DPM 102

A to E
A. Words along with their meaning, Pronunciation and usage

Vanilla Option /vəˈnɪlə/ /ˈɒpʃ(ə)n/

[Noun] a financial instrument that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell
an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a given timeframe.

Usage – Vanilla option can be used by individuals, companies and institutional investors to
hedge their exposure in a particular asset or to speculate price.

Venture Capital /ˈvɛntʃə/ /ˈkapɪt(ə)l/

[Noun] capital invested in a project in which there is a substantial element of risk, typically a new
or expanding business.

Usage – He financed the company with a combination of venture capital and government
grants.

Vesting (vest·uhng)

[Noun] a legal term that means to give or earn a right to a present or future payment, asset, or
benefit.

Usage – Vesting is most commonly used in reference to retirement plan benefits.

Volatility /vɒləˈtɪlɪti/

[Noun] a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for a given security or market index.

Usage – In most cases, the higher the volatility, the riskier the security.

Vulture Fund /ˈvʌltʃə/ /fʌnd/

[Noun] a fund which invests in companies or properties which are performing poorly and may
therefore be undervalued.

Usage – The capital markets are all but closed to the company, bar perhaps a few vulture funds
picking at the bones of the rapidly thinning beast.

Yield /jiːld/

[Noun] the earnings generated and realized on an investment over a particular period of time.

Usage – Yield is mostly computed on an annual basis, though other variations like quarterly and
monthly yields are also used.

Yield Variance /jiːld/ /ˈvɛːrɪəns/

[Noun] the difference between actual output and standard output of a production or
manufacturing process, based on standard inputs of materials and labour.

Usage – Yield variance is generally unfavourable, where the actual output is less than the
standard or expected output.
Yellow Knight /ˈjɛləʊ/ /nʌɪt/

[Noun] a company that was planning a hostile takeover attempt, but backs out of it and instead
proposes a merger of equals with the target company.

Usage – Yellow knights are a case of if you can’t beat them, join them.

Yo-Yo /ˈjəʊjəʊ/

[Noun] slang for a very volatile market. The name comes from the movements of a yo-yo, where
security prices continually go and down.

Usage – yo-yo markets can be profitable environments for astute traders.

Yuppie /ˈjʌpi/

[Noun] a slang term denoting the market segment of young urban professionals.

Usage – Yuppie has become less of a stereotype slang and now promotes the image of an
affluent professional.
B. RC Passage (with Link)

Article 1: https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/indias-first-gay-film-badnam-basti-resurfaces-
after-nearly-half-a-centurys-hibernation-in-berlin-archive-8419921.html

Summary : This article, an interesting piece of cinema trivia, describes how the 1971 Hindi film
Badnam Basti, considered India’s first movie depicting a homosexual relationship and thought to
be lost, has emerged after nearly half a century’s hibernation in an archive in Berlin. The author
narrates how a research scholar chanced upon a 35 mm print of the film and how the 83-minute
movie was later digitised for screening. The author also briefly narrates the plot of the film, set in
the city of Mainpuri in Uttar Pradesh and revolving around the life of a bus driver who
moonlights as a bandit. The movie was produced by the Film Finance Corporation (which was
later rechristened as the National Film Development Corporation).

Article 2: https://www.wsj.com/articles/artificial-intelligence-can-serve-democracy-11590618319

Summary : This article notes how countries such as the U.S. have been using every tool at their
disposal, including Artificial Intelligence, to defeat the novel coronavirus; and goes on to argue
that artificial intelligence can serve democracy. It describes the steps taken by America,
including how the White House has led an initiative to create a huge database that scientists
can analyse using AI to help understand the virus better and develop treatments.

Article 3: https://aeon.co/essays/why-we-should-keep-the-term-anglo-saxon-in-archaeology

Summary : Rapidly, the criticism moved from striking the term 'Anglo-
Saxonist' from the name of thesociety, to arguing that we should stop using 'Anglo-
Saxon England' for lowland Britain inthe mid- to late-1st millennium CE and 'Anglo-
Saxon world' for the region's connectionsacross early medieval Europe and beyond.
Online proclamations declared that scholars must signal their commitment to change by
removing the term 'AngloSaxon' from their writings and courses, as well as to 'cancel'those scho
lars who might wish to persist in using the term.

