1. Why does a Country need a Constitution?

2. What do you understand by the term ‘constitutive’? Provide one example of ‘constitutive
rules’ from your everyday life.

3. Why did the people of Nepal want a new Constitution?

4. What are the key features of the Indian Constitution?

5. Write a note on Federalism.

6. Describe the Parliamentary Form of Government.

7. Discuss the difference between State and Government.

8. What are the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution? Explain.

9. If a 13-year old child is working in a factory manufacturing carpets. Which Fundamental

Rights will the following situation violate?

10. If a group of people are not given permission to open a Telugu-medium school in Kerala.
Mention the Fundamental Right that is being violated by this.

11. Describe Nepal’s struggle for democracy.

12. Write a note on Secularism.

13. The Constitution also mentions Fundamental Duties. What do they include? Why it is
important for citizens in a democracy to observe these?

14. What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected
representatives?

15. In a school with 30 teachers, 20 of them are male. Identify the minority. Write one
reason why you think it is important to respect the views of the minority in this situation.

16. What is the term Arbitrary?

17. Explain about Human Trafficking

18. Describe the term Preamble.

19. Describe the Directive Principles of the State Policy.

20. What is meant by Sovereignty?

21. Give one reason why you think there should be a universal adult franchise.
22. Do you think there would be any difference if the class monitor was selected by the
teacher or elected by the students? Discuss.

23. Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how the
person gets elected?

24. What is the difference between a State Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and the
Parliament (Lok Sabha)?

25. The decision of the Madhya Pradesh government to discontinue Board exams in Class
VIII for all schools under this Board. Is this the work of a state government or central
government?

26. You have read that most elected members whether in the Panchayat, or the Vidhan
Sabha or the Parliament are elected for a fixed period of five years. Why do we have a
system where the representatives are elected for a fixed period and not for life?

27. Explain the role of the Parliament.

28. Why do you think there are so few women in Parliament? Discuss.

29. Explain the term coalition. What does it mean by coalition form of government?

30. Why do you think our national movement supported the idea that all adults have a right
to vote?

31. Describe the purpose of the parliament.

32. Mention the basic ideas of democracy.

33. What are the activities taking place when a parliament is in session? Describe.

34. Define the main principle of the Indian Constitution.

35. Write a note about General Elections.

36. Define the term EVM.

37. Explain about Constituency.

38. Describe briefly about Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha.

39. Mention the main functions of the prime minister.

40. Explain the question hour of parliament.

41. What are the different branches of the legal system?

42. Differentiate between Criminal and Civil Law. Give points.

43. You read that one of the main functions of the judiciary is ‘upholding the law and
Enforcing Fundamental Rights’. Why do you think an independent judiciary is necessary to
carry out this important function?

44. How do you think the Right to Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of judicial
review?

45. Why do you think the introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a
significant step in ensuring access to justice for all?

46. Write a story around the theme, ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’.

47. Write about the First Information Report.

48. List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised.

49. Who are Adivasis? Mention some Adivasi communities residing in India.

50. In your own city or village, who would you think are the marginalised groups? Discuss.

51. What metals are important in present-day India? Why? Where do they come from? Are
there Adivasi populations there?

52. List five products that you use at home that come from the forest.

53. In your opinion, why is it important that Adivasis should have a say in how their forests
and forest lands are used?

54. Constitution provides safeguards to religious and linguistic minorities as part of our
Fundamental Rights. Why do you think these minority groups have been provided with
these safeguards?

55. 25% of Muslim children in the 6-14 year age group have either never been enrolled in
school or have dropped out. This percentage is much higher than that of any other socio-
religious community. Do you think special measures are required to address this situation?

56. What is the Sachar Committee Report?

57. Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word
‘marginalisation’.

58. Write one reason why you think the Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority
communities are very important?

59. What do you understand by the term ‘minority?’

60. Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she
remarks, “Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the
time”. List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.

61. Would you agree with the statement that economic marginalisation and social
marginalisation are interlinked? Why?

62. What does Ghettoisation mean?

63. Explain the term Mainstream.

64. Define marginalisation.

65. Forests play a crucial role in the development of all empires and settled civilisations in
India. How?

66. What happens when Adivasis are displaced from their lands?

67. Write a very short note on Scheduled Tribes.

68. What does Article 17 of the Constitution state?

69. Define the term “Dalit.”

70. What is Article 15 of the Constitution?

71. How does the reservation policy work?

72. State one reason why you think reservations play an important role in providing social
justice to Dalits and Adivasis?

73. Scholarships for students. What is this scheme about? How do you think it will help
promote social justice?

74. In your opinion does the force put on Rathnam to perform this ritual violate his
Fundamental Rights?

75. Why do you think the Dalit families were afraid of angering the powerful castes?

76. Elaborate on The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities)
Act, 1989.

77. Can you list two different provisions in the 1989 Act?

78. Write in your own words what you understand by the term ‘morally reprehensible’.

79. What is Manual Scavenging? What are the working conditions of the manual
scavengers? Explain.
80. List two Fundamental Rights provided that manual scavenging violates.

