CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Nutrition is an essential aspect of human life, playing a vital role in

maintaining health, promoting growth, and preventing diseases. It

encompasses the study of the relationship between food and its effect on the

body, examining the nutrients, substances found in food that provide

nourishment and energy, and the processes involved in their digestion,

absorption, and utilization by the body. Good nutrition is the cornerstone of

overall well-being, impacting physical and mental health, immune function,

cognitive performance, and longevity. The field of nutrition explores the

complex interactions between diet, genetics, lifestyle, and environmental

factors, shedding light on how various nutrients and dietary patterns can

influence the development and progression of chronic diseases such as

obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers.

Understanding the basic principles of nutrition allows people to make

wise decisions about their eating patterns, helping them to lead and maintain

a balanced lifestyle. One of the groups of individuals who must have a

knowledge about these principles is the group of athletes. According to Perez

(2017), dietary decisions as an athlete, both during and outside of season

can have an immediate effect on their performance with real significance. If

they are physically weak, their performances as athletes will be affected.

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Exercise increases metabolism and burns body fat, assisting athletes in

achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. Exercising creates new neurons

in the part of the brain that copes with anxiety

In academic institutions, the student-athletes are exposed to various

physical activities relevant to sports. One of those is the track and field. In

today’s era, track and field is more than just a sport. Jumping and running

assist build leg muscles, which makes it simpler to maintain good balance. It

is simpler to move and less likely to get hurt with good balance. In track and

field as in other sports, strength and fitness are crucial because the fittest and

best prepared competitors always prevail. Given that they are physically

unable to get into the positions required for success, athletes who are weak

and unconditioned have poor technique.

. In track and field, numerous athletes have different nutritional needs

depending on the events. This guide talks about each type of athlete and

provide specific dietary requirements for sprint, medium, long, and sport

participants. Learning how to choose healthy options when food can give

more energy and keep them active at their peak performance throughout the

whole season and year-round. A healthy diet can also assist in concentrating

less time fighting weariness and more time on technique.

For optimal health, the human body requires more than 40 essential

nutrients. No food can supply all the nutrients and quantities required. Eating

a variety of foods will help one to get all the nutrients he needs in the right

amounts and with the right balance (FNRI, 2014). The macronutrients
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protein, lipids, and carbohydrates are critical for immune system function,

growth, and health. Poor health and a number of diseases may occur from

consuming too little or too much of any of these macronutrients. (Azar, 2014).

It is therefore possible to have an imbalanced intake of these

macronutrients that could influence their health and cause them to be

undernourished. When a poor nutritional condition is dietary in nature,

primary malnutrition results.

Thus, the researchers aimed to determine the nutritional status of the

athletes at Batangas State University particularly those who were involved in

Track and Field to find out whether they are meeting the standard amount of

nutrients that their body need or not.

This study was developed by the researchers in an effort to encourage

track and field student-athletes to maintain their nutritional health and status.

The researchers believed that assessing their nutritional practices and

proposing nutritional plan will highly improve the athletes’ performance.

The researchers made use of the anthropometric measurement and

assessed the nutritional practices of track and field student athletes. The

dietary habits, nutrient intake and the potential impact on their athletic

performance outcomes were examined. They aimed to provide valuable

insights into the specific dietary patterns followed by these student athletes,

identifying any deficiencies or imbalances in their nutrient intake and in order

to come up of nutritional plan that will improve their performances.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to assess the nutritional practices of each track and

field student athletes of the whole Batangas State University System whether

they are meeting the standard amount of nutrients that a student athlete

needs to suffice an efficacious Nutritional Planning.

Specifically, this study sought to:

1. determine the nutritional status of track and field athletes relative to:

1.1. Age

1.2. Sex

1.3. Height

1.4. Weight

1.5. BMI

2. assess the nutritional practices of the athletes relative to food intake.

2.1. Macronutrient Consumption

2.2. Micronutrient Consumption

3. find the relationship of nutritional status and nutritional practices and

4. propose a nutritional plan to improve athletes’ performance.

Hypothesis

This study was premised on the null hypothesis that there is a

significant relationship between nutritional status and nutritional practices of

the Athletes.
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Scope Delimitation and Limitation of the Study

This study focused on assessing nutritional practices of track and field

student-athletes of the whole Batangas State University System relative to

food intake. It aimed to determine their nutritional status. It targeted also of

finding the relationships between the nutritional status and nutritional

practices in order to propose a nutritional plan to improve athletes’

performance of track and field athletes.

However, the study was delimited to the other student-athletes who

were not part of the study. According to sports director of Batangas State

University Pablo Borbon, the study excluded responses of athletes from other

campuses and sport events since they already have good performance.

Aside from this, the safety of the researchers by means of transportation from

one place to another was taken into consideration, and campuses have strict

safety and health protocols which may be a factor for the researchers to have

delay in the data gathering.

According to the Sports Management Office Data, the athletes of the

Track and Field were the ones who were not excelling. It made the

researchers to decide about the chosen respondents. The descriptive

method of research was used to determine the status of the study. A

research questionnaire was the main instrument in data gathering. Sources

of data were also limited due to time constraints.

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Pedagogical Implications

In view of the expected results for improving performance by track

and field athletes, a number of teaching implications were presented in this

study. The assessment of nutritional status and nutrition practices in relation

to their food intake became a basis for determining whether they have met

the standard quantity of nutrients that is required by their body. The result

also served as contributing factor to eventually guide the track and field

athletes on their food intake to strengthen their bodies.

Through their dietary habits, athletes participating in track and field

have a significant influence on the teaching and learning process in the

B.P.E.D. program. Proper nutrition, which directly influences the ability of

students to take part in lectures and classroom activities, is an essential

building block for physical performance, energy levels as well as brain

function. Additionally, a balanced diet helps avoid injuries and promotes quick

healing, minimizing disruptions to exercise and academic activities. Flexible

evaluation methodologies support students' dedication to their athletic

endeavors while curriculum integration of nutrition education empowers

students to make informed dietary decisions. Thus, nutrition has a positive

effect on track and field students by enhancing both their physical abilities

and their overall educational experience, fostering holistic growth in a

demanding academic and athletic setting.

Furthermore, the main findings of that study will also help all athletes

in any sport event to realized that their training is not a repetition of physical
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exercises and they need to prioritized nutritional status if they are to obtain

optimum performance skills by relying on scientific and based research.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined conceptually and operationally.

Age- It describes a person's age at a specific point in time. It is defined

as how many years elapsed from the day of live birth to a certain point in

time, typically the date of data collection. In this study, it was thought to have

an impact on athletes’ performance.

Body Mass Index - Body Mass Index (BMI) is a person's weight in

kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. In this study, this term

was used to determine if respondents are underweight, normal, overweight,

pre-obese and obese.

Height- It is often known as stature which is the measurement of a

person's height when they are standing straight. In this study, it was

measured in centimeters.

Nutrition. According to Food and Nutrition Council of the American

Medical Association (2019), nutrition is defined as the "science of food, the

nutrients and other substances therein, their action, interaction and balance

in relation to health and disease, and the processes by which the organism

ingest, digest, absorbs, transports, utilizes and excretes food substances". In

relation to the study, it is defined as the study of nutritional intake of the

student athletes.
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Nutritional plan. It refers to the coordination of every stage of food

production, processing, distribution, and preparation on the basis of nutrition

to make it difficult for anybody to consume anything less than a sufficient diet

(Pett, 2017). This is the proposed output of this study in order to suffice the

nutritional needs of the student-athletes.

Nutritional practices. According to Nana, A., & Zema, T. (2018),

dietary practice or also known as nutritional practice is defined as an

observable action or behavior of a dietary habit and can be classified as

either good or poor. In this study, nutritional practices of the athletes were

observed in order to know what do they need to improve in their lifestyle

which will be in great benefit to their performances.

Nutritional status. It is the health condition of a person that is

influenced by the intake and utilization of nutrients (Balaji, 2009). In this

study, it was used to assess health status of the athletes whether they are

healthy or unhealthy.

Student-athlete. It refers to individuals who are actively engaged in

both academic pursuits as students and athletic activities as athletes within

an educational institution. As stated in Cornell.edu (2023), student-athlete

refers to a person who competes in, is qualified to compete in, or may

become qualified in the future in any college sport. In this study, this refers to

track and field athletes who represents BatStateU in different competitions.

Track and Field. Track and field are a sport includes athletic contests

based on running, jumping, and throwing skills. This sport is played on a

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running track and a grass field for throwing or jumping events (NCAA,2015).

Track and field are the chosen sports event in this study.

Weight- This term refers to a trait of being heavy. In this study, it was

measured as well.
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature review, theoretical framework and

conceptual framework of the study which the researchers critically evaluated

and linked together to create a singularity of ideas from different authors,

books, and researchers that provides information for the enrichment and

better understanding of the study.

Conceptual Literature

To furnish concepts needed to enhance the study, relevant literatures

were gathered and reviewed by the researchers. Literatures came from

books, journals, and internet sources. Concepts included in this section were

the meaning of nutritional status of athletes, nutritional practices and the

preparation of nutritional plan.

Nutritional Status of Athletes. Nutrition is of crucial importance

when it comes to athlete performance and health. A high level of dietary

knowledge and good attitudes may lead to improvements in their

performance and health. This means that nutrition is a key element of any

exercise programme, including physical activity or athletics. Nutrition is

required in a certain way for nearly all physiological processes of the body.

Thus, an essential component of sports nutrition is understanding how the

body uses nutrients and how they relate to metabolism in both health and

sickness, energy production, and exercise recovery (Webb et al.,2014). In

order for an athlete to perform successfully, a combination of desirable

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genes, motivation, adequate training and good nutrition is required. It has

long been recognised that nutrition plays an important role in training and

competition, whether an athlete is recreational or competitive, young or old.

In an effort to get an advantage over their opponents, athletes may

experiment with nearly any dietary plan and artificial measures, such as

nutritional supplements and oral or injectable drugs, in the hopes of

discovering a higher degree of wellness and physical performance. According

to research, athletes can gain from nutritional education and advice from

nutrition professionals by improving their knowledge, self-efficacy, and ability

to make general dietary changes. (Abood et. al., 2016).

