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THE COST OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION IN REGION XI

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 THE COST OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION IN REGION XI

1Jopriz M. Bueno, 2Janette G. Veloso, 3Roel P. Villocino, 4Glyd Jun B. Aranes , 5Renan P. Limjuco,
and 2Minerva T. Fabros
1 Assumption College of Davao
2 Department of Education Region XI
3 Assumption College of Nabunturan
4 Philippines Women’s College of Davao
5 University of the Immaculate Conception

INTRODUCTION

Education plays a very important role in social development. International agreements like
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, Article 26, 1948) and international institutions
such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) commonly
acknowledge the primordial position that should be afforded to education. Tan and Mingat (1992)
consider education as a universally recognized important investment in human capital for it
contributes to socio-economic developments. It endows individuals with means to improve their
knowledge and skills for productive capabilities, improve their health, and quality lifestyle. Since the
benefits of education are comprehensive and prevalent, educational development is a key concern
of any state.
In the Philippines, there is a strong perception that its educational system is lagging behind
among its neighboring Asian countries. Such perception is also confirmed by government
pronouncements as well as reports culled from international organizations dealing with education.
The Philippine educational system is faced with concerns on the high number 1.460 M of out-of
school children (UNESCO, 2012) and unswerving issues of the quality of pupil outcomes (Benito,
2010). It is even ranked nearly last in student performance on mathematics and science tests
compared to the rest of the East Asia region (World Bank, 2005). In the 2003 TIMSS, study it
ranked 34th out of 38 countries in grade 8 Math and 43rd out of 46 countries in grade 8 Science;
for grade 4, it ranked 23rd out of 25 participating countries in both Math and Science. In TIMSS
2008, even with only the science high schools participating in the Advanced Mathematics category,
the Philippines ranked lowest. The current K-10 educational system in the Philippines is considered
to be one of the factors that the level of learning among Filipino students is lower compared to
students in other countries.
In 2008, some education stakeholders like the Philippine Business for Education (PBed)
advocated for a reform to add two more years in the basic education cycle to adopt the global
standard and to address the deterioration of the quality of education (PBed, 2008). On the other
hand, the National Youth Commission (2001) reported that there are around 12.7M enrolled in
elementary, 5.2M in High School, and 2.4 in College. Chua (2008) reported that the Philippines is
among the countries with high enrolment but low survival rate and quoted UNESCO stating that the
relationship between household wealth and survival rates was much more salient in the upper
grades in high school. Estopace (2010) presented the argument of Fr. Nebres that if two more
years will be added, it may benefit some students particularly those who are financially capable of
spending two more years of schooling but it might also further increase the number of students’ not
being able to finish high school. The Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT, 2013) also points to
the steady reduction in educational spending which results to significant teacher and head teacher
shortages and issues around classroom facilities. These seemingly opposing views present the

21
strength and weakness of the K to 12 educational system. The strength of adding 2 years (Senior
High School) would address the need for global competitiveness and the weakness that it could
further increase the number of students’ not finishing high school since it involves additional
expenses.
Despite opposing views, the government enacted into law the K to 12 educational system
through Republic Act 10533 or An Act Enhancing the Philippine Basic Education System. It is
mandated to strengthen its curriculum and increase the number of years for basic education;
appropriating funds therefore and for other purposes passed in January 30, 2013 by the Congress,
approved by the President in May 15, 2013 and shall take effect on June 8, 2013. The Department
of Education (DepEd), the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), and the Technical Education
and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) also promulgated its rules and regulations to implement
the provisions of the said Act.
Since additional expenses are now crucial issues in the implementation of a legislated
educational reform, the cost of education especially in the additional 2 years Senior High School is
a valid concern and entails a serious study. The Department of Education (DepEd, 2013) admitted
that there are additional indirect costs, but they argued that government agencies are collaborating
to provide programs that will enable everyone access to quality education, especially to those with
lesser means. Proposals such as the expansion of the Education Service Contracting (ESC)
scheme under the Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education
(GASTPE) and other cost-sharing arrangements are being developed by DepEd. Furthermore,
DepEd assured that input shortages will be wiped out before the end of 2013. A 1:1 ratio for
student-to-textbook and student-to-seat will be achieved within SY 2012-2013. Shortages in
classrooms, teachers, and toilets will be fully addressed next year. According to DepED, there is a
23% increase they received for 2013 budgetary requirements for full implementation of K to 12 and
for succeeding appropriations. Despite such developments, the how much is the cost of education
remains to be a contentious issue and this study provided such answers.

