CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the Study

Nutrition plays a vital role in the overall performance of student-athletes in Nigeria. A well-

balanced and healthy diet helps to fuel the body, increase energy levels, enhance mental focus,

prevent injuries, and ensure a speedy recovery from physical exertion. Unfortunately, many

student-athletes in Nigeria do not pay enough attention to their nutritional needs, which can

negatively impact their performance in sports. According to Ajala, (2006) stated that the majority

of people think about food frequently throughout the day, and there is unquestionably no

behavior or habit that has as much of an impact on an individual's health as the choice of the

types and quantity of food consumed.

Among athletes, there is a notable issue of energy and nutrient imbalance, encompassing

insufficient and excessive intake of food. These can leads to malnutrition, characterized by

wasting, stunting, and being underweight, while the latter can lead to overweight and obesity

which will certainly affect the performance level of athletes (Caroline, Seenvasan, Praveen,

Amala, Annapoorani, and Shruthi, 2014). Undoubtedly, it is evident that the performance of

many athletes can significantly impact their dietary habits and eating behaviors.Poor eating

patterns involving irregular consumption of meals, excessive snacking, eating away from home,

eating fast foods with soft drink, dieting (especially among female) and skipping meals) had

been reported among athletes and may have adverse effect on the outcome of their sporting
1
activities and as well lead to health problems (Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including

obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, cancer as well as osteoporosis at

their(Fernandes and Zanesco, 2010, Anector, Ogundele and Oyewole, 2012).

One of the factors that contribute to poor nutrition among student-athletes in Nigeria is the lack

of access to healthy and affordable food options. Many students come from low-income

households and cannot afford to purchase nutritious meals. As a result, they rely on cheap,

processed, and junk foods that are high in calories, sugar, and saturated fats (Olalekan, 2020).

According to a study conducted by Olusoga, Ebunlomo andOtamere (2018) nutrition has a

significant impact on the performance of student athletes. The study revealed that student

athletes who are well-nourished are more likely to perform better than those who are

malnourished. Olusoga, Ebunlomo andOtamere (2018) ascertained that student athletes who

consume a diet that is high in carbohydrates, protein, and micronutrients are less likely to suffer

from fatigue, injuries, and burnout. Proper nutrition also helps to prevent micronutrient

deficiencies such as iron-deficiency anemia, which is common among female student athletes in

Nigeria (Ani, Onwukwe andAdinma, 2020).

Food is necessary for people to develop, reproduce, and maintain good health, without it, our

bodies would not be able to keep us warm, create or repair tissue, or keep our hearts beating

(Musediq and Folashade, 2008). As food ingested by humans aids in the performance of

activities, this is relevant to athletes and other sports participants as well. The appropriate diet

2
plays a crucial part in both preventing certain diseases and recovering from illness. The chemical

components in food known as nutrients power these and other crucial processes (Lawal and

Asala, 2008).

Opara, Nwaneri, Nnam and Ede (2016) examined the influence of multiple factors, including

nutrition, on the physical activity level (PAL) of female university students in Nigeria. The

findings of the study indicated that the students' PAL was significantly influenced by their

nutritional status and diet quality. Adequate intake of energy-dense foods is also critical for

student athletes' athletic performance. A study by Islam, Alam, Habib, Rahman andHelal (2017)

found that the nutritional status of adolescent footballers in Nigeria was sub-optimal, with low

energy and nutrient intake. Islam et. al. (2017) suggested that adequate intake of energy-dense

foods such as milk, meat, fish, and fortified cereal products could improve the nutritional status

and athletic performance of student athletes.

According to Adegoke (2019) the knowledge and practices of student-athletes on nutrition in

Nigeria varies depending on several factors such as the level of education access to resources and

exposure to sports science principles. While some student-athletes may have a good

understanding of nutrition and its importance in performance others may lack adequate

knowledge in this area. Nutrition education is often not prioritized or integrated into physical

education or sports training curricula in schools and sporting institutions. As a result many

3
student-athletes do not receive formal education or guidance on proper nutrition for sports

performance. ( Adegoke 2019).

However, it is important to note that there are efforts being made to improve nutrition knowledge

attitude and practice among student athletes in Nigeria. Some schools and sporting organizations

have started implementing nutrition education programs and partnering with nutritionists or

dietitians to provide guidance to student athletes.

Furthermore, the success stories of Nigerian athletes who have excelled at the international level

often bring attention to the importance of nutrition in sports performance. This has contributed to

a growing interest in nutrition among student athletes who aspire to compete at a higher level.

Despite these efforts and growing awareness there is still a need for more comprehensive

nutrition education targeted specifically towards student athletes in Nigeria Olalekan (2020).

1.2 Statement of the problem

Many students-athletes are not aware of the influence of nutrition in improving their

performance. Some athletes might be consuming unhealthy diets that lack the essential nutrients

needed for optimum performance (Cain, Logan and Shannonhouse, 2019)

Good diet and quality exercise are two very essential aspects that have a significant

impact on a person's quality of life. No matter how poorly structured, a person is guaranteed to

live a healthy life and perform well if they consume a balanced diet and engage in physical

4
activity. An essential component of any physical training regimen is proper nutrition. The key

dietary objective for those who are active is to have enough nourishment in order to improve

their health, fitness, and students-athletic performance.

Despite the general public's understanding of nutrition, athletes still struggle to eat well-balanced

meals, which leads to malnutrition and inevitably lowers their sporting abilities at the Federal

College of Education in Abeokuta. Ensuring adequate nutrition support for students-athletes is a

vital aspect of their overall well-being and promotes optimal athletic performance. Addressing

the issue of nutrition in sports is critical to the success of students-athletes both on and off the

field, contributing to their academic and social lives. Therefore, this study is to examine the

effect of nutrition on the performance of athletes of Federal College of Education, Abeokuta,

Ogun State.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The general objective of the study is to find out the effect of nutrition on the performance

of athletes of Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, Ogun State.

The specific objectives of the study are to:

i. Investigate if the students-athletes of Federal College of education, Abeokuta state have

adequate knowledge about nutrition

5
 ii. Examine the attitude to nutrition among students-athletes in Federal College of Education,

Abeokuta, Ogun State

iii. Find out nutritional practice among students-athletes in Federal College of Education,

Abeokuta, Ogun State.

iv. Identify the nutritional requirements for good health and maximum athletic performance of

students-athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, Ogun State.

v. Find out the influence of nutrition of students-athletes in Federal College of Education,

Abeokuta, Ogun State.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions would be answered in course of study:

1. Do student-athletes of Federal College of Education, Abeokuta have knowledge of nutrition?

2. Do students-athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta have the right attitude

towards nutrition?

3. Do students-athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta practices nutrition?

4. What are the nutrition requirements students-athletes in Federal College of Education,

Abeokuta?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following hypothesis will be tested in the course of study:

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1. Nutritional knowledge will not significantly influence sport performance of students-athletes

in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta.

2. Attitude towards nutrition will not significantly influence sport performance of students-

athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta.

3. Nutritional practice will not significantly influence sport performance of students-athletes in

Federal College of Education, Abeokuta.

4. Nutrition will not significantly influence students-athletes sport performance in Federal

College of Education, Abeokuta.

1.6 Delimitation of the Study

This research work is delimited to the following:

1. The athletes of Federal College of Education Abeokuta Ogun State.

2. The use of self-structured questionnaire as instrument for data collection.

3. Simple random sampling techniques.

4. Use of Descriptive statistics of frequency count and simple percentage for demographic data

and research questions while chi-square for the hypotheses test at 0.05 level of significance.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

The major limitation to this study is that the validity of the results or findings is depending on the

honesty of the respondents in providing the needed information. The researcher also faced some

difficulties such as time constraints, internet facility to gather enough materials

7
1.8 Significance of the Study

The study may provide valuable information regarding the dietary the habits of students athletes.

The study may also provide insights into the types of food that are essential for student athletes

to maintain their athletic form.

It may provide an understanding of the different macro and micronutrient required by athletes to

improve their performance and maintain their health. The study may also emphasize the

importance of hydration and the role it plays in athletic performance as water is an essential

element for athletes to maintain optimal performance, prevent injuries and recover after intense

training or competition.

Finally, the study may benefit the larger athletic community by providing a scientific basis for

the importance of nutrition in sports performance. The findings of this study may be helpful not

only to students-athletes but also to professional athletes, coaches and nutritionists by updating

and enhancing their knowledge on the information that dealt with nutrition in relation with

students-athletes performance. It has the potential to offer valuable perspectives on the

correlation between nutrition and athletic performance, potentially facilitating the creation of

more efficient and specific dietary guidance which may serve as guide to students-athletes on the

importance of nutrition to their wellbeing as well as their performance in sport.

8
1.9 Definition of Terms

Dietary: the kind and amount of food available to or eaten by an individual, group or population.

Influence: This is the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behvaviour of

someone or something, or the effect itself

Nutrition: the intake of food considered in relation the body’s dietary needs.

Nutrients: are components in foods that an organism uses to survive or grow.

Students-athletes: These are the students who participate in an organized competitive sport

sponsored by the educational institution or school.

Sport performance: carrying out of specific physical routines or procedures by one who is

trained or skilled in physical activity. Performance is influenced by the combination of

physiological, psychological and socio cultural factor.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview of Nutrition

You are what you eat is a popular phrase that contains some truth particularly in its implications

for both health and athletic performance. The foods you eat contains a wide variety of nutrition

both essential and non essential as well as other substances that may affect your body functions

careful selection of wholesome, natural food will provide you with the proper amounts of

nutrients to optimize energy sources to build and repair tissue and regulate body processes. Poor

food selection with an unbalance intake of some nutrient they contribute to the development of

significant health problems and impair sport performance (Ajala, 2006).

According to Lawal and Asala, (2008) good nutrition an adequate, well-balanced diet

combined with regular physical activity is a cornerstone of good health. Poor nutrition can lead

to reduced immunity, increased susceptibility to disease, impaired physical and mental

development, and reduced productivity. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely

determined by the availability, processing and palatability of foods. A healthy diet includes

preparation of food and storage methods that preserve nutrients from oxidation, heat or leaching,

and that reduce risk of food-borne illnesses. According to (WHO, 2016) Nutrition is the intake of

food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary needs. It is basically the study of what people

eat, how they eat and the use of food by the body for processes; for growth, repair and work
10
(Akinsola, 1993). It can be defined as the science of food and its relations to health of man.