Athletes that strive for perfection in their sport are more likely to

overtrain in order to achieve greater levels of success. This load consistently

boosts performance, but it also causes stress related to sports, immune

suppression, and predisposes an athlete to various dangers. One such

crucial area is an athlete's nutritional status, for which ongoing nutrition

support is continuously planned and put into practice for the athlete's athletic

excellence and long-term health. Because it enables an athlete to maintain a

healthy body weight, a body composition tailored to their sport, and a quicker

recovery time, nutrition plays a significant part in how well they perform in

sports. To obtain high levels of athletic accomplishment, training and nutrition

should be combined. To achieve top athletic performance, it's essential to

consume enough food and liquids. Both macronutrients and micronutrients

are crucial for the synthesis of lean muscle and hemoglobin, the maintenance
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of bone health, a healthy immune system, and defense against oxidative

stress. There are some nutrients that have been linked to improved athletic

performance, such as thiamin, which is essential for glucose metabolism and

whose lack for 11 weeks reduces peak power, maximum work capacity, and

mean power output. Vitamins A, E, C, carotene, zinc, and selenium, which

are known as antioxidants, when insufficient cause oxidative stress and

reduce performance. (Malla, 2017).

Being an excellent athlete demands good genetics, quality conditioning

and training, as well as a healthy diet. An ideal diet is necessary for top

performance. Nutritional ignorance can harm ambitious athletes just as much

as it can benefit them. For instance, a person who engages in general fitness

activities daily for 30–40 minutes. By following a balanced diet, most days of

the week, people can meet their nutritional demands. (Clifford et. al.,2015).

The best sports nutrition benefits an athlete's health and performance. A

sports nutritionist should design each person's unique diet with a focus on

nutritious foods and hydration. (Satalic, 2015). Unfortunately, a lot of advice

about a healthy diet for physically active people is incorrect. The two most

frequently mentioned information sources for athletes are health experts and

the internet. Female athletes' supplement decisions are influenced by family

members, friends, doctors, or pharmacists; male players' decisions are

influenced by store nutritionists, other athletes, friends, or coaches.

(Krause,2014).
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A good understanding of nutrition is probably helpful in making wise

judgments about nutrient intake, which can eventually help to improve athletic

performance. The more information an athlete has, the more empowered

they are to control their diet and, in turn, their athletic performance. It's crucial

to keep athletes informed, assist them in understanding the impact that

nutrition plays in their performance, and teach them how to optimize their

eating habits.

Athletes' diets tend to be subpar in several areas, such as low energy,

carbohydrate, and micronutrient intake, as well as high fat intake. This is

frequently because they lack information about nutrition and do not fully

appreciate the advantages of following a healthy diet. The source of athletes'

dietary knowledge is frequently the issue. (Morse et. al., 2013).

Therefore, nutritional status is an important indicator or well-nourished

of a person is. The study above showed the importance of becoming healthy

and in good nutrition in order to perform high level of performance for an

athlete. Nutritional status can be assessed by the use of anthropometric and

biochemical tests, among others.

An important factor in determining an athlete's overall performance,

health, and well-being is their nutritional status. To meet the increased

energy needs of their demanding training schedules, repair and grow muscle,

and enhance recovery, athletes need a well-balanced diet. In addition to

fueling physical activity, proper nutrition also affects cognitive performance,

attention, and decision-making on and off the pitch. Key vitamin deficiencies
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might increase your chance of being injured and cause fatigue and

diminished endurance. In order to assist athletes, reach their athletic

potential, avoid injuries, and support their long-term health, coaches, sports

scientists, and healthcare experts must examine and manage the nutritional

state of athletes.

Nutritional Practices. As stated by Foster, et. al. (2014), Unhealthy

eating habits are partially a result of ignorance. Many people are unaware of

the significance of a healthy diet. Only 20% of people improve their diets after

receiving knowledge on the value of proper nutrition. Age and gender also

influence the nutrition knowledge and eating behavior of any individual.

According to Food and Nutrition Service Office of Research and Analysis

(2012), Healthy eating habits and lifestyles are being promoted through

nutrition education, which is getting more and more attention. The broadest

definition of nutrition education is "any combination of educational strategies

designed to facilitate voluntary adoption of food choices and other food and

nutrition-related behaviors conductive to health and well-being; it is delivered

through multiple venues and involves activities at the individual, community,

and police levels." This definition acknowledges that many factors influence

behavior; successful nutrition education uses a systematic approach and

straight-forward methods.

According to Bulatao and Wellin (2013), a large part pf individual's

food habits are due to Learned or observed food practices from childhood.

Food habits are deeply rooted in custom, linked to emotional

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predispositions, and are very resistant to change. They may also be openly

acknowledged or they may be covert. Food habits and patterns established in

youth are frequently maintained in adult life, and latter handed down to the off

springs.

Food patterns in United States show distinct cultural characteristics

that change as lifestyle change. Hurried small breakfast, mid-morning coffee

breaks, and light lunches followed by heavy evening dinners show modern

adjustments to change. In the home, snacking is known to have increased as

television has become an integral part of the day and night activities (Pipes,

2013). Developing healthy Nutritional Practices may be challenging, but by

making a priority, a nutritious diet will become easier to integrate into the day-

to-day life. Food choices have expanded and diversified over the years,

ranging from organic salads that are nutritious to double-fried chicken.

Students were constantly offered the option or the choice to decide what kind

of food to eat. Indeed, with their sweet, salty, sour, bitter, or savory flavors,

these expanding brands and variety options have piqued consumers' taste

buds. A significant number of people are obese as a result of the growth in

variety of options. Nutritional Practices are defined as the lifestyle practices of

people. It is a report composed of the frequency of meals the subject takes of

daily snacking and the amount of consumption of food from different food

groups (Sakamaki et al., 2014).

For physical exercise and participation in sports, macronutrients like

protein, carbs, and fats give the fuel. Because they supply the glucose
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needed for energy, carbohydrates are the most essential type of nutrition for

athletes. An energy density of four kilocalories per gram of carbohydrate is

typical. Muscles and the liver store glucose as glycogen. Compared to other

energy sources, muscle glycogen is the most readily available and fastest-

releasing energy source for exercising muscles. For children aged four to

eighteen, carbohydrates should make up between 45 and 65 percent of their

daily calorie intake. Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, milk, yogurt, and grains

are all excellent sources of carbs. Proteins help to maintain and heal the skin,

hair, and nails. Proteins are ineffective as an energy source for brief and

modest exercise.

However, proteins work with liver gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose

levels as exercise duration lengthens. There are four kilocalories in one gram

of protein. Protein should make up at least

for children aged four to eighteen, 10% to 30% of total energy consumption.

Lean meat and poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, and nuts,

particularly peanuts, are all excellent sources of protein. In order to give

critical fatty acids, protect important organs, and provide insulation, fat is

required to absorb fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin A, D, E, and K. Having fat

also makes you feel full. It is a calorie-dense energy source that has nine

kilograms of calories per gram but is more challenging to use. For

students aged four to eighteen, 25% to 35% of total energy intake should

come from fat. Ideally, saturated fats should make up no more than 10% of

total daily calories. Lean meat and poultry, fish, nuts, seeds, dairy products,
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and olive and canola oils are all excellent sources of fat. Reduce your intake

of fat from baked goods, candy, fried foods, and chips. Even while a variety

of vitamins and minerals are essential for health, athletes in particular should

pay special attention to their intake of calcium, vitamin D, and iron. For

healthy bones, normal enzyme function, and muscular contraction, calcium is

crucial. For children aged four to eight, the daily recommended intake of

calcium is 1000 mg, and for those aged nine to eighteen, it is 1300 mg. For

healthy bones, normal enzyme function, and muscular contraction, calcium is

crucial. For children aged four to eight, the daily recommended intake of

calcium is 1000 mg, and for those aged nine to eighteen, it is 1300 mg.

Numerous foods and beverages, such as milk, yogurt, cheese, broccoli,

spinach, fortified grain goods, and milk products all contain calcium.

In addition to being important for calcium absorption and management,

vitamin D is also essential for strong bones. For children aged four to

eighteen, current recommendations call for 600 IU per day. The normal

ranges for vitamin D also differ by race and geographic area. Athletes that

exercise inside or in northern climates, such as dancers, gymnasts, and

figure skaters, are more prone to be vitamin D deficient. Milk and other

fortified foods, as well as sun exposure, are sources of vitamin D. Yogurt is

one dairy product that does not contain vitamin D besides milk.

The supply of oxygen to bodily tissues depends on iron. In order to

promote growth, as well as increases in blood volume and lean muscle mass,

more iron is needed during adolescence. To prevent iron depletion and

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anemia due to iron deficiency, boys and girls aged nine to thirteen should

consume 8 milligrams of iron each day. Teenagers between the ages of 14

and 18 need additional iron, up to 11 mg for men and 15 mg for women per

day. Due to diets low in meat, fish, and poultry, or increased iron losses in

urine, feces, sweat, or menstrual blood, iron depletion is prevalent in athletes.

As a result, it is recommended that distance runners, vegetarians, and

athletes especially female athletes have regular iron status checks. Eggs,

green leafy vegetables, and fortified whole grains are foods high in iron.

(Parcell, 2013).

Furthermore, nutritional practices simply refer to eating behavior or

eating patterns of an individual. Nutritional practices used to determine

whether a person is meeting the standard amount of nutrients; the

micronutrients and macronutrients that their body needs. The

aforementioned study state how nutritional practices of an individual can

affect their day-to-day living.

An important aspect in a student-athlete's overall success—both

academically and athletically is their nutritional practices. These people are

required to follow regulated eating plans that give them the energy they need

to keep up with their demanding training and competition commitments.

Student athletes can succeed in their chosen sports because of optimal

nutrition, which promotes improved physical performance, quick healing, and

injury prevention. Additionally, healthy eating habits help people control their

stress and cognitive function, which benefits their academic goals. An

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understand of how nutrition impacts energy levels and focus is necessary to

manage the demands of academic courses and athletic activities. Therefore,

student-athletes' eating habits play a crucial role in nurturing their overall

growth, academic success, and competitive abilities.

