Chapter I QA

PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS ' 1.1

SISE Ctassification of Numbers

Ctassify the fottowing into the appropriate category (Naturat, Whole, Integer, Rationat, Reat,
Complex)
.2
a) 'vG dl23 ' l-5
d) 3r

i
ru rn ed
e) 12.712368 1) 27.43 6t "7 h)2+3i

I - 2814 j)o k) 4i - 5 v[3 0 0.0011

Find the vatue of the fotlowing:

a)f b) t' c) i82 d) (2+3 i) (2 - 3i)
Convert as directed:

a) s
f into an improper f raction b) 4.333........ into an improper fraction

c) $ into a mixed fraction d) 0.686868........ into a proper fraction

State True / Fatse / Cannot be Determined

a) Even + Odd + Odd = Even
b) Even x Odd x Even x Odd = Even
c) (Even + Odd) x (Even + Odd) = Even
d) Positive + Positive + Negative = Positive
e) Positive x Positive x Negative x Negative = Positive
f) (Positive x Positive) + (Negative x Negative) - Negative = Positive
g) ALt fractions can be written as mixed fractions
h) Att recurring decimats can be written in a rationat {ormat

5
*Ctassify the following:

a), 125
3t l^'
"t
1.3165
77.4 c)
54
L7 d)+
e) t/a I) ,/ 6 g - t-6 h) -/6

23
 nz

zv-LT+zLxgl (p

T _ z + t, _ v + I _ oT + 07, + 0, + 08 (c
8'0 x 9.2 _ (9.2+v.t, : oot _ 0oz) (q

0't - (oz to 9'v 0t (e

- TT) +
aaajLll raqlo aLll rxoll ]lnsaj luala]llp p splot^ suotssaldxa Burruollol eql lo qlrqM .tI

Zxtr'a + 9 + &0ltt) (p 9O'0 + (4 x 9OO.O + q x t00.0) (J

Q-r+L) - ((8 x 9'z) +29)+v.zr.(q 9.? + (r _ z)xa.g + tLT (e

asuorssaJdxa Burmo1lo1 eqt Jo anle^ aqt st 1BLIM -ZI

olnu Svhoosn oql

TO9 '66V '.TOt ',IOZ '.66T, 'TOl:eutud are srequlnu Burivrollol eql 'Tt
Jo q3rq^ )3sLl3+

#'&'+'+,+,+,+ :;ep:o Burpua:se ur Burmolo] aql aBuerlvx

OI

Ny' OI lenbe Jo ueql ,

ssq requnu eu;.rd ilue slqts!^lp s! N ,! Ijoql ueo ouo .eupd ,; p ,--q*n, e ,! lraqJ ol
^q
iN - i(I+ N) = iN x N lpqi anll st lt ,N JaquJnu riue rol 1eq1 rvroq5 6

662 (p Ltr, O 19 (q tL e
:lou Jo oultld are sJaqunu Burrnollol aq1 raqlaqm Ilr1uap1
8
(i9 x r) + (i9 x t) (p itxiax ir x io (l
i9+ i? + it (Q 17, 1e
:Burmo11o,t aq+ ]o onle^ allt purl L
ELN €92 (] lEZ 6ZZ
t9t tLz 6tz fiz \'
tz nt (p 6 6I
s € (3
L nt
01
TI *ro 9t
€T
nt
II (e

:suor]asJl 1o stred Burmollo1 oql uoamlaq ur suBrs > _to ,4 '9

= 1.1s5u,

ii'r"I$|6
 chapter QA
PROPERTIES OF N UI.4BERS 1.1

iulatch the following expresslons with their approximate vatues:

Exirression Value
t ,60.88 +7+ 4.!- -0.9 -()
q9\2 a 1.0

2 L77+(31+4x2)+? b 3.0
3 0.25 xT99 +499 + L6.39 + 8.tq c 7.4
4 d 1.8
7.17- 35.78 + 1+ 0.8
5 (2.1699 + 3.8298) x (0.46s - 0.161) e 1.5

-te order of priofity lor basic mathemdticd,l operutions is VBODMAS, where:

, .'inculum or bar)
these need to be sotved before anything etse
3 3r-acket)
: 3f) indicates a muttiplication of higher priority
- JrVrSrOn)
if only division and multiplication remain, we go left to right
w ! uLtiptication)
: idd ition)
if only addition and subtraction remain, we go teft to right
S Su btraction)
tess - rood mnemonic for rememberin6j this order: VBODMAS : Very Bored Of Doing Maths At Schoot!)

*Compute the foltowing:

i) x2- 4.41 + 2.1

3.53 + '1.6
iD 10x(9+8of 7+6 -5x(4x3+2-L))

-re Real Number Line

:: Lrs define: lxl as the absoLute vaLue ol x (or the modulus of x)

=n ir 1 1

Ptot the foltowing points on the given Number Line

a) 3.14 b)* c) l-51 d) ,/G

e) - 3.2 f) 0.33

State True/Fatse/Cannot Be Determined:

a) There are 20 integer vaLues of x such that lxl < 10
b) If lx + yl < 10 then lxyl < 100
 ChaPter QA
PROPFRTTFS OF NIIMBFRS 1.1

1-4. l4atch the fottowing expressions with their approximate vaLues

Expression Value
1 t6a.88 +7 + 4.L-(49-Qs9)' a 1.0

2 777 + (31+ 4xzl +2 b 3.0

3 0.25 xT99ia99 + 16.39 + 8.19 c t.4
4 d 1.8
z.tl-Jg*za+t+o.a
5 (2.1699 + 3.8298) x (0.46s - 0.161) e 1.5

The order ol priority for basic ma,themd]tico,l operg;tions is VBODMAS, where:

. . . oar)
V (Vincutum or 'l
) these need to be solved before anything else
B (Bracket) J

O (0f) - indicates a muitipticat;on of higher priority

D (Division) 'l
) if only division and multiplication remain, we go left to right
M (M ttiplication)
u l
A (Addition)
S (Subtraction)
] if onty addition and subtraction remain, we go left to right
J
(A good mnemonic for remembering this order: VBODMAS = Very Bored Ol Doing Maths At Schootl)

t5 "Compute the fotlowing:

i) 3.53 + L.6 x 2- 4.4I+2.L
ii) 1-0x(9+8of i+6 -5x(4,3+2-1))
The Reat Number Line
Let us define: lxl as the dbsolute value of x (or the modulus of x)

t-{'3"2 , 1 ?3' 5

'1-6 Ptot the fottowing points on the given Number Line

a)3.14 * b) c) l-51 d) v/to

e)-3.2 0 o.-

17 State True/False/Can not Be Determined:

a) There are 20 integer values of x such that lxl s 10
b) If lx + yl < 1-0 then lxyl < 100

25
 9Z

I
ppo sr (d +, (r + b) (b + d) (? a^rlrsod sr (r -d) (r- b) (d - b) (g
' ua^a sr (d +r) Q + b) (b + d) (7 anrleflau sr (d -.r) (r + b) (b + d) (I
aonrl aq
lsnu 8utmol1o; oqi lo qortl4 'aarirsod pue ppo aJe ]eql 'slsBalut lcullslp aq J pue b'd lel v

. 03t su (, sL? su (g 009 su (z 862 su (I

asduels 00I Altoexa BurAnq Aq panarqce
aq louueJ slelo+ Burmollo+ aLlt lo qetqM 4 su puB tsu 'tr su lo sdulEls spq a3uJo lsod aq1 t
8L: T.6 (V t8:9L (?. AL:91 (a t8:28(T
:aq plnoo'ltE+ oLlM osoql o1 ssed oqan
aldoad aql ,to orteJ eql'OOZ ueql ssal Jaqurnu eurud e sr tsel e Burlum eldoad 1o Jaqtlnu aql a

I + iTT (N T_ iV/{1 (Z iTT, X TT (I

iTT )o
G00
a(ioT x 0I)' + (i? x ?) + (it x g) + 9
(iZ x Z) + iI lo anle^ aql aq plnoo ieqM'T < u;aEalur rol u x "'x t x t x Z x tr = iu la-l 'T

sratualeqg
$ - \$+\ 1 = \rrxu
<=-+
44)
eu}4srtt
lxl < l^l uaql 'lII > x uaqM (q OOI > lI + xl uaq] 0T > (Axl 11 1e
:paurtrJalao aE touue3/aslel/arrf alets + gI
oe\ t1
-i=\- ''bub=\

sulE r{n N ==,,,*o

ltndeIV3 @
 Chapter QA
PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS 1.1

M PRACTICE EXERCISE
DIRE0TI0NS lor question 7: Choose the correct o,lternative,

1. SM(X1, X2, X3.... Xn) means X1 + X2 + X3.... + Xn

f

(x.+x2+x3...+x,)
AVG(X1, X). Xr. . X.) means - n

X, X-) \tt7+ : + : ..... :

DN(X", X" n' means .:
Xr X: X: X.