Framework of the Study

This study was mainly anchored on the framework of Gaba (2004) in his study on Cost
Analysis in Education that analyses the classification of the Costs of Education to improve
decision-making, planning, and monitoring, including policy-making in education. Gaba (2004)
defined cost as the actual expenditure of money incurred on, or attributable to, a specific thing or
activity. In this context, education is the thing and activity. Costs are classified into two types. First
is the Individual or Private Costs that pertains to those costs of education incurred by a learner or
by his/her parents/guardians or by the family as a whole. Second, the Institutional Costs of
Education or Public Costs of Education pertains to the costs incurred at the institutional level
(government, private or mixed). Public costs are those financing by the government from the taxes,
loans and other public revenues.
Individual costs are of two types: direct and indirect. Direct costs are those directly visible.
They include all money expenditure incurred on different items by the student. For example,
expenditure on tuition fees, other fees and charges, purchase of books, stationary, uniforms, board
and lodging expenses and transport. On the other hand, Indirect Costs or opportunity costs are

22
those costs which are not directly visible. Opportunity costs refer to the value of students’ time or
earning forgone to continue the study.
Institutional Costs of Education or Public Costs of Education are of these types: variable
and fixed costs of education, recurring and non-recurring costs of education, and current and
capital costs of education. Variable costs vary with every change in number of learners, examples:
costs on teachers, laboratory materials, and stationary items. Fixed costs are those that do not
change or do not increase or decrease with the changes in the level of activity of the institution like
the change in the number of learners. One example is the cost on institution’s building. Current
costs are incurred on consumable items within a given financial year. Capital costs refer to costs
incurred on durable items like land, buildings, equipment and so on that rendered useful service
over a period of years. The total or social costs of education refer to the sum of individual costs and
institutional costs.

Objectives

This study was designed to measure the costs that would be incurred within the additional
two years in the secondary education. This study also intended to identify the average incomes of
the households in Region XI and their allocation for education and other needs pertinent to the
schooling of their children. This aimed further to compare the governments’ possible budgetary
allocation to assist the households and the estimated cost of education in private schools.

Specifically, this study endeavored to determine the following:

1. The profile of parents of the Senior High School students
2. The monthly income of households
3. The breakdown of expenditures of the family in terms of :
3.1 Food
3.2 Clothing
3.3 Other household expenses (e.g. light, water, cable, internet, and amortization
4. The expenditures in sending students to school in terms of :
4.1 Tuition and miscellaneous
4.2 School Supplies
4.3 Monthly school contributions
4.4 School Uniform
4.5 Projects
4.6 Assignments
4.7 Field Trips
4.8 Food
4.9 Transportation
4.10 Allowance (daily or monthly)
5. The school fees in the private schools in terms of:
5.1 Tuition
5.2 Miscellaneous Fees
5.3 Other Fees