Track and Field Student Athletes. Throughout their stay on campus,

students can participate in a range of academic, athletic, charitable, and

social activities offered by colleges and universities. College athletics is one

of the most well-liked extracurricular activities because it gives student

athletes the chance to compete, build enduring friendships, hone their

leadership and time management abilities, and improve their work ethic. The

obligations of both a student and a young athlete must be met by a student-

athlete. And they have to play a competitive intercollegiate sport in addition to

being enrolled in and attending classes at the college. As a result, between

school, practices, and athletic competition, student-athletes often have less

free time than non-athletes. (Imm, 2021).

The most traditional form of athletic competition is track and field, which

includes field sports like throwing and jumping as well as track events like

sprinting and distance running. It accommodates all body shapes,

personalities, and athletic potential. The following five skills are necessary for

athletic growth: strength, speed, flexibility, coordination, and endurance.

Track and Field is a sport that emphasizes and exemplifies each of those five

elements. The researchers are unable to think of another sport that even
 20

comes close. It gives an athlete the chance to develop a fully multifaceted

personality or become obtuse in the highly competitive athletic scene.

Coaches or teams frequently pressure American athletes, especially

young, developing athletes, to hyper-specialize in their chosen sport, and the

pay-to-play arena is a growingly important part of that commitment,

demanding ten to eleven months each year in that sport.

Young athletes are frequently able to acquire motor unit functionality

tailored particularly to the demands of their sport as a result of this intense

devotion, but it leaves significant gaps in their general athleticism. Track and

field is an individual sport, and because of this, it can assist a person in

discovering their own athletic spirit and not solely depending on the "team" to

achieve their athletic goals. (Connaugthon, 2015). Therefore, track and field

student athletes are the group of students who participates in an organized

and competitive athletic program offered by the school.

Within the fields of sport and education, student-athletes who

participate in track and field are a particular and diverse group. These people

are committed to dominating a variety of track and field competitions,

demonstrating their speed, stamina, strength, and agility. However, their

journey goes beyond the track as they must carefully balance their

demanding training schedules with their academic obligations. Student-

athletes who compete in track and field showcase the virtues of self-control,

organization, courage, and sportsmanship as they strive for excellence both

on the field and in the classroom. Their dedication to physical fitness

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improves their general wellbeing, cognitive capacities, and stress

management techniques in addition to improving their athletic performance.

In essence, student-athletes in track and field demonstrate an effortless

integration of athleticism with academics.

Preparation of Nutritional Plan. Identification of the appropriate

quantity, quality, and timing of food and fluids required to sustain regular

exercise and peak performance is part of creating an ideal nutrition plan for

health and performance. Student athletes must adapt their intake and

distribution of critical nutrients as training demands change throughout the

year while maintaining a properly balanced diet to meet their academic,

training, and composition needs. (NCAA, 2013).

Sports performance depends on nutrition. The cornerstone of daily

eating for overall health is a diet that is appropriate in carbohydrate, protein,

healthy fat, vitamins, minerals, and liquids. But when a student athlete eats is

just as significant as what they eat. How well kids feel, learn, perform, and

recover is influenced by getting the proper fuel at the right time.

In order to achieve their daily energy needs, student athletes must eat

frequently throughout the day. According to studies, those who eat breakfast

before school are more focused, have longer attention spans, and have

stronger memories—three advantages that are important for both athletic and

academic performance. It has also been demonstrated that eating and

drinking frequently during the day has an effect on overall health, body

composition, hunger, contentment, and well-being. (NCAA, 2013). According

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to nestle Australia, the ideal fuel to give muscles that are functioning power is

carbs. Consuming enough carbohydrates before, during, and after exercise

aids in maintaining energy levels, preventing onset of exercise-related

weariness, and promoting a quicker recovery.

Athletes can sustain their activity for a longer amount of time when

they use carbohydrates, or "carbs," as their primary fuel source. More than

half of your daily calories should come from carbohydrates. The amount of

carbs that should be consumed each day to meet increasing needs will grow

if you engage in daily intense exercise.

The amount depends on the athlete's total daily expenditure, the sport

they play, their sex, and the environment. Recommendations for athletes

range from 6 to 10 grams per kilogram body weight per day. For an athlete in

heavy training and sports activities, 7-10 grams per kg body weight is

recommended. This is needed not only for muscular performance, but also

for maintaining endurance and stamina. For those engaged in extreme

endurance and heavy exercises for 4-6 hours a day. For an instance,

marathon runners and tour de France cyclist which should intake at least 10-

12 grams per kilogram per day is recommended (Claudio et. al., 2013).

According to Nestle Australia, the inclusion of fat in the diet of athletes

is crucial since it contains necessary fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, and

energy. However, it's best to consume fat in moderation. Everyone should

follow a low-fat diet, athletes and non-athletes equally. Select "good" fats like
 23

those found in fish, nuts, seeds, canola and olive oils, avocados, and

polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats.

Fat intake of 20-30% of total energy needs per day is sufficient to

spare protein from being used for energy and to supply the essential fatty

acids for the body. Normal fat deposits in the tissues and around organs are

protectors that act as insulating pad. Provide fat that are east to digest or in

emulsified form. Milk fat, cheeses, eggs, butter, oil with high degree of

unsaturation is recommended (Claudio et. al., 2013). As stated by Nestle

Australia, the skeleton of the body's muscles and tissues is made of proteins.

Compared to non-athletes, most athletes just modestly require more protein.

Athletes typically consume more food to match their higher nutritional needs.

Protein-rich foods include dairy items, beans, and meats.

Good quality proteins from meat, fish, poultry, milk and milk products,

eggs and legumes are the primary sources. Excessive protein before a

competitive game is discouraged to reduce frequent urination and kidney

load for urinary exertion. With resistance training, protein intake above 1.5-

1.7 grams per kilogram body weight per day is unnecessary in supporting

metabolism, due to the anabolic nature of training (Claudio et. al., 2013).

According to Nestle Australia, Physical activity's "spark plugs" are vitamins

and minerals. Some aid the body in converting carbohydrates, proteins, and

fats into energy. Others aid in the relaxation and contraction of muscles. An

individual will typically get enough necessary vitamins and minerals if a

balanced diet is followed. Low levels of several vitamins and minerals should
 24

be included in the diet, though, if one is aiming to reduce weight. Despite

their best efforts, some busy people do not consume a balanced diet, and

their intake of iron, calcium, and zinc—which are crucial for those who

engage in physical activity—should be closely monitored.

Micronutrients are crucial for the body's ability to produce energy,

make hemoglobin, maintain bone health, have a healthy immune system, and

protect its protein from oxidative damage. They support muscle tissue

synthesis and repair during exercise and injury rehabilitation. Many of the

metabolic pathways where micronutrients are needed are stressed by

exercise, and exercise training may cause muscle biochemical processes

that increase the need for micronutrients. Regular exercise may also speed

up the body's turnover and loss of certain micronutrients. As a result, athletes

may need to consume more micronutrients to meet their higher needs for

maintaining, repairing, and developing lean body mass. (Rodriquez et. al.,

2014).

Fatigue, poor muscle endurance, decreased stomach emptying, and impaired

mental function are all consequences of dehydration. losses in fluid as little

as

2% of body mass could result in significant deficits in

Performance and the extent of impairment both rise directly as fluid shortage

does. Athletes find it challenging to match rates of fluid loss during exercise,

regardless of their drinking habits. To reduce the consequences of

 25

dehydration, it's important to replenish any fluid deficit before beginning an

activity regimen (Bratland-Sanda & SundgotBorgen, 2017).

The majority of athletes can withstand drinking 300–400 milliliters of

fluid, or about 5 milliliters per kilogram of body weight, right before exercise.

They then develop a habit of drinking modest, regular amounts of fluid while

exercising. Prior to shorter activities, water is sufficient for hydration;

however, before longer events, the usage of sports drinks may help meet

both fluid and carbohydrate need. (Gordon et. al., 2015).

Therefore, A nutritional plan is a collection of meals or a variety of

foods consumed in the proper quantities in order to attain and maintain a

healthy body. It involves eating diets with a tolerably low likelihood of getting

too few or too many nutrients.

Student-athletes follow a carefully planned diet that is intended to

improve their physical fitness, overall health, and mental well-being. This

comprehensive approach strives to supply the ideal balance between

macronutrients carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and micronutrients vitamins

and minerals, taking into consideration the increased nutritional needs of

active athletes. In order to keep up their training, support muscle recovery,

and maintain energy levels, student athletes must take into consideration not

only the quantity but also the time of their meals. Another essential element is

hydration, as performance can be severely hindered by dehydration. A well-

designed nutritional strategy also instructs student athletes on the value of

making dietary decisions that emphasize whole foods, rich in nutrients

 26

choices, and portion control. Student athletes can improve their physical

capabilities and promote long-term health and wellness by following such a

plan.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This theoretical framework consists of related facts that guided the

conceptualization of this study. It also holds a theory of research study which

introduces and describes the theory that explains why a research problem

under study existed. Significant numbers of ideas drawn from the theories

below were incorporated therein to establish a clearer viewpoint about the

study.

Figure 1 presents the theoretical paradigm of the study which serves

as the blueprint of this study. First, Piaget's thesis in nutrition education holds

that a person's health throughout life is greatly influenced by their early years,

especially during the pre-school years. Nutritional habits in maturity are

influenced by early nutritional experiences. Children absorb a variety of ideas

during the preschool years and form habits that will last a lifetime. Children

pick up healthy eating habits for later years and learn about proper and

balanced nutrition throughout that time. Piaget came to the conclusion that

children's cognitive growth is crucial for their comprehension of and learning

about their environment. The theory of Piaget can serve as a roadmap for

nutrition instruction. In fact, it aids in creating nutrition education programs

that are successful and suitable for children's developmental phases. This

theory correlates with the present study in the way that it emphasizes the
 27

importance of nutrition as it is the key to health and wellness, and an

essential part of daily performance. The athletes need a proper nutrition and

good nutritional habits or practices in order to perform well and to maintain

optimal wellness.