Article 4: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200902152152.htm

Summary : To the surprise of many planetary scientists, the oxidized iron mineral hematite has
been discovered at high latitudes on the Moon.

Article 5 : https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200714101224.htm

Summary : Researchers argue that cognitive studies in comparative psychology often wrongly
take an anthropocentric approach, resulting in an over-valuation of human-like abilities and the
assumption that cognitive skills cluster in animals as they do in humans. The authors advocate
for philosophical and procedural changes to the discipline that would lead to a better
understanding of animal minds and the evolution of multiple forms of cognition.
C. RC Passage (with Questions)

Can the macabre experiments carried out by the. Nazi doctors ever be justified even if it led to
discoveries that ultimately alleviated human suffering? Not really. For some, the same holds
good even if cure for Alzheimer's, Parkinson disease or diabetes were possible but only by
destroying the embryos (by fishing out stem cells). Their argument is 'destroying embryos is
tantamount to killing human beings.' And that, according to Michael J. Sandel, one of the
members of the (U.S.) President's Council on Bioethics, which advises the administration on
several issues including stern cell research, is a flawed argument. For the opponents of stem
cells research, ensoulment begins at conception. The difficulty in pinpointing the moment when
the human person emerges during the passage from conception to birth means embryos should
be treated with the same respect as an individual. But Dr. Sandel writing in the 'New England
Journal of Medicine' says the argument is flawed. 'The fact that every person began life as an
embryo does not prove that embryos are persons,' argues Dr. Sandel. According to him, every
oak tree was once an acorn. But that does not imply that all acorns are oak trees. Stretching the
analogy further, he says, if all acorns are indeed oak trees, then an acorn eaten by a squirrel will
mean loss, or to be more specific, death of an oak tree. But that is not so. So in spite of their
developmental continuity, acorns and oak trees are different kind of things. The fate of embryos
and human beings is no different. Human life, like the acorn, develops by degrees.

To further debunk their arguments, Dr. Sandel challenges the critics' insistence of according
embryos the same moral status generally reserved for human beings. "perhaps the best way to
see its implausibility is to play out its full implications," he says. (if indeed harvesting stem cells
from embryos is akin to harvesting organs from a baby,' then the morally correct alternative will
be to ban stem cell research and not just limit federal funding to a few cell lines.. God forbid,
imagine a situation when doctors killed babies with an explicit intention of harvesting organs for
transplantation. Will the government lake the moral high ground and declare that such a practice
of killing children be ineligible for federal funding and force the doctors to seek private funds?

If that is ghastly to our senses, what explanation does it have to justify its restricted funding
pattern for stem cell research, he wonders. "If we were persuaded that embryonic stem-ca
research were tantamount to infanticide, we would not only ban it but treat it as a grisly form of
murder and subject scientists who performed. it to criminal punishment," he writes.

Going by opponents' view, if one were to regard an embryo as a person, then embryonic stem
cell research should not be . the only one to stand close scrutiny. Fertility clinics around the
world routinely create excess embryos with an express mandate to spare the woman the ordeal
of repeated procedures and to increase her chances of pregnancy. Excess embryos are then
summarily destroyed or frozen indefinitely in the process. Now come the double standard of
accepting or allowing the destruction of embryos created to treat infertility but protesting when
used for stem cell research.

The issue gets further complicated. Natural pregnancy that outnumbers in-vitro fertilisation by
thousands is no saint either. It is a well-known. fact that natural procreation entails the loss of
several embryos for every successful birth. "Perhaps we should worry less about the loss of
embryos that occurs in in-vitro fertilisation and stem-cell research," he opines. But the critics
may take refuge in the argument that high infant mortality does not justify or sanction infanticide.
Of course not. But then the manner in which we respond to natural loss of embryos suggests
that we do not consider the loss akin to either moral or religious equivalent of the death of
infants. "Moreover, if the embryo loss that accompanies natural procreation were the moral
equivalent of infant death, then pregnancy would have to be regarded as a public health crisis of
epidemic proportions," he writes. "Alleviating natural embryo loss would be a more urgent moral
cause than abortion, in vitro fertilization and stem cell research combined."