23
 METHOD

This is a quantitative study using cost estimate and descriptive survey and correlation. The
U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO,2009) defines a cost estimate as the summation of
individual cost elements, using established methods and valid data, to estimate the future costs of
a program, based on what is known today. It added that realistic cost estimating is imperative
when making wise decisions in acquiring new systems. The cost estimates in this study include
actual expenditures incurred on or attributable to Senior High School or the additional two years in
the basic education system.
This study was conducted in the ten DepEd Divisions of Region XI which include Davao
City, Tagum City, Digos City, Panabo City, Mati City, Island Garden City of Samal, Davao Oriental,
Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, and Compostela Valley).
The parents or guardians of students of students enrolled in either private or public schools
and schools’ administrators were the respondents. Questionnaires were made in two categories:
one set was for the parents or guardians and another set for schools’ administrators. The
questionnaire for parents or guardians comprises estimates for the Direct Variable Cost (DVC),
Indirect Fixed Cost (IFC) and the Indirect Variable Cost (IVC). The questionnaire for schools’
administrators includes estimates for Direct Fixed Cost (DFC).
There was a total of 1,606 respondents identified for this study. One hundred eighty four
were private schools’ administrators and 1,422 were parents or guardians of students who are
currently in grades 7 and 8 and who are presumed to be in grades 11 and 12 comes 2016. The
latter was determined using Slovin’s formula.
The actual number of sample points was determined using proportional stratified random
sampling. The type of schools whether public or private was further classified into: small, medium
and large. Small schools are those which total enrolment reaches 300; medium schools are those
which enrolment range from 301-1,000; and the large schools are those with 1,001 and above. The
students were distinctively grouped according to sex (male or female) and by grade levels (7 or 8).
From the subgroups 50% of the total number of schools was targeted as shown in the matrix
below.

Sub-groups
Public Schools Small Medium Large
301 81 153 67
Target for Public Schools 40 76 33
Private Schools
184 113 62 9
Target for Private Schools 56 31 4
Total Schools 96 107 37

A total of 96 small schools (40 public HS and 56 Private HS), 107 medium schools (76
public HS and 31 private HS), and 37 large schools (33 public HS and 4 private HS) were drawn
using the random sampling from each subgroup of schools.
After the total number of public and private HS had been identified through the use of
random sampling, the enrolment in terms of Grades 7 and 8 (both male and female) of the

24
identified schools was considered in determining the final number of samples (parents of the
students).
To proportionately allocate samples from each school, a sampling fraction in each of the
selected schools was employed. The total enrollees by Grade levels (Grades 7 and 8) in each
selected schools from each subgroup were also determined. The grand total of enrollees by Grade
levels were obtained by adding the enrollees of the selected small, medium and large schools. This
grand total was used as the total population from where the percentage of enrollees from each
school is drawn using the formula:

X1 = Number of enrollees of a selected school x Total No. of Enrollees (Grade 7 /Grade 8)

Total Population (sum of enrollees from small, medium, and large schools)

Where: X1 is the total number of students to be drawn as sample from each selected school

To draw the final respondents from each school, a systematic random sampling was used
by drawing proportionately half from male students and the other half from female students. Each
student (both male and female) was assigned a number by arranging their names alphabetically
such that the first name corresponds as number 1, the next name as 2 and so on. This selection
process is a vital tool in communicating to the enumerators and school heads/supervisors who
shall assist in the process of conducting the survey. The identified parents of the students were
informed ahead of time before the actual conduct of the survey.
Around 1,422 were identified as the sampling size among the students and parents and
distributed on the basis of the selection process. In Davao City, it has 480 respondents, Digos- 408
respondents, Tagum -177 respondents, Davao del Norte- 97 respondents, Compostela Valley-79
respondents, Davao Oriental -65 respondents, Panabo- 54 respondents and Davao del Sur and
IGACOS, with both 31 respondents each. The retrieval for questionnaires is 100% for parents and
78% for administrators. Researchers-made questionnaires were administered to the respondents.

Computational Formulae for Costs

The costs for education were computed using Gaba’s (2004) formula: Direct Fixed
Cost+Direct Variable Cost+Indirect Fixed Cost+Indirect Variable Cost + Opportunity Cost. Further,
a range of cost was included in the questionnaire to determine cost estimates of the respondents.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Profile of the Respondents and their Children

Majority or 72% of the respondents are females, 64% mothers, and mostly working at
home. Most of the respondents are high school graduates with ages from 31 to 40. The
respondents’ children aged from 13-14 and are currently enrolled in either Grade 7 or Grade 8.
These children will be the pioneering batches for the Senior High School in 2016. Among the
respondnets, 69% of their children as point of reference for this study were enrolled in the public