Second, the theory of dietary tradition, Nutrition was seen as an

important factor in health, disease, performance, and healing according to

nutritional theories and science. Every portion of the body is thought to be

powered by the blood that flows to it. The nutrients that are absorbed from

the food that is consumed form the blood. Aristotle makes it abundantly

obvious that sustenance can exist without growth: as long as a body is alive,

it can be nourished, even though it may not be expanding or even

contracting.

Both theories have significant contribution to the present study as it

shares similar concepts wherein it both highlights the importance of nutrition

to wellbeing. This study points up the significance of nutrition as huge part of

health and performance of students’ athletes in order to maintain optimal

wellness. Taking care of the nutrition of athletes is a big factor in maintaining

health and wellbeing.

 28

Dietary
Piaget’s Tradition,
Theory Nutritional
Theories and
Science

Nutritional
Status and
Practices of
BatStateU
Track and Field
Athletes
 29

Figure 1
Theoretical Paradigm on Nutritional Practices of Track and Field
Student-Athletes of Batangas State University – The National
Engineering University

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework of this study focused on nutritional status

and nutritional practices of track and field athlete students of Batangas State

University the National Engineering University. In order to propose a

nutritional plan to improve athlete’s performance, the concept of the study

was proposed in Figure 2. These procedures were religiously followed by the

researchers in order to attain good and reliable results of the study.

Figure 2 presents the conceptual paradigm of the study that contains

variables which includes the nutritional status of the student-athletes.

Nutritional status refers to the profile of athletes relative to anthropometric

measurements such as age, sex, height in centimeter, weight in kilogram and

BMI of the athletes. It also includes certain processes or actions that were

used to assess the needed information. These comprised the assessing of

nutritional practices of the athletes through self-constructive questionnaire.

The final output of this study aimed to propose a nutritional plan. Then

the outcome encompassed the possible result of the study.

30
 31

Track and Field

Athlete’s Performance

Nutritional Status Nutritional Practices

Nutritional Plan

Figure 2
Conceptual Paradigm on Nutritional Practices of Track and Field
Student-Athletes of Batangas State University – The National
Engineering University

CHAPTER III
 32

RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents the methods and procedures used in gathering

and analyzing the data. It includes the research design, subject of the study,

data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment

of data.

Research Design

The researchers employed the descriptive research method to gather

information by distributing questionnaires to the respondents. They utilized a

research questionnaire to assess the nutritional status of track and field

athletes within the Batangas State University System. Melo (2004) deemed

this design suitable as it utilizes simple statistical tools to quantify the results.

Subject of the study

The subject of the study comprised 27 track and field student-

athletes from the Batangas State University System. The total number of

track and field students was determined with the permission and

supervision of the researchers' adviser and the head of the sports

development program. The study did not employ any sampling method

since the entire population was included in the study.

Data Gathering Instrument

Questionnaire: The study employed a four-part questionnaire to

describe the profile of the student-athletes and determine their nutritional

status.
 33

Construction: The first part gathered demographic information,

including age, sex, and anthropometric measurements (height in centimeters,

weight in kilograms, and body mass index) of the respondents. The second

part consisted of questions regarding the

athletes' nutritional practices.

Validation: To ensure the validity and reliability of the research-made

survey questionnaire, it was reviewed by experts and underwent

modifications based on their suggestions and recommendations. After the

final draft was prepared, the questionnaire received approval from the

research adviser and the panels.

Administration: Prior to distributing the questionnaires, the researchers

prepared a letter of request addressed to the Chancellors and Deans of

Colleges at the Batangas State University System. Once permission was

granted, the researchers personally administered the questionnaire to the

track and field student-athletes of Batangas State University System. They

explained the study's purpose and asked the respondents to answer the

questionnaire honestly and objectively. After collecting the necessary

information, the data underwent statistical treatment and were submitted to a

statistician for analysis and interpretation.

Scoring of Responses: The questionnaire responses were scored

using the weighted mean. The scale below was utilized to measure and

interpret the responses concerning the nutritional practices of athletes

relative to food intake macronutrients and micronutrients.

 34

Option Scale Range Verbal Interpretation

4 3.50-4.00 Always

3 2.50 – 3.49 Sometimes

2 1.50 – 2.49 Seldom

1 1.00 – 1.49 Never

Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering process for the study followed specific

procedures. First, the researchers sought approval by submitting a letter of

request to the sports director of the track and field sports program at

Batangas State University's main campus. Once approval was obtained, the

researchers obtained a list of names of the track and field athletes to gain

access for disseminating the questionnaire. The distribution of survey

questionnaires was conducted online, utilizing Google Forms, which was

sent as a link to the study's respondents.

The constructed questionnaire served the purpose of assessing the

nutritional status of the track and field athletes to determine if they were

meeting the recommended amount of essential nutrients for their bodies.

For the standardized measurement of the respondents’

anthropometric data, the researchers followed specific procedures. To

measure height in centimeters (cm), the athletes were asked to stand

 35

straight with their head positioned so that the Frankfurt plane was

horizontal. They stood with feet together, knees straight, and heels,

buttocks, and shoulder blades in contact with a vertical surface (like a wall).

Similarly, for measuring weight in kilograms (kg), the researchers instructed

the athletes to stand unassisted in the center of a platform and look straight

ahead while standing relaxed. After obtaining height and weight

measurements, the researchers calculated the Body Mass Index (BMI) of

the respondents using the guidelines provided by the World Health

Organization (WHO). To assess the nutritional practices of the athletes, a

24-hour food recall method was employed. The respondents were required

to write down their food intake. The basis for evaluating the adequacy of

calories and protein intake was the recommended energy and nutrient

intake for 2015 (RENI). Subsequently, the researchers analyzed and

interpreted the results they obtained from the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To interpret the data gathered from the questionnaire, the following

statistical tools were used to utilize the research questions:

Frequency. This statistical tool was used to determine the number of

repeated occurrences of specific responses from the respondents. It helped

in understanding how often certain answers or choices were selected.

Percentage. Percentage was utilized to provide a numerical

interpretation of how many teachers-respondents favored certain profile

 36

variables. It helped in expressing the proportion or distribution of responses

in relation to the total number of respondents.

Pearson r. The Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson r) was used

to assess the relationship between nutritional status and nutritional practices.

This statistical method allowed the researchers to determine if there was a

correlation or association between these two variables.

Weighted mean. The weighted mean was employed to measure the

nutritional practices of the athletes concerning their food intake of

macronutrients and micronutrients. This calculation takes into account the

importance or weight assigned to each response, allowing for a

comprehensive evaluation of the data.

 37

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter provides data analysis and interpretation related to

Batangas State University track and field student-athletes’ nutritional status

and nutritional practices in order to determine the right amount of nutrients

that their body should have as an athlete and develop their performance. In

relation to the study's goals, the results are also presented in this chapter.

The findings are discussed in light of the issues the study brought up.

1. Profile of the Respondents.

The identification of the profile variables is essential to the evaluation

of the track and field athletes. As part of the study, the respondents’ profile

was tabulated and shown in Tables 1.1 to 1.5 in terms of their age, sex,

height, weight and BMI.

1.1. Age. Table 1.1 presents the profile of the student-athletes in

terms of age.

Table 1.1 Profile of the students in terms of Age

Age Frequency Percentage
20-21 15 55.56
18-19 9 33.33
22-23 3 11.11
Total 27 100.0

As indicated by the table, 15 out of 27 respondents aged between 20

and 21 were track and field athletes. There are 9 adolescents between 18

and 19 years of age, which were followed by a further 3 in the total survey

population aged 23 to 29. Participants began playing in various age groups,

 38

and progressed to different levels on the basis of their performance and

skills.

Research revealed that among the high performing student-athletes, a

relative age effect has been observed occasionally. Only a few sports codes,

in particular swimming, rugby union and cricket, were found to have this

predominance. Among the top student athletes, no differences in sex were

observed. (Dube and Grobbelaar, 2022).

1.2. Sex. Table 1.2 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of

sex.

Table 1.2 Profile of the students in terms of Sex

Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 16 59.26
Female 11 40.74
Total 27 100.0

The number of male and female track and field athletes were 16 and

11 respectively, according to Table 1.2. Clearly, the students of Batangas

State University's track and field team are dominated by male students. This

is also why there are more male athletes actively participating in such a

sporting event.

According to Ocobock (2021), men have an edge in terms of oxygen

distribution throughout the body. They have a greater number of red blood

cells which is linked to the production of testosterone, particularly for

endurance sports such as running or cycling. However, women seem to have

a metabolism that is more suited for endurance. The fraction of "slow-twitch"

 39

muscle fibers is often higher in women. It is less powerful muscle fibers that

are more resistant to exhaustion. Long distance running is an endurance

activity that benefits from slow-twitch fibers, whereas sprinting and

weightlifting are power sports that benefit more from fast-twitch fibers.

1.3. Height.

Table 1.3 shows the profile of the students in terms of their height.

Table 1.3 Profile of the students in terms of Height

Height Frequency Percentage

158-166 cm 15 55.56
150-157 cm 4 14.81

167-174 cm 4 14.81

175 cm and above 4 14.81

Total 27 100.0

It is shown from Table 1.3 that fifteen of the 27 respondents were athletes
with heights greater than 158 166 cm. On the other hand, 12 of them were
from the group of 150-157 centimeters, 167-174 centimeter and 175
centimeters and above with the number of 4 athletes each height range.

Having bigger legs can make a difference when running because of the
longer stride, as stated by Roland (2018). It requires a person to lift his entire
body off the ground. Shorter and lighter runners have an advantage over their
taller and larger counterparts. Sprinters typically stand taller than distance
runners because of this. The extra effort the body must put in to move a
larger athlete over a short distance is comparatively insignificant. However, in
a marathon, each mile of effort offers the shorter runner a more pronounced
advantage.
 40

1.4. Weight. Table 1.4 presents the profile of the students in terms of

their weight.