Find the vatue of AVG(DN(1, 1), SM(1, 2), DN(2, 2), SM(2,3))

r)4
1,7 -. 11, .,7 4)iA
') 17
DIRECTIONS Ior questions 2 to 5: Reler to the datd below dnd dnswer the questions that lollow.

For two numbers 'a' and 'b',

P(a, b) =a-b; Q(a, b)=xx [;
R(a, b) =a+b; S(a, b)=a+ b.
Given a = t,b=2,c=3.

2 The value of P(a, Q(b, R(b, c))) is:

1)>0 2)<0 3)1 4)0
Sotve: P(Q(R(c, a), S(a, b)), S(Q(a, c), P(c, a))).
t)2 2)-4 3)4 4)3

4 Sotve: R(Q(S(x, y), P(x, y)), P(Q(3, s(x, y)), s(x, y))).

3)+ x-v
1)o Z)xy 4)-2-
5. Which vatue is the greatest?
I. S(P(x, y), P(x, y)) II. Q(S(x, y), R(x, y)) III. P(S(x, y), Q(x, y))
1)I 2) II
3) rrr 4) Cannot be determined

DIRECTIONS Ior questions 6 to 75: Choose the correct d,lterndtive,

6 that the 1't digit of the number is an

lYr. X forgot his tetephone number. Att he remembers is
even prime number and the rest of the telephone number is square of a particular number.
Now this number (which is to be squared) comprises of the first four natural numbers in
ascending order. What is the telephone number of Mr. X?

D 3rs22756 2) 2:-567 432 3) 2t730400 4) 21522756

27
 8Z

(uollsenb M rsed)
e(n e(r o(z t.(t
:st q Jo anlP^ aq] uaq] ,00€ < q33
puE qll = z(qe) ]I 'uials^s raquinu lEuLp lensn aql Japun pau!,rep olp qloE .,qcf,, joqurnu
llBlp aorqi e pue,qE, raqunu irBtp oml E Eutulo1 sloBalut ]uasardal J,q,e slaqeqdle alll VT

(uolFenb tVf, lsEd)

0T (n e(r v(z
r(T
lpua lcnpord aq llt^ soJaz a^llnoasuof, {ueut rvroq qilg .S }o s}uaualo lle
AldrllnN 00I ueql ssal pue Z o1 lEnba Jo ueq] rolEa.tB sJaqtxnu atlrjd
1o ias aql aq S lal II
(uorlsonb M rsEd)
069T (t ovnT G ovs (e 09or (r
;1cnpo-rd pasear3ul stq] sr leqM.0?9 paseorcap seq lcnpo.rd oq] Ieqt spull puE
'lJnpojd stql ut g9 lo pEaisut gt sasn aqs 1nq ^q
laqlaBo1 sJaqulnu 7 Aldrlnu o+ seq pqstuph ,ZI

(uollsanb M lsEd)
zz'L'sa (v T9 9 .sU (t Tr.9 .su (z tz.t .su (T

;pueq a1qrBe11rur uauum ale ro alqtsr^ lou are

,+so3
;, 1o e:e1d ur slrBp o,rnl alaqm uaq q3ea saop ]eLlM usql lsoo suaq ZZ .TT
-4.96 -.sU
8(? L(t 6Q 0(r
'rxtrl ualluM
l!8lp p,t88z aq] pull rapJo ur Jaded e uo o00I o] tr ulor] sJaqu.lnu aql lle sa rM
^q urqles .0I

pouruJJalap aq touuef, (? r(r 66

zp+Le '' ze
Z
+le
(I

'g + V ]o enle^ sqi pull .g oi 1 ruo:tr srafalur lcurlsrp are ,ze,

pue ,re, 'os1e pue t ]o saldrllnuL a:e .ze, pue ,re, araq,rn ,...zezeze.O = g pue ...ierere.g = y 6

8(' L(E e(z s(r

lo loqunu aloqm seq Beq qcea Jt alnbal lltM
esaadnr
aq sleq,to iaqulnu unulruLu aql st leqM.uoqt urorl lunoue aqt 1no Bur1e1 lnoqlrivr sBeq
asaq] ]o .raquJnu urepec SurrrrB lunolue radold aq1 a^tB ue, all ,g6tr.s5 pue T.sU uaa^ l
-aq lunoule roJ )ise ue! auo^q
leql os sBeq ;o Jaqulnu e oiur 00I.sU apt^tp o] slue^ lruv
^up
666 (y 68 686 (t 6 666 (Z 066 (r
LVt O-i'.O + 00tr x t9 0+ 9t'0 ]o anle^ all] sl leqM
'1eLllou 1da1 Bureq sluretlsuoc pue suollpJado laqlo
uorle3rldrtlnht (r) uotst^to (t)
uorl3p.rlqns (z) uot]lppv (I)
:,{1uor.rd 1o rapro 3utno11o1 aq1 ur suorlelado le3t}elxaq}eu ullo,tJed
L

i,i',X1i|16
 Chapter QA
PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS 1.1

15 x, y and z are three positive integers such that x > y > z. Which of the fottowing is closest
to the product xyz? ,

1) (x - 1)yz 2) x(y - 1)z 3) xy(z - 1) 4) x(y + 1)z

(Pa6t CAT question)

DIRECILONS |or questions 78 to 20: Choose the correct alterndtive.

LO Let x < 0.50, O < y < 1, z > 1. Given a set of numbers, the middte number, when they are
arranged in ascending ordet is calted the median. So the median of the numbers x, y, and
z woutd be:
1) tess than one 2) between 0 and 1
3) greater than 1 4) cannot say
(Past CAT question)

17. Given odd positive integers x, y and z which of the following is not necessarity true?
,!) xzyzz2 is odd 2) 3(x2 + y3)22 is even.
3) 5x + y + za is odd 4) z2(xa + y4172 is even
(Past CAT question)

18. Let x < 0,0 < y < 1, z > 1. Which of the following may be fatse?
1) (x2 - z2) has to be positive. 2) yz has to be positive.
3) xy can never be zero. q (y2 - z2) is atways negative.
(Past CAT question)

1"e. rhe vatue ot * j5*$ *.j,

]ti""i-t- i.-
!-t 2)L 3)0 4)i

20a. How many three-digit numbers are divisibte by 7?