81. Why did the Safai Karamchari Andolan file a PIL in 2003? What did they complain about
in their petition?

82. Describe the Adivasi Demands and the 1989 Act.

83. List two Fundamental Rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that
they are treated with dignity and as equals.

84. Explain terms such as (a)Ostracise and (b)Dispossessed.

85. Define Policy.

86. How does Kabir explain in his poetry what untouchability means?

87. Write about Reservation Policy.

88. Write a paragraph describing the water supply situation in your area.

89. Why does water flow in a trickle in summer in most places in India? Find out.

90. Is there a general shortage of water for everyone in Chennai? Can you think of two
reasons why different people get varying amounts of water? Discuss.

91. Where does the government get money for public facilities?

92. What are public facilities? Why should the government be responsible for providing
public facilities?

93. Why do you think the government must assume the overall responsibility for public
facilities even when it gets private companies to do part of the job?

94. What is the minimum rate is for municipal water in your area? Does the rate increase as
the use of water increases? Why do you think the government charges a higher rate for
greater use of water?

96. Describe Public Water Supply in Porto Alegre.

97. Do you think it is also important to conserve resources like water and electricity and to
use more public transport?

98. Do you think that lack of access to proper sanitation facilities affects peoples’ lives?
How?

99. Why do you think that the lack of proper sanitation would impact women and girls more
acutely?
100. Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?

101. Do you think water in Chennai is available to and affordable by all? Discuss.

102. Why are most of the private hospitals and private schools located in major cities and
not in towns or rural areas?

103. Do you think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair?
Give an example of your own to explain.

104. Data on some of the public facilities are collected as part of the Census. Discuss with
your teacher when and how the Census is conducted.

105. Private educational institutions – schools, colleges, universities, technical and

vocational training institutes are coming up in our country in a big way. On the other hand,
educational institutes run by the government are becoming relatively less important. What
do you think would be the impact of this? Discuss.

106. What is Universal access?

107. From where does the government get money for public facilities?

108. What was the comment given by the United Nations in 2000 concerning water?

109. Why do we need a law on minimum wages?

110. What is the minimum wage for a construction worker in your state? Do you think it is
adequate, low or high?

111. What is the Minimum Wages Act? Why is it necessary? Whose interest does this law
protect?

112. Why are there such sharp differences in safety standards across countries?

113. Why do you think enforcement of safety laws is important in any factory?

114. Can you point to a few other situations where laws (or rules) exist but people do not
follow them because of poor enforcement? (For example, over-speeding by motorists, not
wearing helmet/seat belt and use of mobile phone while driving). What are the problems in
enforcement? Can you suggest some ways in which enforcement can be improved?

115. A ‘clean environment is a public facility.’ Can you explain this statement?

116. Why are companies and contractors able to violate environmental laws?

117. Can you think of other ways in which the environment can be protected? Discuss.
118. What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India?

119. Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice? Discuss.

120. What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for
enforcement?

121. How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to
support your answer.

122. What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to
(a) air; (b) water and (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce pollution? Can you
suggest some other measures?

123. How was the environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception?
Discuss.

124. Define Workers’ unions.

125. Name the states that published the plans to rescue and rehabilitate children who are
working as domestic servants. Mention any 3 States.

126. What does Right against Exploitation say about child labour?

127. There are some laws that protect the interests of producers and consumers in the
market. Explain.

128. Name any three basic rights of the workers.

Geography:

1. What is the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna (PKVY) of 2015?

2. Explain the term human resources.

3. What are the factors influencing the distribution of the population?

4. Why are people considered a resource?

5. What are the causes of the uneven distribution of population in the world?

6. How does climate affect the population distribution of an area?

7. The world population has grown very rapidly. Why?

8. Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change.

9. Mention the different characteristics of population composition.

10. State the difference between ‘emigration’ and ‘immigration.’

11. Elaborate on the population pyramid of Japan.

12. Describe the general trend of international migrations. Explain.

13. What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding the population of a
country?

14. Births, deaths and migration are three main factors that cause population change. True
or False?

15. Explain the age-sex pyramid.

16. How crowded a country is, has little to do with its level of economic development. Do
you agree? Justify.

17. Give a reason why population growth is slowing in the UK.

18. Define the natural growth rate.

19. Name the geographical factors affecting the population distribution. State examples.

20. Which are the Social, Cultural and Economic Factors influencing the population
distribution? Give examples.

21.Give some examples of agro-based industries.

22. What are mineral-based industries?

23. Write a short note on marine-based industries.

24. What are the factors affecting the location of Industries?

25. Find out the inputs, outputs and processes involved in the manufacture of a leather
shoe.

26. What is smelting?

27. What is meant by the term ‘industry’?

28. Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of modern industry and why?

29. Explain how industries can be classified on the basis of ownership.

30. Distinguish between the public sector and joint sector industry.