LOVELY PROFFESIONAL UNIVERSITY
EDGE COMPUTING
ABSTRACT
The Edge computing paradigm has
experienced significant growth in both
academic and professional circles in recent
years. Many emerging technologies, like
5G, the Internet of Things (IoT),
augmented reality, and vehicle-to-vehicle
communications, are made possible by it.
connecting end consumers to cloud
computing resources and services.
Applications that require low latency,
mobility, and location awareness are
supported by the edge computing
paradigm. A lot of research has been done
in the field of edge computing, which is
examined in terms of most recent
innovations including mobile edge
computing, cloudlets, and fog computing,
giving researchers deeper understanding of
current solutions and potential
applications. . This article aims to provide
a thorough overview of current
developments in edge computing while
emphasizing the key applications. In real-
world situations where response time is a
crucial need for many applications, it also
examines the significance of edge
computing. The prerequisites and open
research issues in edge computing are
covered in the article's conclusion.
1.INTRODUCTION
Although the idea of network-based
computing extends back to the 1960s,
many people think that on August 9, 2006,
when then-Google CEO Eric Schmidt
introduced the word to an industry
conference, "cloud computing" was first
used in its current sense. It allowed for
information.
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to be processed and stored on distant
servers, allowing our gadgets to provide
services that were beyond their technical
capacity. A computer with a few gigabytes
of memory can effectively house an
endless amount of data via the cloud. But
with time, the cloud has begun to obstruct
several technologies, particularly IoT[1].
The Internet of Things (IOT) has such a
broad breadth that data processing cannot
be done just through cloud computing. IOT
data delivered over a Wi-Fi or cellular
network can cause the entire network to
sluggishly. IOT devices are useless
without access to the central cloud since
they lack an internet connection. Edge
computing can help with this.
Edge computing, as defined by Wikipedia,
is a distributed computing paradigm in
which processing and computation are
mostly carried out on categorized device
nodes known as smart devices or edge
devices rather than being processed in a
centralized cloud environment or data
center’s [2]. It is beneficial to give data
collecting sources and cyber-physical
sources such intelligent sensors and
actuators access to server resources, data
analysis, and artificial intelligence. It is
characterized by fast processing and quick
application response time and brings the
cloud computing service and utilities
closer to the end user. This can lessen the
quantity of data that must be transferred to
the cloud, albeit it does not totally
eliminate the need for one. On our own
two devices or at the network "edge,"
which is a phrase used to define the point
where a device or network communicates
with the internet, edge computing enables
cloud-like capability. That could be the
CPU of the device, a router, an ISP, or a
nearby edge server. Data is processed as
close to the device as feasible or even on
the device itself, as opposed to being sent
to a distant server
EDGE
An edge is a piece of equipment that
serves a certain purpose and incorporates
compute power. On edge devices, like a
factory floor assembly line, an ATM, an
intelligent camera, or a car, interesting
work can be done.
An edge device often has constrained
processing resources, which is frequently
motivated by economic considerations.
ARM or x86 class CPUs with 1 or 2 cores,
128 MB of memory, and maybe 1 GB of
local persistent storage are frequently seen
in edge devices. Although edge devices
have the potential to be more powerful,
they are now the exception rather than the
rule.
Any edge device, edge server, or edge
gateway that allows for the use of edge
computing is referred to as an edge node.
Server or Edge Cluster: A general-purpose
IT computer known as an edge cluster or
server is situated in a remote operations
facility, such as a factory, retail
establishment, hotel, distribution center, or
bank. A conventional industrial PC or
racked computer form factor is used to
build an edge cluster/server. Edge servers
with 8, 16, or more CPU cores, 16GB of
memory, and hundreds of GBs of local
storage are popular. Shared services and
enterprise application workloads are often
run on an edge cluster or server.
Edge Devices or IOT Devices
the grouping of physical items that have
sensors, software, and other technologies
built into them for the purpose of
connecting to and exchanging data with
other systems and devices online. The
cornerstone of edge computing principles
is this. We will delve deeper into the ideas
and advantages of edge computing in this
essay and give a number of predictions for
its future.
Figure 1 (Basic Edge Computing )
Cloud
Big Data
Processing,
Business
Logic data,
Storage
Edge Layer
Realtime data
processing at
source/on
premises
Edge
Devices
(IOT)
2.ORIGIN & BACKGROUND
In order to speed up and ramp up the
performance of the web, a firm by the
name of Akamai launched content delivery
networks (CDN) in the late 1990s, which
is when the idea of edge computing first
emerged. To prefetch and cache online
content, a CDN makes advantage of nodes
at the edge that are close to users.
