Modern History QRM 2022

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QUICK REVISION MODULE (UPSC PRELIMS 2021)
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MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
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Administration
under British india e ria
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LAND REVENUE SETTLEMENT POLICY

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LAND REVENUE POLICY UNDER BRITISH

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BRITISH GOT DIWANI OBJECTIVE WAS LAND REVENUE

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RIGHTS FOR BENGAL, TO INCREASE THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS

BIHAR AND ORISSA LAND REVENUE WERE OUTPRODUCT
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IN 1765. COLLECTION. OF THE SAME.

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PERMANENT
MAHALWARI
SETTLEMENT
SYSTEM (1819)
SYSTEM (1793)
RYOTWARI
SYSTEM
(1820)
MAHALWARI
SYSTEM :
Gangetic valley,
north-west PERMANENT
provinces, parts SETTLEMENT
SYSTEM:
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of central India
& punjab. Bengal, Bihar,
in
Orissa, etc.
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l.o
RYOTWARI
SYSTEM:
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Malabar,
Coimbatore,
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Madras and
Madurai.
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REVENUE PERMANENT RYOTWARI MAHALWARI

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SYSTEM SETTLEMENT SYSTEM SYSTEM

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Lord Cornwallis 1792: Alexander Holt Mackenzie in

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(In 1793) Reed in Baramahal. 1819.

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1801-1807: Sir
Thomas Munro
continued.
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Introduced By 1820: Munro

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returned to India
and reintroduction.
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Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Malabar, Coimbatore, Gangetic valley,

Banaras division of Madras and Madurai. north-west
modern UP, and Later extended to provinces, parts of
Northern Carnatic. Maharashtra, East central India and
Nearly 19% of British Bengal, parts of Punjab. Nearly in
Region territory in India. Assam and Coorg. 30% area of British
India.
British Government British Government British Government
Zamindar Ryots Village headman/
Peasants Talukdar/Lambardar
Structure Peasants
of Revenue
Collection
(hierarchy)
Fixed and stable Fixed revenue Joint land rights on

incomes. of permanent the village were
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End corruption; settlement. common.
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minimize expanses Frequent agrarian Traditional structure
in collection of revolts.
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in a new form.
revenue.
Reasons for Unavailability of
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Increase in large middleman
Introduction
investments in in these areas.
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agriculture.
Land ownership
Create a loyal with Ryots and will
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group of zamindars. work for raising
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land fertility.
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Fixed revenue Direct settlement Settlement with
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sharing model. with Ryots. village community

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Land lordship Proprietary right to jointly and separately.

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right to Zamindars the landholders. Taxation on village

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(transferrable and and targets among

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Temporary
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hereditary). the cultivators.

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Features settlement for 30

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10/11 revenue for years. Ownership rights with

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the Britishers. individual peasants.

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Government had
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Discretionary right to enhance Mahal as scal unit,

extraction from land revenue. agreement between
British and village
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peasants. Land was classied

and surveyed. headman/ Talukdar
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Auctioning land /Lambardar.

in case of non Revenue relief
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-payment (Sunset during natural Collection

law). calamity. responsibility to
village headman/
Law provided for Provision of
Talukdar/Lambardar.
the agreement with contraction and
peasants on the relinquishment Field survey, maps, etc.
rate of tax. but later dropped
in 1833. Periodic revision of
taxes.
Sunset clause.
IMPACT ON THE BRITISH REVENUE
PSS: Misappropriation and lack of revision led to
depletion of revenues.
RS: Increased revenue but also administrative expenses.
MS: Increased revenue without impacting much
administrative expenses.
IMPACT ON THE PEASANTS
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PSS: On mercy of Zamindars, no
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ownership rights led to revolts.
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RS: Natural calamity exemption was
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seldom applied and all factors led
to debt trap and transfer of land.
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IMPACT OR MS: Very high revenue rate, fragmentation
CONSEQUENCES of land, debt trap, over assessment
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OF LAND based on idiosyncratic estimates.
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REVENUE
SYSTEM
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IMPACT ON THE ZAMINDARS
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PS: Reaped huge benets and Absentee

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Landlordism.
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RS: Direct settlement with Ryots.

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MS: Rise of village headman/ talukdar/

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Lambardar.
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IMPACT ON THE LAND AND OTHER IMPACTS

PSS: Deterioration of land fertility and lack of investment
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by any stakeholders.
RS: Rise in farmland leasing and rise of village elites.
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MS: Commodication of land and became prominent

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reasons for 1857 revolt.
PSS/PS: Permanent Settlement system.
MS: Mahalwari System
RS: Ryotwari System.

BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS INDIAN STATES:
STAGES OF
COLONIALISM
IN INDIA
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FIRST
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STAGE MERCHANT CAPITALISM OR MERCANTILISM (1757-1813 )
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Monopoly over trade.
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Take over government revenue.
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COLONIALISM OF FREE TRADE (1813-1860s ) SECOND
at STAGE
Economic integration with England and world.
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Free entry in Indian market.
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Land revenue systems.

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THIRD
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STAGE ERA OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS (STARTED FROM 1860s)

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Development of Railway, post, telegraph, banking

system, etc.
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MERCANTILE POLICY OF BRITISH IN INDIA
Period of Monopoly Trade and Direct Appropriation

(1757-1813)
OBJECTIVES:
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1. Acquire monopoly of trade with India.
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2. Directly appropriate or take over governmental
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revenues through control over State power.
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CHANGES MADE:
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1. Military organisation: As native rulers were
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introducing their armed forces.
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2. Administrative changes: To ensure smooth and
efcient revenue collection.
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RESULTS: Large scale Drain of Wealth.

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DIFFERENT STAGES OF COLONIALISM
IN PRINCELY STATES:
Policy of Equal
Federation
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(1935-1947): A
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Non-Starter.
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1. Direct responsibility Curzon’s Approach:
and paramount Policy of patronge and
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Policy of supremacy of the Crown. intrusive surveillance.
Subordinate
2. Further non- Post Curzon: Montford
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Union annexation.
(1857-1935) reform (1921) led to
3. Modern developments Chamber of Princes
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in communication. at (Narendra Mandal)
Policy States surrendered all

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of Subordinate Policy of annexation
Isolation form of sovereignty except by Dalhousie.
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(1813-1857) in internal administration

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Creating buffer zones Establishment of

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to defend the Company’s British Supremacy and

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Policy of frontiers. Policy of Subsidiary

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Ring Fence Hyderabad in Case of Alliance by Lord

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(1765-1813)
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Wellesley are related

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AngloMysore war.
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Awadh and Rohilkhand with the policy of ring

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against Marathas. fence.

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The Company’s 1. Arrival of Dupleix: 1751

Struggle for Equality Diwani rights
2. EIC capture of Arcot: 1751
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from a Position of Bengal, Bihar

of Subordination 3. Battle of Plassey: 1757
and Odisha.
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(1740-1765) 4. Treaty of Allahabad: 1765
Policy of
Relative 1. Dependence on the native princes.
Isolationism 2. Avoided aggrasive policies.
(before 1740)
STATE'S PEOPLE'S CONFERENCE MOVEMENTS
(PRAJA MANDAL MOVEMENTS IN PRINCELY STATES)
Till NCM(1920), National Movements taken place

in British Provinces
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NCM led to formation of Praja Mandals
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Praja Mandals brought representative and people from Princely
states together
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Praja Mandal Movements started.
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1. Exposed feudal
polity and provided
ground for integration.
Importance of
Praja Mandal 2. Brought inner desire
Movements of people from princely
states to merge into
main stream.
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Praja Mandal
Movements
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1. In organization of
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these movements.
1. Oriented against
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2. Base through
the feudalism and
colonialism. Gandhian Movements
like NCM, CDM,
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2. Fought against declaration of objectives
their feudal princes
in Tripuri session.
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and the British at
administration 3. Moral support and
simultaneously Nature of indirect help like appeal
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for their rights. Movements to rulers, etc.
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Activities of The National Role of

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Movements congress in
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Praja Mandal
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Movements Associations Praja Mandal

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States Movements
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1. Implementation of 1. The Hitvardhak Sabha: Poona, May 1921

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constructive program (For Southern princely states).

of National Movements.
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2. Akhil Bhor Sansthan Praja Sabha: By

2. Established schools, Wamanrao Patwardhan in Nov, 1921 (Bhor region.)
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Promoted khadi,
encouraged cottage 3. All India Association of the People’s Council:
industries, etc. To make this movement as national level movement,
Demanded the responsible government and rights
of citizenship, In Karachi session of council, rejected
the nomination clause, etc.
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES ASSOCIATED ASPECTS
Akhil Bhor Sansthan Praja Sabha in

Wamanrao Patwardhan Bhor region.
Congress leader, and became

H.K. Mahatab instrumental in organization of State
People's Conference in 1937.
The prime-minister of Odhisa province,
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issued appeal to the rulers of the States in
Biswanath Das
in
November 1938 to accept the legitimate
demands of the people.
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Wamanrao Patwardhan H.K. Mahatab Biswanath Das