25
school while 31% were enrolled in the private school. The gender profile of their children are
almost equally distributed 53% females and 47% males.
Each household has average members of 4 to 6. Forty three percent of the respondents
say that the father usually finances the education needs of the children. Most of the parents are
working as home manager, farmer, laborer or self-employed.
Monthly Income of the Household
As shown in the Figure 1, the average income of the household in Region XI is
Php11,175.78. The division of Digos, ranked top with a monthly income of Php 17,602.00, this is
followed by Tagum with an income of Php15,750.65, and Davao City with Php 13,649.00 monthly
income. Households that have children enrolled in the private schools, particularly in the Divisions
of Tagum City, Digos City and Davao City, have mean incomes which were considerably higher
compared to other Divisions both for public and private clusters at Php 22,501.00, Php 19,677.00,
and Php 18,974.00, respectively. In the public school cluster, it can be seen that the Division of
Tagum City ranked top among all other divisions.

25000.00
22501.00

19677.00
20000.00 18974.00

15527.00
14194.00 13906.91
15000.00
12036.00
9250.30 11251.00 11175.78
9591.10 8163.80 9456.80 9000.30
10000.00 8324.40 7687.80 8444.66
7428.80 7389.10
5258.00 5453.70
5000.00

0.00
Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public
Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private
Regional

ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del del Sur Oriental City City City
Norte

Figure 1. Monthly Income of the Household.

26
Household Food Expense per Month
Figure 2 reveals that households in the private schools cluster have a budget for food with
a mean of Php 4,229.69 per month, which is slightly higher by Php 749.60 compared to those
under public school. Further, the data reveal that the Division of Davao Oriental has the lowest
spending for food both public and private cluster combined. The regional mean for household food
expense per month is as low as Php 3,854.89.

4976.80
4809.30
5000.00 4617.10
4321.90 4308.80 4393.30
4500.00 4229.69
4042.00 3902.70
3864.10 3750.50 3854.89
4000.00 3600.50 3620.90
3577.90 3562.90 3480.09
3345.90
3500.00 3043.00 3000.00
3000.00 2650.40
2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00
500.00
0.00

Regional
Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public
Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private
ComVal Davao Davao del Davao del Davao Digos City IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City Norte Sur Oriental City City

Figure 2. Household Food Expenses per Month.

Household Clothing Expenses per Month
With an overall mean of Php 1,009.71, Table 3 shows that majority of the households in
Region XI do not spend much on clothing on a monthly basis although households from the private
cluster of the Division of Davao City have an allocation of as high as Php 1,587.30 for clothing. On
the contrary, households in the public school cluster from the Division of Davao del Sur have the
lowest mean budget for clothing at Php 480.54.

27
 1587.30
1600.00
1389.10 1373.90 1381.60
1400.00 1262.80
1206.40 1227.35
1200.00 1081.20
1025.70 1043.60
1008.20 1005.40 1009.71
921.25
1000.00 891.14
792.07
800.00 702.56 653.91
612.17
548.02
600.00 480.54

400.00

200.00

0.00
Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public
Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private
Regional
ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del Norte del Sur Oriental City City City

Figure 3. Household Clothing Expenses per Month.

6000.00
5101.00
5000.00
4461.00

4000.00 3643.00 3401.00 3383.00

3472.33
3364.00 3301.00

2751.00 2853.00 2793.00

3000.00 2592.00 2618.00
2403.00
2119.00 2196.00 2113.67
2000.00 1605.00 1572.00 1649.00
1262.00

1000.00

0.00
Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public
Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private
Regional

ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del Norte del Sur Oriental City City City

Figure 4. Household Utility Expenses per Month.

