Standard Functions One Shot

Nature of Chapter:
1. We will be studying all the standard functions in this session. It is

extremely important for you to understand significance of this topic.
2. You have to focus on two things. How a given function behaves and
how to solve equations and inequations involving this function.
3. Understanding and practice both will be required.

Weightage of Functions (Last 5 years)
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Average
JEE Main 5.6 % 3.6 % 4.4 % 3.8 % 4.2 % 4.32 %
Jee Advanced 6% 0% 0% 5% 0% 2.20 %

Standard Functions
❖ Modulus function
❖ Greatest Integer functions
❖ Fractional Part functions
❖ Exponential Functions
❖ Logarithmic Function
❖ Signum Function
Standard Functions
Critical Topics in the Chapter
● Modulus Function
● GIF
Modulus Function
Modulus Function
Basics of the Modulus Function
The general representation of the Modulus Function is f(x) = |x|
it is equal to x if x ≥ 0
|x|
it is equal to −x if x < 0
Ex: Consider the following examples.
(a) |−2| = (b) |2| = (c) |x2| =

Modulus Function
The general representation of the Modulus Function is f(x) = |x|
it is equal to x if x ≥ 0
|x|
it is equal to −x if x < 0
Ex: Consider the following examples.
(a) |−2| = 2 (b) |2| = 2 (c) |x2| = x2

Modulus Function
|x - 1|
Modulus Function
it is equal to x - 1 if x ≥ 1
|x - 1|
it is equal to 1 − x if x < -1
Modulus Function
Graph of Modulus Function
X
O
Modulus Function
Graph of Modulus Function
Y y=|x|
y=−x y=x
X
O
Solve the following:
Q
(a) |x| = 5 (b) |2x - 1| = 2
(c) |3x - 5| = -3
Q
(a) |x| = 5
Q
(a) |x| = 5
Solution:
Q
(b) |2x - 1| = 2
Q
(b) |2x - 1| = 2
Solution:
Q
(c) |3x - 5| = -3
Q
(c) |3x - 5| = -3
Solution:
The output of the modulus function

cannot be negative.
So, the given equation has no solutions.
Modulus Function
Result
Q
(a) |x|2 + 9|x| + 20 = 0
(b) x2 - 5|x| + 6 = 0
Q
(a) |x|2 + 9|x| + 20 = 0
Q
(a) |x|2 + 9|x| + 20 = 0
Solution:
Q
(b) x2 - 5|x| + 6 = 0
Q
(b) x2 - 5|x| + 6 = 0
Solution:
Modulus Function
Inequalities Related to the Modulus Functions
Solve the following inequalities:
Q
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Q
(a)
Q
(a)
Solution:
−3 3
Q
(b)
Q
(b)
Solution:
Q
(c)
Q
(c)
Solution:
−5 5
Q
(d)
Q
(d)
Solution:
−𝜋 𝜋
Modulus Function
Result
1.
2.
Q
(a) |2x + 1| ≥ 2
(b) |4 - x| < 6
Q
(a) |2x + 1| ≥ 2
Q
(a) |2x + 1| ≥ 2
Solution:
Q
(b) |4 - x| < 6
Q
(b) |4 - x| < 6
Solution:
−2 10
Modulus Function
Observation
Modulus Function
Observation
Q
(a) |8x + 4| > 0 (b) |5x + 3| ≤ 0 Q7
(c) |x + 3| ≥ -2 (d)
Q
(a) |8x + 4| > 0 Q7
Q
(a) |8x + 4| > 0 Q7
Solution:
Q
(b) |5x + 3| ≤ 0 Q7
Q
(b) |5x + 3| ≤ 0 Q7
Solution:
Q
(c) |x + 3| ≥ -2 Q7
Q
(c) |x + 3| ≥ -2 Q7
Solution:
Q
(d) Q7
Q
(d) Q7
Solution:
Solve for x:
Q
(a) |x| = x
(b) |x| > x
Solution:
AIEEE 2011
Q The domain of the function is:
A (0, ∞)
B (- ∞, 0)
C (- ∞, ∞) -{0}
D (- ∞, ∞)
AIEEE 2011
A (0, ∞)
B (- ∞, 0)
C (- ∞, ∞) -{0}
D (- ∞, ∞)
AIEEE 2011
Solution:
Modulus Function
Result
Q
(a)
(b)
Q
(a)
Q
(a)
Solution:
Q
(b)
Q
(b)
Solution:
Modulus Function
Remark
Modulus Function
Observation
Try to observe the range of the following
(a) |a|, where a ∈ [-1, 1]
(b) |x - 1| + 2
Modulus Function
Now, let’s look at some properties of the modulus function.
Modulus Function
Now, let’s look at some properties of the modulus function.
(a) |a| ≥ a
(b) |ab| = |a| × |b|
(c)
Let’s do some examples based on these properties.