Additionally, these edge nodes are capable
of customizing the material by including
location-specific advertising[3]. As a result
of the significant bandwidth savings that
can be achieved by caching, CDNs are
particularly beneficial for video content.
Edge computing uses cloud computing
infrastructure to expand and generalize the
CDN concept.
Brian Noble and his associates initially
showed how edge computing could benefit
mobile computing in 1997. They
demonstrated how offloading computing
to a nearby server may be used to
implement speech recognition on a mobile
device with respectable performance. To
combat the "world wide wait," Akamai
introduced the first generation of edge
computing in 2000, when processing was
centralized in data centres[4].By compiling
and distributing content based on business
needs, Akamai's technology offered
situational performance. utilizing a
computer paradigm we called enhanced
metadata, reasoning for every consumer. A
form of edge computing known as
advanced metadata uses XML to specify
the business logic for a specific client.
Edge Side Includes is a standard edge
computing solution for developers that was
created in 2001 by Akamai in
collaboration with other industry experts.
(ESI). In a 2009 essay that established the
theoretical framework for edge computing,
Mahadev Satyanarayana, Paramvir Bahl,
Rámon Cáceres, and Nigel Davies first
stated their observations regarding end-to-
end latency and cloud computing [5].That
recommended a two-tiered design, with the
cloud infrastructure as the first level and
cloudlets—a small-scale cloud datacenter
situated at the edge of the Internet or closer
to the device—as the second level.
Additionally, a cloudlet only keeps a soft
state, like cached copies of data.
Cisco coined the phrase "fog computing"
in 2012 to describe distributed cloud
infrastructures. The goal was to enhance
IoT scalability, or the ability to manage
large amounts of big data and a large
number of IoT devices for real-time low-
latency applications.
This brings us to the edge computing age,
which has a corollary going back to the
client/server era, where we are right now.
Computing systems must be deployed at
the edge due to the growth of IoT, the rise
in the number of companies with different
locations, and the fact that more and more
data is generated outside of the data center.
3. Importance of Edge Computing
Edge computing is significant because it
gives industrial and enterprise-level
companies new and better ways to
maximize operational effectiveness,
enhance performance and safety, automate
all essential business procedures, and
guarantee "always on" availability. It is a
cutting-edge technique for achieving the
digital transformation of your business
practices. drives the upcoming industrial
revolution, which will change services and
manufacturing. optimizes data collection
and analysis at the edge to produce
business intelligence that can be put to use.
encourages the development of an agile
corporate environment that is more cost-
effective, faster, and more manageable. As
autonomous systems are built on a
foundation of increased processing power
at the edge, businesses can boost
productivity and efficiency while freeing
up staff to work on higher-value tasks
within the operation. Placement of edge-
powered AI or analytical apps will have a
significant impact on cost and other factors
as IoT adoption across sectors rises.In
cooperation with Oxford Economics, the
IBM Institute of Business Value polled
1,500 C-Suite executives who had
firsthand knowledge of their companies'
edge computing strategy, investments, and
operations [6]. We discovered that 91% of
organizations will use edge
computing.84% of respondents think edge
computing apps will improve their
operational responsiveness. In order to
develop new business models at the edge
that integrate intelligent processes,
automation, and edge device connection,
75% of respondents believe they will
invest in AI within the next three years.
54% will control energy efficiency through
edge computing apps. Over 20% ROI is
often expected from edge disruptors over
the next three years.
Edge computing can contribute
significantly to these efforts in many ways
depending on the industry. In conclusion,
those businesses assert that edge
computing can Drive operational
responsiveness Edge-induced
responsiveness can result in considerable
corporate benefits, including lower
operating costs, workflow automation, and
quicker decision-making. Boost energy
efficiency: Edge can assist businesses with
energy management and power usage
reduction. Less data is transferred to and
from the cloud as the edge processes more
data. Across all industries, executives are
developing methods to sustain continuous
operations, personalize consumer
experiences, and produce insights and
actions more quickly. to out more about
how businesses across industries intend to
implement edge. Edge infrastructure is
positioned to be one of the primary growth
engines in the server and storage market
for the next ten years and beyond thanks to
greater interconnectivity providing
improved edge access to more core
applications as well as new IoT and
industry-specific commercial use cases.