28
Household Utility Expenses per Month
Figure 4 reveals that in terms of other immediate household expenses for power, water,
cable and other expenses, majority of the respondents from the private schools cluster have the
higher budget allocations with a mean of Php 3,472.33, which is higher by over a thousand
compared to the public schools cluster. The regional mean is pegged at Php 2,793.00.
Tuition and Miscellaneous Expenses per Month
Figure 5 shows that households whose children study in private schools have to allocate a
steeper budget for their children’s education. Obviously, households or parents from Davao City
have to have a monthly allocation of around Php 3,845.00 for tuition and other school fees. The
average tuition and miscellaneous expenses per month for the entire region is Php 1,923.00. The
private school cluster has higher tuition and miscellaneous budget at an average of Php 2,679.89
per month compared to public schools which are assumed to be free, yet the household spend Php
1,167.89 per month for tuition and miscellaneous expenses.

3845.00
4000.00
3500.00 3100.00 3156.00
2858.00 2901.00
3000.00 2679.89
2500.00
2250.00
2500.00
1923.89
1773.00 1736.00
2000.00
1405.00
1500.00 945.00 1167.00 1260.00 1241.00 1283.00 1293.00 1167.89
917.00 1000.00
1000.00
500.00
0.00
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Regional

ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del Norte del Sur Oriental City City City

Figure 5. Tuition and Miscellaneous Expenses per Month.

School Uniform per Year
As shown in Figure 6, there is a disparity of expenses for school uniforms by divisions and
by cluster. However, majority of those from the private cluster spend much for their children’s
school uniform by spending about Php 1,909.44 compared to public at Php 1,334.78 on a yearly
basis. Surprisingly though, the data from the Divisions of Davao del Sur and IGACOS, which show
that households from the public school cluster spend a little higher on school uniform than those
from the private cluster. Region XI’s expenditures in uniform is at Php 1,622.11 per year.

29
 2461.00 2469.00
2500.00
2001.00 2051.00 2032.00
1887.00 1909.44
2000.00 1789.00 1751.00
1622.11
1465.00 1532.00
1436.00 1407.00
1500.00 1219.00 1338.00 1334.78
1158.00
1145.00 1126.00
931.00
1000.00

500.00

0.00
Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private
Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Regional
ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del del Sur Oriental City City City
Norte

Figure 6. School Uniform Cost per Year.

School Supplies Expenses per Year
Figure 7 shows the mean on school supplies expenses per year. Among the divisions and
clusters, the households from Davao City spend a little higher for school supplies at a mean of
Php 1,903.00. The regional mean for school supplies expenses per year is Php 1,203.83.

1903.00
2000.00
1800.00 1662.00
1536.00
1600.00 1432.00 1458.00 1401.00
1314.11
1400.00 1211.00 1185.00 1093.56 1203.83
1157.00 1133.00
1200.00 1077.00 1084.00
1001.00 996.00
858.00 899.00
875.00
1000.00 801.00
800.00
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Regional

ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del del Sur Oriental City City City
Norte

Figure 7. School Supplies Expenses per Year.

30
Student Projects Expenses per Month
On a monthly basis, Figure 8 reveals the degree of variation of expenses on student
projects. At a regional perspective, the mean is at a meager amount of Php 67.00 with the private
school cluster at Php 72.00 and Php 61.00 for the public. Households from Davao del Norte
Division belonging to the private cluster have more expenditure on student projects.

90 84.14
80.25 77.576.27
76.86 74.8
80 71.33 72
64.36 65.47 66.08 66.63
64.13 65.47 67
70 63.46 61.33 61
60 49.41 52.66
50 42.44
40
30
20
10
0
Public

Private

Public

Private

Public

Private

Public

Private

Public

Private

Public

Private

Public

Private

Public

Private

Public

Private

Public

Private

Regional
ComVal Davao Davao del Davao del Davao Digos City IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City Norte Sur Oriental City City

Figure 8. Student Project Expenses per Month.