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FOR DETAILED ENQUIRY, PLEASE CALL:

10
Vision IAS
www.visionias.in GUWAHATI
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QUICK REVISION MODULE
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(UPSC PRELIMS 2022) MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

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REVOLT OF 1857
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The Revolt of 1857 is a watershed event in history of

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India’s struggle against the foreign rule. But it was no

sudden occurrence rather it was the culmination of a
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century long traditions of fierce popular

resistance to British domination in India.
Prior to this, the mutinies and rebellions remained

sporadic or local affairs. However, the scale and spread
of the Revolt of 1857 was larger. Sepoys at many centre
mutinied and this was accompanied by civil
disturbances.
www.visionias.in Vision IAS 1

CAUSES OF THE REVOLT
ECONOMIC CAUSES POLITICAL CAUSES SOCIO-RELIGIOUS OTHER CAUSES

CAUSES
Policies such as Racial overtones Administrative

Peasants were ‘Effective and a Causes:
impoverished by Control’, superiority Rampant
heavy taxation. ‘Subsidiary complex of British corruption in the
Alliance’ and and activities of Company’s
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‘Doctrine of Christian administration.
Lapse’. missionaries.
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Socio-religious British suffered
Moneylenders Annexation of serious losses
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reform like
and traders Awadh in 1856 abolition of sati, in 1st Afghan
emerged as the on the pretext of widow remarriage War (1838-42),
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new landlords. maladministration. and women’s Punjab War
education. (1845-49),
Crimean Wars
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at (1854-56),
Santhal rebellion
(1855-57).
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Attempt to take
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Annexation of cut Government’s Immidiate

away the nominal
off the source of decision to tax
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Cause:
authority of the
patronage for mosque and Discontent
native Princes
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artisans and temple lands. amoung the

and their
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handicraftsmen. Indian Sepoys.

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pensions were
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greatly reduced.
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Satara (1848), Legislative

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Land rights
Nagpur, measures, like
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zamindars
Sambalpur and Religious
were often
Baghat (1850), Disabilities Act,
forfeited with
Udaipur (1852) 1856 declared
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frequent use of
and Jhansi that change of
a quo
(1853) were religion did not
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warranto.
annexed unsing debar a son from
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Doctrine of Lapse. inheriting the

property.

DISCONTENT AMONG SEPOYS
Restrictions on wearing General Service Unequal emoluments There had been a

caste and sectarian Enlistment Act compared to his British long history of
marks and rumors of decreed that all counterpart and denial revolts in the
proselytizing future recruits to the of Foreign Service British Indian Army
activities of Bengal Army would allowance (bhatta) - Bengal (1764),
chaplains. have to give an when serving in Sind or Vellore (1806),
undertaking to serve in Punjab. Barrackpore (1825)
anywhere as might and during the
be required by the Afghan Wars
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Government. (1838-42).
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BEGINNING OF THE REVOLT
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May 10, 1857
Mutiny started at
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March 29, 1857
Mangal Pandey of 34th Merrut
Native Infantry killed
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Hugeson and Baugh on May 11,1857
Marching soldiers arrived in
parade at Barakpore.
at Delhi.
82 year old, Bahadur Shah
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April 23, 1857
80 soldiers of the 3 Light Zafar was declared the
Shahenshan-e-Hindustan
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Cavalry who refused to use

the cartridges were court (Emperor of the India).
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martialled.
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Copyright © by Vision IAS

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SPREAD OF THE REVOLT, ASSOCIATE LEADERS
AND BRITISH SUPPRESSORS
DELHI
Leaders: Bahadur Shah|| ‘Zafar

and Gen Bakht Khan.
Suppressors: Archdale Wilson, BAREILLY
FAIZABAD
Nicholson and Sir John Lawrence Leaders:Khan
Note: Bahadur Shah||surrendered Leaders: Maulvi
Bahadur.
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and was exited with his favourite Ahmadullah
Queen zinnat MAHAL in Note: Ahmadullah killed
in
Rangaoon.He died on November in an encounter in June
1858.
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7,1862.
Three of his younger sons were shot
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dead publicity at khooni darwaza
,Delhi.
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KANPUR
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at Leaders: Nana Saheb
Note: Nana Sahib was
LUCKNOW defeated and escaped to Nepal
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Suppressors: Sir Huge
Leaders: Begam Hazrat Wheeler and Sir Colin
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Mahal .Suppressor:Henry Campbell.

