1. Biocking of the rotor should be done properly. 2, Make sure to apply only a small voltage across the stator terminals with the rotor blocked. PRACTIC. NO. 2 AIM Determination of effect of rotor resistance on torque speed curve of an induction motor Observe the gerformance of a ceiling fan (I-}) induction motor without capacitor. THEORY The equation for torque of an induetion motor is where Ey9 is the induced emf in the rotor winding at rotor stand-still R is 7 oe SEM RE + (SX) where Eyg is the induced emf in the rotor winding at rotor standstill Re is the rotor resistance $ is the slip, Xo is the rotor reactance at standstill (i.e.,when the rotor is not rotating). If the supply voltage is constant, E> will be constant. ‘Thus torque is SRy To - R} +(SX29)°esis = ’ ' ‘windir ‘si joat 16 i er than te resistance Ry ofthe rt ming Fe Sg Ee bese 2) for various values of sli ; coffin ner ta : reat ened A pte 15 a Tr lnc creme |" mci en cr mine dened erties em S| vd z PR ! eities \z! LS Re= 1, X20" 0! 01 02 03 04 05 08 07 08 o8 10 Pernt ip (8) —+ Ne ‘Speed Fig. E21. Torque-siplspoed characteristics ofan induction motor at various rotor resistance Iewill be sen that for a particular slip, ey 0.0 the effet of doubling the rotor esistanoe is to edt the torque by about 40 percent, whereas fora slip of 1, Le, at starting, the torque is nearly doubled whet the rotor resistance is increased from | to 2.0. if a large starting torque is required, the rotor must Save aelively high resistance. I wl also be noticed tha the maximum value of the tons, 8 same forthe four value of and that he larger the resistance, the greater isthe starting torque, WO sherri resstance sequal tothe rotor reactance at tandstil,e, when RX mest is developed at staring Induction motor when started at fll voltage takes shout six tocight times rated current. The variation of cuent with speed is shown in Fig, 2.2 Wen be cu to determine Practically the conpla torgue-speed characteristic ay the cuncat donee by the motor tlw speed wil be very hgh Atl wll be more at very low speed ata current drawn by the motor Will be much beyond the permissible iit I's there sommes 4-perform this Practial ata Tow voltage see Ae —s AO erent of the rted vole. The ship of theese i ilsemain undisturbed. The indueion tor can be FIG: 22. Varaon of curent crown bY#" ‘Induction moter at various speeds SESE RETESET TERE 1 :1 I Oe Pracicals 147 dually through brake-plle a adel ea Rey rangement by lating de enero coupled ti nase OUIpUE Torque of te motor can be assumed to be proportional tothe output current of the dc generator, the generator being separately excited. = APPARATUS REQUIRED ‘Three phase slip ring induction motor having loading rangement and adiinalesistance tobe inserted in the rotor circuit, Three phase autotransformer, ammeter and voltmeter | (moving iron type), ammeter moving coil type (two), tachometer. PROCEDURE |. Make connections as per Fig. E-2.3, the figure the loading of the induetion motor is shown tobe through ade generator. The generator output current fg will be proportional othe output torque ofthe induction motor. loadings done through a brake-poley arrangement, magnitude of outpt torque can be directly rea. —e a 2. Adjust the variae output voltage to about 40 per cent ofthe rate input voltage of the motor and then start the induction motor on no-load by closing switch S with no extra rotor resistance. (The terminals D, and F are shorted), Excite the de generator separately and starting from no load take readings of /g and speed. Continue loading the de generator il he speed ofthese fall to avery low value, At each step record (o tongue) and sped. AtTow speed the readings should be taken very quickly a the curent drawn by the motor, induction motor will be about two to thee times normal curent. 