Q
(a) (b)
Q
(a)
Q
(a)
Solution:
Q
(b)
Q
(b)
Solution:
(Note that x ≠ 0)
Q
(b)
Solution:
Q Find the domain of
Q Find the domain of
Solution:
or
or
For domain
Modulus Function
Triangle Inequality
Modulus Function
Triangle Inequality
(i) |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
(ii) |a - b| ≥ ||a| - |b||
Observation
Condition for equality is ab ≥ 0

Modulus Function
Observation
(a) |2x - 3| = |x - 1| + |x - 2| is possible if and only if

Modulus Function
Observation
(b) |2x - 3| < |x - 1| + |x - 2| is possible if and only if

Modulus Function
Observation
(a) |2x - 3| = |x - 1| + |x - 2| is possible if and only if

(x - 1) (x - 2) ≥ 0, that is x ∈ (-∞, 1] ∪ [2, ∞)
(b) |2x - 3| < |x - 1| + |x - 2| is possible if and only if

(x - 1) (x - 2) < 0, that is x ∈ (1, 2)
Q
Solution:
Modulus Function
Now, let’s do some examples where we need to make cases to handle

the modulus function.
Q Solve the following: |x - 1| + |x - 3| ≤ 5
Solution:
(1) (2) (3)
|x - 1| + |x - 3| ≤ 5
−∞ 1 3 ∞
Case 1 → x ∈ (-∞, 1) Case 2 → x ∈ [1, 3) Case 3 → x ∈ [3, ∞)
Q If |x - 1| + |x| + |x + 1| ≥ 6 , then x lies in
A (- ∞, 2]
B (- ∞, 2] ∪ [2, ∞)
C R
D ф
Q If |x - 1| + |x| + |x + 1| ≥ 6 , then x lies in
A (- ∞, 2]
B (- ∞, 2] ∪ [2, ∞)
C R
D ф
Solution:
|x - 1 | + | x | + | x + 1 | ≥ 6; Case 3: - 1 ≤ x < 0
1-x-x+x+1≥6
Case - 1: x ≥ 1 -x ≥ 4
x-1+x+x+1≥6 ⇒ x ≤ -4
⇒ 3x ≥ 6 ⇒ No solution
⇒x ≥2
Case 4: x ≤ -1
Case 2: 0 ≤ x < 1 1- x - x -1 - x ≥ 6
1-x+x+x+1≥6 ⇒ x ≤ -2
x≥4 ⇒ x ∊ (-∞, 2] ∪ [2, ∞)
⇒ No solution
Q Solve the following: |2x - 1| + x ≤ 10
Solution:
(1) (2)
|2x - 1| + x ≤ 10 −∞ 1/2 ∞
Case 1 → Case 2 →
In this case In this case
…(1)
…(2)
Modulus Function
Observation
Range of :
(a) |x| for x ∈ [-1 , 2] is _________
(b) |x2| for x ∈ [-1 , 2] is _________
(c) | 3 sinx | is __________

Modulus Function
Lets conclude modulus with one interesting observation:
Observation
|x - a| → distance of x from ‘a’ on real line.