D r27 2) !28 3) 1"29 4) L42

20b. How many numbers between 400 and 800 are divisibte by 6?
D 1,32 2) 66 3) 67 4) 133

29
 0t

.(tr8 sr slrBrp
aq] lo Luns) 6 alqrsl^lp sl (saujtl tg)_________-__--___fffr
^q
6Iq elqrsrrrp s! (9t stlBlp lo wns) 6Z^6ZL
eldruExf,
'6 [q alqrsnrp sl sll81p s]! Jo uns aqt uaq/v\,6
alqtsl^tp sr lequnu V L
.g ^q
[q alqrsrntp pu st ZV9 sE g alqtsj^tp lou sl
ZVI6ZIOO:iT:-
g [q alqrstnrp sr ^q
824 se g a]qlst^tp sl gzLgtg
^q
apduex3

s, slBrp pueq ]q8!r aaJqr lseraL{}

^q
,"'fffftff,""liHX"Jl;""']il,fir,ff1:iT,; 9

'9 Iq alqrsl^tp st +t oroloraql ,t

sp
.9
lle^ se Z ,(q alqrsrrrp sl ZT,\ZT
ejqtst^rp st ^q
lou tl arolaraqt .Z
lou tnq g alqtst^tp st tZT
^q ^q ^q
.g ,{q se
11an sE Z alqrsr^lp st lr uaq* .9 {q alqrsrnrp ,,
^q ;:::; I
'0 st .lo 9,{q elqrstarp sl i!B!p s,tlun s}t
uar]M,9 Iq alqtsl^tp sr raqulnu V
n
(? Iq alqrsr^rp tou ar''zo,.a.r sll'lp pupq
lqFu oa4 tsel oql sE) ? Aq alqrsr^rp iou sr z06T
'(00 are slt8tp oM] lsel oql sp) ? g66i
^q "1q,r,n,p.,
oldruBxf

s siBp pueq ,LrB! o*i oq

"q,;;o;;;j'j:rlTll:l:ilffi l;H:,jl,l;",;r.llJfl'l,; t
.t Aq olqtst^tp sr (9 sr slrBrp lo uns) gZtr
elduExi
.t Aq alqtst^rp sr sgtBrp s1l Jo urns aql uaqrvr,g,(q olqlst^tp st Jaqu.tnu V a
'ppo sr ]rBrp sltun aql se Aq alqrsrnrp
7 lou sr 64I
elduExJ
.0 sl Jo
Z,{q alqrsrnrp st }tBrp S}tun s}t uaqM,7 Aq elqrstnrp }t Jaqunu
V I
sloqunu rol slsal iql1qtsl^tg

slsal ureua, a^Eq aM,sraqLUnu;o,{,lqrsrnrp

^rr,qrsr^rp )3aql o_L ,n, no ,0,;,T,"0'"rX:"*,lHI }:
iaqurnu aql uaql ,ojoz st Joputptl]al aq] pue
,I, lequ-tnu laqloue Iq paplnrp st ,x, taqulnu e ueLlM
Il11qJs1ngq

^uolHl a SUOlf,VJ CNV AIIII8ISIAIC I Z'U.VO

G;i4n q-
sulShnN
llndeIV3 @
 Chapter QA
DIVIS]BILITY AND FACTORS 1.2

8. A number is divisibte by 10, when its unit's digit is 0.

9. A number is divisibte by 11, when the difference between the sum of the digits in the
ptaces and the sum of the digits in the even ptaces is 0 or a multipte of 11.
odd
H
,vote: when any number with an even number of digits is added to its reverse, the sum. is
atwaysamultipl"...9f11..'-.'....'''..i'..
10. A number is divisibte by 12, when it is divisible by 3 and 4 both.

11. A number is divisibte by 15, when it is divisibte by 3 and 5 both

Example
225 is divisibte by 3 as wett as 5 .. it is divisibte by 15
L225 is divisibte by 5 but not by 3 .. it is not divisibte by L5

l-2. A number is divisibte by L25, when the number formed by the last three right hand digits
is divisibte by 1,25 or the tast three right hand digits are zero.

Note: The resutts obtained bythe divisibilitytests are atso usefutin determiningthe value
of the remainder in a division operation
Example
34689
sum oi digits = 3+ 4+6+8+9=30
/ 30\ 34689
Remainder of I 9) = 3. Hence, remainder of
\ 9 =3

Find the value of 'x' if:

L. 59x is divisibte by 6.
2. 2O4853x9 is divisibte bY 9.
3. x557x55 is divisibte bY 11.
4. 9321,68932168x is divisibte by 1"2.

Answer Key

8',n 6',t 9'z v'r

31
 I
i

ZI

Ix0t9=gtT,xt= I x 80I= LZxoz=otg..a_l

Joqlo q3ea oi eur.Jd
^la^ll'lal
aJe qctqM s,olJel o^ t jo lrnpold sp passsrdxe ,::'il :
I = rtZ ",
= Jo ,"qrnp ...
sIeM
(u = t = stoiee; aull.rd iuala#tp lo .laqu]nu ,.a.1)
9xEtxTZ=gxLaxV=0?9=N
elduex3
eultld luelagtp Jo laqurnu aq] sl ru e]auM
r-,2 sr ieqlo qoea or aurud ,il"n,r"t") i?"tifi:i
s.rolr'lo,t ]o ,npord oql sE possardxa N ,",jrni:" qlrqM ur sAeM lo reqLunu aqr .T
"q'r;;
sropu; eugld ;noqy

'96 = gV _ nvl slolgel ua^a

= Jo uns aql
'V = i _ g slol9ej ua^a
= ]o laqunu aqI
8?=8x q= T'-L,' I-9
'v = z x z = (r + r)
n + r)=,r,"; ;.;;; J dr; fiT#;rJ"'f:ff Ji
*,.- - I-L .. T-g .. T-Z
vvtr-i-,;},fi=
01, + 9t + vI
+ otr + L + g + Z + I = srost^tp
lo uns
0L ,9€ ,vI 'oT 'L ,9 ,Z '.t t.a.l
I = z x z x Z= (T + r)(r + r)(r + 1; = srosl^lp Jo raqurnN

rLx19xrZ=OL
eldtUexf
Jaqu..lnu 3ql Jaqunu aq] Jo srolrpl lo requnu
relor = joqrunu
";'.:H::r"rT^:"r:,::ij,ifl,i:
oul 'ce x,r,"+'r^l:il!i;-3',;j1*,1t,,1"";i"l.1:j,':
:l:11i"q",
pauretqo Jaqunu p
]o sJolle+ lo laqurnu aq1 o1
l:tT#":t:r; H,lffi'li?
taqlr-tnu lenba'sr B +o sJotf,E] ppo ]o laqu.lnu eLlI

I-c T o r-p
f];' f-,-S I-;F :sr s-rosr^'p 3ql lo urns 3q1

(d + T)(u + T)(ru + T) sr,sraqlunu aluud ere

r,q.e araqm

eraqM Graslr Jequrnu aq] puu

6J'uQ *E= \;
l Burpnlcu4 N raquJnu ua^r' e
]o s,osr^rp lo raqurnu aq1
pa'e3 sr sroise+ au,d srr;o
lcnpo-rd e se (raqunu rernleu e sr oraLrM) Jaqrunu
N N :xl.tr-"il]
uollEsJtollel

sulshnN
11nde1y3 @
 Chapter QA
DIVISIBILITY AND FACIOR5 L.2

2. Can you think of the smaltest number N such that it can be expressed as a product of two
factors which are relatively prime in 8 ways?
For N to be expressed as product of two relativety prime factors in 8 ways
N = al x b* x cn x dp, where a, b, c and d are distinct prime factors and l, m, n and p are
natural nu mbers.