Nutrition for health fitness and sport,2008 defined nutrition as the sum total of the processes

involved in the intake and utilization of food substances by living organisms including ingestion,

digestion, absorption, transportation and metabolism of nutrients in food.

In relation to nutrition the term essential nutrition describes it as the nutrients that the body needs

but cannot be produced at all or cannot produce in adequate quantity. Thus, in general essential

nutrition must be obtained from the food we eat. Essential nutrients are also known as

indispensable nutrient. The six classes of nutrient is considered necessary in human nutrition;

carbohydrate, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. Foods and beverages are composed of

six nutrients that are vital to the human body for producing energy, contributing to the growth

and development of tissues, regulating body processes, and preventing deficiency and

degenerative diseases (Udoh, 2000).

The six nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. These

six nutrients are classified as essential nutrients. The body requires these nutrients to function

properly, the body is unable to endogenously manufacture them in the quantities needed daily,

and therefore these nutrients must be obtained from the diet. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

are classified as macronutrients because they have a caloric value and the body needs a large

quantity of these nutrients on a daily basis. The micronutrients include vitamins and minerals;

the prefix micro- is used because the body’s daily requirements for these nutrients are small.

11
Water fits into its own class, and requirements for it vary greatly among individuals. These

nutrients will be introduced in this section; will provide a more information about each of them

and how they can be applied to sport performance. (Moronkola, 1994)

2.2 TYPES OF NUTRITION

Nutrition plays a vital role in human health and well-being, and understanding the various types

of nutrition is essential for maintaining a balanced and healthy diet.

Autotrophic Nutrition:

Humans do not possess the capability for autotrophic nutrition. Unlike plants, they cannot

synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances using sunlight or chemical energy. As

a result, humans rely on obtaining nutrients from external sources through heterotrophic modes

of nutrition.

Heterotrophic Nutrition:

Heterotrophic nutrition in humans primarily involves holozoic nutrition, where a varied diet

comprising plants, animals, and other food sources is consumed. The human digestive system is

adapted to break down complex food substances into simpler forms for absorption and utilization

(Gropper, Smith, & Carr, 2018). The importance of balanced dietary intake, including

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, cannot be overstated for maintaining

optimal health and preventing various diet-related disorders.Humans primarily rely on

12
heterotrophic nutrition, engaging in holozoic nutrition by consuming a variety of food sources

such as vegetables, fruits, grains, dairy, and meat products. The human digestive system is

adapted to break down complex food substances into simpler forms for absorption and

utilization. For instance, the breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose, proteins into amino acids,

and fats into fatty acids is crucial for energy production and tissue maintenance (Gropper, Smith,

& Carr, 2018).

Additionally,in the context of human nutrition, dietary diversity and micronutrient intake

assume significant importance. Various studies emphasize the role of micronutrients, such as

vitamins and minerals, in supporting crucial physiological functions and preventing deficiency-

related diseases (Black, 2013). Additionally, the importance of maintaining a balanced

macronutrient composition in the diet, along with an appropriate calorie intake, is highlighted to

prevent the risk of obesity and related health complications (Bray, Popkin, & Dietz, 2004).

A balanced diet is essential for fulfilling the body's requirements for macronutrients and

micronutrients. Carbohydrates, found in foods like rice, bread, and pasta, serve as a primary

source of energy. Proteins, present in foods such as meat, eggs, and legumes, play a vital role in

tissue repair and muscle growth. Fats, including those from nuts, oils, and avocados, are essential

for hormone production and providing energy reserves (Whitney &Rolfes, 2015).Micronutrients,

such as vitamins and minerals, are essential for various physiological functions. For example,

13
vitamin C from citrus fruits aids in immune function, while calcium from dairy products is

critical for bone health (Gibson, 2005).

2.3 CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, (2005) opined that nutrient are classified as essential and

non essential (those manufactured in the body and which do not need to be obtained from food).

Example include cholesterol, a fat like substances present in all animal cells. Essential nutrients

come from food source because the body either does not produce in amount too small to

maintain growth and health. These essential nutrients include water, carbohydrate, proteins, fats,

vitamins, and minerals (Encarta 2008). An individual thus needs varying amount of each

essential nutrients, depending upon such factors as gender, age and energy output. Specific

health conditions, such as pregnancy, breast feeding, illness, or drug use, make unusual demands

on the body and increase its need for nutrients. Dietary guidelines, which take many of these

factors into account, provide general guidance in meeting daily nutritional needs.

Lawal and Asala, (2008) asserted that food is divided into classes according to the

nutrients which it contains. In view of the fact that all nutrients are equally important to all body

processes, it has been stressed that food from each of these should be selected in one’s meal to

provide the necessary requirements for the body. Food has been classified into three groups: (a)

body builders (b) warmers and energizer and (c) protectors. The specific functions played by

14
each of these; the food stuff involved; the nutrients obtainable and source from which they could

be gotten are enumerated in the following table:

Class Function Food stuff Nutrient Sources

Body builder (a) To build up and Protein: Amino acids: Complete: meat, fish, eggs,

body tissues milk and cheese

Beans - Complete - Essential
(b) To supply energy
- Incomple - Non Incomplete: pulses that is

te essential peas, nuts.

Warmers (a) To provide head Fats, Fatty Acids Butter, oils, margarine, Oily

and (b) To provide Carbohydrate fish, milk, cheese Cake,

Glucose
Energizers energy starches, grains, potatoes, sugar

sugars

Protectors To regulate all body Vitamins A Liver, dairy produce, yeast,

processes and reduce whole meal bred, liver cheese

Minerals B Complex
the danger of meat Green vegetable, fish,
elements
C
infection liver oils, Vegetable oils,

D wheat germ, eggs milk, fruit,

green vegetables, other

K
vegetables, meat, whole

15
 Calcium, Iron, meal, bread

Phosphorous

Potassium

Sodium

Magnesium

2.4 Concept of Sports

The concept of sports has been widely studied by scholars from various disciplines,

including sociology, psychology, and philosophy. While there is no single definition of sports,

most scholars agree that sports involve physical activity, competition, and a set of rules or

guidelines (Coakley, 2018). Sociologists have studied the social functions of sports, such as the

role of sports in promoting social integration and socialization (Coakley, 2018). For instance,

research has shown that participation in sports can promote positive social outcomes, such as

increased self-esteem and social support (Holt, 2016).

Sports have the potential to promote physical fitness, social integration, and national

unity. In Nigeria, sports have played a significant role in promoting these values and have

contributed to the country's global recognition in sporting events (Nwankwo, 2019). However,

the development of sports in Nigeria has been constrained by several factors, including

inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, and a lack of adequate policy frameworks. This

16
literature review aims to examine recent developments in sports in Nigeria and the efforts being

made to overcome these challenges.Psychologists have studied the psychological benefits of

sports, such as the role of sports in promoting mental health and well-being (Rees &Haslam,

2011). For instance, research has shown that participation in sports can promote positive

psychological outcomes, such as reduced stress and anxiety (Rees &Haslam, 2011). Philosophers

have studied the ethical and moral aspects of sports, such as the role of sports in promoting fair

play and sportsmanship (Miah, 2010). For instance, research has shown that participation in

sports can promote positive ethical outcomes, such as respect for others and adherence to rules

(Miah, 2010).

Several researchers have also examined the state of sports in Nigeria, highlighting the

challenges facing sports development in the country. For instance, Oyewole and Ogunniran

(2020) identified a lack of investment in grassroots sports development as a major challenge

facing sports development in Nigeria. Similarly, Adegbola and Omolade (2021) noted the

inadequate funding of sports activities and the lack of infrastructure as major hindrances to the

development of sports in Nigeria.Despite these challenges, the Nigerian government and other

stakeholders have taken several initiatives to promote sports development in the country. For

instance, the establishment of the National Sports Commission (NSC) in 1971 marked a

significant milestone in the development of sports in Nigeria. The NSC is responsible for the

development and promotion of sports in Nigeria and has played a significant role in the country's

sporting success (Nwankwo, 2019). Furthermore, the government has implemented various
17
programs, such as the National Youth Sports Program, to promote sports at the grassroots level

(Adegbola&Omolade, 2021).

2.5 Concept of Sport Nutrition

Sport nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet for athletes and other physically

active individuals. The main goal of sport nutrition is to improve athletic performance and

overall health by providing proper nutrients and energy to the body. Sport nutrition includes the

use of dietary supplements, energy drinks, and specialized diets to help athletes achieve their

fitness goals, recover faster from injuries, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Sport nutrition

also focuses on hydration and proper nutrient timing to maximize the benefits of training and

exercise. The principles of sport nutrition can be applied to athletes at all levels, from beginners

to professionals.

Sport nutrition refers to the study and application of nutritional strategies to support

physical activity, athletic performance, and recovery from exercise (Campbell, Kreider,

Ziegenfuss, La Bounty, Roberts, Burke & Antonio, 2019). Proper sport nutrition is important for

athletes to maintain good health, build muscle, reduce fatigue, enhance endurance, and reduce

the risk of injuries and illnesses (Clark & Mach, 2016). Sport nutrition may involve dietary

interventions such as nutrient timing, food choices, energy drinks, and supplements to improve

athletic performance and recovery (Jeukendrup& Gleeson, 2019). Sport nutrition is the study of

the nutritional needs of athletes and physically active individuals, and the application of nutrition
18
principles to improve athletic performance, recovery, and overall health (Campbell, Kreider,

Ziegenfuss, La Bounty, Roberts, Burke & Antonio, 2019). The field of sport nutrition continues

to evolve as new research emerges and athletes look for strategies to optimize their performance

and health.One of the key principles of sport nutrition is proper nutrient timing, which involves

consuming the right nutrients at the right time based on exercise intensity and duration (Dunford

& Doyle, 2019). For instance, consuming carbohydrates before and after exercise can enhance

glycogen storage, improve endurance, and promote muscle recovery (Baker, Heaton, & Nuccio,

2016). Protein consumption can also be beneficial for athletes to build and repair muscle tissue

after exercise (Phillips & Van Loon, 2011). Supplements are also commonly used in sport

nutrition to enhance performance and recovery. Creatine, for example, has been shown to

increase muscle strength, power, and fatigue resistance in high-intensity exercise (Kreider,

Kalman, Antonio, Ziegenfuss, Wildman, Collins, Lopez, 2017). Caffeine is another supplement

that can improve athletic performance by increasing alertness, reducing perception of fatigue,

and enhancing endurance (Goldstein, Ziegenfuss, Kalman, Kreider, Campbell, Wilborn, &

Antonio, 2010). Nutrient supplements are prevalent in the sport nutrition world, but their

effectiveness and safety are under continued (Kreider, Kalman, Antonio, Ziegenfuss, Wildman,

Collins, Lopez, 2017). Many supplements are unregulated, and some may contain banned

substances or contaminants that could harm athletes. However, some supplements that are well-

researched, such as creatine and beta-alanine, have been shown to improve athletic performance

19
when used appropriately (Kreider, Kalman, Antonio, Ziegenfuss, Wildman, Collins, Lopez,

2017).