3. Switeh off the load on the motor Insert some resistance in the rotor ereuit (ofthe order of 2 0 33) and repeat steps mentioned under 2 above. Tabula observation as follows . wd lo ss Fig, E-2.3 Connection diagram for determining the elec of rotor resiatance on tre torque-speed characteristic of an induction motorSer ~y 4148, Cecil Machine I PRECAUTIONS , eng es age the FLOr CUTER 8 Wo 1 ty PRACTICAL NO. 3 Oo APPARATUS REQUIRED Single-phase induction motor split phase type with capacitor in the auxiliary winding. Single-phase wattmeter (one), voltmeter and ammeter (MI type). THEORY Min single-phase supply is applied across one single phase winding on the stator of a single phase Induction Motor, the nature of the field produced is alternating and as such the rotor will not develop ay Starting torque. I has however been observed that once the motor is given an initial rotation it coniues ‘orotate Ina single-phase motor, to provide starting torque, ‘he auxiliary winding. The main and the auxiliary wi ‘Phase supply. The impedance ofthe two windings ar these windings will have atime phase difference as an additional winding is provided, which sald ndings are connected in parallel across a single e made different so that currents flowing thot#h shown in E-Fig 3.1, ‘itary windingsauna eS. i Practcals 149 (a) Need of a Capacitor in the Auxiliary Winding Circuit {asingle phase motor having a main winding and an auniiary winding fed from a single phase supply fan be considered as equivalent toa two phase moto having a singe phase supply Since the two windings are not identical, the two currents J, and will have atime phase displacement ‘Now iby any means the time phase displacement between the two curtens and, owing trough ‘the two windings can be made 90°, a single phase motor will behave exactly like a two phase motor. ‘The time phase displacement beywoen and J, canbe increased by using a capacitor inthe auxiliary ‘winding as shown in Fig. E-3.2,/The capacitor will also improve the overall power factor of the motor. From the phasor diagrams of Fig, E-3.1 & Fig. E-3.2 it will be observed that the power factor of the ‘oto is improved when a capacitors introduced in the auxiliary winding circuit If capacitor ist be tsed only for achieving high starting torque, then the auxiliary winding can be switched off when the toto picks up speed, L ¢ + —ver i tn singe phase supply FFig-£-3.2 Time phase difference of neaty 90° between the main and auxliary winding ‘currents achieved by using a capactor inthe aulary winding circuit (b) Method of Reversal of Direction of Rotation ‘The direction of rotation of a split phase type induction motor having main and auxiliary winding, gets reversed if the current direction in any one of its windingstis reversed. This is done by reversing the thro terminal connections ofthe auxiliary of main winding across the supply. The leads of the main and ular winding can be differentiated from each oter (if lead marks are not labelled) by measuring tesistanees ofthe two windings. The resistances of auxiliary winding for motors of 1/16 k®2 and more fare generally greater than the resistance of the main winding. Circuit Diagram: i Fig-£3.3 Connection ciagram for determine the effect of capacitor on the | eee pete! Phase induction motorTRIS 450 Elect! Machine PROCEDURE 1. Make connections a8 pet Fig E33 n mae rotor. Remove the auxiliary Wit rer on supply ad ote thatthe rotor does particular direction a Reconnect the auxiliary the two terminals across Wl the rotor starts rotating. Incase t the shaft by hand, Allow the rotor (0 readings. 2. Rumthe rotor with: ‘At starting feel the magnitude rotor and record the meter readings. Not the di Interchange the terminal connections ofthe auxiliary winding across # ‘switch on the SUP nd noe thatthe rotor PICKS UP SI svinding across the supply but Inch the capacitor Wa the rotor rotates, feel the ™ me and then record voluneter, ammeter and Watney, auxiliary winding connected. ‘of starting torque ~ ly though varia. Noe the dis vaing connections after Switching off the sy of HA nea ih rotons peed in that direction. ing svthout the capacitor inthe ici ag va) Switch onthe supply and obseney connect nagnitude of starting torque by holding ‘gross the supply withthe capacitor inthe circuit by holding the rotor by hand. Then lease he