For N to be the teast, t = m = n = p = L and a, b, c and d shoutd be the least prime

numbers .. N = 2 x 3 x 5 x 7 = 21O.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

q : if N = 72, lhen find the number of pairs (a, b), such that a and b are the factors of N and a
x b = N having the value of 'a' less than 'b'.
A:N=72
The. factors of 72 are:
L,2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, t2, :-8,24,36 and 72
If. we form pairs (a, b), then the lowest factor when multiptied bythe highest factor witl give
72, ihe 2nd lowest factor when muttiptied by the second highest factor witt give 72 and so on.
The total number of such pairs can be given as:
lr x 72l, 12 x 361, 13 x 24l, 14 x 181, b x r2l, [8 x 9] i.e. a totat of 6 pairs

Note: To find the number of such pairs such that a x b = N

l-. For numbers with odd number of factors

(Totat number of factors + 1.)
Total number of pairs where 3 >< [ = \ = 2
2- For numbers with even number oi factors
(Total umber of factors
2

Q: If N = 72, then find the number of pairs (a,b) for N such that a and b are
the factors of N and are co-prime to each other.
A: The numbers that have no common factor other than L are co-prime to one another
Totat number of factors o1 1= (3+1) x (2+1) = 4x3=L2
1. Al[ factors witt be co-prime with 1.
2. Powers of 2 witt be co-prime with powers of 3.
To find the number of pairs as in (1) above,
With 1we have 1L pairs of factors that are co-prime with each other
To find the number of pairs as in (2) above,
Powers of 2 (that are Iactors of 72) = 2t,22 and 23 i.e. a total of 3 factors

33
 ne

t. 54 2.437

rlay lervrsuy
69 x ,L x 612 ]o sJo]f,e] aulld-uou lto laqunu aql pull .Z
.0zgg .I
lo slo]3e,r. +o lequJnu aql putj

elgpltli8

'uorssasf,ns ut paijl aq plnoqs slaqulnu aullJd or]] ,luapt^a lou alp stost^rp uaqM
ttrx9xet,xzZ=
EI x t xZx t xt x9xa =tT x 9 x 6 x 0I = oZOL,snq1
CT

9
aoL 6
oa1 L OI
'ault.ld st tI luatlonb aql .9 lol lprll luatlonb
lxau aql pue '6 loJ lsal aql sausllPs tuatlonb lsrg aqt :OI alqrst^tp Alsnot^qo st laquJnu oqI : V
^q .020/ eztJolcel :
0

LT,= g + trI aq ll!/vl slled otutjd_o3 ]o laqutnu lelol aql ,lle uI

t6 '81 'ts '81 '16'nl ltE 'rl 't6 'Zl'lE'zl'a'l g = Z x E = sred otqrssod +o raqunu aql os
S.roilel Z lo letol e .o.t zt pue $ = (ZL ]o sjolle] srB leqt) t
lo sjeMod

6t-EFi
sulShnN i

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I

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a
 chapter QA
DIVISIBILITY AND FACTORS L.2

M CLASS EXERCISE

Teaser

There are three boxes of fruit. The first box contains just Apptes, second contain just Oranges and
the third box contains a mixture of both. Each box is labelted - one says "Apptes", the second
says "Oranges", and the tast says "Apptes & Oranges." But it is known that none of the boxes
are tabelted correctty.

The task is to tabet each of the boxes correctly. However you are only allowed to pick one box
and exactty one piece of fruit from that box will be shown to you. What witl be your strategy?

ApplEs& oranEej ,4pp les OrEnC€s

35

I
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0zz uet sr{ein Aueui.,r,rJq u1 tT

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't00t oz olsej ,ll

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+

re(? w(e 9LG o8(r

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ijaqunu lltM 1eq171
.[1anr1:adsat
7 pue
tr are pauteiqo slapuretl.Jal oql ,, pue
rz
Aq ?,t raqu.lnu e ]o uotsr^tp oql .rauv 6
^la^tsso33ns
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+I
97 Aq elqrsrnrp aq lsnru arenbs sll uaql 9 olqrsr^rp sr raqLunu e;; .rr
. VZ Aq oiqlsr^rp aq lsnu y uaql 8 pup t rltoq Aq
^q alqrsrnrp ,, ,"qrnu :,,
11
?Z Iq alqtst^tp aq ]snt! lt uaql 9 pue 3 qloq Aq alqtst^tp sr ,"q,-rn, " :,
" 11
:aslel .lo anll olels 8

eZ9 L (^l 99rr (!!! v6s (| 98rr (!

LIT pue 6'[ Aq alqtsr^tp ete Bulmo11ol aql ]o q3lqM + L

8vb 8r(r nz(. %O

e l.o lcnpo.rd aql aq louuE, .q pue
Burn^o1]o1 aql Jo qcrqM ,?Z Aq alqrsr^rp sl qeg9t6 raqunu aq]
+I 9

i99 Aq papr^tp aq VZ6O66 ue) I

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Aq alqrst^lp slerrle sr sJaqujnu lelnleu. a^jtn3asuo3 aaJql
1o icnpotd aq1

:asleJ ro anJl alPls v

ay7 {q alqrsrnrp ZtvggLg6l sI C

Ou" r.,"Ornu +o JrEd o.lt lralas aM uec slean Aueu anoq ut ,6 alqlst^tpXi#rl:?":;
" (q

aq pue e jo uns aql st lEqM ,6 ^q [q alqtsrnrp sl IrOq6ZBt ]I (e

.Z

'x +o anlE^ aq} atreinllel .IT Iq alqrsr^rp s! t6xt9ll, JI

.T

uoll€zlrolrPJ'slsat &!!!qls!^!o

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 Chapter QA
DIVISIBILITY AND FACTORS 1.2

a4. How many factors of 720 are muttiples of 4?

15. How many factors of 720 are muttiples of 6?

L6. How many factors of 720 are divisibte by 1-0?

17. Catculate the number of factors, the number of even and odd factols and the sum of odd
and even factors of the fottowing numbers:
i) 400 iD 888 iiD 3oo3o

18. How many factors of 20736 have exactly three factors?

f9. How many factors of 20736 have odd number factors?

20. How many factors of 24000 are divisibte by 100?

2a. Find the sum of the factors of 24000.

22. How many two digits numbers exist such that they have exactly six factors?

23. Find the smaltest number (>1) and the Largest number (<n) that is retatively prime to n,
where n eq uals:
i.zL iL420 iii. 90

24. Find the smattest and targest composite numbers (<n) that are relativety prime to n, where
n equals:
i. 42 ii. 60 iii.420

37
 8t

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ZF+4C
00r (t 09 (s sr, (z 0 (r
aooog Aq papr^lp sr sg , nl , €t uaqM Jepuleual aql sl teqM 9

9(t ,(t zG r(r

LZL pue 88 qloq alq!s!^!p ale 008 pue 00? uaaMlaq sraqunu MoH n
^q ^ueru
0t,iq lou lnq sT (g
g +ou tnq g (, I PUE t qloE (t
^q 9(Z t(r
:trq alqrsrntp alE 000T ol T txoJ] siaqunu Aueul /v\oH t
arapJo Aue ul
saoraz ? pue soml 3 'sauo 3l11cexa 1o lstsuoc sltEtp asoqm alenbs lralad e aq alaql uef, Z

0oor< N (t 000?> N > 0002 (t

00oz> N > o00r (z 000tr>N>0 (T
:onJl st asaql +o LlsttlM uaql 'I sl Jepuleual aq1 4 [q paptrrtp
uaq^ ]nq z sr rapuretlar eqt ,rtr lo 08tr papt^tp uaqm leq+ qons laqunu lseal aql sl N T
^q
sraEuallurlf,

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 chapter QA
DIVISIBlLITY AND FACTORS 1.2

M PRACTICE EXERCISE

DIRECTIONS 1or questions 7 to 7: Choose the correct dlternative,

1. Find the number of factors of 3600

2. 'a'and'b'are two distinct prime numbers. Which of the following is true?

I. a2 has three positive integer factors.
II. ab has four positive integer factors.
III. a3 has four positive integer factors.
L) I and II only 2) II and III onty
3) Att of these 4) None of these

3 Let k denote the number of factors of a number n. How many numbers (n) tess than 20
n
satisfy the condition k > ,?
1)7 2)5 3)4 4)8

4 If the numbers from L000 which are exactly divisibte by 3 are written in an ascending
1to
order, which woutd be the 100th digit from the teft?
1) t 2) 3 3) 8 4) None of these

5. If 198a is a prime number, find the vatue of a.

t)t 2)? 3)7 4)e

6 Let k be a positive integer such that (k + 4) is divisibte by 7. Then the smatlest positive
integer n, greater than 2, such that k + 2n is divisibte by 7 equats -----''

L)9 2)7 3)5 4)3

(Past CAT question)

l and 200 such that

afa are
7 How many numbers (n) are there between |, $ '"0 atL

composite natural numbers?