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Lawrence,Brigadier
Inglis,Hennry
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Havelock,James Outram
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and Sir Colin Campell.

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NOTE:Begam hazar mahal JAGDISPUR

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escaped to Nepal.
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(Arah) Leaders: Kunwar

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Singh (and his brother Amar

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Singh)
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Supressors: William Taylor

and Vincet Eye
Note: Kunwar Singh was
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wounded and died on 26th

April 1858.
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JHANSI
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Leaders: Rani laxmibai

Suppressor: sir Hugh Rose
Note: she was joined by Tantya Tope, A close associate by Nana
saheb,after the loss of kanpur.
She met her death on june 17,1858,during the battle for
Gwalior.
Betrayed by a Zamindar friend, Tope was captured while sleeping
and was sentenced tp death on April 15,1859.

OTHER LEADERS
Azimullah Kadam
Liyaqat Ali Devi Singh Shah Mal
Khan Singh
(Allahabad) (Mathura) (Baghpat)
(Fatehpur) (Merrut)
NOTE: By the end of 1859, British authority over India was fully re-established:
British adopted the policy of ‘no prisoners’, which meant that the rebels were
executed en masse. This British retaliation is called ‘the Devil’s Wind’.
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Large numbers of rebels were tied to the mouth of the cannons and
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blown to bits. Sometimes the entire pro-rebel villages were wiped out.
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REASONS FOR FAILURE OF THE REVOLT
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Lacked all India participation
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The eastern, southern and western part of the country mostly
remained unaffected. The revolt was mainly localised in central
India.
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Poor participation from all section of the society.

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Educated Indians, money lenders, talukdars, and merchants didnot

particpate in the revolt. Also, most of the Indian rulers refused to join.
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Example: Scindia of Gwalior, Holkars of Indore, etc.

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Weak leadership with lack of coordination

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The principal leaders, Nana Sahib, Tantya Tope, Kunwar Singh, and
Laxmibai, were no match to their British opponents in generalships like
Lawrence Brothers, John Nicholson, etc.
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Indian Soldiers were poorly equipped materially

They fought generally with swords and spears and very few guns and
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muskets. Whereas, British troops were well trained and equipped with
Enfield rifles and electric telegraph.
Other Resons
Punjab didn’t rise in revolt because of which the British army deployed
in large numbers in the region could be redeployed for tackling the
rebels. Gurkha soldiers sided with the British.

CHANGES INTRODUCED AFTER THE
SUPPRESSION OF THE REVOLT
English East India Governor- Board of Directors Indian Army was

Company’s rule General of India and Board of thoroughly
came to an end. was given an Control were reorganized. It had
Government of additional title, abolished and office a higher proportion
India Act, the Viceroy and of the Secretary of of Europeans in it
1858, declared was a State for India was and were
Queen Victoria as representative of created who was responsible for
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the sovereign of the Crown. assisted by an manning the
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British India. Indian Council of artillery and the
15 members. field.
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l.o
Concrete efforts Administrative Unconditional British actively
were made to changes were pardon was pursued the policy
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woo the Native made in the granted to the of “Divide and
Princes as allies. executive, rebels except Rule” towards the
The policy of legislative and those who had general population.
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ruthless conquest judicial arenas been responsible
at British adopted a
in India was given with greater for the murder of conservative attitude
up. participation the British during towards the
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of Indians. the revolt. Muslims.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF REVOLT OF 1857

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Voiced the grievances

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of various classes.
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It had seeds of nationalism and

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It acted as an inspiration for later

anti- imperialism. But the concept
phase of Indian freedom struggle.
of common nationality and nationhood
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was not inherent to the revolt of 1857.

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It was written about and discussed

not only within Indai but also It led to reforms in Indian
outside by Benjamin Disraeli, Karl admistrative, legislative and
Marx, etc. executive setup.
There was complete cooperation

between Hindus and Muslims at
all levels- people, soldiers, leaders.