ection of rotation of the rotor. he supply. Switch on suppy 4 ee rote the direction of rotation of the rotor. Repeat this forthe main winding also, ‘OBSERVATIONS ‘Sa | Input Poirer(W) | Input Voltage (V) | Input Current (1) | Power Factor Circuit Condition cv 1 2 2 Without capacitor in the auxiliny 3 winding with capacitor in the auxiiay 4 winding. Pan foe or unning& reversal of single phase Induction motor * Lone oe Starter inputting ee ‘Starter Output to motor | —_OO Practals 154 rare) aM @ ‘To plotrelationship between no load terminal voltage and excitation current ina synchronous generator at constant speed THEORY tig) Like ade generator, the terminal voltage ofan alternator falls when loaded (except for capacitive load). In ‘other words it can be said that the terminal voltage will rise when the load is switched uf. For instance, soppose OB in Fig. E-4.1 represents the full-load current and OA the rated terminal voltage of analtemator. sg] When the load is removed wih the eld cient and sped unaltered, the terminal voltage rises to OC "| This variation ofthe terminal voltage between full-load and no-load, expressed as a percentage ofthe ful-load voltage, is termed as the percentage voltage regulation of the alternator. The amount of rise in teminal voltage from full-load to no-load will depend upon the power factor of the loa. a Thus, voltage regulatior ved ‘The voltage regulon for «power facior of 0. lagging is normally far greater than that at unity tte] perc and sheer ele he power tr fe oa when sting te voltage regulation ofan alternator. PF = Unity 08 Lagging n= Fultioad votape 8 = Fuload coront Load curent | ——e Fig-E-4.1 Variation of txminal votage with oad (ia450. eect! Maco! Circult Diagram: Fig£42 Circuit dlagram APPARATUS REQUIRED Synchronous generator coupled with a de motor, starter for the de motor, (ovo), tachometer, ammeter-moving coil type, loading resistance PROCEDURE 1. Make connections as shown in Fig. E-4.2. Start the de mot Hor withthe help of the starter. Adit the sped tothe rated speed ofthe alternator, 2 Close the switch S, ofthe alternator ‘Now clos the loud switch and switch ona few loads. (esistive load). Note thatthe terminal falls a load is increased, 4: Now adjust field cures, such that at rated load and speed the termin is arated vale (rte value hasbeen indicated on te ‘nameplate of the machine), 5. Keep the excitation fixed atthe a voltage, V and field curten, 1 Kes 6. Switch off the load completely ang 7. Draw graph showing relationship py Field regulating rheastats ammeter (three) and volumeter-moving iron type, variable Feld. Adjust the field current to get rated output volage ‘cross the terminals ofthe alternator, voltage al Voltage of the alternator age at rated speed, Tabulate the dat tween I, and,AS AACR %, Practcals 153 a ccuez a AM “4 patermination ofthe relationship between the voltage and load current ofan alternator, THEORY ‘ecanein emia volag of anlemso withthe cangein al ome across tens depends ear of ll or ee ements ena eel fainteial volage with ineae of la Tefal wb compat mere ines of dove lols tinthecae of resistive loads Incase cpcve loa thc ein vals willie Incae of indcive dhe lin emia Yolage i mae bane, thea fk det lent owing in th aie ‘ng ose the main eld fox Ths wen nara lode intl, here consi ‘Sheson airgap x and hence here iafalin emi yolage Incase ofa lads owever. be Sue fel the main el xs thatthe ane es nai i. Tn this Pata, the allemator maybe loaded wih the tlp of synchronous motor. By waning nxt ofthe synelrons motte power factor ofthe ado healer may be changed ths power aor ofa syncronos motor changes wih change oi fed curen). An overex (Jadronos motor shaves ike cpactine ad wheres an undeetiedsyshrnots otr behaves Tr arindove lad A synlnonue mor wth onal exsaton behaves ik a esitive ld. APPARATUS REQUIRED Spatncous generator coupled witha de motor, rer forthe de motor, synchronous motr for loading Spetonons enero oa led wih the sychonos motor Fd veguting thos hee), ‘mmmeter-moving coil ype (thre), Ammeter (three) and voltmete-moving ion type, watmeterssingle