Lecture 2

2. What is a language which is a mother tongue of several nation called? Give

a few examples of such languages.
A language which is a mother tongue of several nations is called a polyethnic
language. English, German, Spanish, etc.
3. What variation in terms of pronunciation does a polyethnic language
display?
First of all, a polyethnic language can have national variants/types of
pronunciation (національні варіанти/типи вимови). English is the mother
tongue of several na- tions, thus it has the following national variants of
pronunciation: British English, American English, Australian English, New
Zealand English.
4. Name the nations of the world whose mother tongue is English.
United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
5. What linguistic situation is called bilingualism?
Bilingualism is two languages in one territory
6. What is monolingualism?
Monolingualism is one language in one territory
7. What is the individual speech of members of the same language community
termed?
The individual speech of members of the same language community called
Idiolect
8. What varieties does every national variant of English fall into?
Variant of English :
Territorial variety
Regional variety (dialects)
9. What is a variant of the language that includes differences in grammar,
vocabulary and pronunciation?
Dialect is a variant of the language that includes differences in Grammar,
Vocabulary and Pronunciation.
10.What is the relationship between a dialect and an accent? Give all possible
definitions of an accent.
While a dialect can include differences in pronunciations from the language it
comes from, it also includes differences in vocabulary and grammar. The
word accent, however, describes just a distinct way of pronouncing a
language. It does not include differences in vocabulary and grammar. An
accent is a way of pronouncing a language that is distinctive to a country,
area, social class, or individual
11.What is literary pronunciation/ a standart of pronunciation? How should the
term ‘standart’ be interpreted?
One of the accents in the country (or more!) implicitly enjoys the status of
being "correct", cultivated and accepted by the educated speakers throughout
the national community. It is called literary pronunciation.
A standard of pronunciation can be defined as phonetic shaping of spoken
form of a national language received by the educated users of that language
which at a given time is generally considered correct
The term 'standard' is to be interpreted to mean ' implicitly considered to
represent correct and socially acceptable usage for educated purposes'.
12.What is English the entity of?
idk
13.How many million people speak English as their first language/ mother
tongue (L1/MT)?
About 360 million people speak English as their first language.
A total of about 604.3 million people worldwide speak English as their mother
tongue.
14.How many major groups do British dialectologists divide all variants of
English into?
1) the English-based group comprising English-English, Welsh English,
Scottish English, Northern Ireland English, Australian English, New Zealand
English;
2) the American-based group with American English and Canadian English.
15.What varieties of English does the English-based group comprised?
English-English, Welsh English, Scottish English, Northern Ireland English,
Australian English, New Zealand English;(6)
16.What varieties of English does the American- based group comprised?
American English and Canadian English.(2)
17.What varieties does English English include?
English English comprises two major accents: Southern English and Northern
English.
18.What pronunciation implicitly enjoys the status of the national standard in
the UK?
RP/BBC English implicitly enjoys the status of the national standard of
pronunciation in the United Kingdom.
19.How many main types of literary/cultivated pronunciation are distinguished
in American English?
In American English, three main types of literary/cultivated pronunciation
are distinguished:
1. General American (GenAm, GA)/Network English;
2. Eastern American;
3. Southern American.
20.What types of accents are used in Australia?
In New Zealand, RP is used as pronunciation model for educated speakers.
21.What is the standard of pronunciation in New Zealand?
In Australia, three groups of accents are distinguished: 1) Cultivated
Australian;
2) Broad Australian;
3) General Australian, which is treated as Australian pronunciation standard.
22.What type of educated English pronunciation is used in Canada?
The type of educated English pronunciation used in Canada has many similar
features with GenAm alongside with specific Canadian traits.
23.What are New Englishes?
New varieties of English or New Englishes have emerged as the result of the
colonial experience: Indian English, Hong Kong English, Singaporean
English, West African English, etc.

24.What two accents of English are attached most importance, prestige and
social advantagein international communication?
The following two accents of English have been under extensive investigation
due to their importance, prestige and social advantage in certain geographical
areas:
1) Southern English or RP/BBC English;
2) General American/GenAm or Network English.
25.What is a first language?
First Language (L1) is a speaker’s native language (NL) / mother tongue (MT)
whose learning normally begins in the speaker’s earliest experience of the
language aquisition as a very small child.
26. What is a second language?
Second Language (L2) is any other language that the speaker learns to control
at any time, to a level of near native-like proficiency
27.What is a foreign language?
Foreign Language (FL) is any language spoken by the speaker less than L2
level
28.Explain the following abbreviations: ELT, TEFL, TESL, TESOL.
ELT – English Language Teaching
TEFL – Teaching English as a Foreign Language
TESL – Teaching English as a Second Language
TESOL – Teaching English to Speakers of Other Language
29.What is a language used as a means of communication by the speakers who
do not have a native language in common called?
Lingua franca is a language as a means of communication by speakers who do
not have language in common
30.What is a contact language which draws on elements from two or more
languages called?
Pidgin language is a language used for the purpose of communication between
speakers of mutually unintelligible language which has been developed out of
the mixture of the languages of the communities concerned
31.What is the origin of the word ‘pidgin’ and what are main features of
pidgins? Give examples.
32.What is a second stage in the process of the pidgin development called? ^
33.How many groups/circles can all speakers of English in the world be divided
into?
34.What group can Ukrainian speakers of English be referred to?
35.Since when has the notion of ‘standard English’ started to be actively
discussed in academic and public discourse?
36.Is the notion ‘Standard English (SE)’ easy to define?
37.What essential characteristics of SE can be summarized?
38.What way does David Crystal define the Standard English of an
Englishspeaking I country?
39.Is there a World Standard English at the international level?
40.What chief conflicting issues put the linguistic problem of a World Standard
English under question? Explain them.
41.What current view on the problem of World Standard English is accepted in
the I linguistic circles?
42.Hpw is the choice of Standard English made in the countries belonging to
the ‘expanding circle’? Comment on this problem in Ukraine.
43.What type of SE will you teach/follow as a perspective EFL teacher/user?
Explain your choice.
44.What do speakers of the same accent typically share and implicitly tend to
agree?
45.How can language norm be defined?
46.What is pronunciation norm?
47.What interesting observation concerning ways of speaking does Marta
Pennington make?
48.What is a seemingly adequate understanding of pronunciation norm that
EEL leanershould stick to?
49.What form does the English pronunciation norm appear for EEL learners?
50.What must EFL learners using pronouncing dictionaries as their main
sources of reference be wary of?
51.Name the most authoritative specialist dictionaries of English pronunciation
and comment on their main features.
52.What is the leading feature of the phonetic system in general?
53.What general facts about the English phonetic system should EFL learners
keep in mind?
54.What is an existential quality of literary pronunciation?
55.Is pronunciation norm a set of rigid regulations?
56.Explain the meaning of “free” phonemic or accentual variation.
57.What is a striking feature of RP and Gen Am ?
58.Study any two pages from the LPD or the CEPD and discuss variation in
pronunciation as a linguistic problem.
59.How should pronunciation variants of a word be treated from the point of
view of pronunciation norm? Speak on variation in pronunciation as a
didactic problem in TEFL practices