1) 0 2)L 3)2 4)3

39
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'----- oq uE3
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^q
(uolFenb lvf, lsEd)
asaq] Jo auoN (, s^eMlp tZ [q alqrsrntp 15
s^eMle g? Iq alqrst^lp (Z s^eMle 96
alqtsr^tp (tr
sl (I --: zu)u uaql ,T ueLll ralealf taqunu ppo
^q sr u ]I 'vT
^ue
(uolFenb IV9 ls€d)
asaql lo ouoN (, 0I alqlsr^rp st u + LU (t
s zu - zw (Z
97 Aq alqrsrnrp ^q alqrsr^tp st u - Lu (I
g Aq
lan:1 [1r.tessa:au ]ou sl ButMollo+ aq] lo qJlqM 'g alqlst^tp staFelur are u puE ur jI II
(uollsanb IVf, Fed) ^q
asaql ]o auoN (f C(Z
V (t. Zft
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Gl#fETf 1i

(uoltsanb J.V3 rsed)

Oft Z(s, L(Z T(T
'g papr^rp sr laqujnu srql uaqm ropureura.t aql pul3 ...SIZII
TOT6gLggVtZT,
sp relllo qaea ^q
lo luol] ut sjequnu lpJnleu ?9 1s.rr1 BurlLm Aq pau.L.to1 sr Jaqunu .trtr
V
(uoltsonb M lsEd)
paururalap aq louuef, (? , (S , ((, 9 (I
.66 ,(q papnrp st Jaqulnu aules
aql
uaqM reputeuJel aql pull .e9 Japutpuat E sa^pal ,669 {q paprnrp uaq^ laqunu uteua3 V OI

(uollsonb M lsEd)
o[r.]ud st u (? g 1o e1dr1lnu.r ppo uB st u (t
ppo sr u (Z ua^a st u (T
+ Zxtrx
'x I-ux + Tx ux l-ux z-ux + ,x tr-rx z-ux t-ux ..... 9x sx ,x sx ,,
* ,x?;l ; l
x; l ll
'asoddns'T- lo tr ol lenba sr ? u ,7 ,ux...'.. ,zx,rx sraqutnu aLll ,to qoef 6

(uollsonb IVJ rsed)

groV(V grot(t SroT(Z t.rol (I
st 9 Aq papt^tp st 9 ueql ralearl raqtunu arur_id e uaqm pautEiqo Japuteutaj sqI 8

SUIENNN -;i-PiEi
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 Chapter QA
DIVISlBIL]TY AND FACTORS L.2

!6. For the product n(n + 1)(2n + L), n € N, which one of the fottowing is not necessarily true?
1) It is even
2) Divisibte by 3
3) Divisibte by the sum of the square of first n natural numbers
4) Never divisibte by 237
(Past cAT question)

f7. Find the number of odd factors ot 30240

18.. Find the sum of factors of 16384

a9. How many factors of 5400 are divisibte by 60?

20. Find the number of odd factors of 10!-9!

4!
 .....'_-I

zn

. 'sraFalur are q 'e atoqM Aq + xe

rol3ej e osle sr z uaql '.A, pue ,x, lo llH si ,2, ]i :aroN
,l,o

'uo os pue staqunu aalql

+o l3H aqt sa^t8 prlql 3q+ puB o/\ l aseql lo l3H aqI
J3H rlAq] pug pue uaq] lo oMl Aue esooqc uaql ua^tB ale sJoqulnu oMl ueql alou] ase3 uI
t=lf,H. 00
ZT._
v) zt (t
LL_
r) sr (zr
9I pue zT. ]o l'c'H aql pull
olduExf

.1.f,.H pa.|nbal
aLl] sr lost^rp tsPl aqf laputeulal ou st alaql
llrl uo os puE 'iaputeulej Mau aqt laputeulal ]sr!J alll apr^rp lraputeLual aql lassal
aql apr^rp :auo lassal aql Aq laqulnu ^qlaleajF aqi epr^rc .u3^t3 sle sjaqunu oM]^q asoddns
poqlour uo!s!^!p /t8 [Z

8=rZ=lCH
LxExtZ=LxtxZxZxZ=g9T
zt x na = t x t x z x z x z x e = vvl
LTxeZ=LTxZxZxa=gtT
89T, 'VyT '9tr Jo JJH puti
aldruExS

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uolteslroleEJ Io poqlau tf
^g
sraqurnu uanll aq1 Io IJH oql pulJ ol spoqlap
'9 sr 8T pue zT lo l3H aq_L
elduexS

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I
ua,rrB arou -ro oMl sapt^lp [licaltad 1eq1 ta8alur lsaB:e] aql sl (l3H) -lo]3ej uourr!03
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iiilli05rffi
 chapter , QA
HCF AND LCM ]1.3

Least common Multiple

Least common muttipte (LClvl) of two or more given numbers is the least number which is exactly
x
divislbte by each of the given numbers.
Methods to find LcM of the given numbers
1l By method of factorisation
Resotve each one of the given numbers into prime factors, then their Lclvl is the product of
highest powers oi att the factors, that occur in these numbers.
Example
oM6,
Find the LcM L44 and 168
!36=23x!7
L44=2ax32
!68=23x3x7
LCM=2ax!2x!7x7=!7136
2l Using the formula: Product of numbers = HCF x LCM
If two numbers are given, find their HCF. Their LCM is given as

^^, _
, Product of two numbers
LU''' - HCF

Example
Find the LCM of L36 and 144.
!36=23x17
!44=2ax32
HCF=8
LcM=E#4L=2448
Note: numbers are given, then find the LCM of any two of the numbers. Then, the LCM
If three
of the LcM of the two numbers and the third number gives the LCM of the thfee numbers.

conc€pf Buildet l
Find the value of 'x' if:
1". 59x is divisibte by 6.
2. 204853x9 is divisibte by 9.
3. x557x55 is divisible by 11.
4. 932t68932L68x is divisibte by L2.
Answer Key
8'n 6t 9',z n'T

43
 nn

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9q plnoqs uoritrer] aq] 'poqlalU a^oqe aql suorlrer] Jo NOt Jo l3H aql 3ulpulJ olrqM :oloN
^q
I 9Z'9I'9t '9 ]o ICH
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; i ; Jo hf,] pue l3H pulr
elduJexl

srolEuruJouac Jo l3H
sroiejaurnN lo N3l = suor]3erl lo Nf,l 'z

sroleuruouec Jo ,{f,]
oleraurnN lo IJH = suorlcBrl ]o IJH 'I
suolllEll lo l^lJ'l puB JCH

'srolspl aql lle ]o ra^ od tsaqBrLl aLl] lo pnpord aqi sl l4f,l

'srolceJ uotrJtxo3 aql Jo sJaMod lseal aLlt Jo tlnpord aq] s! l3H
'L\i'f,'l raql ]o rolsEj E st l3H aLll 'siaqurnu ua^tB lol :aloN
^luessesau ^ue
081,8 = 9 x 6 x Lx t x Z x Z = hf,l

I o
,I
,L
9t 6 L
90r 'Lz 'L s
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90r '807 Z

rol3el P se 8tr urEluo3 lsnuJ gotr ]o aldlllnul aruts'acuo ]E gI lno aluls ue3 ol
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T L

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uollesuolrel flu;sn poqleu ln, uor.ls le

S8]ENNN
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 Chapter QA
HCF AND LCI\4 1.3

Comparison of Fractions

Arrange the fractions +, i, Z, I in descending order.

Take LCM of at[ denominators.
.. LCM of 3, 4,6, I = 24
1, 2 t2 5 20 7 2t
3 24, 4 24 6 24 24
2L 20 128 7 5 2
fi, 24, 24, 24 or I , 6 ,
L
.. Descendrng order 4 3

Arrange the fottowing fractions in ascending order.