Greatest Integer Function
The representation of the Greatest Integer Function (GIF) is f(x) = [x]
For any real number x :

[x] → is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Let’s see some examples to understand its behaviour.

Consider the following examples.
(a) [1.5] = (b) [5.999] =
(c) [6] = (d) [0.99] =
(e) [𝜋] = (f) [-0.01] =
(g) [-2.8] = (h)

Consider the following examples.
(a) [1.5] = 1 (b) [5.999] = 5
(c) [6] = 6 (d) [0.99] = 0
(e) [𝜋] = 3 (f) [-0.01] = -1
(g) [-2.8] = -3 (h)

Find the value of
Q
Where [.] is GIF.

Find the value of
Q
Where [.] is GIF.
Solution:
Q
(a) [x] = 2 (b) [x] = -3
(c) [2x - 3] = 4 (d) [x] = 2.9
Q
(a) [x] = 2
Q
(a) [x] = 2
Solution:
Q
(b) [x] = -3
Q
(b) [x] = -3
Solution:
Q
(c) [2x - 3] = 4
Q
(c) [2x - 3] = 4
Solution:
Q
(d) [x] = 2.9
Q
(d) [x] = 2.9
Solution:
Result
Result
Solve the following equations:
Q
(a) [x] < 2 (b) [x] ≥ 2
(c) [x + 2] > 3 (d)

Q
(a) [x] < 2
Q
(a) [x] < 2
Solution:
[x] < 2
x<2
x ∈ (-∞, 2)
Q
(b) [x] ≥ 2
Q
(b) [x] ≥ 2
Solution:
[x] ≥ 2
x≥2
x ∈ [2, ∞)
Solve the following equations.
Q
(c) [x + 2] > 3
Q
(c) [x + 2] > 3
Solution:
[x + 2] > 3
x+2≥4
x≥2
x ∈ [2, ∞)
Q
(d)
Q
(d)
Solution:
Find domain:
Q
Find domain:
Q
Find domain:
Q
Solution:
Find domain:
Q
Find domain:
Q
Solution:
It is valid for all real numbers except
integers.
As at integers [x] = x
Thus Domain of y is R - Z
JEE Main 11th April, 2023 S2
(where[x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x)
A (-∞, -3] U [6, ∞)
B (-∞, -2) U (5, ∞)
C (-∞, -3] U (5, ∞)
D (-∞, -2) U [6, ∞)

JEE Main 11th April, 2023 S2
(where[x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x)
A (-∞, -3] U [6, ∞)
B (-∞, -2) U (5, ∞)
C (-∞, -3] U (5, ∞)
D (-∞, -2) U [6, ∞)

Solution:
Q Solve for x : [|x|] = 4
Q Solve for x : [|x|] = 4
Solution:
[|x|] = 4
4 ≤ |x| < 5
|x| ≥ 4 and |x| < 5
x ≤ -4 or x ≥ 4 and -5 < x < 5
(-5, -4] ∪ [4, 5)
Result
1) [x + k] = [x] + k, for k ∈ Z
2) [-x] = -1 - [x] for x ∉ Z
NOTE
[kx] ≠ k [x]
Q If y = 3[x] + 1 = 2[x - 3] + 5, then find the value of [x + y],
where [.] represents greatest integer function.
Q If y = 3[x] + 1 = 2[x - 3] + 5, then find the value of [x + y],
where [.] represents greatest integer function.
Solution:
JEE Main 4th Sep, 2020
Q Let [t] denote the greatest integer ≤ t. Then the

equation in x, [x]2 + 2 [x + 2] - 7 = 0 has:
exactly four integral

A solutions
B infinitely many solutions
C no integral solution
D exactly two solution

JEE Main 4th Sep, 2020
Q Let [t] denote the greatest integer ≤ t. Then the

equation in x, [x]2 + 2 [x + 2] - 7 = 0 has:
exactly four integral

A solutions
B infinitely many solutions
C no integral solution
D exactly two solution