2.6 WHY SPORTS NUTRITION IS IMPORTANT?

Participating in endurance sports requires optimal nutrition, with specific focus on dietary

modifications. Targeted fitness development at an early age, especially in adolescence is deemed

the foundation for leading an active lifestyle, avoiding potential overweight, reducing motor

deficiencies and thus improving the general quality of life. (Fogelholm, 2010)

At the time of final performance an athlete is supposed to be well nourished, uninjured, fit,

focused and ready to compete. Sports nutrition is not just about calories to achieve weight or

body composition goals; nor is it all about protein for muscles or carbohydrates for fuel.

Nutritional and eating habits have been of specific interest in sports, especially given their

impression on athletic performance. General recommendations need to be suggested by sports

nutrition experts to accommodate the specific requirements of individual athlete regarding

health, sports, nutrient, food choices and body weight and body composition (Bonci, 2010).

Athlete challenges their bodies on a regular basis through tough physical training and

competitions. In order to keep up with demand for stamina of their activity or sport, athlete needs

adequate fuel for their body on day to day basis. (Burke, Hawley, Wong and Jeukendrup, 2011).

20
 Nutrition is important for an athlete because it provides energy required to perform the

activity. The food they take leaves an impact on strength, training, performance and recovery.

Not only the type of food is important for sport nutrition but also the time is equally important

for what they eat throughout the day. It also has an impact on their performance level and their

body ability to recover after workout. An athlete needs to pay close attention about when, what

and how much does he eat or drink prior to a game or match. (Shirreffsand Sawka, 2011).

Also, the role of nutrition in sports performance is very important. Proper nutrition must

be available prior, during and post competition. Greany and Jeukendrup (2015) stated that from

fueling to recovery, muscle building weight and making optimal nutrition ensure the best

platform for success in any sport. Meals eaten after and before the exercise are the most

important in nutrition but we should really be very careful with all that the athlete intake in his

body. As a general rule of thumb an athlete should eat about two hours before any exercise and

the meal should be high in carbohydrates, low in fat and low to moderate in protein.

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy that provides power to an athlete in exercise

regime. Protein is required to develop muscle growth.

2.7 Influence of nutrition of sport performance

Diet is a critical factor in determining sports performance for athletes. A balanced and nutritious

diet offers a range of benefits for physical activity, including improvements in power, speed,

endurance, and overall health. Conversely, a diet that is deficient in key nutrients can lead to
21
reduced sports performance, impaired recovery, and increased risk of injury and illness. Studies

have shown that diets emphasizing carbohydrates lead to improvements in endurance

performance, helping athletes to sustain performance for longer periods of time (Baker, Heaton,

& Nuccio, 2016). Consuming dietary protein is also essential for muscle adaptation and recovery

following resistance training and other forms of exercise (Phillips & Van Loon, 2011). Adequate

hydration status is important for maintaining blood volume, regulating temperature, and

improving nutrient delivery to working muscles (Sawka, Burke, Eichner, Maughan, Montain,

&Stachenfeld, 2007).

In contrast, diets high in fat or low in carbohydrates may impair endurance performance

by reducing muscle glycogen stores and limiting the body’s ability to utilize oxygen for energy

(Burke, Ross, Garvican-Lewis, Welvaert, Heikura, Forbes, & Hawley, 2017). High-fat diets may

also reduce the efficiency of energy production, leading to premature fatigue during

exercise.Studies have demonstrated that a balanced and appropriate diet positively impacts

athletic performance (Burke, Ross, Garvican-Lewis, Welvaert, Heikura, Forbes, & Hawley,

2017; Close, Hamilton, Philp, Burke, & Morton, (2016). Consuming an adequate amount of

carbohydrates can help fuel muscles during exercise and delay the onset of fatigue (Dunford &

Doyle, 2019). Adequate protein intake is essential for muscle repair, recovery, and growth,

especially following exercise (Phillips, 2012).Athletes must also consume vitamins, minerals,

and antioxidants to maintain health and performance (Spector & Kim, 2014). The levels of

certain vitamins and minerals, like iron, calcium, and vitamin D, are often low in athletes and
22
require supplementation to maintain optimal health (Manore, 2015). Finally, hydration is critical

for athletes, with even small dehydration levels negatively affecting athletic performance

(Sawka, Burke, Eichner, Maughan, Montain, &Stachenfeld, 2007). Furthermore, there is some

evidence that certain plant-based diets can be effective for enhancing sports performance,

primarily through increased intake of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds (Pearcey,

de Castro, Elliott, & Duncan, 2020). Vegetarian and other plant-based diets can also help control

body composition and reduce the risk of chronic diseases in athletes.

In contrast, consuming an imbalanced or inadequate diet

can negatively impact sports performance (Garrido-Chamorro, Sirvent-Belando, Gonzalez-

Lorenzo, Martin-Carratala, Roche &Osado, 2017). Diets that are high in fat or low in

carbohydrates can hinder the body's ability to use oxygen for energy and diminish endurance

capacity (Burke, Ross, Garvican-Lewis, Welvaert, Heikura, Forbes, & Hawley, 2017).

2.8 Water and sport performance

Water is the essential fluid for athletes as it plays a crucial role in maintaining hydration status,

regulating body temperature, and aiding in nutrient transport, digestion, and metabolism (Sawka,

Burke, Eichner, Maughan, Montain, &Stachenfeld, 2007). Even mild dehydration can negatively

affect sports performance, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, impaired reaction times, and

decreased endurance (Casa, Armstrong, Hillman, Montain, Reiff, Rich, & Stone, 2000). Studies

have shown that athletes who are adequately hydrated perform better than those who are not. A

23
study involving swimmers revealed that proper hydration led to a higher stroke rate, less

perceived exertion, and better overall swimming times (Fischer, Kainz, Klimt, Tafetan,

Hoffmann, Karg, M &Schobersberger, (2013). Another study showed better cycling performance

with moderate fluid consumption compared to a dehydrated state (Goulet, 2012).Athletes must

consume sufficient water throughout the day to maintain hydration status. Before exercise, they

should drink enough to ensure that the urine is clear or pale yellow. During exercise, they should

strive to replace fluids lost through sweating. A general recommendation is to drink 14-22

ounces of water two hours before exercise and 6-12 ounces every 15-20 minutes during exercise

for any physical activity lasting less than an hour (Sawka, Burke, Eichner, Maughan, Montain,

&Stachenfeld, 2007).In high-intensity and endurance sports, however, athletes may need to

consume more than just water to maintain hydration. For exercise exceeding 1-2 hours,

consuming a sports drink that replaces electrolytes and carbohydrates may improve athletic

performance compared to just water (Casa, Armstrong, Hillman, Montain, Reiff, Rich, & Stone,

2000).

2.9 Knowledge of nutrition among students-athletes

Nutrition knowledge and beliefs can influence food choice. Knowledge is described as both an

awareness of nutrition as well as the ability to practically apply this when choosing healthy foods

(Worsley, 2002). As such, the athlete’s knowledge about nutrition, both general and sport

specific, may impact their food choices and subsequent dietary intake. Likewise, their beliefs

24
about nutrition and level of knowledge may determine the importance placed on food choices as

influenced by the athlete’s understanding of the role of nutrition on health and sport

performance. Nutrition education is often used to help change human behaviours and is provided

with the expectation that greater knowledge will lead to improved dietary practices and better

food choices (Parmenter and Wardle, 1999).

Research has shown an increase in fruit and vegetable consumption in adults with

improved knowledge and that college students with greater awareness of nutrition guidelines eat

healthier (Kolodinsky, Harvey-Berino Berlin, 2007). The health and sport specific nutrition

knowledge of athletes is not well understood and there is only weak evidence supporting a link

between greater knowledge and healthier food choices. Furthermore, despite an awareness of

sport nutrition, athletes do not always put knowledge into practice. Athletes of higher calibre

(international versus national level) have been reported to have a greater level of nutrition

knowledge, which may influence the importance placed on food choice. However, despite

greater knowledge, elite athletes, who compete internationally, may place performance above all

else when making food choices (Harrison, Hopkins and MacFarlane, 1991). Although limited

research suggests the dietary intake of athletes may be influenced by nutrition knowledge, further

investigation is needed that also takes into consideration additional factors that may be important

in the athlete’s food choices.

25
 During a study conducted among students at Steve Biko Campus, Durban, there was a

positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and food frequency intake, particularly foods

from the cereal and meat group. There was also an association between poor dietary patterns and

poor nutrient knowledge (Ntuli, 2005).In consistency with these findings, during a study

conducted among female undergraduate College students in Nairobi Metropolis, there was no

significant association between students’ nutritional knowledge and the nutrition status of the

students (Kinyua, 2013).

Mansoura College, poor knowledge levels regarding healthy diet was significantly

associated with poor dietary habits of the students (Abd El-Mouty, 2016). In contrast, during a

study to assess determinants of eating behaviours in College students, it was revealed that dietary

knowledge did not influence the eating behaviours of the students (Deliens, 2014).

2.10 Attitude of nutrition among students-athletes

Student athletes' attitude towards nutrition plays a vital role in determining their athletic

performance. According to a study conducted by the Nutrition Society, student athletes' dietary

habits and beliefs towards food impacts their health, athletic performance, and overall well-

being. Athletes require specific nutrient-dense foods to fuel their intensive training schedules and

maintain peak performance. There have been considerable changes in human lifestyle all over

the world in recent decades. Especially in recent years, the lifestyle of most countries has been

industrialized. This has caused change in diet, type of food, cooking time, etc (Amanoto 2004).
26
Nowadays, processed foods are rapidly replacing organic food. Another change is the rapid

increase in the number of restaurants and in the people's tendency to eat fast food (Margett,

1998; Stamfar 2000).