1-3 tt 895
t5' 13 L0't'J-'7
Rule: For fraction less than 1, if the difference between numerator and denominator of each of
the given fractions remains the same, then the one wlth larger numerator is larger.
... In above example difference between the numerator and denominator of a[[ these fractions is
same and equal to 2, the one with larger numerator is larger. Proceeding in simitar way:
L3LL985
llescendrng order: 15 > T3 > Li > lO > i
Ascending order:
5 8 9 \t t5
7 10 1I t3 15

H.C.F and L.C.M. of Decimal numbers

In the given numbers, make the same number of places of decimaLs by annexing zeros in some
numbers if necessary. Consider these numbers without decimal point, find HCF or LCM as the case
may be. Now, in the resutt mark off as many decimal places as there are in each of the numbers.

some Applications of [cM and HCF of Numbers

1. LCM of 2 numbers x HCF of 2 numbers = Product of 2 numbers
The above relation is true only for 2 numbers.

Exampte
The Lclvl of 2 natural numbers is 216 and their product is 15552. Find the HCF of the two
numbers.
As per definition LCl4 of 2 numbers x HCF of 2 numbers = Product of 2 numbers
216 x HCF = 15552 .'. NCF = 72

Note: LCM should always be a muLtiple of HCF or, HCF is always a factor of Lclr'l.
This retation is even true for more than 2 numbers.

45
 9n

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ilrM leql Jaqulnu [1uo sql .u0,1".,"p,.uo,
olur ua)jel Apearle are LL pue L ,g ,e ,Z +o sraMod aql .,1, sr sraqtunu
O0I ,o Nf,l aql sV
lLxlgxrE<,90tr
f.Tx Lz< vol
aLu trd <_ toI

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'00tr loueaqu,nu g ls.]g eqt ezuolf,el .sraqurnu lelnlpu g0I
lsrll aql Jo Nf,l aqt pug o1
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= lelnleu ooT Jo h3l aql .ua^t9
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lelnleu 00tr agt rstr aq_Llo t/,J3.'l

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[g'Z] pue [OI,T] are [q ,e] ]o sanle^ alqrssod aq1 ,uo[
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9 = (q + e) <= nVT = (q + e)nZ = VVT = qnz + eyz <=
?tI st sjaqu.lnu qloq lo ulns ... ,MoN
'qVZ pue e?Z se paluasaJdal aq up3 slaqunu
aq_L

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=
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rernleu z ;l:lfltjri 'I

ald(u€xf

sjaqulnu oMl
aql Jo anlE^ eql puu uel o^ sautlaulos uaq] .uMoul sr sJaqulnu
z Jo uns pue l3H aq+ tI Z

sulsNnN
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x-
 I
Concept Buitder 2
Solve the foltowing: E
)1 '7 28
L. Find the HCF of =-26,-SO,i6

2. Find the LCM of 0.1A, 0.72 and 0'324'

3. Find the HCF of the numbers 'a' and 'b' where:
a=42x53x72 5=23x$x7
The product of two numbers is 2430 and their HCF
is g What witt be their LCM?
4
The LCM of 24 and 'x' is 72 and their HCF is 12 then'
find the value of 'x''
5
the totat number of such
6 The sum of two numbers is 528 and their HCF is 33' Find
pairs of numbers Possible.
What is the maximum tength of the scale that can be used
to measure 1-68m' 350m'
7
343m and 441m exactly?
beeps after every
8 A time-bomb beeps after every 6O seconds' Another time-bomb
witt be the time at which they wilt
66 seconds. They beeped tog;ther at 6pm' What
again beep together?
9 Five betts begin to tott together. They tott at intervals of 2:.3' 4' 6 and L0 seconds
-Ho*
|,"rp""ir"fy. rrny times witt they tott together in hatf an hour exctuding the time
when they tott together at the start?

Angwer KeY

Ot '6 urdlT:g '8 UL'L n'9

09r
9tI OLZ 'V O8Z'E an'g 2
L
T

o
l-
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zzT = 0zI + a = z x 09 + z = x ...

Z = 1"a'l Z Aq L{f,-l oq} Ildt}lnu o} a^eq oM jaqrxnu ttBrp g }salleurs aql loB 01
)i X slosr^lp ]o hf,l + laput€tltOl = x
x aq roqunu ltBtp t lsallelus aLll +al
09 = (9 pue ? 't) l 3-t = srosr^:p +o t 3t
z = lsputPuau
aseJ qsea ul z
lo rapureLua] e sa^eal g pue 3 'g Iq papt^tp uaqM qJtq^ laqu.lnu IErp t lsolleus aql pull
alduexf

[reBalur errlrsod p sr )i 'alaq^ ]I x s:ost^tp lo hl3l + laputetlau = x,leJauafl uI

'ase3 q3pa u, taputeulaJ atrlEs aq] so^Eal
's.rosr^rp arollj io oMl papt^lp uaq^ qllqM ,(x taqurnu lsallelus oql puu 01 :tr osEt
^q ^es)
Molaq se palJrssel3 aq uEt Nf,l uo pasEq suotlsano
.Z
pasEq wrl

v = v + 0lo JspureuJar e sa^eol zz riq paplnrp uaqM N laqulnu aq} Jo Japureual aL{l ...

t ]o repureurai e sa^eal pue 71o luarlonb e sarrg <-'zz =f

e sa^Pal pue x6 6
O +o Japureual _= xT8

-6
(zz + xra)
:ulal EulMollo+ aql apr^rp '6 Aq popr^tp st .N, laquJnu aql uaqM JsputeuloJ alll pug ol
Japureuor aql st zz pue luatlonb eql st .x, slaq^
ZZ + xT.B € sE passaidxa oq ue3 N laqujnu aql
'elep ua^rB aql o] Bulplo33v
a6 papr^rp sr raqurnu au.tps
aql uaLl^ rapureular aLll st leqg 'zz jo Jeputeural p sa^eal trg Aq
^q papt^tp uaqm Jaqurnu v
alduExl

pasEq 'T,
^t!l!qrs!^!o
:Molaq se paurssEl2
ale sroputeuler uo paseq suoltsanb aql
suollsanh paspq rapulEuau u! htJl-o3e puE ,tl!l!q!s!^!o lo uollE3llddv

tr - u " " 'z 'T'o "a'l u ueqi ssal pue raq[r]nu aloqM
E sr ]eq] ropuretxal oql plarA lltm ,u, laqulnu lplnleu e Aq papt^rp uor1^ ,ul, raqunu le.tnlpu V
sJopu!euau

iHl?till@.--
 Chapter QA
HCF AND LCI\4 1.3

Case 2: To find the smaltest number (say x), which when divided by two or more divisors,
leaves a different remainder in each case, such that there is a common difference between
the divisor and the corresponding remainder.
Ingenerat,x=LCMofdivisorsxk(wherekisapositiveinteger)-Commondifference

Example
A number when divided by 7, LL and 13, leaves remainders 4, I and L0 respectively. Find
the smallest such possible number.
According to given data, the number N can be expressed as,
N = 7a+ 4 (Divisor = 7; Remalnder = 4)
N = 11b +8 (Divisor = 11; Remainder = 8)
N= 13c + 10 (Divisor = L3; Remainder = 10)
The common difference between the divisor and the corresponding remainder is 3
Smatlest number = LCI'/| U, LI, 13] - 3 =L001 - 3 = 998

Case 3: To find a number which when divided by two divisors, say 'a' and 'b' teave different
remainders (say k1 and k2 respectivety) such that the difference between the divisor and the
corresponding remainder, in both cases is different.
The smallest number 'N' which satisfies the above conditions can be expressed as:
N=ax+kL orN =by+k2
Equating the two equations we get:
(by+k2-k1)
ax+k1 =by+k2=x= a
Take the towest possible integral vatue of 'y' in the above equation such that x is atso an
integraI value.
In generat,
Required number =N+ LCM of divisors x k (where'k' is a whote number)

Example
A number when divided by 5 leaves a remainder of l and when divided by 6 leaves a re-
mainder of 5. Find the largest such 3 digit number.
According to given data, the number N can be expressed as,
N=5x+1or N=6y+5
Equating the two equations we get,
(6v+5-1) (6v+4)
5x+1=6y+5Jr= " S =x=--5=
Puttingy=1,wegetx=2
So the smatlest number is --> 5x2+L= 1! (Also, 6 x a + 5 = !L)
Largest 3 digit number satisfying the above condition = N + LCIY of divisors x k