Solution:
[x]2 + 2[x + 2] - 7 = 0
[x]2 + 2[x] - 3 = 0
Let [x] = y
y2 + 3y - y - 3 = 0
(y - 1)(y + 3) = 0
[x] = 1 or [x] = - 3
X ∈ [1, 2) or x ∈ [-3, -2)
Graph of the Greatest Integer Function
X
Graph of the Greatest Integer Function
Observation
Range of
(a) [ x2 ] for x ∈ [0, 2] is
(b) for x ∈ [1, 4) is
Fractional Part Function
The Fractional Part Function is denoted as

f (x) = {x} = x - [x]
NOTE
Every real number can be expressed as sum of two numbers

x = [x] + {x}
Ex. Consider the following examples.

(a) {3.2} =
(b) {2.999} =
(c) {3} =
(d) {3.001} =
(e) {-3.2} =
(f) {-3} =
Ex. Consider the following examples.

(a) {3.2} = 0.2
(b) {2.999} = 0.999
(c) {3} = 0
(d) {3.001} = 0.001
(e) {-3.2} = 0.8
(f) {-3} = 0
Q If , then {x} is ________
Q If , then {x} is ________
Solution:
Observation
(a) If x belongs to , then {sin x} = _______
(b) If x belongs to , then {sin x} = _______

Observation
(a)
(b)
Remark
if x is an integer
otherwise
Solve for x:
Q
(a) [x] = 2{x} + 1
(b) 2x - 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}
Solve for x:
Q
(a) [x] = 2{x} + 1
Solution:
Solve for x:
Q
(b) 2x - 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}
Solve for x:
Q
(b) 2x - 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}
Solution:
2x - 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}
Putting x = [x] + {x}
2([x] + {x}) - 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}
2[x] + 2{x} - 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}
[x] = -1
Thus, x ∈ [-1, 0)
Q
where [x] is the greatest integer less than or
equal to x, the number of possible values of x is
A 34
B 32
C 33
D None of these
Q
where [x] is the greatest integer less than or
equal to x, the number of possible values of x is
A 34
B 32
C 33
D None of these
Solution:
⇒ Total 33 values of x are possible

Graph of the Fractional Part Function
Graph of the Fractional Part Function
Exponential Function
y = ax, where a > 0, a ≠ 1 ; is called exponential function

Result
Solve for x:
Q
(a) (b)
Solve for x:
Q
(a)
Solve for x:
Q
(a)
Solution:
Solve for x:
Q
(b)
Solve for x:
Q
(b)
Solution:
Graph of Exponential Function
Graph of Exponential Function
y = ax, a > 0, a ≠ 1
Logarithmic Function
y = loga x, where a > 0, a ≠ 1, x > 0 ; is called logarithmic function

y = loga x, where a > 0, a ≠ 1, x > 0 ; is called logarithmic function
Let’s look at some examples
(a) log28 =
(b) log10100 =
(c)
(d)
Result
(a) loga x2 = logax1 ⇒
(b) loga x2 > logax1
(c) loga x > p

Remark
While solving equations and inequations involving log,

be careful about domain.
Q Solve for x:
(a) log10(x2 - 5x) < log106
(b) , where [.] represents GIF.
(c)
Q Solve for x:
(a) log10(x2 - 5x) < log106
Solution:
… (1)
Also,
x < 0 or x > 5 … (2)

Now,
Solve for x:
Q
Solve for x:
Q
Solution:
… (1)
Also,
… (2)
Solve for x:
Q
(c)
Solution:
Also,
… (2)
… (1)
Graph of Logarithmic Function
Graph of Logarithmic Function
y = logax, a > 0, a ≠ 1, x > 0
Y Y
a>1 0<a<1
X X
O O
Find the domain of the following functions:
Q
(a)
(b) y = log10(log10(log10x))
Find the domain of the following functions:
Q
(a)
Solution:
Given function is
For domain, and