Research has shown that positive attitudes towards nutrition can lead to better nutritional

habits and improved athletic performance. A study among college varsity athletes reported that

those who had a positive attitude towards nutrition consumed significantly more healthy foods

and had lower body mass index than those with a negative attitude (Hager, Latta, Stevens

&Nikodym, 2017). Positive attitudes were also associated with higher levels of physical activity

and fewer poor eating habits, such as skipping meals and excessive fast food consumption. The

main goal of nutrition plan is to obtain the appropriate and necessary nutrition to remain

healthy to be physically prepared to lead a healthy life. For this reason to promote the health

and fitness level of a society and the attitude of its people must be taken into account. Given

that the main goal of this research is to broaden the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the

students towards nutrition, as this will subsequently lead to a more food conscious society and

more healthy food needed for their body in different conditions (Contugna, 2005; O'Dea 2004).

Research on nutritional attitude shows that majority of the students-athletes eat meals

during the day regularly and do not have the necessary information and training regarding

weight control, nutrition needs and diet (O'Dea and Abraham 2001).On the other hand, Gates

(1998) showed that students with normal weight have a more healthy diet and better points in

27
terms of nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices compared to others (Gates and De Lucia,

1998). Therefore, knowing the students' knowledge, attitude and nutrition habits help us to find

ways to enhance the nutritional aspect of their well-being, which will consequently lead to

healthier society.

A negative attitude towards nutrition can lead to poor eating habits and lowered athletic

performance. A study among high school athletes found that those with a negative attitude

towards nutrition consumed more fast food and fewer fruits, vegetables, and dairy products

(Martinez, Williamson, Pelkowski, & Kaar, 2019). Poor eating habits were associated with

higher BMI and decreased athletic performance, including more injuries, decreased endurance,

and slower recovery times.

A study conducted by the American College of Sports Medicine (2016) revealed that

athletes who follow a healthy and balanced diet have better performance, improved endurance,

and faster recovery times. Additionally, student athletes who have a positive attitude towards

nutrition are more likely to engage in healthy eating habits, resulting in a lower risk of chronic

diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Moreover, proper nutrition also plays a vital role in injury

prevention. Student athletes who are well-nourished have stronger bones, healthier muscles, and

improved body composition, reducing the risk of injury during training and performances

(American College of Sports Medicine, 2016).

28
 According to the Nutrition Society (2017) they stated that a positive attitude towards

nutrition is crucial for student athletes' success and overall well-being. Proper nutrition can lead

to improved athletic performance, decreased risk of injury, and reduced risk of chronic diseases.

Therefore, coaches and educators should educate student athletes about the importance of

nutrition and encourage them to adopt healthy eating habits.

According to Mario & Hugo (2018) study found out that student-athletes have a generally

positive attitude towards nutrition and a willingness to eat healthier foods. However, the study

also revealed that a lack of knowledge and misconceptions about nutrition can undermine their

efforts to make healthy choices. Another study by Gabriella, McLoughlin, Caroline & Dunn

(2019) found that college athletes tend to consume a higher amount of protein and supplements

than recommended, but not enough fruits and vegetables. The study suggests that a more

comprehensive approach to nutrition education may be needed to encourage college athletes to

follow a balanced diet. A study conducted by Anderson & Jacobsen (2019) found that female

student-athletes are more likely to have a positive attitude towards nutrition and to consume

fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein sources than male athletes. This study also

found that male athletes are more likely to consume protein supplements and sugar-sweetened

beverages.

29
2.11 Practice of nutrition among Students-Athletes

Student-athletes have unique nutritional needs due to the demands placed on their bodies during

training and competition. Beals and Manore (2014) found that while most student-athletes have a

good general knowledge of nutrition, they often lack specific knowledge on sports nutrition. This

study highlights the need for targeted nutrition education for student-athletes. Another study

evaluated the dietary intake and supplement use of male and female college athletes. It found that

male athletes had a higher intake of protein supplements and alcohol, while female athletes had a

higher intake of carbohydrate supplements and energy drinks. The study suggests that nutrition

education programs should be tailored to the unique nutritional needs of male and female

athletes.

According to Dodge, Watts and Shave (2015) found that most athletes demonstrated a

positive attitude towards nutrition, but many did not consume enough fruits, vegetables, or

calcium. This study highlights the importance of providing nutrition education to high school

athletes to ensure they are meeting their nutritional needs. In another study, the nutritional habits

and knowledge of varsity athletes were evaluated. The study found that while most athletes

reported consuming a healthy diet, they often lacked knowledge on nutrient needs for recovery

and performance. This study suggests that more comprehensive nutrition education could

improve the dietary habits and nutritional knowledge of student-athletes. In Rimmer, Fearbach

and Flanagan (2019) found that only one-third of collegiate athletes met the recommended fruit

30
and vegetable intake, and fewer than half met the recommendation for whole grains. The study

highlights the importance of providing practical nutrition strategies to help student-athletes meet

their dietary requirements. Gasparotto, Dartora, Bortolin, Canestraro, &Borba, 2018).found in

their study that athletes who received nutrition education were more likely to improve their

vegetable and protein intake than those who did not receive any education. The study highlights

the need for nutrition education programs that focus on balancing macronutrient intake and

proper hydration, and suggests the importance of providing nutrition education to student-

athletes to improve their dietary habits.

2.12 Nutritional requirements for student-athletes

According to Junior & Adegoke (2017) nutritional requirements for student-athletes are

essential to support their physical activity, promote optimal performance, and ensure overall

health. While individual needs can vary based on factors such as age, gender, sport, training

intensity, and goals.According to Junior & Adegoke (2017) below are the general nutritional

requirements for student-athletes include:

1. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for physical activity.

Student-athletes should consume an adequate amount of complex carbohydrates from sources

like whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes.

31
2. Protein: Protein is crucial for muscle repair and growth. Student-athletes should include lean

sources of protein in their diet, such as chicken, turkey, fish, lean meats, eggs, dairy,

legumes, and plant-based proteins.

3. Healthy Fats: Healthy fats are important for energy and overall health. Incorporate sources

like avocados, nuts, seeds, and olive oil into the diet.

4. Hydration: Staying well-hydrated is essential for optimal performance and recovery.

Student-athletes should drink water regularly throughout the day and increase fluid intake

during physical activity.

5. Vitamins and Minerals: A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can provide essential vitamins

and minerals necessary for overall health and performance.

6. Timing: Pay attention to the timing of meals and snacks, especially around training sessions

and competitions. Consuming a balanced meal with a mix of carbohydrates and protein

before and after exercise can aid in performance and recovery.

7. Snacking: Healthy snacks can help maintain energy levels between meals. Opt for nutrient-

dense options like fruits, nuts, yogurt, or whole-grain snacks.

8. Avoiding Excessive Sugary and Processed Foods: Limiting the intake of sugary and

processed foods can contribute to better overall health and prevent energy crashes.

9. Individualization: Each student-athlete may have unique nutritional needs, so it's crucial to

tailor dietary choices to their specific requirements and goals.

32
10. Professional Guidance: Consulting with sports nutritionists or registered dietitians can

provide personalized advice and meal plans based on individual needs and objectives.

2.13 Relationship between nutrition knowledge and sport performance

Nutrition is an essential component of sports performance, and a well-designed diet can provide

numerous benefits, including increased energy, improved recovery, and enhanced endurance.

Nutrition can also help prevent illnesses and injuries and optimize body composition, which is

critical in many sports. However, many student-athletes do not have adequate knowledge of

nutrition, which can negatively impact their sports performance.

Several studies have examined the relationship between student-athletes’ nutritional

knowledge and their sports performance. A study by Schaafsma, Anderson, Jacobsen, and

O'Connor (2018) investigated the relationship between the nutritional knowledge of university

student-athletes and their sports performance. The study found that student-athletes who had a

higher level of nutritional knowledge had better sports performance than those who had a lower

level of nutritional knowledge.Similarly, a study by Devlin, Belski, and Smith (2017) examined

the relationship between the nutritional knowledge of female collegiate rowers and their sports

performance. The study found that the rowers with higher nutritional knowledge had

significantly better sports performance than those with lower nutritional knowledge.

Another study by Papadaki, Hondros, and Scott (2016) investigated the nutritional

knowledge of adolescent athletes and its relationship with their sports performance. The study
33
found that athletes with higher nutritional knowledge had better sports performance than those

with lower nutritional knowledge. The study also found that athletes with higher nutritional

knowledge were more likely to consume a healthy diet and were less likely to engage in

unhealthy eating habits.

Furthermore, the existing research suggests that there is a positive relationship between

student-athletes’ nutritional knowledge and their sports performance. Student-athletes who have

a higher level of nutritional knowledge tend to have better sports performance than those who

have a lower level of nutritional knowledge. Additionally, student-athletes with higher

nutritional knowledge are more likely to consume a healthy diet, which can enhance sports

performance and prevent illnesses and injuries. Nutritional knowledge is the understanding of

dietary principles and their ability to apply this knowledge to improve their dietary habits (Al-

Nakeeb, Lyons, & Dodd, 2016). A study by Defeyter, Russo, & McPartlin, (2013) found that

90% of adolescent athletes had some knowledge of healthy eating, but only 42% had excellent

knowledge of nutrition principles. In contrast, the remaining 58% had a moderate or poor level

of understanding. Similarly, a study by Kim et al. (2018) found that only 16% of university

student-athletes had excellent knowledge of overall nutrition.

Studies have shown that nutritional knowledge correlates positively to dietary practices, and

those with better nutrition knowledge are likely to adopt healthier dietary behaviors Filaire,

Sagnol, Ferrand, & Maso, 2015). A study by Soroush, Akhlaghi & Ibrahim, 2014) demonstrated

34
that athletes who had superior nutritional knowledge performed better in a physical fitness test

than those with lower knowledge levels. In a cross-sectional study by Xiao, Wang & Wei,

(2015), female college athletes with better nutritional knowledge achieved better body

compositions and physical performance than those with lower knowledge.

Research indicates that student-athletes who possess high levels of nutritional knowledge

perform better in their sports activities. One study conducted by Diehl, Laercio, Quieroz, Silva,

Campos-Ferraz, do Prado & Pires (2019) sought to explore the relationship between nutrition

knowledge, dietary intake, and sports performance among Brazilian student-athletes. The study

revealed a significant positive relationship between participants' nutritional knowledge and their

dietary intake and sports performance. In addition, athletes with a higher nutritional knowledge

score had greater food variety and nutrient intake, leading to improved athletic performance.