Student Homework per Month
Figure 9 reveals the following: public cluster households from the Division of Digos City
have the highest mean spending for homework at Php 63.36, while most households from the
private cluster have higher allocations at Php 49.00. Few like Panabo and Tagum have mean
higher than their counterparts. Most households from the public school cluster have a meager
spending on their children’s homeworks at Php 42. The regional mean for student homework
expenditures is Php46.00 per month.
Student Field Trip and Camping Expenses per Year
As shown in Figure 10, majority of the respondents from the private schools cluster in most
divisions spend much for student field trips and camping expenses like those coming from the
Divisions of Tagum City, Davao del Sur, Compostela Valley, Panabo City, and Davao City. The
regional mean is Php 231.15 per year in the public schools cluster at Php 213.82 and Php 248.48
in the private schools.

31
70 62.44 63.36
59.55
60
50.35 50.5 49
48.33 48.2548.56
50 45.45 45.85 44.58 46
41.63 40.93 42
39.28 37.41
40 35.25
30.27 30.56
30

20

10

0
Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public
Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private
Regional
ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del Norte del Sur Oriental City City City

Figure 9. Student Homework Expenses per Month.

350.00
300.46
296.53 300.50
287.96
300.00
256.37 256.93 248.48
236.14 231.15
250.00 227.01
208.02 205.07 213.82
193.55 200.40 200.38
200.00
166.99 175.35
160.15
150.00 131.80 121.49

100.00

50.00

0.00
Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public
Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private
Regional

ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del del Sur Oriental City City City
Norte

Figure 10. Student Field Trip and Camping Expenses per Year.

32
Expenses on Students’ Other Contributions per Year
Figure 11 shows that the respondents from private schools cluster are paying for more
school contribution of their children than those in the public schools cluster although the public
schools cluster of the Division of Digos City spend almost the same amount with that of the private
schools cluster of the Division of Davao City. The regional mean is at a meager amount of
Php164.59 per year; mean for public is Php154.92 and Php174.26 for the private cluster.

250.00
215.50 213.37
190.03 195.45 189.70
188.04
200.00 175.45
171.86 165.40 167.08 174.26164.59
154.92
137.88 136.90
150.00 131.63 134.94 134.09 138.37
108.89 103.50
100.00

50.00

0.00
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Regional
ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del Norte del Sur Oriental City City City

Figure 11. Expenses for Other Contributions per Year.

Student Food Expense per Day

As revealed in Figure 12, the mean for student food expenses per day is Php 31.80 for the
public school cluster and Php 42.20 for the private school cluster. Between the two clusters though,
it is Davao City private school cluster that topped, followed closely by IGACOS at a mean of
Php 54.13 and Digos City came next. Except for a private school cluster in Tagum City Division,
the rest of the private school clusters outranked their public school counterparts. Regional mean for
food expense is at Php 37.00 per day.

33
 60.0 55.40 54.13
51.06
50.0 44.52 42.68 42.2
40.31
37.73 37.00
40.0 35.43 35.3
33.0 32.9 32.23 31.8
29.79
27.65 26.54
30.0 24.37
18.4 19.94
20.0

10.0

0.0
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Regional
ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del Norte del Sur Oriental City City City

.Figure 12. Student Food Expenses per Day.

Student Transportation per Day
In terms of the daily transportation expense incurred by students, Table 13 shows that
households in the private school cluster of the seven divisions outranked their public school
counterparts, the Divisions of Davao City, Davao del Sur, and IGACOS showing a higher spending
on transportation. The regional mean for transportation expense is Php 24.33; Php29.20 per day
for the private school cluster and Php19.40 for the public schools.

43
45.00
40.00 35.76 34.79
35.00
30.09 29.79 29.2
30.00 27.21
24.33
25.00 21.46 21.29 21.15
19.56 19.4
17.1816.04 18.23 17.39
20.00 16.39 16.54
13.64 12.51
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private
Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Regional

ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del Norte del Sur Oriental City City City

Figure 13. Student Transportation Expenses per Day.

34
Student Cash Allowance per Day
Figure 14 shows the daily cash allowance, which respondents allocated for their children.
The private school parents from IGACOS have the highest allocation at a mean of Php 53.00,
followed closely by Tagum City and Davao City Php 49.79 and Php P48.10, respectively. Majority
of the households from the private schools cluster outrank the public schools cluster. Only the
public schools of the Division of Digos City outrank its counterpart. Regional mean for student cash
allowance is at Php 32.77; Php 40.30 per day for the private schools cluster and Php 25.30 for the
public schools.

