CH3

3
Interpolation and Polynomial Approximation

•B qF÷ÉFµqµ¥p
BhÉ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷¥⇐÷*
lo
 3.1 Interpolation and Lagrange Polynomial

any function defined and continuous closed and bounded interval has
• on a a
polynomial
that is as close to the function as desired .

Theorem 3.1 : Weierstrass Approximation Theorem :

Suppose Fis defined and continuous on [a,b] .

For each C- > o , there exists a polynomial PCD, with the

property that, Ifcx) PCXIKE ,

- for all ✗ in [a ,b] .

• a Higher degree Taylor polynomials may give a bad approximation • These polynomial
approximation will give inaccurate approximations as we move
away from ✗o .

Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials

The problem of determining a
polynomial of degree one that passes through the distinct points
( Xo ,y,) and (✗ ,y) , ,
is the same as approximating a function f for which fcxo)=y ,
and flat __y ,

by means of a first degree polynomial interpolating .

Define the functions

↳
1×1=4%7 and L G) ,
=

✗, -
✗o

The linear Lagrange interpolating polynomial through (Xo , yo) and (X ,y ) is

, ,

PCX) = ↳ G) f(xD + 1,1×1-1141 =

Yo -1 Y ,

Note that ↳ IX. 1=1 , ↳ IX. 1=0 , 41%1=0 and 441=1

which implies that

Rex , ) = 1%+10)Y ,
=
Yo

and PCX , ) - lo)Y ,

1- IT ,
-_ Y ,

So, P is the unique polynomial of degree at most one that passes through 1×0,9 ) and
.
( X, ,y )
,
.
EXI : Determine the linear Lagrange interpolating polynomial that passes through the points 12,4) and

15,1 ) .

• Y
4- •

↳ =✗-5_ =
-1g (✗ 5) -

,
I (x )
,
=
=§ (✗-2)
(
• Y= - ×"

2- 5 5-2

1- •

Pcx ) =
-1g ( x 5) - •

4+13-(11-2) . I = -
✗ + 6 1 I ☒
2 ✗
g

I generalize the concept of linear interpolation , consider the construction of a polynomial of degree at most n

that passes through the na points * Y y -11×1

Y=fc✗,
(Xo ,Hxo)), ( X , -14,1), ,
. . .
,(Xn ,
fan)) .

'
×
.
'
×
.
1,
knife
In this case, we first construct, for each 14=0,1 ,
. . .

,n, a function Ln , 1×1 with the property that

,

In,k (A) = 0 when i =/ K and In ,k(✗µ1=1 . To Satisfy In,k(✗i)=o for each i -1-14
requires that
the numerator of lmk (X ) contain the term

(X - ✗a) (X - X, ) . . .
(✗ - ✗ a.) ( X - ✗K+, ) . -.
(✗ Xn )
- .

To satisfy 1mn41s ) =3
,
the denominator of Ln ,yl✗ ) must be this same term but evaluated
⑨ In ,klH
at ✗ =
XK . Thus, • when his even

Ln,k(✗)=É€ 1-

(✗[Xo ) (X ✗a.) (✗⇐ ✗ K+, ) ( Xx ✗n )

:¥¥¥?¥
-
-- - - . . .

Theorem 3.2 : IF Xo ,
X. ,
.. .

, ✗n are n -11 distinct numbers and f is a function whose values are

given at these number then ,

a
unique polynomial 91×1 of degree at most n exist with

f- (a) =P (a) , for each 14=0,1 , . . .

,n .

This
polynomial is given by
PCX) =
fcxollm.CH + . . .
+
flxnlln.nl/Y--&gflHdLn,klH ,

where for each 14--0,1 . .

,n
,
. .

÷¥¥¥i:¥:¥::÷¥¥;!¥¥ -11€
"
↳" "" = =

, i -_ 0
Hk -
Xi)
it K
C-✗ 2 : a) Use the numbers ✗0--2,4=2.75 and ✗2--4 to find the second Lagrange interpolating polynomial
for -11×1=1 /✗ .

↳ 1×1=1×-2.751-1×-41
12-2.75/(2-4)
=
2g (15-6.75×+11)

1,1×1 __

Y.I.LI?Iu-,---Y-sCi- 6×+0

law -_ =
}- ( E- 4.75×+5.51

PIX ) =

w
[
f. 2g ( F- 6.75×+11) ) -1¥ [ %
↳
( F- 6×+8) ) # [31×2-4.75×+5.51]
-1

Lt
f-(Xo ) FCX ) .
flat

=L's % :o) ✗ (-2.25+13,8--1%9) ✗ ( ¥ -5¥ -1¥)

'
-
-1 + +
, ,

=
2-2×2 % ✗ ¥ -
+

Y
b) Use this
*

polynomial to
approximate Fts) 113

y,.
=

y=¥

Ffs) =P(3) =
¥-g = 0.32955 .