Even as the embryonic stem cell debate heats up in the Congress, the most vocal opponents of
embryo research are yet to mount a national campaign calling for a ban on in-vitro fertilisation or
to, prohibit the fertility clinics from creating and discarding excess embryos. Then what else can
be the justification to limit federal funding? There is a fear that stem cell research will lead down
the slippery slope of abuse and exploitation and this "fear is not unfounded. The answer lies in
legislation and not in outright banning of technology. It serves none.
1. According to Dr. Sandel,

(A) one of the urgent priorities is to reduce the number of embryos that are lost through natural
conception.

(B) embryos. acquire personality traits at later stages of their development.

(C) the government should stop all federal funding for stem cell research.

(D) it is incorrect to say that an embryo is a nebulous miniature of a fully grown adult.

2. The statement 'high infant mortality does not justify infanticide' means that

(A) the proponents of stem cell research should not cite abortions as a justification for their
crimes.

(B) the natural loss of an embryo does not have moral and ethical implications.

(C) the natural destruction of embryos is not a license for destroying them for research
purposes.

(D) the natural loss of embryos is akin to infanticide.

3. The main aim of the author is to

(A) champion the cause of the pro stem cell research lobby.

(B) expose the double standard adopted by the opponents of stem cell research regarding
embryo destruction.

(C) build a case for legislation that will regulate stem cell research.

(D) convince people that there is no moral or ethical issue to stem cell research.

4. Which of the following statements are true according to the passage?

(a) On an aggregate, more embryos are lost by way of in-vitro fertilisation than through natural
pregnancies.

(b) Embryo destruction for medical purposes is not a novel concept.

(c) Government funding is presently limited to a few stem cell lines.

(d) Apprehensions regarding the misuse of stem cell research are largely baseless.

(A) Only (b) and (c) (B) Only (b) and (d)
(C) Only (a), (c) and (d) (D) Only (b), (c) and (d)

5. The analogy between the embryo and the acorn assumes which of the following argument?

(A) Each acorn is unique just as each embryo is.

(B) Every acorn need not necessarily grow into an oak tree.

(C) Acorns and embryos are miniatures of their fully grown forms.
(D) Acorns and embryos are both devoid of personality traits.

6. The limited federal funding for research into a few stern cell lines implies which of the
following?

(A) Research in some lines holds greater promise than in others.

(B) The, morality of embryo destruction is linked to its end use.

(C) Certain stem cell tines. are more prone to misuse than others.

(D) Destruction of embryo is justified in some cases while not in others.

7. The phrase 'the double standard' as 'used in the passage means

(A) legally allowing certain types of research even if they involved embryo destruction.

(B) giving the government's stamp of approval for the destruction of embryos for scientific
purposes by way of funding the stem cell research.

(C) treating the process of destruction of embryos in case of infertility problems to be moral
while the same in stem cell research being considered unethical.

(D) limiting the government's funding to stem cell research in certain cells instead of enforcing a
blanket ban on all types of research involving embryos.
8. The author’s stand regrading the views expressed by Dr. Sandel is one of

(A) Corroboration. (B) Contradiction.

(B) Correlation. (D) Incongruity.

9. In order that we obtain the benefits of stem cell research, there is an urgent need for

(A) close monitoring of the research activities.

(B) banning destruction of embryos in fertility clinics.

(C) identifying the point when the ensoulment of art embryo happens.

(D) ordinances that prevent the misuse of this research.

10. Dr. Sandel would probably define an embryo as

(A) a human being with distinct identity.

(B) a rudimentary form of man.

(C) an entity with a soul.

(D) only a fertilized egg.

D. Quantitative Aptitude

Q.1 Two poles AB and CD of heights 9 m and 16 m are standing upright with the distance
separating them being 26 m. Ropes are tied from the top of each pole to a nail on the ground
situated at P, a point on the line joining the feet of the poles such that the angle made by the two
ropes is 90°. If A and C denote the tops of the two poles, and K is equal to
Area of triangle APC
area of triangle ABP +area of triangle CDP
, then find the value of K.

29 2 36
(A) (B) (C) (D) Either option A or C
36 5 29

Q.2

In the circle above, chord AB and AC are equal. Angle BAC is 60 degree. Find approximate
percentage of the area of the circle that is not shaded.

(A) 28% (B) 39% (C) 48% (D) 60%

Q.3 Find the area of the region enclosed by the graph of the function |x-1| + |y+2| = 3(in sq.
units).