phase (two), tachometer. Circuit Diagram: i" 2 Fig. €-5.1 Connection diagram fr determining the relationship between terminal votage ‘and load cutent ofan altemater for varying power factor loadee ~ 4154, Electrical Machine PROCEDURE | TL Make connections as shown in Fig. E-.1 if variable resistive, capacitive and inductive lag Mae silable. then loading ofthe alternator may be done through them otherwise, a synchronay motor coupled with a de generator may be used. } 4, Str the de motor and bring the speed of the set to rated speed of the altermator. Close Sang | jst Rand R to get ated induced emi across the terminals of synchronous generator at rag speed. 4, Sanu synchronous motor as an induction motor by closing the switch Closing thefildcinat | ofthe synchronous motorby the switch S,. The synchronous motor will now run a synchrony speed. Increase the excitation to its highest permissible value i . Excite the de generator by closing the switch S,. Load the de generator by closing the swich | | Stil the reading, ofthe ammeters (current delivered by the alternator) becomes it fullLoud ‘ated value at rated terminal voltage, V and at rated speed. Record readings of alternator spe, terminal voltage, load current and power output (reading of W; and W,). 5. Now, switch off, 5 and Sy. Athis time the alternator is running on no-load. Adjust the speed ‘of the altematorto its rated value. Do not change the excitation. Record the value of altemator terminal voliage 6. Repeat step 2,3 and 4 for two more values of synchronous motor excitation less than i the fist case, While reducing the excitation ofthe synchronous motor, it willbe observed thatthe amature ‘current goes on decreasing and comes toa minimum value. This minimum current corresponds to ‘nity power-factor loading. Further decrease in excitation will again cause increase in armature current which corresponds to lagging power-factor condition, The three sets of readings tht should be taken are: (a) at leading pf full-load condition, (b) atunity pf fl-load condition, (6) at lagging pf fll-load condition, 7. Tabulate results as per the table shown. Draw graphs showing the variation of terminal ola from no-load to ful-load in the three cases, For each set of readings, calculate the powerftt of the oad ftom he watmeter readings by using the formula: ir Power factor, j fo cos = tan! 3 i= Ma) ‘ am) jc 8. Calculate the value of regulation a different power-factor loads, Watmeter Readings ™ | ow ‘caleulation Full-load Current, fat leading power factor Load pf cos 6 by | Fulbtoad voltage | ia v EPracticals 155 | Watmeter Readings Ww, W, Load pf cos by calculation Full-load voltage v No-load voltage E | Full-load current J, at [iy power factor Full-load current I, at lagging power factorPRACTICAL NO. 7 AIM Determination of the effect of variation of excitation on performance of a synchronous Motor. THEORY Similar to a de motor, in a synchronous motor also applied voltage V is opposed by an induced emf, The resultant voltage causes a current to flow through the armature winding which has an impedance of Z,. When a synchronous motor is loaded, it speed does not change. To supply the additional outpet power requirement, the induced emf falls back by a certain angle ‘a’ which is called the load angle. S&* Fig. E-7.1(a). (In a synchronous motor the rotor field rotates at the same speed as the rotating magnet field produced by the polyphase stator current.Practeals 159 ‘When load on the rotor increases, its field axis makes a comparatively bigger angle with the axis of pert feld and thereby suppl the additional lod. n eae de motor however. the torque ad angle is kept Fixed at 90°, i, to is maximum value and doesnot change) The effect of change of excitation of a synchronous motor at a particular load is shown in Fig, E-7.2. Load angle a will remain ‘Srstant. Angle between E, and , wil also remain constant at above 90°. ® Fig. 67.4 Since itis fixed by the ratio of reactance to resistance of the armature circuit (as the value of reactance. ismuch higher than the value of