Y=PC✗)

""
Theorem 3.3 :
suppose ✗☐ , X,
,
. . .
, Xn are distinct numbers in the interval [a,b9 and FE ( [ a. b) •
Then
,

between
for each ✗ in [a,b] , a number Ecx) min
{ Xo ,
× ,
,
. . .
,Xn } , and the max
{Xo ,
✗
, ,
. . .
,✗n} and hence inlaid,

exist with fat = PCH +

É (✗ -

Xo ) /✗ xp- . . -
(✗ - ✗n ,)
( n -111 !
where 91×1 is the interpolating polynomial .
EX -3 : Determine the error form for the polynomial in C-✗ 2 and the maximum error when the polynomial is used to

approximate fcx) for ✗ C- [2,4] .

-12×-3
"
Fcx) =
¥ =) -54×1=-152 =) f"C✗)= F %) = - GÑ

The second Lagrange polynomial has the error form

f%""- "
(X g) 1×-411×-1%1 (Ea))
75¥41
= for ECM in (2/4)
,
- -

3!

gcx)
"

The maximum Value of (ECN) is % .

And the 91×1=1×2-4.75×+5 5) (X 4) =P 3£,

Value of
+421×-22
'
maximum . - - ✗

¥±_¥
91×1=3×1 -

35-2×+49-2=0 =) ✗ =

6
=
7-2,9--3
If ✗=
§ 9 G) = -

%
If ✗ = I
3
gcx) =2÷g

the maximum error is

2%50.035156
 Question from the Book

Degree one :

✗f. ✗ ( X , 0 ( 0.45<0.6 FIX )=I

,
and FCX ) ,
=
0.82534

↳ 1×7--1155.6-6=-5-31×-0.61

41×1 __
:-# =
3- ✗
? =/1) . -

§- (✗ -0.61+0.82534 5g ✗
.

= I -0.2911 ✗

Note ? G.) = I =f(xo) and ? (4) = 0.82534

§ (0.45) = 0.869005 and flo.us/-- 0.900447

I Flo .us/-?Co.451/-- 0.031442

Degree two :

( 0, 1) , (0.6/0.82534) and (0.9/0.62161)

↳ 1×1--1×-0.6=11×-0--91--524 (F- 1.5×+2,7-0)

(0-0.6) (0-0.9)

i .it?-,----5;-li-o.9x1laH---!?Y..-:. --1:-.li-o.oH
41×1=-1%2,

%() X =
(1) .

52¥ (F- 1.5×+2%1+10.82534) -5,0-(15-0.911)

.
+ (0.62161 ) 10¥ ( Ñ-0.6×1
= -0 . 43109×2-0.032455×+1

?(0.45) = 0 . 898099

/ Flo-45) 210.4511
- = 2.348×10-3
Degree one :

✗f. ✗ ( X , 0 ( 0.45<0.6 flx )=

, 0 and fcx )
,
= 0 . 47

↳ 1×7--112%-6=-5-31×-0.61

41×1 =
:-# =
3- ✗
?( X) = (o ) .

-5-31×-0.61 1- 0.47 .

5g ✗ = 0.783339 ✗

?(0.45) = 0.35250 and FG-451 = 0.39-156

11-(0.451-96.45) / = 0.01906

Degree two :

( 0,0 ) , (0.6, 0.47 ) and (0.9/0.64185)

↳ 1×1--45%-3,i÷?= Talk-1.5×+2%1
41×1__¥É¥?-,-= 5,0-1×2-0.9×1 .

121×1=11%9%1 1%-1×10.6×1 ,
--

%() X =
(o) .

52¥ (F- 1.5×+2%1+10.47) % ( Ñ-0.9×1+(0.64/85) 10¥ ( Ñ-0.6×1

. -

= -0.23389×2+0.9236711

& (0-45)--0.36829
=) / f-(0.451-210.451) =
3.27×10-3
 f%
'

f- G) = - Sin ✗ =) FIX)= - cos ✗ F "C✗)=+sin✗ = eosx sinx=o I

8511=0

✗= o ,,
✗ =
¥51.5
Error bound for P.CH and 02 ✗ ( 0.6

E. 1×1
=f 1×-011×-0.61
=
-

c0s ( ✗2-0.6×1

max

01×10.6
/ E. / Cx) =

ma✗µÉ_ X
1×2-0.6×1
/2

gcx)

maximum of cos (ECN ) is 1

and maximum of guy =) 91×1--2×-0.6=0--7 ✗ = 0.3

910.3 ) = -0.09

ocxco.co/&cH/fo.ous
Max

Error bound for the second degrre passing through 8--0,4=0.6 and /h=o9

Ezcx) = (11-011×-0.611×-0.9)

t.sx-o.us/)/oCXCo.9
Max
/ / ) # Ezlx) ⇐ Max ( is -

guy

maximum Value of sin ( Ctx) ) is 0.78333 and maximum of

guy ejcx ) -3×13×+0.45--0
-

✗ É= = 0.816228, 0.183772 g(✗g.) = 0.0882456 and 91×-11--0.0382456

-
EX
-

191×-1-11 is the max . value .