In another study, Gravina, Ruiz, Diaz, Barbero-Alvarez & Bjoklund(2011) examined the

relationship between nutritional habits, knowledge, and performance in adolescent elite soccer

players. Results indicated that athletes with a higher nutritional knowledge score exhibited better

performance in long-distance running, agility, and muscle endurance tests. In contrast, athletes

with poor nutritional knowledge had poor performance in these tests. Apart from improved

sports performance, proper nutritional knowledge among athletes improves their overall health

and well-being. Evidence suggests that athletic performance and health are interconnected, with

inadequate nutrient intake negatively affecting both health and performance (Heaney, O’Connor,

35
Naughton & Gifford, 2017). Nutrition knowledge is, therefore, an essential component of sports

performance, with the potential to improve both performance and athlete well-being.

Improving student-athletes' nutritional knowledge requires an interdisciplinary approach

involving parents, coaches, and nutrition professionals. Research by McLeod, Kadir, Sajwani,

Shoukat, Raza, Sheikh (2016) highlights the synergy between coaches, parents, and nutrition

professionals in enhancing student-athletes' nutritional knowledge. The study noted that family

members and coaches play a vital role in shaping the eating habits and mindset of student-

athletes. Moreover, nutrition professionals are essential in providing athletes with accurate

nutritional knowledge tailored to their respective sports.

2.14 Relationship between nutrition attitude and sport performance

Nutrition is a vital aspect of the life of athletes, particularly student-athletes, whose involvement

in sports requires proper dietary habits to optimize physical efforts while staying healthy. The

association between nutritional attitude and sports performance has been the subject of numerous

studies over the years, with the results highlighting the significant role played by diet in

maintaining the athletic ability of student-athletes (He, Li, Cai, & Chen, 2019)).

Nutritional attitude refers to an individual's approach to food, including beliefs,

perceptions, and behaviors, making it a critical factor in determining their dietary habits.

Research has shown that student-athletes with a positive nutritional attitude are more likely to

36
demonstrate heightened performance in sports activities. One study by Elwood, Schneider,

McCabe & McSherry (2019) aimed to examine the association between nutritional attitude and

sports injury among collegiate athletes. The results showed that athletes with a positive attitude

toward nutrition had a lower risk of sports injuries, emphasizing the importance of a positive

nutritional attitude in maintaining performance and preventing injuries.

Moreover, student-athletes with a healthy nutritional attitude are more likely to make

better dietary choices and adhere to meal plans that enhance their performance. Evidence shows

that proper nutrition is essential for the maximization of athletic performance and recovery

(Zahra, Babak&Sakineh (2018). A study by Mbuagbaw, Thabane, Ongolo & Zogo (2019).Found

that athletes with a positive nutritional attitude exhibited better dietary patterns, leading to

improved sports performance. They emphasized that student-athletes' attitudes toward nutrition

affect how they view food and, consequently, their nutritional intakes, which impact their

performance.

Additionally, Student-athletes' nutritional behavior also plays a crucial role in sports

performance. Nutritional behaviors refer to actions resulting from individuals' attitudes toward

food, involving routines such as meal frequency and types of foods consumed. Proper nutritional

behavior can improve the nutritional intake of student-athletes, leading to optimized

performance. A study Moreno, Garcia-Gonzalez, Fleta, &Yunno (2018) found that athletes'

nutritional behaviors such as frequently consuming breakfast, consuming vegetables, and

37
controlling fat intake, were positively associated with improved athletic performance. Improving

student-athletes' nutritional attitudes and behaviors involves education and awareness programs

that emphasize the importance of proper nutrition in sports performance. These programs should

aim to address distorted perceptions and beliefs surrounding nutrition while promoting healthy

food choices and practices. For instance, a study by Flores, Estevez & Spyridou (2019) found

that providing educational materials to athletes improved their knowledge, attitudes, and

behaviors concerning nutrition and health.

A student-athlete's nutritional attitude plays a critical role in their dietary intake, leading to

improved sports performance. A study by Starks, Hargraves, Swalm, Lawless & Hodges (2018)

found that student-athletes with positive nutritional attitudes had higher dietary intake of energy,

protein, vitamins, and minerals than those with negative nutritional attitudes. Furthermore, a

positive nutritional attitude was found to be associated with a varied, nutrient-dense diet that

improved the athlete's performance.

Moreover, a study by McLeod, Bay, Winstead & Hopkins (2016) revealed that athletes'

attitudes towards nutrition positively influence their dietary intake. The study found that athletes

who valued nutrition and had good nutritional attitudes had improved dietary intake of fruits and

vegetables, promoting good health and enhancing sports performance. Nutritional attitudes

among student-athletes have been shown to be associated with better athletic performance. A

study by Hoffmann,Hoffman, Hamkins&Gabauer(2020) revealed that college athletes with

38
positive nutritional attitudes had better performance across a range of sports. The study showed

that positive attitudes towards food and eating habits contributed significantly to improved

athletic performance. Additionally, a study by Turner-McGrievy, Kobayashi, Ehrlich, Albertini,

Amati & Andersen (2017) found that athletes' attitudes towards nutrition and healthy eating were

positively correlated with improvements in body weight, body mass index, and overall health.

2.15 Relationship between nutrition practice and sport performance

Proper nutrition is critical for the performance and recovery of student-athletes. Nutritional

practices refer to the dietary habits adopted by student-athletes to improve their athletic

performance, recovery, and overall health. The under listed subheading aims to examine the

relationship between student-athletes' nutritional practices and sports performance.

Protein Intake and Sports Performance

Proper protein intake is crucial for athletes to maximize their performance and recovery. Past

studies have revealed that the protein intake of athletes is often inadequate. A study by Tang,

Earl, McCabe, Elgazzar&Reicks(2017) found that female collegiate athletes consumed

significantly less protein than recommended. Similarly, another study by Earl, Cleary, Barnes,

O’Keefe & Shadman (2016) showed that almost 50% of female collegiate basketball players had

inadequate protein intake. In comparison, consuming the right amount of protein has been shown

to improve physical performance, reduce muscle soreness, and hasten recovery (Phillips,

39
2017).One important aspect of nutritional practices for student-athletes is protein intake. Protein

is essential for muscle repair, growth, and recovery. Several studies have shed light on the

positive correlation between protein intake and sports performance.

A study by Earl, Cleary, Barnes, O’Keefe &Shadman (2016) found a high prevalence of

inadequate protein intake among female collegiate basketball players, which may compromise

their muscle recovery and strength gains. In contrast, Tang, Earl, McCabe, Elgazzar&Reicks

(2017) emphasized the importance of meeting recommended protein requirements to enhance

physical performance and support optimal muscle function. Adequate protein intake has been

associated with improved physical performance, reduced muscle soreness, and faster muscle

recovery (Phillips, 2017).

 Carbohydrate Intake and Sports Performance

Carbohydrates provide the primary source of energy for the body during physical activity,

making them essential for student-athletes. Several studies have shown that inadequate

carbohydrate intake is associated with reduced athletic performance and increased fatigue

(Burke, Jeukendrup, Jones, Mooses, & O'Kelly, 2018). Conversely, student-athletes with

adequate carbohydrate intake have been shown to maintain better performance in high-intensity

bouts of exercise (Thomas, Erdman & Burke 2019).Carbohydrates serve as the primary fuel

source for student-athletes during physical activity, making adequate carbohydrate intake vital

for optimal performance (Burke, Jeukendrup, Jones, Mooses, & O'Kelly, 2018). demonstrated
40
that low carbohydrate, high-fat diets can impair exercise economy and compromise performance.

Conversely, student-athletes with proper carbohydrate intake have been shown to maintain better

performance during high-intensity exercise (Thomas, Erdman & Burke 2019). Consuming

sufficient carbohydrates supports glycogen storage and provides sustained energy, aiding in

athletic performance and preventing early fatigue.

 Hydration and Sports Performance

Proper hydration is crucial for optimal sports performance in student-athletes. Studies have

shown that dehydration impairs athletic performance and increases the risk of injury (Casa,

Montain, Reiff, Rich, Armstrong, Hillman, & Stone, 2015). Furthermore, even mild dehydration

can lead to decreased cognitive function and feelings of fatigue (Oppliger,Camera, Areta, &

Hawley, 2005). Therefore, adequate hydration should be a critical nutrition practice for student-

athletes.Proper hydration is a critical aspect of nutritional practices that directly impacts sports

performance. Dehydration can lead to early fatigue, impaired cognitive function, and increased

risk of injury (Casa, Montain, Reiff, Rich, Armstrong, Hillman, & Stone, 2015). Maintaining

adequate hydration levels before, during, and after exercise is essential for optimizing athletic

performance.Oppliger, Camera, Areta, & Hawley (2005). emphasized the importance of accurate

hydration assessment through urine specific gravity and osmolality measurements to avoid the

negative consequences of dehydration. Student-athletes should prioritize adequate fluid intake to

support optimal performance and prevent dehydration-related issues.

41
 Supplementation and Sports Performance

Supplementation refers to the use of dietary supplements to enhance athletic performance. While

supplements are not a substitute for a well-rounded diet, several studies have shown that some

supplements can aid in sports performance. For instance, creatine supplementation has been

found to improve muscle power and strength, while caffeine has been shown to reduce fatigue

and enhance endurance (Kerksick, Harvey, Stout, Campbell &Wilborn, 2018).While nutrition

from whole foods is essential, dietary supplements can complement student-athletes' nutritional

practices to further enhance sports performance. Kerksick, Harvey, Stout, Campbell & Wilborn

(2018) highlighted the benefits of specific supplements, such as creatine and caffeine, on muscle

power, strength, and endurance. However, caution should be exercised, as supplements should

only be used under the guidance of a qualified professional and as part of a comprehensive

nutrition plan.

42
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The study investigates influence of nutrition among student-athletes in Federal College of

Education, Ogun State, Nigeria. This chapter dealt with the methods and procedures used in

carrying out the research work. The chapter is discussed under the following sub heading.

1. The Research Design

2. Population

3. Sample and Sampling techniques

4. Research Instrument

5. Validity of Instrument

6. Procedure of Data Collection

7. Method of Data Analysis

3.2 Research Design

The study adopted descriptive survey research design. Descriptive survey research design helps

in identifying problems, making comparison, evaluating and collecting information from

different study which helps in building up this study (Denis 2012)

43
3.3 Population

The population of this study consists of all the students-athletes of Federal College of

Education Abeokuta, Ogun State.

