-Output Level blocking due to excessive traffic.
- C) Host-Ordered Link blocking causing delays in packet transmission.
- D) Hardware-Oriented Latency blocking leading to router inefficiency.

**Answer: A) Head-of-Line blocking where the first packet in a queue prevents others from
moving forward.**

#### Switching Fabrics:

**6. Which type of switching fabric overcomes bus bandwidth limitations?**

- A) Memory
- B) Bus
- C) Crossbar (Interconnection Network)
- D) FIFO

**Answer: C) Crossbar (Interconnection Network)**

#### Output Port Queueing:

**7. What is the purpose of output port buffering?**

- A) To increase the switching rate.
- B) To prevent head-of-line blocking.
- C) To manage the arrival rate of packets.
- D) To decrease the queueing delay.

**Answer: C) To manage the arrival rate of packets.**

### 4.2 1P: Internet Protocol:

**8. What is the size of an IPv4 address?**

- A) 8 bits
- B) 16 bits
- C) 32 bits
- D) 64 bits

**Answer: C) 32 bits**
**9. In IPv6, what is the size of an IP address?**
- A) 32 bits
- B) 64 bits
- C) 128 bits
- D) 256 bits

**Answer: C) 128 bits**

**10. What does NAT stand for in networking?**

- A) Network Address Time
- B) Network Access Token
- C) Network Address Translation
- D) Network Application Task

**Answer: C) Network Address Translation**

**11. What is the purpose of IP address fragmentation?**

- A) To increase security
- B) To decrease packet size
- C) To handle large datagrams over links with smaller Maximum Transmission Units (MTUs)
- D) To enhance routing efficiency

**Answer: C) To handle large datagrams over links with smaller Maximum Transmission Units
(MTUs)**

**12. What is the next-generation Internet Protocol after IPv4?**

- A) IPv5
- B) IPv6
- C) IPX/SPX
- D) ICMPv6

**Answer: B) IPv6**