✗I

III.a / £21M / £0.0115209

 ÉH=¥ -1
"lH=i¥-¥=-¥
"

f- a)
,
=

jig ,

Error bound for 91×1 when 0420.6

E. a) = ( ✗ -011×-0.6)

=
-2k¥ ¥-0.6112 .
.

9cm
Abs V2
. maximum of
-21¥, is

and Abs Max .

of gcx) 94×1--2×-0.6=0 =) ✗ ← 0.3

§ (0.311--0.09

Max
041<0.6
/ E. ( ) /
x = Max
/ ¥µ,,-z 1×30.6×11--0.045
-

Error bound For 21×1 ,

01×20.9

Ezcx) =/ FEI
! 3
/ ✗3- 1.5×2+0.54×11
 and Yi
Yo = I
, Y, = 1 I 3264721
. - 0 . 7543375195

Pzfx) = Lolx) FCX . / + 1,1×1-1(4) + Lzlx) F (Xz)

↳ 1×1 =
"%%÷% -31×2-0.0×+8 ,
=

41×1
=¥÷¥;¥,- -1%-1×10.6×1 =

1-IN
-4%1,1%-1,,- % 1×2-0.3×1 =

(5%11) -1%-19,1+5,0-19 ))
'

Rex ) =
, ✗ +
( % (1) to 9) .
-

:-(
l
9.) (-0.4+5,0-(9211-0.3)) ✗ +
5- (1) %
"

= -
11.22019-744 ✗ +3.808210599 ✗ + I

Ezcx) =

F÷, ( ✗ 11×-0.371×-0.6)

4%53×-12 É×5in3 ✗
"
5e%os3✗
✗
É e%in3✗
"

fÉ✗)
"
f-G) e
= cos 3 ✗
,
fÉ✗-2e cos 3×-3 Sin 3 ✗
,
= - 9E cos 3 ✗ = -12 -

3×-36%053×-1 of cos 3×+15 e

" " "
FÉa)
" ✗
= -24 e sin sin 3 ✗ = -4 e sin 3 X - 46 e cos 3 ✗
 Old Exem Qestions
EI 191

( F- x)

to 1×1
=¥¥÷?,É¥ =L ( ✗ 3- 3×7-2×1 , Yo -3

1×2 - r )
L , 4) =

_É!É?= 1- (is-2×1×+1 ) ,
Y ,
- -4

1×4×1
121×1 =iÉ¥ i-2×1 9=-5
'
=

-1-21×3-2 ✗ + ,

1×7×1
↳ 1×1 =¥É÷i f- 1×3 :D
'
- - ✗ + ×
, y, - -
•

Pg ( )
X =
% ( ✗ 3- 3×2+2×1 -2 (is-2×1×+1 ) -5-21×3 - Ñ -211) -

(✗3- ✗ )
E-1183

(✗ 1) 1×-21
↳ (X) § (✗2- 3 ✗ 2) FCX )
-

= = + = o

TIE , .

↳ G) =÷¥÷Y = -
1×2-2×1 ,
HA)= In (2)

↳ (X ) flat
__¥ÉÉ ,
-_
1-21×1×1 ,
=
In (3)

Pdx) = -
In 121 1×32×1 + ¥ IF - ✗ )

f(1. 5) =P(1. 5) - 0 .
9318399937

FIN = In ( I + ✗ ) =) FEN -

¥ -19×1=-111-1×5 -5%1--2 ( 1-1×1-3

Ezcx) =
F"§Y- 1×11×-111×-2) -
T"§¥ 3×7-2×72
9%4 = 3×26×-12--0 gcx)

✗
=€=÷ = 1 577
.

✗,
,
0.4226

max
/ -41×1/ fmax /F"§;'- ( is-3×42×1 / =/ 3- ( x?- 3 ✗i + 2x
, ) / = 0.1283
EH 82

↳ IN
=÷:÷¥÷¥÷¥ /
" = .

41×1

Y-i:/ .EE?,ifcx.t-eosco.uslakl--
-

i÷?i÷¥÷÷ ,
flat costard

↳ G) =¥ÉY÷É÷ ,
fast = cos ( i. 2)

El 181

% (X ) =-3 (✗ - 10 ) ( ✗ -11 ) (16.64) 1-2-

(X -
8) ( ✗ -111123.03/+3 ( ✗ 8) ( ✗
-

-101/26.387

& (4) = 19.785

FÉN = In ✗ + t FÉX) =
f- FÉ✗) =
¥
(I-18×+80)
É%g?-
, ,
-

(X) = ( 8) ( ✗ -1011×-111
✗ -

911×7=311--58×+278--0

Max
/%-) MÉ8X+8| f) guy
1×3-29×1=29-8×-8804 / ✗ = =

or
10.54858377
8.784749563

= 1.6435×10-3