60.00 53.00
48.10 49.79
50.00 44.61
40.03 39.82 38.21 40.3
40.00 29.9628.95 32.77
28.05 28.46
23.02 25.3
30.00 19.8820.72 20.56
18.42
13.45 15.14
20.00
10.00
0.00

Regional
Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public

Public
Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private

Private
ComVal Davao Davao Davao Davao Digos IGACOS Panabo Tagum Mean
City del Norte del Sur Oriental City City City

Figure 14. Student Cash Allowance per Day

Income and the Household Expenditures Clustered According to Public and Private Schools
Table 1 shows that the respondents who send their children to private schools have higher
income of Php 13,906.91 compared to the Php 8,444.86 income of respondents who send their
children to the public school. Those in the private schools also entail higher expenses for basic
needs compared to those in the public. Similar data in the Table 2 show that those in the private
schools have higher educational expenses compared to those in the public schools.
Table 3 shows a comparison of household monthly income and household monthly
expenses. The data show that households who send their children to public academic institutions
have lower income and are even deficit by Php 77.44 while those households who send their
children to private academic institutions have savings of Php 2,000.00 per month. However, we
must note that the computation for educational expenses in this study only refers to children
enrolled in Grades 7 or 8 with the exclusion of other children enrolled in lower grades.
Table 1. Monthly Income and the Household Expenditures Clustered According to Public
and Private Schools (Values in Philippine Peso).
Classification Income Food Clothing Utility Total

Public School 8,444.86 3,480.09 792.07 2,113.67 6,385.83

Private School 13,906.91 4,229.69 1,227.35 3,472.33 8,929.37

35
Table 2. Monthly Educational Expenses Clustered According Public and Private Schools
(Values in Philippine Peso).
Tuition Uniform School Student Student Field Other Student Trans All Total
Supplies Project Homework Trip contr. Food

Public 1,167.89 1,334.78 109.36 61.00 42.00 21.38 15.49 318.00 194 253 2,128.61

Private 2,679.89 1,909.44 131.41 72.00 49.00 24.85 17.42 422.00 292 403 2,976.28

Table 3. Over-all Household Monthly Expenses Compared to Monthly Income per Month
(Values in Philippine Peso).
Household Basic Educational TOTAL INCOME BALANCE
Needs Expenses EXPENSES
Public 6,385.83 2,128.61 8,514.44 8,444.86 -70.44

Private 8,929.37 2,976.28 11,905.65 13,906.91 2,001.26

Percentage Allocation on Household Needs and Educational Expenditures

Figure 15 shows that the average income of the households in Region XI having one
student enrolled in either Grade 7 or 8 is pegged to Php 11,175.78 per month with an over-all
household expense of Php 11,579.86. Each household had an average deficit of Php 404.08 per
month relative to household monthly expenses.
A household expense of Php7,657.60 (67%) of its monthly income is for its basic needs
and Php3,922.26 (33%) is set aside for education. Out of the Php7,657.60 for basic needs,
Php 3,854.89 (33%) is allocated for food. It can be noted that 17% of the total household cost is
spent for education in terms of tuition and miscellaneous fees.
Estimated Household Income, Expenditures, and the Educational Expenditures in 2016

The National Statistics Office (NSO) published an inflation rate of 3.3% from December
2013 to January 2014. If the assumed monthly income is pegged to Php 11,175.78 by 2016, the
year of the full implementation of the K to 12, the inflation rate is then assumed to be 6.6% or an
increase in the total household expenditures from Php 11,230.00 to Php 12,344.09. Thus, the
household deficit rises from Php 404.00 to Php 1,168.31 per month (Figure 16). This also means
that the household basic needs expenses will increase from Php 7,657.60 to Php 8,162.96; there
will also be an increment in the total educational expenses from Php 3,922.26 to Php 4,181.13.