49
 09

1,.4 2.2 3.25 4. 10368

lay rervrsuy
.U9 pup g? ,Zt. ,9T
Aq alqrsnrp lllcexa raqurnu tsalleus lrBrp ang aql pulJ: .V

Llf,ee ur raputeual aues aqt a^eal ol LZZ pue Zg.- ,Zg sapt^rp leql ,"Ornu
,..r.,", .r, "Otul] .t
o] seq raqurnu aqr l! 'B6zrr,t rxorlr pelrerlqns aq prnoqs r"rr r"ornrt'rj3"i'3ilYff^l .z
;g {q leqr.unu aules aq} Burprrrp uo paure}qo
JapurPu-rar aql aq plno/\^ leqM.9l, rapurEual e saatB OZtr papt^tp ,aq,r,r ;r1 .raqu.inu y
lo .tr
^q
t rapllng ldoruoS

08r= [0?9 ,08T] lf,H =

ll98er - gvLl'l9vL-gglll lf,H = raqlunu tsaBre-l
'o5P3
q3Ea ur rapurEuar aups aqr Surneal '997tr pue gvL'ggg sapr^rp teq] -requnu lsaB;e1 aq1 pur3
oldruEx3

.il3-el ,lc_q
ll
J3H lo Ur-ql 'lq-ell l3H ro r-eJ ,lq-ell lf,H aql aq lljM s]aqunu aqt
llE rol or..UEs arit ore
stapureuoJ aql leL/l qlns ,J pue q ,E sloqulnu aql sapr^lp qltqM.taqunu
oql:z as.f,
lsa8Jpl
0z = [08s 'oez 'ovt] fiN =
[(6-68s) '(9-992) '(z-zvr)] loH = raqurnu ]saBrpt
'Alo^rlcadsor 68t pue
992'Znl sapr^rp lr uoqM pue ,Z
6 9 ]o roputeulal e sa^Bal tprll laqunu lseBlel aq1 pur3
eldurExf

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'p io sraputellal Burnr8 c pue q sJaqulnu aq1 sapinrp q.,q* ,"qrnu lsaErel aql :T asEC
olaq se poutsselo aq uEr jOH uo paspq suortsano
^
pasEq JIH t
TL6 = Zt x 0t + II = raquinu pajlnbag €
Zt = I oS
066=IOt,tt=Irol
096=)ioS'Zt=\ro)
686 > loE :
000I > )iot + TT MoN
(0t sr 9 pue 9 Jo hlt) )iot + TT €

;i1'"ii5t'e6"
 Chapter QA
HCF AND LCI'1 1.3

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Q: Find the H.C.F. oI L26, 396, and 1080.

A: Expressing the numbers in their prime factors
!)g=)x!2xf
396=22x32xL!
1080=23x33,,5
The highest power of 2, which witt divide 2, 22, and 23, is 2
The highest power of .3, which witt divide 32 and 33, is 32.
There are no other common factors.
Thus, the H.C.F. is 2 x 32 or 18.

Q : What is the greatest tength which can be used to measure exactly the fottowing tengths: 20
ft., 13 ft.9 inches, 17 ft.6 inches,21 ft.3 inches?
A: We must express these tengths in the same denomination and find their greatest common divi-
sor. Expressed in inches we have 240 inches, 165 inches,2L0 inches,255 inches, and G.C.D.
of these is L5 inches, or 1 ft. 3 inches.

Q : Find the L.C.M. ol 299,22t and 759.

A : The H.C.F. of 299 and 22f is f3. By division we find that 299 = 13x23, and
22f = !3 x 1,7. Since att these factors must be factors of the L.C.M. we make trial of the
factors 17 and 23 apptied to the number 759. Thus we find:
759=23x3x11
Thus L.C.M. required = t3'x 23 x !7 x 3 x L7 = 767739

51
 =-r-l

z9

r]10t aql +o pua aql ]e sEq ll sE s.toMol]

eL]luoLu se rLleq
a^eq. a)iel aqt llt^ sqluorx Moq rauv.qluorx salqnop alel e ut sJa^ oll lo^uEul
roqunu oL]f
^ueLU ^la^o

rasEsI

rsr3ulxl ssvts @

;l=,gtil.6
 Chapter QA
HCF AND LCI.4 1.3

Divisibility tests, Factorization, GC0-LCM

I. Write in prime-factorised form:

D 4oo iD 888 iii) 3oo3o

2 Find GCD and LCM of:

i) 140 and 240 ii) 400 and 375
iiD 4e, 72, 64 iv) 16 and 25
v) 28 and 308 vi) nandn+1
E,1
vii) fr and 1, v ---64?
r) 6. lZ and *'

I have L32 oranges, 84 apptes and L44 guavas. If each type of fruit can be distributed
equalty amongst alL the students in my ctass, what could be the strength of my ctass? What
is the maximum possibte strength?
GCD of a set of numbers s each of the numbers < LCM of the set
GCD is a factor of each number in the set, and each number is a factor of the LCM

--e of a set oi fracrio'rs is given by

LCM (N1, N2, N3, ...)
LCtvt
f;+,8i,#+ GaDID-1, Dr, Dt.-I
GCD N1, N2, N3, ...)
ine HCF of a set o+ fractions B+,B},H+ is given by LC (D1, D2, D3,...)

Apptications of Factorisation, GCD and LCM

-. Find the Least number whlch leaves remainder 1 when divided by 18 or 24 ot 30

Find the least number which leaves remainder l when divided by 2,2 when divided by 3,
and 3 when divided by 4.

Find the least number which leaves remainder 1 when divided by 2,3,4,5 or 6 but is
comptetely d ivisibte by 7.

1 Find the [argest 3-digit number which leaves remainder 2 when divided by ]"4 or 35.

3 Find the greatest number which leaves remainders 10,8 and 6 when it divides 70,80 and
90 respecrively.

Two numbers have GCD = 6 and LCIY = 1320. If one of the numbers is L20, find the other
number.

- -. Find two numbers which have GCD = 6 and LCIVI = 90.

53
 n9

8E (? 6Z (€ OE (Z OZ {T
ag? papr^rp st 1l uaq^ rapureual
aql aq lou plnoo EurMollo+ aq] lo q3tqM.6 papl^rp uaqM Z^qlaputpulo.t e sa^eal raqunu '67
V+
^q
9',^l 6'!!t aT '| 9r 'l
:^q popt^tp st Jaqul nu
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Sr 0zI Aq papl^rp st raqulnu E uaqM*

t'!!! 6V '| TZ .l

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I
E !I 9 '!t 9r .!

:^q papr^lp sl Jaqt! nu

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Jo sdnoJB
olur pap!^lp aq plnos lsal aql /Iuasqe aloM LllJpd pue unlJv qloq uaqM
ing.qlea sluapnls
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"'
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1e:aq1aBo1 pau,ts Aaql lI
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vrL salel qued alrqM salnuru.r 9 sa>1e1 unly* VT

;9g Iq paplnrp uaq^ raputeuet aq+ aq llt/v\ lEqM

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uaqM+ ,CT

.9997
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I = (Q 'e) ef,g "rlaLl] ,tt (autud-o3 lo) auud L1anrle1a.r eq o] pres aje q pue e.
q xe=0f,9x Nf,l ..
(ql3n) (elf,n) , oJO = ho] .
"
auJud are qfln pue el3n .
^le^tlelal
(ql3n) slol3e] uotruloJun slt x Cf,O = q.
(el3n) srolle+ uoulrxolun slr x C3C = e .
:q pue e sjaqunu oMl rolt teql aloN

Zt? = Nf,'l pue 9 = of,C o^eq q3tqM sraqunu 11F1p_7 o,.,,r1 pur3 .TT

SU]8 N
llndBIVS
'{N
 chapter QA
HCF AND LCM 1.3

Challengers

t Find the teast natural number that leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 8, L2 and 19
bur is divisibte by 1l-.