HINDU-MUSLIM UNITY
The events of 1857 demonstrated that the India was not communal before 1858:
Complete cooperation between Hindus and Muslims at all the levels—people,
soldiers, leaders.
All leaders acknowledged Bahadur Shah Zafar, as the emperor.
Rebels and sepoys, both Hindu and Muslim, respected each other’s sentiments. For example:
immediate banning of cow slaughter.
Both Hindus and Muslims were well represented in leadership. For example: Nana
Saheb had Azimullah, an expert in political propaganda, as his aide. Similarly, Rani Laxmibai
had the solid support of Afghan soldiers.
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NATURE OF THE REVOLT
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“The Indian War of Savarkar called the revolt as the first war of Indian
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Independence, 1857” - V.D. independence. He interpreted it as a “planned war of
Savarkar national independence”.
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“Eighteen FiftySeven” - Dr
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He considers the revolt as having begun as a fight for
S.N. Sen religion but ending as a war of independence.
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Dr R.C. Majumdar He considers it as neither the first, nor national, nor a
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war of independence as large parts of the country

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remained unaffected and many sections of the people took no

part in the upsurge.
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“Discovery of India” - He considered the revolt of 1857 as essentially a feudal

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Jawaharlal Nehru uprising though there were some nationalistic

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elements in it.
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M.N. Roy He felt the revolt was a last ditch stand of feudalism
against commercial capitalism.
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R.P. Dutt He saw it as revolt of the peasantry against foreign

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domination.
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James Outram “A Mohammedan conspiracy making capital of Hindu

grievances”
S.B. Chaudhuri The revolt was “the first combined attempt of many
classes of people to challenge a foreign power.”

7
Vision IAS
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( UPSC PRELIMS 2022) MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
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GOVERNOR GENERAL
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AND VICEROYS
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GOVERNOR GENERALS AND VICEROYS

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(1774 - 1833) (1833 - 1858)

(1858 - 1947)
GOVERNOR GENERAL GOVERNOR GENERAL
VICEROYS
OF BENGAL OF INDIA

GOVERNOR GENERALS OF BENGAL
WARREN HASTINGS (1773-1785)
Became Governor of Bengal in 1772 and then 1st Governor General of Bengal
through the Regulating Act of 1773.
Supreme Court at Fort William was established in 1774.
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Act of 1781, under which the powers of jurisdiction between the governor-general-
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in-council and the Supreme Court at Calcutta, were clearly divided.
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Pitt's India Act of 1784.
Strained relationships with Chait Singh, the Maharaja of Benaras, led to Warren Hasting's'
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impeachment in England.
Founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1784) with William Jones.
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Established Diwani and Fauzdari adalats at
at district level and Sadar Diwani and Abolished the dual government
Nizamat adalats at Calcutta. established by Robert Clive.
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REFORMATIVE ACTIONS
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Translation of code in Sanskrit to English in 1776, Divided Bengal into districts. Appointed
under the title of “Code of Gentoo laws” collectors and other revenue officials.
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Second Mysore War in 1780-84.

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The Rohilla War of 1774.

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REPRESSIVE ACTIONS
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Treaty of Salbai in 1782. The First Maratha War in 1775-82.

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LORD CORNWALLIS (1786-1793)

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Known as “father of civil services In India” because of Europeanisation of

administrative machinery and introduction of civil services.
REPRESSIVE ACTIONS
Third Mysore War (1790-92) and Treaty of Seringapatam (1792).

Separation of revenue administration and civil
Created post of district judge.
jurisdiction.
REFORMATIVE ACTIONS
First person to codify laws as Cornwallis Introduced Permanent Settlement of Bengal
Code (1793). in 1793.
SIR JOHN SHORE (1793-1798)
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Introduced the 1st Charter Act of 1793.
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Battle of Kharda between the Nizam and the Marathas in 1795.
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LORD WELLESLEY (1798-1805)
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Original Name: Richard Colley Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley.
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Established Fort William College at Calcutta in 1800. at
Madras Presidency was formed during his tenure in 1801.
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Started the policy of Subsidiary Alliance System

Fourth Mysore War (1799). in 1798. The first alliance was with Nizam of
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Hyderabad (Nizam Ali) in 1798.

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REFORMATIVE ACTIONS
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Treaty of Bassein with Marathas(1802). Second Took over the administration of

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Maratha War (1803-05) defeat of the Scindia, Tanjore (1799), Surat (1800)
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and Carnatic (1801).

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the Bhosle and the Holkar.

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SIR GEORGE BARLOW (1805-1807)

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Vellore Mutiny (1806) happened during his tenure.

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LORD MINTO I (1807-1813)

Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh (1809) was signed during his tenure.
Charter Act of 1813 was passed.

LORD HASTINGS (1813-1823)
He adopted the policy of intervention and war.