Table 1.4 Profile of the students in terms of Weight

Weight Frequency Percentage
50-58 kg 8 29.63
59-70 kg 6 22.22
Below 50 kg 6 22.22
83-94 kg 3 11.11
71-82 kg 2 7.41
95 kg and above 2 7.41
Total 27 100.0

As indicated in Table 1.4, eight of the respondents ranged between 50

and 58 kg; 12 were from below 50 kg followed by 59 to 70 kg with six

respondents. Meanwhile, there are also 3 respondents from the group of 83-

94 kilograms and followed by the group of 7182 kilograms and 95 kilograms

and above with 2 respondents each. Body weight can have an effect on

speed, endurance and power in sports.

As stated by Jacques Thibault, a Special Olympics BC Sports

consultant, a certain amount of fat is necessary for the body's normal

operations in order to store energy and insulate the body. However, carrying

around excess weight all day long and during competitions might be a

burden. The extra weight that an athlete carries could waste energy and

increase the forces working against them, slowing down performance. As a

result, the body weight is taken into account in many of the specific functional

assessments. Results of beep tests for VO2 max are displayed in milliliters

per minute per kilogram

 41

1.5. Body Mass Index (BMI). Table 1.5 presents the profile of the

student-athletes in terms of their BMI.

Table 1.5 Profile of the students in terms of Body Mass Index (BMI)
BMI Frequency Percentage
Normal 13 48.15
Underweight 8 29.63
Obese 5 18.52
Overweight 1 3.70
Total 27 100.0

As presented in the table above, 13 respondents have normal weight. 8

of the respondents belong to underweight, while 5 of the respondents are

obese. It was then followed by a respondent which is overweight. According

to Septadina (2019), the speed is significantly influenced by BMI. This makes

it possible to identify physical characteristics that best fit the track and field

sports. Height is not as good an indicator as BMI and mass. It is preferred,

though, as it allows for both of their combined contributions. BMI can guide

some athletes toward body sizes that will optimize their performance.

2. Nutritional practices of the athletes relative to food intake

Table 2.1 presents the macronutrients as carbohydrates, table 2.2 as

protein and table 2.3 as fats. In micronutrients consumption, table 2.4

presents vitamins and table 2.5 as minerals.

 42

Table 2.1: Nutritional practices of the athletes relative to food intake

in terms of macronutrient consumption
Table 2.1 Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Weighted Verbal

Mean Interpretation

1. Taking rice (e.g., steamed rice, fried 3.33 Sometimes

rice) two to three times day.
2. Eating breads, cookies and biscuits, 2.85 Sometimes
one to two times a day.

3. Eating pasta and noodles (e.g., 2.52 Sometimes

spaghetti, macaroni) two times a
week.
4. Eating root crops (e.g., cassava, 2.48 Seldom
corn, camote, popcorn) two times a
week
5. Consuming soda drinks three times a 2.41 Seldom
week.

Composite Mean 2.72 Sometimes

The student-athletes of track and field usually eat rice 2 to 3 times a

day, according to the table above. That means they've got a good source of

carbohydrates, which is the most important source of energy in their bodies.

Carbohydrates help to provide a source of glucose that the body uses

as fuel for exercise and replenishes glycogen stores in muscles. Athletes can

adopt a mix-and-match strategy to achieve their carbohydrate intake goals.

(Jeukendrup, 2014).

Another indication marked as sometimes by track and field student

athletes is eating breads, cookies and biscuit one to two times a day. It

shows that student athletes consume these foods between one to two times
 43

per day on average. The nutritional value and quality of the breads, cookies,

and biscuits being consumed are not specified, consuming these types of

foods in moderation as part of a well-rounded diet may not necessarily have

negative health consequences for student-athletes and it is important for

them to pay close attention to the quality and quantity of their food intake to

support their athletic performance and overall health. Low carbohydrates

availability can limit performance in higher intensity endurance exercise.

Consuming sufficient carbohydrates before and during training or competition

allows athletes to sustain high rates of carbohydrate oxidation. This supports

motor recruitment, pacing, and perception of effort. (Burke, 2021).

The table also revealed that track and field student athletes

sometimes eat pasta and noodles two times a week. The result presents that

they are aware that eating pasta and noodles two times a week is safe for

them. A decreased risk of heart disease and stroke is linked to weekly pasta

consumption of slightly over 3 servings. Additionally, compared to diets

without pasta, those who consume pasta have improved diet quality and

nutrient intakes, according to a study published in Frontiers in Nutrition.

(Manaker, 2021).

Eating root crops (e.g., cassava, corn, camote, and popcorn) two

times a week is marked as seldom by the track and field student athletes.

This revealed that the student athletes are not interested in eating root crops.

Given that root crops typically grow underground and have an uninteresting

growing process, many people do not find them to be particularly appetizing.

 44

Root crops are high in carbs. They are effective alternatives to meat as a

source of protein. But in addition to being providers of protein and

carbohydrates, root vegetables and legumes can also be regarded as

functional foods. A plant-based diet should at the very least be given a try by

athletes who are looking to obtain a competitive edge in all areas of health

that affect their performance. (Rizal, 2021).

Meanwhile, consuming soda drinks three times a week is also marked

as seldom by track and field student athletes. This revealed that they are a

discipline athlete who cares about their health. soda has a lot of sugar; it is

bad for one's health. Too much soda consumption has been linked to

diabetes, heart disease, and weight gain. It's not a good idea to hydrate

yourself with soda or other fizzy beverages before an athletic practice or

competition. Caffeine is a diuretic, therefore drinks with caffeine increase

your risk of dehydration by making your body lose water (Hamberg, 2013).

Overall, in terms of carbohydrates, the results of the composite means

are interpreted as sometimes the food intake of student athletes in track and

field. It shows that, on occasion, student athletes in athletics consume

carbohydrates providing them with energy. Although dietary fat and protein

can supply the body with the energy it needs to carry out physical activity,

carbohydrates are the only macronutrient that can be broken down quickly

enough to supply energy during bursts of high-intensity exercise when fast-

twitch muscle fibers are primarily used. (Kanter, 2018).

 45

Table 2.2 shows that track and field student athlete sometimes

consume white-meat poultry skinless chicken (including tenderloin, boneless

chicken, skinless/canned chicken breast and wings) three times a week. As

shown, student athletes consume white-meat and it has been considered

more beneficial than red meat, especially in terms of reducing cardiovascular

risk. White meat could be an effective post-exercise food that results in

favorable muscle protein synthesis and metabolic performance. (Messina,

2022).

It is also shown that track and field student athletes sometimes take

white eggs four times a week. This only signifies that they frequently eat eggs

as it provides them an excellent amount of protein which contains amino

acids that helps them rebuild tired muscles. Eggs are a very nutritious food

that can help athletes to achieve a correct diet.

Achieving peak performance, lowering the risk of injury and ensuring

the best recovery depend heavily on proper nutrition. For more active

athletes, eggs are healthy and sufficient food when ingested in moderation

and managed carefully. (Sobaler, 2017).

Additionally, the data show that the respondents sometimes eat

fish; seafoods (e.g., tilapia, bangus, fish fillet, shrimp, oyster). This indicates

that they consumed enough protein as they eat those three to four times a

week.
 46

Table 2.2: Nutritional Practices of the Athletes relative to Food Intake In

terms of Macronutrient Consumption
Table 2.2 Protein

Weighted Verbal
Protein Mean Interpretation
1. Consuming white-meat 3.07 Sometimes
poultry skinless chicken
(including tenderloin, boneless
chicken, skinless/canned
chicken breast and wings) three
times a week.
2. Consuming eggs (white eggs) four 3.04 Sometimes
times a week.
3. Eating fish, seafoods (e.g., tilapia, 2.89 Sometimes
bangus, fish fillet, shrimp, oyster)
three to four times a week
4. Eating pork (e.g., roasted pork loin, 2.74 Sometimes
liempo) three times a week.
5. Eating lean beef (including 2.48 Seldom
tenderloin, sirloin, eye of round)
two-three times a week.

Composite Mean 2.84 Sometimes

An expert says, eating seafood more than twice a week, for most people,

can be healthful. Benefits of Eating Seafood has high quantities of vitamin B,

which aids in the conversion of protein and sugar into energy. Consuming

seafood lowers your risk of heart disease and enhances memory and focus,

keeping athletes in peak physical and mental condition for game day.

(Fortunato, 2015).

Moreover, track and field student athletes sometimes eat pork (e.g.,

roasted pork loin, liempo) three times a week. The result shows that they
 47

have a good source of nutrients as well as high-quality protein. Pork protein

aids in the development of robust muscular tissue in athletes. Minerals like

iron, zinc, riboflavin, and potassium are abundant in pork. Lean pork contains

vital elements including taurine, creatine, and beta-alanine. These minerals

assist athletes stay fit and reduce fatigue. These nutrients aid in enhancing

muscle function and enhancing physical performance. (Calgary, 2018).

On the other hand, the data show that the respondents marked eating

lean beef including tenderloin, sirloin, eye of round) two-three times a week

as seldom. As reflected in the result, beef is the most rarely consumed by the

track and field student athletes because they prefer white meat rather than

red meat. White meat is generally higher in protein than red meat. Athletes

should aim to consume a balanced diet that includes a variety of protein

sources, including plant-based options such as beans and lentils, as well as

lean cuts of red meat in moderation. Because running breaks down red blood

cells, athletes require more iron than non-athletes do. Beef is rich in vitamin

B, which aids in the conversion of carbohydrates into the fuel needed to

propel you through a run. (Keen, 2015).

Overall, the result of the composite mean show that student-athletes

sometimes consume protein rich foods. This suggests that student track and

field athletes occasionally eat protein because they might need extra calories

and macronutrients to maintain their strength and energy to compete at their

best. A balanced diet that includes enough protein can help athletes perform

at their best and maintain good health overall. Without nourishment for
 48

recovery, your training will go in the wrong direction and you run the danger

of injuring your muscles. (Stack, 2012).

Table 2.3: Nutritional Practices of the Athletes relative to Food Intake In

terms of Macronutrient Consumption
Table 2.3 Fats

Weighted Verbal
Fats Mean Interpretation
1. 2.85 Sometimes
Taking vegetables oil (such as olive,
canola, sunflower, soy and corn, etc.)
2. Eating fatty fish (including salmon, 2.81 Sometimes
tuna, mackerel, sardines, fish oil, etc.)
three times a week.
3. Consuming pastries and rice cakes two 2.74 Sometimes
times a week.