36
 Other Student
Contributions, Transportation,
13.72 486.00
Field Trip, 19.25 (4%)
Student Food,
Student Homework, 444.00
46.00 (4%)
Student Project, Student Allowance,
67.00
School Supplies, 655.40
132.00 (6%) Household Food
(1%) Expense, 3,854.89
Uniform, 135.00 Tuition and Misc (33%)
(1%) Fees, 1,923.89
(17%)

HOUSEHOLD INCOME Household Clothing

Php 11,175.78 Expense, 1,009.71
Utility Expense, (9%)
Household Basic Needs Expenses 2,793.00
Php 7,657.60 (67%) (24%)
Total Educational Expense
3,922.26 (33%)

OVER-ALL HOUSEHOLD
EXPENSES
Php 11,579.86

REMAINING BALANCE
Php -404.08 Values in Philippine
Peso

Figure 15. Household Income, Expenditures, and the Educational Expenditures (Region XI).

37
 Other Contributions, Student Transportation,
13.72 to 14.63 486.00
Field Trip, 19.25 to
20.52 to 518.07
Student Homework, Student Food, 444.00
46.00 to 49.04 to 473.30
Student Project, 67.00
to 71.72 Student Allowance,
School Supplies, 655.40 to 698.66 Household Food
132.00 to 140.71 Expense,
Uniform, 135.00 3,854.89 to
to 143.91 4, 109.31
Tuition and Misc Fees,
1,923.89 to 2050.87

Household Clothing
Utility Expense, Expense,
2,793.00 1,009.71 to 1,076.35
HOUSEHOLD INCOME to
Php 11,175.78 2,977.34
Household Basic Needs Expenses
Php 7,657.60 to Php 8162.96
Total Educational Expense
Php3,922.26 to Php 4181.13
OVER-ALL HOUSEHOLD
EXPENSES
Php 12,344.09
REMAINING BALANCE
Php -1,168.31 Values in Philippine
Peso

Figure 16. Estimated Household Income, Expenditures, and the Educational Expenditures in 2016.

Projected Over-All Tuition, Miscellaneous, and Other Fees in Private School for Senior High School
Based on the estimates of private schools, Figure 17 shows that the annual average over-
all cost (tuition, miscellaneous, and other fees) for Grade 11 in Davao Region is Php 20,725.72
while Grade 12 is Php 21,156.27. Exclusive of miscellaneous and other fees, Figure 18 shows that
the annual tuition fee is projected at Php 16,851.97 for Grade 11 and Php 17,329.82 for Grade 12
annually.
This estimate is based on the current fees the schools collected from students, others
projected a 5%-10% tuition fee increase. Some based their fees on the estimated government
support like the voucher system and Education Service Contracting (ESC).

38
 Panabo Tagum Digos Davao Davao Davao Davao
Comval
City City Mati IGACOS City Oriental Sur Norte City Overall

Grade 11 14,788.06 14,416.84 28,276.75 7,750.00 42,695 20,250 15,172.43 15,673.33 31,892.45 16,342.33 20,725.72

Grade 12 16,988.06 14,274.04 31,559.75 7,750.00 44,495 17,216.67 17,005 14,746.00 29,851.12 17,677.04 21,156.27

Figure 17. Projected Over-all Tuition, Miscellaneous, and other Fees for SHS (Private)

50000.00

40000.00

30000.00

20000.00

10000.00

0.00
Grade 11
Grade 12
Groups TAGUM PANABO MATI IGACOS DIGOS Davao Davao Davao Davao ComVal Region
Oriental Sur Norte City
Grade 11 7787.75 11302.12 19395.00 6150.00 30000.00 12433.33 7464.90 9815.43 19950.84 44220.28 16851.97
Grade 12 8055.02 9865.72 22395.00 6150.00 30000.00 14100.00 8652.14 9191.33 20217.91 44671.05 17329.82

Figure 18. Projected Tuition for Senior High School (Private).

39
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