3.4 Sample and sampling techniques

Cluster sampling technique was used to select the sample for the study. The sample consist of

one hundred and ten (110) students athletes from Federal College of Education Abeokuta, Ogun

State.

3.5 Instruments for Data Collection

The research will be carried out using of self-designed questionnaires to gather

information from the respondents. The questionnaire will be divided into three sections: Section

A dealt with the demographic information of the respondents and Section B gathered information

on research questions and Section C on hypotheses. The questionnaire items in section B was

modified to be a three likert scale of Yes, No and I do not know while the items in section C

was modified to be a four likert scale of Strong Agree, Agree, Disagree and Strongly

Disagree.

3.6 Validity of Instrument

Validity is the accuracy and meaningfulness of inference which are based on the research

results. In order to validate the research instrument a draft copy of questionnaire was given to the
44
researcher’s supervisor for corrections, modification, and necessary suggestions before the

administration of the questionnaire.

3.7 Procedure for Data Collection

The questionnaires on influence of nutrition among student-athletes in Federal College of

Education, Ogun State, Nigeria will be distributed and administered personally by the researcher.

The completed questionnaires will be collected immediately the respondents are through filling

it.

3.8 Procedure for Data Analysis

The data was collected, coded and analyzed with the use of frequency count and simple

percentage for Section A which was demographic data and Section B which were research

hypotheses while inferential statistic of chi-square was used to analyze the section C at 0.05 level

of significance.

45
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the data and discussion of findings. It was

discussed below:

4.2 SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF THE RESPONDENTS

Respondents Distribution by School

The data presents the distribution of respondents across different schools, with a total of 110

respondents surveyed. The School of Education has the highest frequency of respondents, with

42 respondents, constituting 38.18% of the total respondents. This indicates that the majority of

the surveyed population belongs to the School of Education. The School of Vocational presented

24 respondents, representing 21.82% of the total respondents. The School of Science has 20

respondents, accounting for 18.18% of the total respondents. Both the School of Art and Social

Sciences and the School of Language have the same number of respondents, each with 12

respondents, accounting for 10.91% of the total respondents.

46
Table 4.1 showing Frequency distribution of Respondents by Schools

SCHOOL FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

School of Science 20.00 18.18

School of 24.00 21.82

vocational

School of Art and 12.00 10.91

Social Sciences

School of 42.00 38.18

Education

School of 12.00 10.91

Language

Total 110.00 100.00

Respondents Distribution by Sport

The data presented in Table 4.2 provides a distribution of respondents by the sports they

participate in. The findings reveal that the majority of the respondents are engaged in football,

comprising 34 respondents, which accounts for 30.91% of the total respondents. This suggests a

significant preference for football among the surveyed population. Following football, athletics

47
and volleyball were the next most popular sports, comprising of 11 respondents each accounting

for 10.00% of the respondents. Table tennis and badminton were also popular among the

respondents, with each sport being participated in by 15 of the respondents which accounts for

9.09% of the total respondents. Handball and tennis were less prevalent, with 8 of the

respondents which accounts for 7.27% of the total respondents participating in each sport.

Additionally, a small percentage of the respondents, 7.27%, reported participating in other sports

not explicitly mentioned in the table.

Table 4.2 showing Frequency distribution of Respondents by Sport Participated

SPORT FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Athletics 11.00 10.00

Handball 8.00 7.27

Volleyball 11.00 10.00

Table tennis 15.00 13.64

Tennis 8.00 7.27

Football 34.00 30.91

Badminton 15.00 13.64

Others 8.00 7.27

48
 Total 110.00 100.00

Respondents Distribution by Sex

The data presented in Table 4.3 outlines the distribution of respondents by their respective years

of study. The findings indicate that the majority of the respondents, comprising 64.55% of the

total, were male students. In contrast, the remaining 35.45% of the respondents were female

students. This demonstrates a notable gender disparity within the sample population, with male

students representing a significantly higher proportion compared to their female counterparts.

Table 4.3 showing Frequency distribution by Sex

Sex FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Male 71.00 64.55

Female 39.00 35.45

Total 110.00 100.00

Respondents Distribution by Age

Based on the data, table 4.4 shows that the largest age group within the surveyed population is

the 19 – 22 years category, comprising 42 respondents, which accounts for 38.18% of the total.

The age group with the next highest frequency is the 23 – 26 years category, with 38

49
respondents, representing 34.54% of the total. The <15 – 18 years category follows with 11

respondents, constituting 10.00% of the total, and the 27 years and above category has 19

respondents, making up 17.27% of the total.

Table 4.4 showing Frequency distribution of Age

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

≤ 15 – 18 years 11 10.00

19 – 22 years 42 38.18

23 – 26 years 38 34.54

27 -above 19.00 17.27

Total 110.00 100.00

Respondents Distribution by Religion

Based on the data, table 4.5 shows that the largest religious group within the surveyed population

is Christian, comprising 76 respondents, which accounts for 69.09% of the total. The Muslim

category follows with 29 respondents, representing 26.36% of the total. The group classified as

Others has 5 respondents, making up 4.54% of the total

Table 4.5 showing Frequency distribution by Religion

50
 Religion Frequency Percentage (%)

Christianity 76.00 69.09

Islam 29.00 26.36

Others 5.00 4.55

Total 110.00 100.00

4.3 SECTION B: RESEARCH QUESTIONS

RESEARCH QUESTION ONE: DO STUDENT-ATHLETES OF FEDERAL COLLEGE

OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF NUTRITION?

The data on nutritional knowledge provided insightful findings regarding the understanding of

various nutritional concepts among the surveyed population. Majority of the respondents which

were 102 (92.73%) opted for Yes that carbohydrate is the best energy giving food while 7

(6.36%) opted for No, 1 (0.91%) did not know. The study revealed that a substantial majority of

the respondents which were 105 (95.45) opted for Yes that the nutrient we need in the body can

only be gotten from food, while 2 (1.82%) opted for No and 3 (2.73%) opted for No.

Furthermore, a significant proportion of the respondents, totaling 101 (91.82%) opted for Yes

that food contains nutrients that are needed by living things to maintain life, health and

performance while 2 (1.82%) opted for No and 7 (6.36%). The study revealed that 106 (96.36%)

51
respondents opted for Yes that when we eat a meal, nutrients are released from the food through

digestion while 2 (1.82%) opted for No and 2 (1.82%) did not know. It was also revealed in the

findings that water is very essential in nutrition in which 108 (98.18%) of the respondents opted

for Yes, while 1 (0.91%) opted for No and 1 (0.91%) opted for I don’t know. The study revealed

that 102 (92.73%) respondents opted for Yes that when good food is taken, it enhances good

performance 2 (1.82%) opted for No and 6 (5.45%) did not know. The findings also revealed that

eating the right food always plays significant role in prevention of certain diseases and

recuperation after illness, this statement was supported that by the majority of the respondents in

which 100 (90.90%) of the respondents opted for Yes, while 4 (3.64%) opted for No and 6

(5.45%) did not know. The study revealed that 102 (92.73%) respondents opted for Yes that

healthy eating provides us with the nutrient we need for growth and development 3 (2.73%)

opted for No and 5 (4.55%) did not know. The findings also revealed that good nutrition is

essential for good health throughout one’s life, this statement was supported that by the majority

of the respondents in which 100 (90.91%) of the respondents opted for Yes, while 5 (4.55%)

opted for No and 5 (4.55%) did not know. Lastly, the study revealed that 106 (96.36%)

respondents opted for Yes that human beings require food to grow, reproduce and maintain good

health while 2 (1.82%) opted for No and 2 (1.82%) did not know.

Table 4.2.1: Simple Percentage Analysis on the nutritional knowledge of student-athletes of

Federal College of Education, Abeokuta

52
 I DON’T

YES NO KNOW TOTAL

S/

Percentag

Percentag

Percentag

Percentag
Frequenc

Frequenc

Frequenc

Frequenc
N ITEMS

e (%)
Carbohydrate is the 110.0
102.00 92.73 7.00 6.36 1.00 0.91 100.00
1 best energy giving food 0

The nutrient we need in

95.4 110.0
the body can only be 105.00 2.00 1.82 3.00 2.73 100.00
5 0
2 gotten from food

Food contains nutrients

that are needed by

91.8 110.0
living things to 101.00 2.00 1.82 7.00 6.36 100.00
2 0
maintain life, health

3 and performance

When we eat a meal,

nutrients are released 96.3 110.0

106.00 2.00 1.82 2.00 1.82 100.00
from the food through 6 0

4 digestion.

53
 Water is very essential 98.1 110.0
108.00 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.91 100.00
5 in nutrition 8 0

When good food is

92.7 110.0
taken, it enhances good 102.00 2.00 1.82 6.00 5.45 100.00
3 0
6 performance

Eating the right food

always plays significant

role in prevention of 90.9 110.0

100.00 4.00 3.64 6.00 5.45 100.00
certain diseases and 1 0

recuperation after

7 illness

Healthy eating provides

us with the nutrient we 92.7 110.0

102.00 3.00 2.73 5.00 4.55 100.00
need for growth and 3 0

8 development

9 Good nutrition is 100.00 90.9 5.00 4.55 5.00 4.55 110.0 100.00

essential for good 0 0

health throughout one’s

54
 life

Human beings require

food to grow, 96.3 110.0

106.00 2.00 1.82 2.00 1.82 100.00
reproduce and maintain 6 0

10 good health

RESEARCH QUESTION TWO: DO STUDENTS-ATHLETES IN FEDERAL COLLEGE

OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA HAVE THE RIGHT ATTITUDE TOWARDS

NUTRITION?

The data concerning attitudes toward nutrition reveals key insights into the preferences and

behaviors of the surveyed population in relation to dietary choices and sporting activities. A

significant finding indicates that a notable portion of respondents, comprising 90 (81.82%) of the

respondents, prefer eating out over cooking, while 18 (16.36%) respondents expressed a contrary

inclination, favoring cooking over dining out and 2 (1.82%) of the respondents did not know. It

was revealed in the findings that that 88 (80.00%) respondents prefer eating junk anytime they

are participating in sport 21 (19.09%) opted for No and 1 (0.91%) did not know. It was also

revealed in the findings that that 76 (69.09%) respondents like to eat fruit and vegetable to

supplement their food while 30 (27.27%) opted for No and 4 (3.64%) did not know. The study

revealed that 106 (96.36%) respondents prefer eating anything edible and convenience for them

during sports while 5 (4.55%) opted for No, 1 (0.91%) did not know. Finally, the findings also

55
revealed that sporting activities makes me skip food, this statement was supported that by the

majority of the respondents in which 100 (90.91%) of the respondents opted for Yes, while 10

(9.09%) opted for No.