4. Eating nuts (e.g., almonds, walnuts, Sometimes

2.70
peanuts, hazelnuts) for at least two to
three times a week.
Eating tofu for at least one to two times
5. a week. 2.41 Seldom

Composite Mean Sometimes

The data from table 2.3 revealed that taking vegetable oil such as

olive, canola, sunflower, soy and corn marked as sometimes by track and

field student athletes. It only confirms that they are taking vegetable oil

because it was a good source of energy for athletes, which may help to

sustain their performance and endurance during exercise. The use of

vegetable oils can be beneficial for athletes when consumed in moderation

 49

and as part of a well-rounded diet. They contain essential fatty acids that are

important for maintaining overall health. (Begum, 2021).

It was also shown that track and field student athletes marked eating

fatty fish including salmon, tuna, mackerel, sardines, fish oil, three times a

week as sometimes. With this, the respondents gained proper amount of fat

they need to balance their overall health. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fatty

fish and fish oil supplements have anti-inflammatory properties, which can

help reduce inflammation in the body that is caused by intense exercise. This

can help reduce muscle soreness and aid in recovery, allowing for better

performance during subsequent workouts and it can also improve cognitive

function, which can benefit athletes who need to be able to make quick

decisions and react quickly during their sport. (Lewis, 2020).

Additionally, track and field student athletes sometimes consume

pastries and rice cakes two times a week. This indicates that they may not be

the best dietary choice. While both pastries and rice cakes can provide some

quick energy due to their carbohydrate content, they may also be high in

sugar and low in other nutrients.

As an athlete, it is important to fuel your body with foods that provide

sustained energy, as well as the necessary vitamins and minerals for optimal

performance and recovery. Athletes eat rice cakes for a quick energy boost

and provide them the energy they need before, during, or after training. The

carbohydrates from rice cakes provide longer-lasting energy. (Lloyd, 2022).

 50

Another marked as sometimes by the track and field student athletes

was eating nuts such as almonds, walnuts, peanuts, hazelnuts for at least

two to three times a week. This proves that nuts are a good choice because

they have very high levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat,

which may contribute to the health of the heart. Lower levels of cholesterol

and inflammation can be helped by these fats. The healthy fats found in nuts

can help to improve endurance by delaying the onset of fatigue and

improving oxygen uptake during exercise. Most refined nuts are enriched with

B-vitamins and iron, two important nutrients for athletes. (Clark, 2013).

Eating tofu for at least one to two times a week marked as seldom by

the track and field student athletes. The findings reveled that they are not that

interested in eating tofu. Some people avoid it because of its texture and they

find it too mushy or slimy. Tofu is relatively low in fat, which can be beneficial

for athletes who need to maintain a lean body composition for their sport.

Eating tofu can help athletes meet their protein needs without consuming

excessive amounts of dietary fat. Tofu is made from soybeans, and it’s a

good source of protein, iron, and calcium. It’s also low in calories and fat,

making it a healthy choice for athletes. (Gregg, 2022).

Generally, the composite mean's findings about the amount of fats

consumed by student athletes competing in track and field are sometimes

observed. This indicates that track and field student athletes sometime

consume fats as they need it as a source of energy, for hormone production,

joint health, and cell membrane structure. However, it's important to note that
 51

not all fats are created equal. It is important for athletes to consume a

balanced diet that includes a variety of fats from different sources, such as

nuts, seeds, avocados, and fatty fish. Additionally, the amount of vegetable

oil consumed should be balanced with the athlete's total calorie needs and

physical activity level. (Richards, 2021).

Table 2.4: Nutritional Practices of the Athletes relative to Food Intake In

terms of Micronutrients Consumption
Table 2.4 Vitamins
Weighted Verbal
Vitamins
Mean Interpretation
1. Eating leafy greens vegetables (e.g., 3.26 Sometimes
broccoli, lettuce, mint, kangkong,
ampalaya, green beans, okra,
cabbage, celery, parsley, spring
onion) five times a week.
2. Consuming milk (e.g., fresh milk, 3.26 Sometimes
flavored milk drinks, powdered milk,
and yoghurt) one time a day.
3. Taking fruits (e.g., mangos, oranges, 3.26 Sometimes
grapes, strawberry, blueberry) one to
two times a day.
4. Eating meat liver, chicken liver at 3.04 Sometimes
least two times a week
5. Taking multivitamins supplements 2.59 Sometimes
once or twice a day

Composite Mean 3.08 Sometimes

Table 2.4 shows the indicators on nutritional practices of the athletes

relative to food intake in terms of Micronutrients Consumption specifically in

 52

vitamins in Batangas State University-The National Engineering University at

Pablo Borbon Campus.

The population of the respondents sometimes consumes leafy greens

vegetables (e.g., broccoli, lettuce, mint, kangkong, ampalaya, green beans, okra,

cabbage, celery, parsley, spring onion) five times a week. This is related to the

study of Venderly & Campbell (2012) that athletes eating leafy green vegetables

five times a week will consume iron to prevent any deficiency and will increase

athletes’ performance. This means that having vegetarian diet is the main

sources of nutrients that athletes need. They also stated that athletes who eat

green leafy vegetables have higher antioxidant status for vitamin C which is the

ascorbic acid, vitamin E which is tocopherol and ß-carotene which is best to help

reduce the oxidative stress that athletes experiencing.

It is followed by the indicator where the respondents take multivitamins

supplements once or twice a day and verbally interpreted as sometimes.

According to the study of Mason et al. (2014) that athletes taking vitamins and

multivitamins as nutritional supplement enhances and increases the

performance of any athletes. They also stated that some multivitamins do really

enhance the performance of athletes but it is strictly be proven by FDA and

encourages athletes not to take any nutritional supplement if it’s not proven by

FDA.

The indicator where the respondents eat meat liver, chicken liver at

least two times a week and verbally interpreted as sometimes. This is related
 53

to the study of Manore et al. (2017) that it’s best to take foods such as liver

will help athletes that wants and currently doing bodybuilding. Consuming

liver two times a week were normal and elevated the performance of the

student-athletes. This means that athletes can achieve their body form goal

because they have the nutrient dense, high energy, high carbohydrates that

helps to emphasized both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

Moreover, the indicator where the respondents consume milk (e.g.,

fresh milk, flavored milk drinks, powdered milk, yoghurt) one time a day and

verbally interpreted as sometimes.

According to Roy (2022) that milk appears as a best and effective

post-resistance exercise that favorable in protein metabolism. Athletes that

consume milk acutely increases their muscle protein and lead them to have a

balance muscle protein. Milk is nutrient dense beverage choice for athletes

who participate in strength and endurance activities.

Lastly, the indicator where the respondents take fruits (e.g., mangos,

oranges, grapes, strawberry, and blueberry) one to two times a day and

verbally interpreted as sometimes. This is related to the study of Fogelholm

et al. (1994) that athletes from Finland show their strength, endurance, and

power in any sports because taking fruits is part of their diet plan. It also

stated that aerobic activities and other work activities of all athletes was

higher by taking fruits. Athletes that were prone to eat fruits might have a

higher life expectancy.

 54

Thus, the Nutritional Practices of the Athletes relative to Food Intake in

terms of Macronutrient Consumption in terms of vitamins of student athletes

is verbally interpreted as sometimes. It's critical to find Nutritional Practices of

the Athletes relative to Food Intake in terms of Macronutrient Consumption in

terms of vitamins. The results reveal that the respondents are able to eat

leafy greens vegetables (e.g., broccoli, lettuce, mint, kangkong, ampalaya,

green beans, okra, cabbage, celery, parsley, spring onion) five times a week,

take multivitamins supplements once or twice a day, eat meat liver, chicken

liver at least two times a week, consume milk (e.g. fresh milk, flavored milk

drinks, powdered milk, yoghurt) one time a day, and take fruits (e.g. mangos,

oranges, grapes, strawberry, blueberry) one to two times a day. This

indicates that the student athletes were not consistent taking them all

because the verbal interpretation is sometimes.

Table 2.5 shows the indicators on nutritional practices of the athletes

relative to food intake in terms of Micronutrients Consumption specifically in

mineral in Batangas State University-The National Engineering University at

Pablo Borbon Campus. The indicator shows of the respondents are Eating

dark chocolate cocoa powder two times a week and verbally interpreted as

sometimes. This only signifies that consuming dark chocolate cocoa powder

of a track and field student athletes in moderation has been linked to

improved cardiovascular health, such as lowering blood pressure and

improving blood flow, which may benefit track and field athletes in terms of
 55

endurance and overall performance. Dark chocolate is rich in disease-fighting

antioxidants.

Table 2.5: Nutritional Practices of the Athletes relative to Food Intake In

terms of Micronutrients Consumption
Table 2.5 Minerals

Weighted Verbal
Minerals Mean Interpretation
1. 2.89 Sometimes
Eating dark chocolate cocoa powder
two times a week.
2. Eating beans (e.g., soy beans, white 2.59 Sometimes
beans, chickpeas) at least three
times a week.

3. Consuming seeds (e.g., pumpkin 2.59 Sometimes

seeds, sunflower seeds, sesame
seeds, hemp seeds) two to three
times a week.

4. Eating whole grain (e.g., cereal 2.59 Sometimes

grains, millet, amaranth, and quinoa)
three times a week.

5. Eating dried fruits (e.g., raisins, 2.44 Seldom

peaches, dates, prunes) at least one
to two times a day.

Composite Mean 2.62 Sometimes

Studies show it can help reduce blood pressure and lower the risk of

heart disease. (Paulina, 2023).

It was also shown that track and field student athletes marked eating

beans (e.g., soy beans, white beans, chickpeas) at least three times a week

and verbally interpreted as sometimes. As reflected in the result, track and

field student athletes gain a good amount of minerals that they need. Beans
 56

contain various micronutrients such as iron, magnesium, potassium, and

folate, which are essential for maintaining proper bodily functions and

supporting athletic performance. These nutrients contribute to energy

production, muscle function, and oxygen-carrying capacity.