Strife with Pindaris (1817-1818) and complete destruction of Pindari Clan in India.
Creation of Bombay presidency in 1818.
Establishment of Ryotwari System by Thomas Munro, governor of Madras (1820)
and Mahalwari System in Northern India (1822).
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Third Maratha War (1817-19) and dissolution Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) and the Treaty
of Maratha Confederacy. of Sagauli, 1816.
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REPRESSIVE ACTIONS
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Creation of Bombay Presidency (1818). Treaty with Sindhia (1817).
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LORD AMHERST (1823-1828)
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Establishment of Sanskrit College at Calcutta (1824).

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First Burmese War (1824-1826) and Treaty of Yandabo (1826) Acquisition of territories of Malay
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Peninsula.
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Capture of Bharatpur (1826).

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GOVERNOR GENERALS OF INDIA
LORD WILLIAM BENTINCK (1828-1835)
Most liberal and enlightened Governor General of India.
Till 1833, served as Governor General of Bengal and from 1833-1835, served as
the rst Governor General of India.
Suppression of Thugi (1830).
Charter Act of 1833: It provided that no Indian subject of the Company will be
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debarred from holding an office on account of his religion, place of birth, descent and colour.
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Regarded as “father of modern western education in India.”
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REFORMATIVE ACTIONS REPRESSIVE ACTIONS
Resolution of 1835, and educational Annexation of Mysore (1831),
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reforms and introduction of English as Coorg (1834) and Central Cachar
the official language (Macaulay’ 1834).
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minutes on education).
at Treaty of ‘perpetual friendship’
Abolition of sati and other cruel with Ranjeet Singh in 1831.
rites (1829).
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Abolition of the provincial courts
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of appeal and circuit set up by

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Cornwallis and appointment of the

commissioners of revenue and circuit.
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LORD METCALFE (1835-1836)

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REPRESSIVE ACTIONS
New press law removing restrictions on the press in India were passed by him.
Repealed Licensing Regulation of 1823.
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Known as “liberator of press in India.”

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Established Calcutta Public Library in 1836.

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LORD ELLENBOROUGH (1842-1844) Bank of Bombay
Death of Ranjit Singh (1839) during his tenure.

Tripartite Treaty in 1838 between British , Shah Shuja and Ranjit Singh against
Dost Muhammad Khan.
First Afghan War (1838-42). This was a great blow to the prestige of British in
India.
Bank of Bombay was established in 1840. (This later became, Imperial Bank of India and now SBI).

LORD AUCKLAND (1836-1842)
REFORMATIVE ACTIONS REPRESSIVE

REPRESSIVE ACTIONS
ACTIONS
He brought an end to Afghan War.
Abolished slavery in 1843
Annexation of Sindh (1843).
War with Gwalior (1843).
LORD HARDINGE I (1844-1848)
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Abolition of female infanticide First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46)
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and human sacrice. and the Treaty of Lahore (1846).
Establishment of Roorkee Preferred to English educated
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Engineering College in 1847. in employment.
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LORD DALHOUSIE (1848-1856)
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Original Name: James Andrew Brown Ramsay.

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Railway Minute of 1853; and 1st passenger train connecting Bombay and Thane
in 1853.
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Telegraph (4000 miles of telegraph lines to connect Calcutta with Bombay, Madras
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and Peshawar) and postal (Post Office Act, 1854) reforms.

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Ganges Canal declared open (1854).

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Establishment of separate public works department in every province.

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“Wood’s Educational Despatch” of Fought Second Anglo-Sikh War

1854 and opening of Anglo-vernacular (1848-49 that led to annexation of
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schools and government colleges Punjab (1849).

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(Note: Charles Wood was President of 2nd Aglo-Burmese war and

the Board of Control). annexation of Lower Burma or Peg
Widow Remarriage Act (1856). (1852).
Banned Female Infanticide Santhal Rebellion

completely and Human Sacrice in of 1855 happened.
Central province, Odisha and
Maharashtra.

GOVERNOR GENERALS OF INDIA
LORD CANNING (1856-1857)
Till 1858 served as Governor General of India and after 1858, served as
Viceroy of India.
Revolt of 1857 happened during his tenure.
Government of India Act 1858 was passed as an Act of Good Governance in
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India.
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White Mutiny' by European troops in 1859.
Indian Council Act of 1861 was passed.
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System of Budget and Portfolio System was introduced.
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Hindu Widows Remarriage Act of 1856 Revolt of 1857 was crushed with all might of
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was passed. at the empire.
Establishment of three universities at Indigo Revolt (1859-60)
Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857. occurred because of
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Formation of Imperial Civil Services. British atrocities.
Establishment of Archaeological Survey
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of India by Alexander Cunningham in 1861.