armature resistance, the value of ¢ is usually about 90°) Input power to the motor = 377, 6058 where cos 6 is the power factor, If Vis constant and load is constant, input should remain constant and hence /, cos 6 should remain constant, (7, c0s is component of J, on the voltage axis. In Fig. 7.2 OX represents /, 608 ¢) ‘Assuming the supply voltage and load on the motor to remain constant, any change of excitation, If will simply inerease or decrease the magnitude of E, From the phasor diagram in Fig. E-7.2 itis seen tl increase in fel cure causes lang power- tusor cure, wile dren in eld cent cates lnggiagpowerfactor eave en bye meer. Ther il be some exciton which wil ei nity powersactoreuent dawn 6 the moto. TRE Igulude of amature cierl hat exciton would ete mint. Bashaton ceesponding unity Power-facor curen drawn by the moor clled. aon exciton Exsiation more hin te normalEe sn eo excaetoe! cams eng ta eateoveescaon a6 eat i aca sn cae bene fot gnc) en palo seve cata ssre eat T, of a synchronous motor for a particular a 8 Nr Normal econ rave current) corresponds £0 unity rinimun armat ptr Exton Delo wel gies ie £0 Fog pver ator cient whereas exertion ore ise to leading power-factor current Phasor representation ofthe effect of change of excita \ 4a : at Ya Fig. £-7.2 Graphical representation ofthe effet of change of excitation on armature curent ‘ofa synchronous motor at various shaft loads jon of a synchronous motor (a) With iit) excitation (6) When excitation is increased (c) When excitation is decreased ‘Therefore, by varying the excitation of asynchronous motor, 1d (when overexcited). An overexcited synchronous inductive load (when unuerexcited) dra capacitive loa ‘motor is, therefore, also called a synchronous condenser. The sh shown in Fig. E-7.1 are often referred to as synchronot itcan be made to behave either like an hape of the J, versus 1, charaeterisies nus motor V curves, by changing loads on the / Synchronous motor effects of Jon 1, is studied, a series at V curves will be obtained as shown in he Fig E72. Circuit Diagram: og e731 orvacaen ch a mao tg otfect to variation of exci rm aes tation on armature ~ _& B23.VORA cman ere Proctcals 161 «| sPPARATUS REQUIRED x | syadronous motor coupled with a de machine or having any other loading arrangement, voltmeter and dice ammeters-moving coil type, wattmeters (two), ammeter and voltmeter-moving iron type, loading x | posta, field regulating rheostas (two). PROCEDURE 1, Make connections as per circuit diagram shown in Fig. E-7.3. Stat the synchronous motor as an induction motor by closing switch (S,) and keeping the field circuit closed through a high resistance. The rior will run ata speed very nar tits synchronous speed. Clase the field circuit x | ofthe synchronous motor through motor switch S. The motor wil now be runniat synchronous % ‘speed. Increase the field current to its maximum permissible value by varying the rheostat, R, of we | the Bela cireuit 2. Run I Reduce the field curent, If step by step and record values of If, Jy. V, Wand Ws in a tabular from. While reducing If rom its maximum value, it would be observed thatthe value of ‘armature current /, willbe decreasing toa minimum value and then again increasing. The range ‘of variation of excitation current should be such that it does not cause excessive current (more than rated full-load current) to flow through the armature circuit ofthe motor. 4. Run Il Increase the excitation of the fed to its permissible maximum value again, Close switch ‘of the de generator and load the synchronous motor by loading the de generator by closing switch, Reduce excitation and record at each step values of Ip, V, W)..W>, Vc and Ig. Both in RUN I and RUN II ake atleast ten readings. Record data in abular form. |] OBSERVATION ‘SNe, ‘Synchronous Motor DC Generator ii fe v ™ Ws b Ye to RUN t RUN 0 CALCULATION AND RESULT Clulate the values of power factor coresponding to cach reading. Show one sample calculation. Draw {B>ph showing the effect of lyon Iq and power factor () at no-load, (b) ata particular load aaa