(Amy, 2015)
On the other hand, track and field student athletes marked consuming

seeds (e.g., pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, hemp seeds)

two to three times a week as sometimes. This indicates that they gain

enough minerals as they consume those in two to three times a week. An

expert says, seeds contain various minerals like magnesium, zinc, iron, and

calcium, which are essential for muscle function, oxygen transport, and bone

health. These minerals play crucial roles in muscle function, oxygen

transport, and bone health, all of which are important for track and field

student athletes. Incorporating seeds into the diet can contribute to meeting

the mineral requirements necessary for optimal athletic performance and

overall well-being. (Hinton, 2014).

Moreover, the data showed that the respondents marked eating whole

grain (e.g., cereal grains, millet, amaranth, and quinoa) three times a week

and verbally interpreted as sometimes. This only signifies that consuming

whole grains, such as cereal grains, millet, amaranth, and quinoa, three times

a week can have several positive impacts on track and field student athletes.

These include sustained energy levels, improved endurance, enhanced

recovery, and a wide range of health benefits.

 57

Whole grains offer a nutrient-dense and fiber-rich option that supports

overall athletic performance and contributes to the long-term wellbeing of

student athletes. (McKenna, 2020).

Lastly, the indicator where the respondents eating dried fruits (e.g.,

raisins, peaches, dates, prunes) at least one to two times a day and verbally

interpreted as seldom. This is related to the study of (Cesarrettin 2023) that

including dried fruits, such as raisins, peaches, dates, and prunes, in the diet

at least one to two times a week can have several positive effects on track

and field student athletes. These include improved energy levels, enhanced

endurance, better nutrient intake, and overall health benefits. Dried fruits offer

a convenient and nutrient-dense option that can support athletic performance

and contribute to the well-being of student athletes.

Generally, the composite means of the food intake of track and field

student athletes in terms of minerals fall under the verbal interpretation of

sometimes. This means that track and field student athletes consume

minerals from their food intake periodically or on an irregular basis. Suggests

that the mineral intake of track and field student athletes may not be

consistent, it is crucial to emphasize the importance of regular and adequate

mineral consumption for optimal athletic performance and overall health.

Minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium contribute to the

development and maintenance of strong bones and joints. Track and field

athletes often undergo high-impact activities, and proper mineral intake helps

support bone density and reduce the risk of fractures or stress injuries.
 58

Athletes should strive for a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of

nutrient-rich foods to meet their mineral requirements. (Gillian, 2020).

2. Relationship between respondents’ nutritional status and nutritional

practices

The data shows that the p-values of nutritional status in terms of Age

is 0.125, Sex is 0.087, Height is 0.209 which are greater than the level of

significance of 0.05 of probability value and fall under the decision of Failed

to Reject to Ho while in terms of weight and BMI both resulted in a value of

0.000 which is less than the level of significance of 0.05 of probability value

and fall under the decision of Reject to Ho.

Table 3.1 Relationship of Nutritional Status and Nutritional Practices

in terms of Macronutrient Consumption
Nutritional Computed Decision on Verbal
Status r - value p-value Interpretation
Ho
Age 0.098 0.125 Failed to Positive,
Reject Negligible
Correlation
Sex -0.065 0.087 Failed to Negative,
Reject Negligible
Correlation
Height 0.146 0.209 Failed to Positive,
Reject Negligible
Correlation
Weight -0.234 < 0.000 Reject Ho Negative, Low
Correlation
BMI -0.205 < 0.000 Reject Ho Negative, Low
Correlation
 59

Table 3.1 shows the data on the assessment of the relationship

between nutritional status and nutritional practices in terms of macronutrients

consumption of the respondents.

Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship

between the students’ nutritional status and nutritional practices in terms of

macronutrient consumption in age, sex and height but there is a significant

relationship in weight and BMI.

Table 3.2 Relationship of Nutritional Status and Nutritional Practices

in terms of Micronutrient Consumption

Nutritional Computed Decision on Verbal

p-value
Status r - value Ho Interpretation
Age 0.076 0.063 Failed to Positive,
Reject Negligible
Correlation
Sex -0.041 0.191 Failed to Negative,
Reject Negligible
Correlation
Height 0.143 0.180 Failed to Positive,
Reject Negligible
Correlation
Weight -0.176 0.411 Failed to Negative,
Reject Negligible
Correlation
BMI -0.126 < 0.000 Reject Ho Negative,
Negligible
Correlation

It can be gleaned from table 3.2 the data on the assessment of the

relationship between nutritional status and nutritional practices in terms of

micronutrients consumption of the respondents.

 60

The data shows that the p-values of nutritional status in terms of Age

is 0.063, Sex is 0.191, Height is 0.180, weight is 0.411 which are greater than

the level of significance of 0.05 of probability value and fall under the decision

of Failed to Reject to Ho while in terms of BMI resulted in a value of 0.000

which is less than the level of significance of 0.05 of probability value and fall

under the decision of Reject to Ho.

Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship

between the students’ nutritional status and nutritional practices in terms of

macronutrient consumption in age, sex, height, and weight but there is a

significant relationship in BMI.

4. Propose a nutritional plan to improve athletes’ performance

NUTRITIONAL PLAN

PURPOSE OF NUTRITIONAL PLAN

The purpose of a nutritional plan for track and field athletes is to

optimize performance, enhance recovery, support overall health and well-
being and provide guidance on what and how much to eat in order to meet
specific health and wellness goals. Here are some specific purposes of a
nutritional plan for track and field athletes:
1. Energy Optimization: Track and field events require significant energy
expenditure. A nutritional plan ensures that athletes consume adequate
calories to fuel their training sessions, competitions, and recovery. It focuses
on providing a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to meet the
energy demands of different events and training intensities.

2. Macronutrient Balance: Proper distribution of macronutrients is crucial for

track and field athletes. The nutritional plan emphasizes the right ratios of
 61

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to support optimal performance and

recovery. Carbohydrates provide readily available energy, proteins support
muscle repair and growth, and fats contribute to overall energy balance and
hormone production.

3. Micronutrient Support: Proper intake of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants

is crucial for overall health and performance. A nutritional plan ensures
athletes consume a variety of nutrient-rich foods to meet their micronutrient
needs. This helps support immune function, bone health, and overall well-
being.

4. Hydration: Hydration plays a vital role in track and field performance. A

nutritional plan provides guidelines for adequate fluid intake before, during,
and after training sessions and competitions. Proper hydration helps maintain
optimal body temperature, supports cardiovascular function, and prevents
dehydration, which can impair performance and increase the risk of injuries.

5. Recovery and Repair: Track and field athletes undergo intense training
sessions and competitions, leading to muscle damage and fatigue. A
nutritional plan focuses on optimizing post-exercise nutrition to facilitate
recovery and repair. It includes adequate protein intake to support muscle
synthesis and repair, as well as appropriate carbohydrates to replenish
glycogen stores.

6. Nutrient Timing: Timing of meals and snacks is essential for track and field
athletes to optimize performance and recovery. A nutritional plan provides
guidance on pre-event or pre-training meals to ensure adequate energy
availability. It also emphasizes post-event or post-training nutrition to
replenish glycogen stores and facilitate muscle recovery.
 62

7. Weight Management: For athletes competing in events that are weightclass

based, a nutritional plan can help with weight management while maintaining
strength and performance. It focuses on achieving and maintaining the
desired weight through appropriate calorie control and nutrient balance. It's
important to note that individual nutritional needs may vary based on the
specific track and field event, training volume and intensity, body composition
goals, and individual preferences. This plan could be beneficial not just for
the track and field athletes but also to all athletes with their specific sports
and to non-athletes including students, school staff, and for coaches. This
plan can help the student athletes to provide with a plan for nutritional
success both during training and competition, as well as providing
opportunities to condition their bodies to reach their full potential.
ONE WEEK MENU PLAN

DAY 1

MEAL TIME FOOD HOUSEHOLD

MEASURE
Sopas (pasta) 1 cup

Carrots, cabbage, 1 cup

sayote
BREAKFAST
Chicken breast, flaked ¼ cup

Milk, evap ½ cup

Oil, canola 1T

AM SNACK Saba na saging, boiled 2 pcs

LUNCH Beef humba, lean 5 pcs

Okra, steamed 1 cup

Rice, boiled 1 cup

 63

Mango, ripe 1 slice

PM SNACK Pomelo salad 1 cup

Nuts, boiled, grounded 1/2 cup

Honey 3 tsps

DINNER Gisadong kalabasa, 1 cup

ampalaya at sitaw

with Pork giniling 1/2 cup

Rice, boiled 1 cup

Gelatin 1/2 cup

DAY 2

MEAL TIME FOOD HOUSEHOLD

MEASURE

Tuna, in brine with 1/3 cup

Cabbage Egg, 1/2 cup
BREAKFAST boiled 1 pc
Rice, boiled 1 cup

Papaya, ripe 1 slice

AM SNACK Toasted Monay 2 pcs

Butter, unsalted 2 tsps

LUNCH Pork, lean, grilled/air 5 slices
fried

Munggo 1 cup

Rice, boiled 1 cup

Melon 1 slice
 64

PM SNACK Fruit Salad 1/4 cup

DINNER Adobong atay balunan 1 cup

1/2 cup
with patatas, puso ng
saging

Rice, boiled 1 cup

Hard candy 1 pc

DAY 3

MEAL TIME FOOD HOUSEHOLD

MEASURE

BREAKFAST Arrozcaldo 1 1/2 cup

Chicken breast, flaked 1/2 cup

Milk, full cream 1 cup

AM SNACK Oatmeal 1 cup

Peanut butter 3 tsps

LUNCH Ensaladang kangkong 1 cup
with tomato, mangoes
(green), onions

1 pc
Galunggong,
grilled/baked

Rice, boiled 1 cup

Banana, ripe 1 pc
PM SNACK Ensaymada with 2 pcs, medium size
cheese

Pinakbet (sitaw, okra, 1 cup 5

talong, kalabasa) with slices
chicken strips
DINNER
Rice, boiled 1 cup
 65

Melon shake 2 pcs

Evaporated milk 2/3 cup

Sugar 2 teaspoons

DAY 4

MEAL TIME FOOD HOUSEHOLD

MEASURE

Champorado 1 cup
BREAKFAST Dilis, sauteed 1/4 cup

Any beverage of choice 1 teacup

Macaroni Salad 1/2 cup
AM SNACK with carrots, pineapple, 1/4 cup
pickles, celery
Lemon squeeze juice 1 cup
with honey
Paksiw na Isda 2 pcs
LUNCH with talong, ampalaya, 1 cup
okra, talbos kamote
Rice, boiled 1 cup