(A) 4.5 (B) 18 (C) 36 (D) 9

Q.4 The basic salary of A is 33.33 % of his gross salary and the rest is H.R.A., whereas for B,
basic salary is 40% of his gross salary and the rest is H.R.A. At the end of every month each
paid Rs 1500 as tax, which is 20% of their basic salary. Find their total savings per month,
Given A's expenditure equals 120% of B's HRA, and B's expenditure equals 150% of A's basic
salary. (Assume that the expenditure does not include the tax)

(A) Rs.12750 (B) Rs.13500 (C) Rs. 16500 (D) Rs.14500

Q.5 Two pipes A and B can fill a cylindrical tank in 10 minutes and 40 minutes respectively. The
tank also has two holes, one at half the height and second at two third of height which can
empty the tank (if they were at the bottom of the tank) in 60 minutes and 120 minutes
respectively. If the tank is initially empty and the two pipes A and B are opened simultaneously,
in how much time will the tank be full?

(A) 6 21/23 minutes (B) 9 29/37 minutes (C) 8 34/39 minutes (D) 934/39 minutes

Q.6 A spider situated at the top left hand corner of a cuboidal room of dimensions 15 feet by 12
feet by 10 feet spots a dead cockroach at the corner farthest to it. Find the minimum distance (in
feet) the spider needs to cover to reach the cockroach if it crawls along the walls, ceiling or floor
of the room.

(A) 769 (B) 709 (C) 829 (D) 10+ 369

Q.7 Dorzi travelled from city A to City B on his bike in 2 hours. Part of the route was uphill, part
on level ground and the remaining was downhill. After spending some time in city B, he returned
to A following the same route. On the way back, he took half an hour more than what he took on
the onward trip. His Average Speed on both the trips uphill, downhill and on level ground were
respectively 60 kph, 40 kph and 48 kph. What was the distance between the two cities A and B?

(A) 96 (B) 108 (C) 144 (D) None of these

Q.8 B and C can do a certain job in 18 days whereas A and B can do it in 24 days. All three
started the work but 6 days after the work started C left and after 4 more days, B left. A alone
completed the remaining work in 18 more days. In how many days will all three, working
together, can complete the work?

(A) 92/3 (B) 12 (C) 131/11 (D) None of these

Q.9 Last year, Prabir purchased 3 packets of Laxmi bombs and 4 pockets of sutali bombs and
the ratio of prices of each packet of Laxmi bomb and each packet of sutli bomb was 3 : 4. He
spent a total of Rs 500 for the purchase. This year, the increase in the price of a packet of Laxmi
bomb is 25% more than that of a packet of sutli bombs while the present price of 5 packets of
sutli bombs is equal to the price of 6 packets of sutli bombs last year. This year Prabir wants to
buy 5 packets of Laxmi bombs and 2 packets of sutli bombs. How much more would he need to
spend this year, compared to last year?

(A) 48 (B) 92 (C) 140 (D) Cannot be determined.

Q.10 In how many ways one can distribute 15 identical balls among 3 identical boxes?

(A) 41 (B) 27 (C) 136 (D)144

E. DILR – 1 Set

Directions Q.1 to Q.5:

Six students of a class wrote Physics and Chemistry exams. Each exam had nine questions and
in each exam, marks are given based on the number of questions attempted correctly as
follows:

Number of correct attempts(n) Marks

0,1 n×1
2,3,4 n×2
5,6,7 n×3
8,9 n×4

(Note: Assume that no marks are given for wrong answers or unattempted questions)
Further, the results of the exams are as follows:

Number of questions attempted correctly

Student Total marks
Physics Chemistry Total
A
B 7
C 13
D 24
E 39
F 51
Total 36 30 66

It is also known that,

(1) The number of questions attempted correctly by D in physics is the same as that of E in
chemistry.

(2) The number of questions attempted correctly by F in physics and chemistry are equal to the
number of questions attempted correctly by B and C in chemistry, not necessarily in the same
order.
Q.1 The total marks scored by A is
(A) 21 (B) 25 (C) 29 (D) 36

Q. 2 Who scored the second lowest total marks?

(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

Q.3 In Physics, how many students scored more marks than E?

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

Q.4 how many students scored more marks in physics then in chemistry?
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 5

Q.5 The number of students who scored more than B in physics but less than him in chemistry
is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3