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LORD ELGIN I (1862-1863)

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Establishment of High Courts at Calcutta,

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Wahabi Movement was suppressed.

Bombay and Madras.
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LORD JOHN LAWRENCE (1864-1869)

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Tabernacle of New Dispensation was setup by Keshub Chandra Sen.
Establishment of Shimla as India's summer Bhutan War (1865): The British defeated
capital in 1863. Bhutan and annexed Assam and Bengal
Allahabad High Court was setup in 1866. Duars.

LORD MAYO (1869-1872)
He was assassinated during his tenure.

He started nancial decentralisation.
Sedition Act of 1870 to tackle the Wahabi movement.
REFORMATIVE ACTIONS
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Opened the Rajkot College in Kathiawar and the Mayo College at Ajmer for political training
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of Indian princes.
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Establishment of Statistical Survey of India and Department of Agriculture and Commerce.
Introduction of state railways.
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LORD NORTHBROOK (1872-1876)
Jyotiba Phule launched Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873.

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Prince of Wales visited India in 1875.
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Trial of Gaekwar of Baroda happened during his tenure.
Kuka Movement in Punjab.
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He resigned because of Afghanistan issue.

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LORD LYTTON (1876-1880)

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Under Royal Titles Act (1876), Queen Victoria assumed the title of 'Kaiser-i-Hind'
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or Queen Empress of India.

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Famine Commission under the presidency of Richard Strachey (1878).

1st Delhi Durbar happened during his tenure 1877.
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Deccan Agrarian Relief Act 1876.

Famine of 1876-78.
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REPRESSIVE ACTIONS
Decreased the maximum age for ICS from 21 years to 16 years.

The Vernacular Press Act (1878).
The Arms Act (1878).
The Second Afghan War (1878-80).

LORD RIPON (1880-1884)
The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883-84) happened during his tenure.

Rendition of Mysore.
He is known as father of Local self governance in India.
REFORMATIVE ACTIONS
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He repealed of the Vernacular Press Act (1882). Centralization
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The rst Factory Act (1881) to improve labour conditions. Administrative
Government resolution on local self-government (1882). Decentralization
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First complete census was conducted. Financial
Decentralization
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Hunter Commission (1882).
Political Decentralization
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LORD DUFFERIN (1884-1888)
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The Third Burmese War (1885-86).
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Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885.
During his tenure the Indian National Congress (INC) was formed.
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LORD LANSDOWNE (1888-1894)

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Set up of Durand Commission (1893) to define the boundary, i.e. Durand Line,
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between India and Afghanistan.

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NOTE: The current Durand line is between Pakistan and Afghanistan. A small
portion of the line touches India in Pakistan occupied Kashmir.
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REFORMATIVE ACTIONS
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Factory Act (1891).

Age of Consent Act, 1891, also known as Act X of 1891, prohibited the marriage of below 12
years girls.
Categorisation of civil services into imperial, provisional and subordinate.
Indian Councils Act (1892).

LORD ELGIN II (1894-1899)
Indian Famine of 1896-97 happened. Lyall commission appointed after famine.

Santhal and Munda Uprisings under Birsa Munda.
Spreading of plague in Bombay and assassination of two British officials the Chapekar brothers (1897).
LORD CURZON (1899-1905)
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Indian Famine of 1899-1900. Famine commission under Macdonell was setup.
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In 1901, created North West Frontier Province to curb the uprising by frontier
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tribes.
Curzon-Kitchener controversy.
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2nd Delhi Durbar was held in 1903.
Swadesi Movement against the partition of Bengal was launched by Congress.
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Calcutta Corporation Act (1899).

at Ofcial Secrets Act 1904 was launched to
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Appointment of Police Commission (1902) curb the free speech.
under Sir Andrew Frazer to review police Partition of Bengal (1905).
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administration. Younghusband’s Mission to Tibet was sent

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Appointment of Universities Commission in 1904.

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(1902) and passing of Indian Universities Act

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(1904).
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PUSA Agricultural Institute was setup in

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1903.
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Establishment of Department of Commerce

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and Industry.
Ancient Monuments Preservation Act
(1904).
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LORD MINTO II (1905-1910)

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Popularisation of anti-partition and Swadeshi Movements.

Split in Congress in the annual session of 1907 in Surat.
Muslim League was formed in 1906.
Jamsetji Tata established TISCO in 1907.
Morley Minto Reforms of 1909 of the Indian Council Act of 1909. It also provided
separate electorates.
Seditious Meeting (Prohibition) Act 1909 to curb the rise of extremists.
Indian Press Act, of 1910 to curb the free speech.