56
 Table 4.2.2: Simple Percentage Analysis on attitude to nutrition among students-athletes in

Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, ogun stat.

I DON’T

YES NO KNOW TOTAL

S/

Percentag

Percentag

Percentag

Percentag
Frequenc

Frequenc

Frequenc

Frequenc
N ITEMS

e (%)
I prefer eating out 110.0
90.00 81.82 18.00 16.36 2.00 1.82 100.00
1 rather than cooking 0

I prefer eating junk

80.0 110.0
anytime I am 88.00 21.00 19.09 1.00 0.91 100.00
0 0
2 participating in sport

I like to eat fruits and

69.0 110.0
vegetables to 76.00 30.00 27.27 4.00 3.64 100.00
9 0
3 supplement my food

4 I prefer eating anything 104.00 94.5 5.00 4.55 1.00 0.90 110.0 100.00

edible and convenience 5 0

for me during engaging

57
 in sports

Sporting activities 90.9 110.0

100.00 10.00 9.09 0.00 0.00 100.00
5 makes me skip food 1 0

RESEARCH QUESTION THREE: DO STUDENTS-ATHLETES IN FEDERAL

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA PRACTICES NUTRITION?

The data on nutritional practice provides valuable insights into the dietary behaviors and patterns

of the surveyed population. It reveals distinct attitudes and practices related to food consumption

and supplementation.

The findings indicate that a significant portion of respondents, comprising 94 (85.45%) of the

respondents, tend to opt for snacks over a more balanced and nutritious diet. In contrast, 10

(9.09%) of the respondents expressed a preference for maintaining a wholesome diet while 6

(5.45%) were uncertain about their dietary preference. The study revealed that 98 (89.09%) skip

food due to tight scheduled between lectures time frame and sporting activities while 5 (4.55%)

do not and 2 (1.82%) did not know. It was also revealed from the data that 70 (63.64%) of the

respondents ensured they eat a balanced diet everyday while 25 (22.73%) do not and 15

(13.64%) I did not know. It was further revealed from the data that 26 (23.64%) of the usually

eat three square meals everyday while majority of the respondent which were 80 (72.73%) do not

and 4 (3.64%) I did not know. Finally, it was revealed from the findings that 40 (36.36%) of the

58
 respondents prefer taking supplement to replace mussing nutrient while 60 (54.55%) of the

respondent which is the majority do not and 10 (9.09%)

Table 4.2.3: Simple Percentage Analysis on if students-athletes in Federal College of

Education, Abeokuta practices nutrition

I DON’T

YES NO KNOW TOTAL

S/
Percentag

Percentag

Percentag

Percentag
Frequenc

Frequenc

Frequenc

Frequenc
N ITEMS
e (%)

e (%)
I eat snack rather than 110.0
94.00 85.45 10.00 9.09 6.00 5.45 100.00
1 eating good diet 0

I skip food due to tight

scheduled between 110.0

98.00 89.09 10.00 9.09 2.00 1.82 100.00
lectures time frame and 0

2 sporting activities

I ensure I eat a 110.0

70.00 63.64 25.00 22.72 15.00 13.64 100.00
3 balanced diet every day 0

59
 I usually eat three
110.0
26.00 23.64 80.00 72.73 4.00 3.63 100.00
square meal everyday
0
4

I prefer taking
54.5 110.0
supplement to replace 40.00 36.36 60.00 10.00 9.09 100.00
5 0
5 missing nutrient

RESEARCH QUESTION FOUR: What are the nutrition requirements students-athletes in

Federal College of Education, Abeokuta?

The study revealed that 20 (18.18%) respondents opted for Yes that athletes need 400g to 1500g

of Carbohydrate per day for better performance while 14 (12.73%) opted for No and 76

(69.09%) of the respondents which the majority did not know. The study revealed that 42

(38.18%) respondents opted for Yes, while 12 (10.91%) opted for No and 66 (60.00%) of the

respondents which is the majority did not know that Athletes need up to 1.6L to 2.4L of fluid

after each activity for better performance. The study revealed that 46 (41.82%) respondents

opted for Yes athletes needs 4.0L to 6.00L of water 3hrs before performing an activity for better

performance while 10 (9.09%) respondents opted for No and 54 (49.09%) of the respondents

which is the majority did not know. The study revealed that 32 (29.09%) respondents opted for

Yes that food should be taken 3 hours before performing any activity while 10 (9.09%) opted for

No and majority of the respondents which were 68 (61.82%) did not know. The study revealed

60
 that 26 (23.64%) respondents opted for Yes that athletes needs 92g to 112g of Protein per day for

better performance while 14 (12.73%) opted for No and 4 (3.64%) which is the majority did not

know. Finally, it was revealed from the findings that 26 (23.64%) respondents opted for Yes that

athletes needs 92g to 112g of Protein per day for better performance while 14 (12.73%) opted for

No and 70 (63.63%) which is the majority did not know.

Table 4.2.4: Simple Percentage Analysis on the nutrition requirements students-athletes in

Federal College of Education, Abeokuta

I DON’T

YES NO KNOW TOTAL

S/
Percentag

Percentag

Percentag

Percentag
Frequenc

Frequenc

Frequenc

Frequenc
N ITEMS

e (%)
Athletes need 400g to 20.00 14.00 76.00

1500g of Carbohydrate 110.0

18.18 12.72 69.09 100.00
per day for better 0

1 performance.

2 Athletes need up to 42.00 38.1 12.00 10.90 66.00 60.00 110.0 100.00

1.6L to 2.4L of fluid 8 0

after each activity for

61
 better performance.

Athletes needs 4.0L to 46.00 10.00 54.00

6.00L of water 3hrs

41.8 110.0
before performing an 9.09 49.09 100.00
1 0
activity for better

3 performance

Food should be taken 32.00 10.00 68.00

29.0 110.0
3hrs before performing 9.09 61.81 100.00
9 0
4 any activity.

25% to 35% calories of 28.00 12.00 70.00

25.4 10.9 110.0
fat is needed by an 63.63 100.00
5 0 0
5 athlete per day

Athletes needs 92g to 26.00 14.00 70.00

23.6 12.7 110.0
112g of Protein per day 63.63 100.00
3 2 0
6 for better performance

4.4 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS.

SECTION C: TESTING OF HYPOTHESES

62
HYPOTHESIS ONE: NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY

INFLUENCE SPORT PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS-ATHLETES IN FEDERAL

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA

The results from the study shows that at level of sig. =0.05(5%) with the degree of freedom of 3,

the critical value is 7.815, the calculated value of Chi-Square (x 2) is 758.13. Since the calculated

value is greater than the critical value (7.815), the null hypothesis stating that nutritional

knowledge will not significantly influence sport performance of students-athletes in Federal

College of Education, Abeokuta. This implies that nutritional knowledge will significantly

influence sport performance of students-athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta.

Table 4.3.1: Chi square summaries on nutritional knowledge will not significantly influence

sport performance of students-athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta.

Respondents Degree of Level of X2 X2 Critical Remarks

Freedom Significance Calculated

110 3 0.05 758.13 7.815 Rejected

HYPOTHESIS TWO: ATTITUDE TOWARDS NUTRITION WILL NOT

SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE SPORT PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS-ATHLETES

IN FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA

63
The results from the study states shows that at level of sig. =0.05(5%) with the degree of

freedom of 4, the critical value is 7.815, the calculated value of Chi-Square (x 2) is 249.03. Since

the calculated value is greater than the critical value (7.815), the null hypothesis stating that

attitude towards nutrition will not significantly influence sport performance of students-athletes

in Federal College of Education, Abeokutais therefore rejected.This implies that nature of that

attitude towards nutrition will significantly influence sport performance of students-athletes in

Federal College of Education, Abeokuta

Table 4.3.2: Chi square summaries on using influence of attitude towards nutrition on

sport performance of students-athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta

Respondents Degree of Level of X2 X2 Critical Remarks

Freedom Significance Calculated

110 3 0.05 249.03 7.815 Rejected

HYPOTHESIS THREE: NUTRITIONAL PRACTICE WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY

INFLUENCE SPORT PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS-ATHLETES IN FEDERAL

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA

The results from the study states shows that at level of sig. =0.05(5%) with the degree of

freedom of 4, the critical value is 7.815, the calculated value of Chi-Square (x 2) is 309.56. Since
64
the calculated value is greater than the critical value (7.815), the null hypothesis stating that

nutritional practice will not significantly influence sport performance of students-athletes in

Federal College of Education, Abeokuta is therefore rejected. This implies nutritional practice

will not significantly influence sport performance of students-athletes in Federal College of

Education, Abeokuta.

Table 4.3.3: Chi square summaries on influence of nutritional practice on sport

performance of students-athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta

Respondents Degree of Level of X2 X2 Critical Remarks

Freedom Significance Calculated

120 3 0.05 309.56 7.815 Rejected

HYPOTHESIS FOUR: NUTRITION WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE

STUDENTS-ATHLETES IN FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA

The results from the study states shows that at level of sig. =0.05(5%) with the degree of

freedom of 4, the critical value is 7.815, the calculated value of Chi-Square (x 2) is 449.93. Since

the calculated value is greater than the critical value (7.815), the null hypothesis stating that

65
nutrition will not significantly influence students-athletes in Federal College of Education,

Abeokuta is therefore rejected. This implies nutrition will significantly influence students-

athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta.

Table 4.3.4: Chi square summaries on if nutrition will not significantly influence students-

athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta

Respondents Degree of Level of X2 X2 Critical Remarks

Freedom Significance Calculated

120 3 0.05 449.93 7.815 Rejected

4.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

HYPOTHESIS ONE: NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY

INFLUENCE SPORT PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS-ATHLETES IN FEDERAL

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA

66
It was revealed from that nutritional knowledge will significantly influence sport performance of

students-athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta. Therefore, the null hypothesis was

rejected and the alternate hypothesis is retained.

This finding tallies with Worsley, (2002) study who stated that the athlete’s knowledge about

nutrition, both general and sport specific, may impact their food choices and subsequent dietary

intake. Likewise, their beliefs about nutrition and level of knowledge may determine the

importance placed on food choices as influenced by the athlete’s understanding of the role of

nutrition on health and sport performance.