. . .(2)
I.e. and
Taking intersection of (1) and (2),
we get
For , we get . . .(1)
For , we have
Q Find the domain of the following functions:
Q Find the domain of the following functions:
Solution:
y = log10(log10(log10 x))
For domain,
x > 0 and log10x > 0 and log10(log10x) > 0
x > 0 and x > 1 and x > 10
∴ x ∈ (10, ∞)
Domain of the following function is :
Q
f(x) = log2(log4(log2(log3(x2 + 4x - 23))))
A (-8, 4)
B (-∞, -8) ∪ (4, ∞)
C (-4, 8)
D (-∞, -4) ∪ (8, ∞)

Q
A (-8, 4)
B (-∞, -8) ∪ (4, ∞)
C (-4, 8)
D (-∞, -4) ∪ (8, ∞)

Q
Solution:
The given function is defined when
log2(log3(x2 + 4x - 23)) > 1
i.e., when log3(x2 + 4x - 23) > 2
i.e., when x2 + 4x - 23 > 32
i.e., when x2 + 4x - 32 > 0
i.e., when x < -8 or x > 4
Signum Function
Signum Function
For example
(1) sgn (x2 + 10) =
(2) sgn (x2 + x + 1) =
(3) sgn ({x} − 2) =

Standard Functions One Shot

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Nature of Chapter:

1. We will be studying all the standard functions in this session. It is

3. Understanding and practice both will be required.

JEE Main 5.6 % 3.6 % 4.4 % 3.8 % 4.2 % 4.32 %

Jee Advanced 6% 0% 0% 5% 0% 2.20 %

Basics of the Modulus Function

The general representation of the Modulus Function is f(x) = |x|

Ex: Consider the following examples.

(a) |−2| = (b) |2| = (c) |x2| =

Basics of the Modulus Function

The general representation of the Modulus Function is f(x) = |x|

Ex: Consider the following examples.

(a) |−2| = 2 (b) |2| = 2 (c) |x2| = x2

Basics of the Modulus Function

Basics of the Modulus Function

The output of the modulus function

Q The domain of the function is:

Q The domain of the function is:

Q The domain of the function is:

Try to observe the range of the following

(a) |a|, where a ∈ [-1, 1]

(b) |ab| = |a| × |b|

Let’s do some examples based on these properties.

(i) |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|

(ii) |a - b| ≥ ||a| - |b||

Condition for equality is ab ≥ 0

(a) |2x - 3| = |x - 1| + |x - 2| is possible if and only if

(b) |2x - 3| < |x - 1| + |x - 2| is possible if and only if

(a) |2x - 3| = |x - 1| + |x - 2| is possible if and only if

(b) |2x - 3| < |x - 1| + |x - 2| is possible if and only if

Now, let’s do some examples where we need to make cases to handle

In this case In this case

(a) |x| for x ∈ [-1 , 2] is _________

(b) |x2| for x ∈ [-1 , 2] is _________

(c) | 3 sinx | is __________

Lets conclude modulus with one interesting observation:

|x - a| → distance of x from ‘a’ on real line.

The representation of the Greatest Integer Function (GIF) is f(x) = [x]

For any real number x :

Let’s see some examples to understand its behaviour.

Consider the following examples.

(a) [1.5] = (b) [5.999] =

(c) [6] = (d) [0.99] =

(e) [𝜋] = (f) [-0.01] =

(g) [-2.8] = (h)

Consider the following examples.

(a) [1.5] = 1 (b) [5.999] = 5

(c) [6] = 6 (d) [0.99] = 0

(e) [𝜋] = 3 (f) [-0.01] = -1

(g) [-2.8] = -3 (h)

Where [.] is GIF.

Where [.] is GIF.

(c) [x + 2] > 3 (d)

Q The domain of the function is:

(where[x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x)

A (-∞, -3] U [6, ∞)

B (-∞, -2) U (5, ∞)

C (-∞, -3] U (5, ∞)

D (-∞, -2) U [6, ∞)

Q The domain of the function is:

(where[x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x)

A (-∞, -3] U [6, ∞)