Watermelon 1 pc
Turones 2 pcs
Muscovado sugar
PM SNACK 4 tsps
Oil, canola 1 tsp
 66

Soup 1 cup

Hototai (cauliflower, 1 cup

DINNER sayote, carrots,
cabbage)
Egg, dropped 1 pc
DAY 5

MEAL TIME FOOD HOUSEHOLD

MEASURE

Rice, boiled 1 cup

Mixed vegetables ½ cup

BREAKFAST Bangus, steamed 1 pc
(lemon + salt/pepper)

Oil, canola 1T
AM SNACK Pandesal 4 pcs

Peanut butter 2 tsps

LUNCH Chicken broth soup 1 cup

Chicken, medium 2 pcs

Chopseuy 1 cup

Rice, boiled 1 cup

Grapes 4 pcs
PM SNACK Lumpiang toge 2 pcs

Creamy Chicken 1 pc
DINNER
Ampalaya with Egg 1/2 cup

Rice, boiled 1 cup

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Yema/any candy 1 pc
Rice, boiled 1 pc

DAY 6

MEAL TIME FOOD HOUSEHOLD

MEASURE

BREAKFAST Daing, fried 1 pc

Rice, fried 1 cup

Scrambled Egg 1 pc

Milk, whole cream 1 cup

AM SNACK Any cereal of choice 1 cup

with Fruit desired 1 pc

LUNCH Pan Grilled Porkchop 2 pcs

1/2 cup
with Buttered
Vegetables

Rice, boiled 1 cup

Watermelon juice 1 cup

PM SNACK Sweet potato, boiled 2 pcs

DINNER Sweet and Sour Fish 2 pcs

Fillet

Ensaladang talong 1/4 cup

 68

Rice, boiled 1 cup

Oatmeal cookie 1 pc

DAY 7

MEAL TIME FOOD HOUSEHOLD

MEASURE

BREAKFAST Corned beef 1/2 cup

Cabbage strips 1 cup

Scrambled Egg 1 pc

Rice, boiled 1 cup

AM SNACK Avocado Toast 1 pc

(butter, bread,
avocado, salt/pepper)

LUNCH Pork Sinigang, lean 3 pcs

Sinigang Veggies 1 cup

Rice, boiled 1 cup

Banana, ripe 1 pc

Homemade burger 1 pc
patty (cabbage, meat,
PM SNACK
onion, sayote)

Burger bun 1 pc
DINNER Pusit, grilled, medium 1 pc

Kangkong, stir fried 1/2 cup

 69

Rice, boiled 1 cup

Melon, ripe 1 pc

Nutritional Recommendations:
1. Athletes are recommended to consume more than 8 glasses
of water every day. During training, water is highly recommended
over energy drinks.
2. Consuming healthy proteins everyday will help in muscle
buildup and healthy weight maintenance. Proteins also help in
stabilizing the blood sugar level and makes a person feel full longer.
3. Focusing on healthy fats such as sunflower oils, canola oil,
avocadoes, nuts, and grains will help the body preserve protein and
aid in body endurance.
4. The right amount and timing of meals are two of the most
important things to consider.
5. Always choose nutrient dense foods ---- fruits, vegetables,
healthy meats and oils. 6. Recommendation varies.

NOTE:
Regular and adequate physical activities in the form of exercises have the
following benefits:
• Help maintain optimal body composition.
• Increase muscles: ratio of the body's muscles to fat is greater.
• Improve the possibility of weight loss when that is necessary.
• Increase the efficiency of muscle fibers to produce energy.
• Increase the efficiency of hormones (insulin, lipoprotein lipase, and
epinephrine) to regulate energy metabolism.
 70

• Decrease the production of lactic acid, which interferes with energy

production.
• Strengthen the heart, lungs, and circulatory system.
• Increase the flow of oxygen to the heart and brain.
• Strengthen the bones because the muscles that support the bones
are developed.
• Increase levels of HDL over LDL and decreases levels of some
triglycerides
• Raise rates of basal metabolism.
• Help control appetite.
• Increase brain power and concentration.
Emphasis on Carbohydrates in Meals
Complex carbohydrate foods like rice, corn, breads, noodles, root
crops and legumes are the main sources before filling up with sugars
and concentrated sweets. Fruits and juices are better than carbonated
drinks.

Fat Requirements
Fat intake of 20-30% of total energy needs per day is sufficient to
spare protein from being used for energy and to supply the essential
fatty acids for the body. Normal fat deposits in the tissues and around
organs are protectors and act as insulating pad. Provide fat that are
easy to digest or in emulsified form. Milk fat, cheeses, eggs, butter, oils
with high degree of unsaturation are recommended.

Protein Requirements
Good quality proteins from meat, fish, poultry, milk and milk products,
eggs, and legumes are the primary sources. More researches are needed to
support the view that that a higher amount of protein for athletes, more than
the recommended requirement for normal adults will be beneficial for
exercise and sports. Excessive protein before competitive game is
 71

discouraged to reduce frequent urination and kidney load for urinary

excretion.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings and conclusions of the

study as well as the recommendations based on the researchers’

findings.

Summary

The following is the summary of the findings presented in the previous

chapter.

1. Nutritional status of track & field athletes

1.1 Age. Out of 27 respondents, 15 respondents were from the age

group of 20-21 years old while 3 of them were from the age group of 22-23

years old.
 72

1.2 Sex. Based on the result, there were 16 male athletes and 11 were

female.

1.3 Height. out of 27 respondents, 15 of them were from the group of

athletes with the height of 158-166 centimeters. On the other hand, 12 of

them were from the group of 150-157 centimeters, 167-174 centimeter and

175 centimeters and above with the number of 4 athletes each height range.

1.4 Weight. 8 of the respondents were ranging in 50-58 kilograms,

while 4 of the respondents were ranging in 71-82 kilograms and 95 kilograms

and above with 2 respondents each.

1.5 BMI. 13 of the respondents BMI result have normal weight.

Followed by a respondent who is overweight.

2. Nutritional practices of the athletes relative to food intake

2.1 Macronutrients. Focusing on the food intake of the track and field

student athletes in terms of carbohydrates, the highest weighted mean

garnered 3.33 and the lowest weighted mean is 2.41. Meanwhile in terms of

protein, the highest weighted mean is 3.07 while 2.48 is the lowest weighted

mean. In terms of fats, the highest mean is 2.85 while the lowest weighted

mean is 2.41.

As a result, the composite means on the food intake of the track and

field student athletes in terms of carbohydrates, protein, and fats falls under

the verbal interpretation of sometimes. These findings show that track and

field student athletes consume macronutrients including carbohydrates, fats,

and proteins to support their physical performance and recovery.

 73

2.2 Micronutrients. In terms of vitamins, the highest weighted mean

is 3.26 and the lowest weighted mean is 2.59. In terms of minerals, 2.89 is

the highest weighted mean and 2.44 is the lowest mean.

The overall composite mean on the food intake of the track and field

student athletes in terms of vitamins and minerals falls under the verbal

interpretation of sometimes. This means that track and field student athletes

require them to consume micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals to

support their overall health, optimize performance, and maintain various

physiological functions sometimes.

3. Relationship between respondents’ nutritional status and

Nutritional practices

3.1 Macronutrients. The findings show that there is a significant

relationship between the track and field student athletes’ nutritional status

and nutritional practices in terms of macronutrient consumption relative to

weight and BMI but there is no significant relationship between the

respondents’ nutritional status and nutritional practices relative to age, sex,

and height.

3.2 Micronutrients. The findings show that there is a significant

relationship between the track and field student athletes’ nutritional status

and nutritional practices in terms of micronutrient consumption relative to BMI

 74

but there is no significant relationship between the respondents’ nutritional

status and nutritional practices relative to age, sex, height and weight.

4. A Proposed nutritional plan to improve athletes’ performance

The researchers provided a nutritional plan that may help the

athletes to improve their performance in playing. It aimed to support training

goals, reduce fatigue, and help optimize body composition which can help

to improving athlete’s body. This will include proper diet, and proper weight

management. The proposed nutritional plan also aimed to educate athletes

about the proper diet, especially the importance of calorie and protein in

reaching optimum nutrition that their body need as a healthy individual and

competitive athlete.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were

drawn out by the researchers.

1. This study concludes that the nutritional status of track and field

student athletes relative to age has no significant difference to their

performance. However, it was found to have significant difference in

terms of their sex, height, weight and BMI.

2. Track and field student athletes' nutritional practices regarding food

intake and macronutrients/micronutrients are occasionally

implemented.
 75

3. The nutritional status of track and field student athletes shows a

significant relationship with macronutrient intake relative to weight and

BMI, as well as with micronutrient consumption relative to BMI.

However, there was no significant relationship between nutritional

practices and age, sex, height, and weight.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion of the study, the following are

the recommended:

1. The nutritional plan proposed by the researchers maybe utilized by

the student athletes for better performance.

2. Other fitness programs for athletes focusing on proper nutrition

maybe implemented by the institution.

3. Nutritional status and practices of student athletes maybe

monitored with utmost consideration by the athlete themselves as

well as coaches.

4. Future researchers may focus also on other aspects or variable

which may have significant impact on the athletes’ health and

fitness.

5. The researchers' output may be revised for further improvement

and modification based on individual athlete's health condition.

6. To the university administration, they may hire one Registered

Sports Nutritionist as part of the medical team of the university. It

 76

would benefit not only the athletes, but also those who are health-

conscious.