The outcome of the findings is also in line with Adb El-Mouty, (2016) postulation that poor

knowledge levels regarding healthy diet was significantly associated with poor dietary habits of

the students/athletes. This outcome of the findings also corroborates with Mario & Hugo (2018)

study that lack of knowledge and misconceptions about nutrition can undermine their efforts to

make healthy choices.

HYPOTHESIS TWO: ATTITUDE TOWARDS NUTRITION WILL NOT

SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE SPORT PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS-ATHLETES

IN FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA

It was revealed from that nutritional knowledge will significantly attitude towards nutrition will

not significantly influence sport performance of students-athletes in Federal College of

67
Education, Abeokuta. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternate hypothesis is

retained.

The outcome of the study is in line with Zahra, Babak & Sakineh (2018) findings that student-

athletes with a healthy nutritional attitude are more likely to make better dietary choices and

adhere to meal plans that enhance their performance. Furthermore, in a study by Mbuagbaw,

Thabane, Ongolo & Zogo (2019), they found out that athlete with a positive nutritional attitude

exhibited better dietary patterns, leading to improved sports performance.

The outcome of the findings agree with the study of Moreno, Garcia-Gonzalez, Fleta, & Yunno

(2018) that athletes' nutritional behaviors such as frequently consuming breakfast, consuming

vegetables, and controlling fat intake, were positively associated with improved athletic

performance. According to the Nutrition Society (2017) they stated that a positive attitude

towards nutrition is crucial for student athletes' success and overall well-being. Proper nutrition

can lead to improved athletic performance, decreased risk of injury, and reduced risk of chronic

diseases.

HYPOTHESIS THREE: NUTRITIONAL PRACTICE WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY

INFLUENCE SPORT PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS-ATHLETES IN FEDERAL

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA

68
It was revealed from that nutritional practice will significantly influence sport performance of

students-athletes in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta. Therefore, the null hypothesis was

rejected and the alternate hypothesis is retained.

The outcome of the study is in line with Gasparotto, Dartora, Bortolin, Canestraro, & Borba

(2018) that athletes who received nutrition education were more likely to improve their vegetable

and protein intake than those who did not receive any education. The outcome of the findings

corroborates with the findings of Parmenter & Wardle (2005) that the practice of improved

dietary and better food choices by students-athletes is being influenced by nutrition education

and knowledge received which imminently result to change their behaviours and their food

choice.

Finally, the finding tallies with Abd El-Mouty, (2016) findings that poor knowledge levels

regarding healthy diet was significantly associated with poor dietary practice of the students-

athletes. According to Mario & Hugo (2018) study found out that student-athletes have a

generally positive attitude towards nutrition and a willingness to practice health dietary pattern.

However, the study also revealed that a lack of knowledge and misconceptions about nutrition

can undermine their nutritional practice and as well, result to underperforming in sporting

activities.

69
HYPOTHESIS FOUR: NUTRITION WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE

STUDENTS-ATHLETESSPORT PERFORMANCEIN FEDERAL COLLEGE OF

EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA

It was revealed from that nutrition will significantly influence students-athletes sport

performance in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta. Therefore, the null hypothesis was

rejected and the alternate hypothesis is retained.

The outcome of the findings is in line with Burke, Hawley, Wong and Jeukendrup (2011)

postulation that athlete challenges their bodies on a regular basis through tough physical training

and competitions. In order to keep up with demand for stamina of their activity or sport, athlete

needs adequate fuel for their body on day-to-day basis.

It also corroborates with the findings of Sawka, Burke, Eichner, Maughan, Montain, &

Stachenfeld (2007) that nutrition is important for an athlete because it provides energy required

to perform the activity. The food they take leaves an impact on strength, training, performance

and recovery.

It also in line with Baker, Heaton, & Nuccio (2016) have shown that diets emphasizing

carbohydrates lead to improvements in endurance performance, helping athletes to sustain

performance for longer periods of time. It was also support by Phillips & Van Loon (2011)

Consuming dietary protein is also essential for muscle adaptation and recovery following

70
resistance training and other forms of exercise. Finally, it was also in agreed with Sawka, et. al.

(2007) postulations that adequate hydration status is important for maintaining blood volume,

regulating temperature, and improving nutrient delivery to working muscles.

71
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

This study examined the influence of nutrition on performance among Student-athletes of

Federal College of Education Abeokuta, Ogun State. The population of this study were all the

students in Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, Ogun State, sample of 110 respondents was

used for the study which were the students-athletes, self-developed questionnaire was used for

data collection, descriptive frequency count and simple percentage was adopted for demographic

data and research question, inferential statistics of chi square was adopted for research

hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Summary, conclusion and recommendations were made

based on the findings of the study

5.2 Conclusion

The study has revealed several crucial findings that have direct implications for the

understanding of the relationship between nutrition and athletes performance.

Nutrition influences all life’s processes and it was discovered also that nutrition influences sport

performance. From the research work we discovered that when an individual eat very well before

any competition he/she performs well, the kind of food one eats affects one’s performance,

taking enough water before, during and after a competition makes an individual performs well
72
and also overfeeding shortly before any competition hinders performance of the athletes of

Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, Ogun State.

However, no matter how rigorous any individual trains to win a competition, improve

his/her skills in a particular sport the coaches and school management should make sure that

adequate nutrition is given to such athlete which will be the best diet for his activity and bring

out a good performance from the athlete’s performance.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the conclusions drawn from the study, the researcher hereby recommends the

following:

1. The school management should always make sure that all athletes eat adequate diet that

will enhance their performance.

2. The coaches should emphasize on the kind of diet that will be taken before, during and

after competition.

3. The school management can get sport nutritionist that will help take care of the athletes

diet since not all the time the coaches emphasizes good diet to the athlete.

4. The athlete should adhere strictly to the dos and don’ts of sport nutritionist/coaches

which will help their athletic performance during competition.

73
5. During competition good amount of money should be given to the athletes as feeding

allowance and coaches should make sure the athletes use the money eat good food.

6. The school management should make sure there is forum where athlete’s food is prepared

by the school to monitor their diet.

7. The school should organize an orientation forum that will enlighten athletes and coaches

the effect of nutrition on athletes’ performance.

74
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 APENDIX

FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE

In Affiliation with

UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN KINETICS AND HEALTH EDUCATION

Dear respondent,

This questionnaire is designed to seek information on the influence of nutrition on sport

performance among student athletes in Federal College of Education Abeokuta, Ogun State.

All information given by you will be used for the purpose of this research work only and will be

treated with utmost confidentiality. Thank you.

SECTION A

Demographic information of the respondents

Instruction: Please tick (√) in the column where required.

1. School: School of Science ( ) School of Vocational ( ) School of Art and Social

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 Sciences ( ) School of Education ( ) School of Languages ( )

2. Sport: Athletics ( ) Volleyball ( ) Handball ( ) Table tennis ( ) Tennis ( )

Football ( ) Badminton ( ) Others ( )

3. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )

4. Age: ≤15-18 ( ) 19-22 ( ) 23-26 ( ) 27 and Above ( )

5. Religion: Christianity ( ) Islam ( ) Others ( )

SECTIONB

Instruction: Please tick ( ) in the appropriate column

S/ ITEMS YES NO I DON’T

N KNOW

NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

6 Carbohydrate is the best energy giving food

7 The nutrient we need in the body can only be gotten from

food

8 Food contains nutrients that are needed by living things to

maintain life, health and performance

9 When we eat a meal, nutrients are released from the food

through digestion.

10 Water is very essential in nutrition

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11 When good food is taken, it enhances good performance

12 Eating the right food always plays significant role in

prevention of certain diseases and recuperation after illness

13 Healthy eating provides us with the nutrient we need for

growth and development

14 Good nutrition is essential for good health throughout one’s

life

15 Human beings require food to grow, reproduce and maintain

good health

ATTITUDE TOWARD NUTRITION

16 I prefer eating out rather than cooking

17 I prefer eating junk anytime I am participating in sport

18 I like to eat fruits and vegetables to supplement my food

19 I prefer eating anything edible and convenience for me during

engaging in sports

20 Sporting activities makes me skip food

NUTRITIONAL PRACTICE

21 I eat snack rather than eating good diet

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 22 I skip food due to tight scheduled between lectures time frame
and sporting activities

23 I ensure I eat a balanced diet every day

24 I usually eat three square meal everyday

25 I prefer taking supplement to replace missing nutrient

KNOWLEDGE OF NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT

The following are Nutritional Requirements

26 Athletes need 400g to 1500g of Carbohydrate per day for

better performance.

27 Athletes need up to 1.6L to 2.4L of fluid after each activity for

better performance.

28 Athletes needs 4.0L to 6.00L of water 3hrs before performing

an activity for better performance

29 Food should be taken 3hrs before performing any activity.

30 25% to 35% calories of fat is needed by an athlete per day

31 Athletes needs 92g to 112g of Protein per day for better

performance

SECTION C: Instruction: Please tick ( ) in the appropriate column

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S/ ITEMS SA A SD A
N

NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND SPORT PERFORMANCE

32 I understand the importance of proper nutrition in optimizing sports

performance

33 Adequate eating of balanced diet improves athletic performance

34 I understand the importance of taking adequate water during and after

sports practice and competition

35 I am aware of the different types of foods and their effects on sports

performance.

36 I am familiar with the concept of nutrient timing to optimize sports

performance

NUTRITIONAL ATTITUDE AND SPORT PERFORMANCE

37 I prioritize healthy eating habits to fuel my body for sports competition

38 I am aware of the impact that certain foods and drinks can have on my
sports performance

39 Taking proper nutrition is crucial for sports performance

40 Drinking enough water at the right time is as important as eating well

for sports performance.

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41 Skipping food is harmful to the body and hinder good sports
performance

NUTRITIONAL PRACTICE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SPORT PERFORMANCE

42 I eat a balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits and vegetables

43 I make sure to consume enough carbohydrate to fuel my sports

performance

44 Too much intake of processed foods, sugary drinks and unhealthy fats
hindered sports performance

45 Skipping of meals affects sports performance negatively

46 I rely on whole foods instead of supplements

NUTRITION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SPORT PERFORMANCE

47 Poor nutritional choices impact sports performance negatively

48 Following a balanced diet improves my recovery time after sports

events or practices

49 Proper nutrition habits lead to better focus and concentration during

sports events and practices

50 Adequate hydration is crucial for good sports performance

51 Proper hydration prevents injuries and reduces the likelihood of cramps

during sporting activities

93