4. Architecture of Edge Computing
Edge computing implies a specific
location. Instead, than depending solely on
the "larger" clouds to do all of the work,
computing is now being done at or close to
the data source. Enterprise applications are
brought closer to the places where data is
created and where actions must be
performed thanks to edge computing. Who
or what is generating so much data? many
devices. The devices have sensors built in,
and the sensors collect data and transmit it
for analysis. No matter their size, the
devices are equipped with several types of
sensors, including those that power
actuators, those that record and transmit
information via audio and video streams,
and those that relay raw data that needs
urgent analysis. Edge devices cover a
wider variety of device types and functions
than IoT devices do. The data is analyzed
at the device source via edge computing
[7]. The following are the foundational
levels of edge computing architecture: -
EDGE DEVICES: - A piece of hardware
known as an edge device regulates data
flow at the intersection of two networks.
These are real, on-site, edge devices like
cameras, sensors, and other hardware tools
that collect data or communicate with edge
data. Simple edge devices can collect,
broadcast, or do both. The processing
power of the more sophisticated edge
devices allows them to do additional tasks.
The ability to deploy and administer the
applications on these edge devices is
crucial in both scenarios. Devices can vary
in size. Smart thermostats, smart doorbells,
house cameras, car cameras, and virtual or
augmented reality goggles are a few
examples. Larger devices include
industrial robots, cars, smart buildings, and
oil platforms. No matter their size, the
devices come with a variety of 11 sensors,
including those that power actuators and
those that gather and transmit data
wirelessly. comprising audio and video
feeds, sensors relaying raw data that needs
quick analysis, and other media. The data
is analysed at the device source by edge
computing. Most of this communication is
now made possible by the new 5G, or fifth
generation, cellular network technology. In
order to support activities at the edge, the
edge and IoT devices are designed to do
analytics, apply AI rules, and even store
certain data locally. The systems may
perform analysis and real-time inference
without the need for the enterprise region 5. Edge Computing Technologies
or the edge server.
There are many reasons why businesses
Local edge: - the network's edge nodes or might start integrating edge computing
systems running locally. The edge network technology into their network architecture.
layer and edge cluster/servers might be Enhanced application performance, real-
distinct physical or virtual servers that are time AI data processing, significantly
present in different physical locations or reduced running expenses, and scheduled
they can be joined in a hyperconverged downtime.We'll examine a few edge
architecture. Apps are distributed to the computing IoT solutions, including
devices using edge servers. Using agents cloudlets, fog computing, and multi-access
that are placed on each of the devices, they or mobile edge computing (MEC).To
are in continual communication with one comprehend their function in enabling
another. Millions of devices are monitored next-generation network infrastructures,
by thousands of edge servers. Data from we will examine what they are and how
the devices is forwarded to the edge server they operate.
for additional analysis if something other
than inferencing is required.This • Multi-Access Edge Computing
architecture layer is divided into two main MEC offers an ultra-low latency
sublayers. Here will be housed both the environment with high bandwidth and
system parts necessary to manage the real-time access to radio and network
applications in these architecture levels analytics at the RAN edge, close to end
and the apps on the device edge. users. This provides IT and cloud
Application Layer: that can't run at the computing capabilities. By utilising MEC,
device edge because their footprint is too there is a chance to create a variety of
big for the device will run here at the fresh products and services, spark
application layer. IoT processing and innovation, and launch fresh ventures.
sophisticated video analytics are two Contextual data, targeted content,
examples of applications. proximity awareness, and location
awareness in particular can generate
Network layer: Since controlling physical corporate value opportunities and provide
network equipment is difficult, they are a personalized mobile broadband
typically not implemented. A large portion experience. Service providers may gain
of the network layer has been virtualized from MEC by gathering more data on
or containerized. Routers, switches, and consumers' content, location, and interests
other network devices needed to operate in order to distinguish their service
the local edge are some examples. offerings, launch new services, or just
Figure 3 . Edge Computing Layouts showing different levels of architecture. Adapted from exploit such data for commercial gain. By
IBM(2020)
allowing approved third parties to use the
storage and processing capabilities, MEC's
open radio network edge platform
facilitates multi-service and multitenancy,
allowing the introduction of new
enterprises on-demand and in a flexible
way. MNOs could
could offer cloud services and further
monetize the broadband experience by
giving outside parties access to
information about RAN and network
conditions in order to assist service
improvements. Additionally, MEC may
take use of cellular networks' all-
encompassing coverage to serve as the
primary facilitator for M2M and IoT
services that are sufficiently developed to
influence vertical market segments, such
as energy utilities, the automobile industry,
and smart city services[13]. The
development of additional IoT and 5G-
enabled technologies and devices is
expected to considerably increase network
demands, and multi-edge computing
enables users to more intelligently manage
this excessive traffic and resource needs.
Additionally, it aids in building the
groundwork for upcoming next-generation
and intelligent networks.