2 At Ambala Cantt Junction railway station, the three words- Amba[a, Cantt and Junction are
individuatty ftashed at the intervats of ! seconds, l| t".onOt ana |[ seconas respec-
tivety, and each word is put off a second after being ftashed. The least time after which a[[
the three words can be simultaneously read for fut[ one second is:
1) 20.25 seconds 2) 19.25 seconds 3) 37t.25 seconds 4) 21.75 seconds

3. Three Vice Presidents (VP) regularly visit the plant on different days. Due to labour unrest,
VP (HR) regutarty visits the plant after a gap of 2 days. VP (Operations) regularly visits the
plant after a gap of 3 days. VP (Sates) regutarty visits the ptant after a gap of 5 days. The
VPs do not deviate from their individual schedutes. The CEO of the company meets the VPs
when att the three VPs come to the ptant together. CEO is on leave from January 5th to
.January 281h,2012. Last time the CEo met the VPs on January 3,2012. When is the next
time the CEO witt meet a[[ the VPs?
!) February 6,20a2 2) February 7,2012
3) February 8, 2012 4) Fe*uarY 9,2OL2
4 For two positive integers a and b define the function h(a,b) as the greatest common factor
(c.C.F) of a, b. Let A be a set of n positive integers. G(A), the G.C.F of the elements of set A
is computed by repeatedly using the function h. The minimum number of times h is required
to be used to compute G is
1)
n
z 2)n-t 3)n 4) None of these

55
 99

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^ +i
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^uBul
+I
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lnq Alluepuedapui doq. puo*",p e paqqor sa^arq] aarLlf
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perrnba: suroc ]o raqrunu LunururLu
"ql "q ttt* l"q*;su,oc asred ii ori gr,'oi,r',;;i;"';;;
^rilexa ^ed .t
'a^!rDu$ o parro, eqj asootlC :g g
o7 suopsanb n! SNOUUAIO

999 pue B>i IB? 'F1 ggg 'B>1 697 arnseeu ol pasn eq ue: ]Btll iq'ram ,rr,rff:l'r"l,tiJ''; Z

srred Lrons lo raqunu reiol aqr pur, .se s! JOH rlaqr pu' oestr ., ,"'jlTtfi? ;TlJ:.i: T

'papa4p so a^ps :Z paD tr. suolpanh )aI SNOItJIdIo

]SIJU]X] 33IIf,VUd @

ixl',liii6
 Chapter QA
HCF AND LC[4 1.3

DIRECTIONS lor questions 8 to 73: Choose the correct alternative.

111
8 Three containers having 4 ) , lft and 6 i titres of three different cotd drinks are to be
served equa[[y to alt guests in a party such that each one gets maximum. HQw many maxi-
mum number of guests coutd be entertained?
1) 50 2) !50 3) 1,69 4) t96

9 Kant says, "I have setected two numbers and their HCF is the product of the first two odd
prime numbers". Disha says, "I have setected two numbers and their LCM is the product
of the first four prime numbers". If both had selected the same numbers, what woutd the
numbers be given that none of the numbers was 15?
r) 'J.4,225 2) 30, L05 3) 42,75 4) 35, 90

10. A teacher bought a certain number of gifts to distribute equatty among her ten students.
But on the day of distribution four students were absent. Still the teacher was abte to
d'istribute the gifts equatty. What is the least number of gifts that the teacher must have
bought?
L) 60 2) 30 3) 45 4) t5

1-l-. x and y are natural numbers such that (x > y) and the LCM of x and y differs from the LCM
of y and x -y by 18. Then, y could be equal to:
!16 2)18 3)27 4)4

L2 Find the least number which when divided by 6, f5, 17 leaves a remainder 1, but when
divided by 7 [eaves no remainder.
D 2!a D 5rr 3) rO22 4) 86
(Past CAT question)

13. The HCF and LCM of two numbers is given. It is possible to find out the two numbers uniquely
if
T. either the sum or the difference between the two numbers is known.
IL HCF of the two numbers = LCM of the two numbers.
,.-
lI1.
LCM
HCF = Prlme numoer.
1) I and II onty 2) II only 3) II and III onty 4) I, u and IIl

L4. Three betls chime at an interval of 18 min,24 min and 32 min. At a certa;n time they begin
to chime together. What tength of time wi[[ elapse before they chime together again?
1) 2 hr and 24 min 2) 4 hr and 48 min
3) t hr and 36 min 4) 5 hr
(Past CAT question)

57
 89

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I
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SU]8NNN
llndeIV, @
CATapult
ALGEBRA

THEORY
OA-1.4 LINEAR AND QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS
Basic concepts of Algebra
An algebraic expression is obtained by combining numbers and letters together with arithmetic
operators.

Example
x² + 3xy + y'.

Algebraic term
into parts, each called a term.
When one or more of t, - signs appear, the expression is separated

Example
In x² + 3xy + y'; the terms are x', 3xy and y.
called the variable factor.
In a term 7xy, 7 is called the numerical coefficient. x'y is

are the same.

Like terms are those in which the powers of the variables

Example
2ab and 3ab are like terms.

then it is called a monomial.

If an expression contains only one term,

Example
3xy, 4xz, 8xyz, 36.

then it is called a binomial.

If an expression contains two terms,

Example
|+ 3m, p + 2r

trinomial.
If an expression contains three terms, then it is called a

Example
|+ 3m + 2n, p + q - 2r

59
 Ims CATapult
Trusted for Succes ALGEBRA

polynomial.
IT an expression contains two or more terms, then it is called a

Example
3x + 5y + 42, 4a - 5b + 3c -2d
a polynomial in one
An algebraic expression of the form a + bx + cx + dx + .... is called
variable x.

Example
4 + 3x + 8x² + 9x3 + 5x4

The degree of a polynomial is the greatest of the exponents (indices) of its various terms.

Example
-6x + 7x* + 4x' is a polynomial of degree 3.

Simple Equations
Framing a simple equation
An equation is a statement in which twO algebraic expressions are equal. If the equation is of
the first order, (i.e. highest power of the variable is 1) then it is caled a linear equation or a
simple equation.
A linear equation in one variable is represented by ax + b= 0, where x is the variable (the value
of which is not known), and 'a' and b' are real numbers (a # 0)

Example
() 2x - 13 = 7: (6) 3x+7
5 = 11; (ii) 2x + 3y = 4

While solving a simple equation with one variable, simplify the two sides separately by removing
the brackets, if any. Transpose all the terms containing the unknown variable to the left-hand side
and the remaining terms to the right-hand side. For this add/subtract the same number to/from
both sides of the equation or/and multiply/divide both sides of the equation by the same non-zero
number as required. A linear equation in one variable always has a unique solution.

Example
(0) 3x + 5(2 - x) = -16
3x + 10- 5x = -16
- 2x = - 26 . X= 13
.:. 13 is the solution of the given equation.

60
 Chapter QA
LINEAR AND QUADRATIC EQUATIÖNS1.4

THEORY
(i) X-6
5 x-4
3 =8-X2
Multiply both sides by the LCM of 5, 3, and 7, i.e.
105.
21(x - 6) + 35(x 4) = 105 x 8- 15(x - 2)
21x + 35x + 15x = 840 + 30 +
126 + 140
71x =1136 .. X = 16 .. 16 is the
solution of the given equation.
Note: Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
on both sides of the equations of/ by the same non multiplication
or division of terms
zero number does not change the
solution of the given equation.

Concept Builder 1
1. 2x - 4 = 6x- 22

2. (3x + 4) (2x - 5) - 122 = (6x - 1) (x + 10)

3. 5x- 7 =X+9
3 4
4. (x - 2) (2x - 5) - (2x*- 8x + 11) = 0
5. Find x, ifif X8+
4
X+5.
5 2=6+ Xt2
+X+5 -6+ 11
6. If 8a + 3= 27, then the value of 3a + 6 is:
Answer Key

= X 'E G =X