The support for enhanced location,
augmented reality, and Internet of Things
services could also be provided by multi-
or mobile edge computing. Before 5G
networks start to spread out, it provides
those sectors a head start and time to adjust
to new technology.
Using Lanner's Edge Server HTCA-6200
as an illustration, a hybrid TCA platform
with a high throughput network appliance
is designed for use in mission-critical edge
computing applications.
• FOG COMPUTING
Fog computing, also referred to as fog
networking or "fogging," is a concept first
presented by Cisco to enable a cloud
computing architecture away from
centralized cloud datacenters, taking into
account a significant number of
geographically dispersed cloud users.
as cooperating edge nodes in a distributed
cloud. A decentralized computer
infrastructure is referred to as "fogging,"
"fog computing," or just "fogging."
Fog computing is described by the Open
Fog Consortium as a system-level
horizontal architecture that distributes
processing, storage, control, and
networking resources and services along a
continuum from the cloud to things. To
distribute, orchestrate, manage, and secure
resources and services across networks and
between devices located at the edge, fog
computing offers the necessary
technologies. Fog computing aims to
reduce the amount of data sent to the cloud
for processing, analysis, and/or storage by
extending cloud computing and services to
the network's edge. IoT sensor and other
device data are often transferred to the
cloud for processing and analysis.
However, these gadgets are frequently
geographically too far away to reply in a
practical length of time. Reduce the
amount of data being sent back to the
cloud by enabling short-term analysis and
operations at the edge of a network with
fog computing[14]. A fog node can
network, compute, accelerate, store, and
control data, among other things, from a
functional standpoint. Fog nodes can
communicate with one another wirelessly
or over connected connections. Fog nodes
also possess some generic computing
capability. Fog nodes doing enhanced
analytics in particular need to set up
accelerator modules such graphics
processors, field programmable gate
arrays, and digital signal processors to
offer more computing throughput. Fog
nodes need a variety of storage types to
maintain the system's and the scenario's
required levels of reliability and data
integrity. In an application situation, the
edge of the network typically has a wide
range of sensors and actuators.
 • CLOUDLETS
The term "cloudlet" was first used by
computer scientist Mahadev
Satyanarayana to describe the middle layer
of a three-tier architecture that included an
end device, an edge cloud platform (i.e.,
cloudlet), and a centralized datacenter.
Cloudlet's goal is to bring cloud services
from remote datacenters closer to the end
customers. Cloudlet is regarded as a
reliable, resource-rich node with consistent
Internet connectivity that provides adjacent
mobile devices with access to
computation, access, and storage
capabilities. It was suggested as an edge
cloud node that may be found in public
spaces like coffee shops and shopping
malls as well as densely inhabited regions
like train stations and convention centers.
Mobile devices only function as thin
clients, or lightweight machines that
heavily rely on remote connection to a
cloud server to offload resource-intensive
activities in order to speed up execution
and conserve energy. Based on a soft state
solution that uses virtual machines,
cloudlets are created. (VMs). Cloudlets
just serve as a miniature data center that
end users may access through Wi-Fi to
install and manage their own virtual
machines. Cloudlets provide two distinct
methods using a VM-based strategy. The
first one is built on virtual machine
migration and focuses on suspending and
moving the end device's CPU, disk, and
memory to the destination cloudlet, where
execution is resumed from the precise
state[13].
6.CONCLUSION
There is a definite demand for edge
computing given the rising popularity of
novel use cases and services like smart
manufacturing, augmented and virtual
reality, and online gaming. Edge
computing, in conjunction with other
technical solutions like private networks,
is a facilitator for use-cases needing
confidentiality, resilience, and low latency.
Additionally, if more data could be
processed locally rather than being
transferred to the cloud, bandwidth may be
saved. IoT growth and the widespread
adoption of mobile devices transformed
the edge's position in the computing
paradigm from data consumer to data
producer/consumer. The ecosystem for
edge computing is huge and expanding
quickly. The technology is specified and
solutions are defined in collaboration with
numerous organizations and businesses.
Although there are many different use
cases for edge computing, no single
solution fits them all. Organizations should
pick the option that best aligns with their
business strategy and be ready to ally with
the appropriate service provider in order to
strengthen their position. Additionally, as
technology advances, the computing
infrastructure must become more effective,
reliable, and efficient. Finally, we present
industrial edge computing use cases and
problems that merit further research, such
as Open vs. Proprietary Systems, time-
sensitive performance, hardware
limitations, etc. We hope that this paper
will alert the community to the fact that
edge computing is arrived.
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