LORD HARDINGE II (1910-1916)
Creation of Bengal Presidency (like Bombay and Madras) in 1911.

Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).
Establishment of the Hindu Mahasabha (1915) by Madan Mohan Malaviya.
Coronation durbar of King George V was held at Delhi Durbar III (1911).
Creation of McMohan Line between India and China in 1914.
Ghadar Mutiny of 1915.
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Arrival of Gandhiji to India in 1905.
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A bomb was thrown at him near Chandni Chowk but he escaped unhurt.
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LORD CHELMSFORD (1916-1921)
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Home Rule Movement by Annie Besant and Tilak (1916).
Lucknow session of the Congress (1916) and coming together of moderates
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and extremists. at
Lucknow pact between the Congress and Muslim League (1916).
Foundation of Sabarmati Ashram (1916) after Gandhi's return from South Africa.
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Launch of Champaran Satyagraha (1916), Kheda Satyagraha (1918), and Satyagraha at Ahmedabad
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(1918).
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Launch of Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements.

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Death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak (August 1, 1920).

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Montagu’s August Declaration (1917) and

Government of India Act (1919).
Foundation of Women’s University at
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Poona (1916) and appointment of Saddler’s The Rowlatt Act (1919) was opposed by
Commission (1917). launch of Rowlatt Satyagraha.
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Appointment of S.P. Sinha as governor of Jallianwalla Bagh massacre (1919).

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Bihar (the first Indian to become a governor).

Imperial Bank of India (now SBI) was
formed in 1921.


LORD READING (1921-1926)
Chauri Chaura incident (February 5, 1922) and the subsequent withdrawal

of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921).
Rabindra Nath Tagore founded Visva Bharati University in 1921.
Formation of Swaraj Party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru (1922).
Communal riots in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, Aligarh, Arvi and Calcutta.
UTTAR
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Kakori train robbery (1925). PRADESH
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Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (RSS) was formed in 1925. CHAURI CHAURA
Murder of Swami Shraddhanand (1926).
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REFORMATIVE ACTIONS
Repeal of the Press Act of 1910 and the Rowlatt Act of 1919.
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Criminal Law Amendment Act and abolition of cotton excise.
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Lee Commission for public services was appointed in 1923.
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Decision to hold simultaneous examinations for the ICS both in Delhi and London, with
effect from 1923.
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LORD IRWIN (1926-1931)

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Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission (1927).

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Visit of Simon Commission to India (1928) and the boycott of the commission by
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the Indians. Death of Lala Lajpat Rai.

Murder of Saunders, the assistant superintendent of police of Lahore. Bomb blast
in the Assembly Hall of
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Delhi (1929). Bomb accident in train in Delhi (1929).

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Lahore Conspiracy Case and death of Jatin Das after prolonged hunger strike (1929).
Lahore session of the Congress (1929) and Purna Swaraj Resolution.
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'Deepavali Declaration' by Lord Irwin (1929).

Dandi March (March 12, 1930) by Gandhi to launch the Civil Disobedience
Movement.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) and suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement.
Execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev (1931).

LORD WILLINGDON (1931-1936)
Second Round Table Conference (1931) and failure of the conference.

Resumption of Civil Disobedience Movement.
Announcement of Communal Award (1932)
under which separate communal electorates were set up.
'Fast unto death' by Gandhi in Yeravada prison, broken after the Poona Pact (1932).
Third Round Table Conference (1932).
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The Government of India Act of 1935.
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Establishment of All India Kisan Sabha (1936).
Congress Socialist Party by Acharya Narendra Dev and Jayaprakash Narayan in 1934.
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Burma separated from India (1935).
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Reserve Bank of India was established.
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LORD LINLITHGOW (1936-1944)
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Resignation of the Congress ministries after the outbreak of the Second World
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War (1939).
Subhash Chandra Bose elected as the president of Congress at the fifty-first
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session of the Congress (1938).

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Resignation of Bose in 1939 and formation of the Forward Bloc (1939).

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Lahore Resolution (March 1940) by the Muslim League, demand for separate state for Muslims.
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Winston Churchill elected prime minister of England (1940).

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Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India (1941) and organisation of the Indian National Army.
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Passing of the 'Quit India Resolution' by the Congress (1942) and outbreak of 'August Revolution' or
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Revolt of 1942 after the arrest of national leaders.

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Divide and Quit' slogan at the Karachi session (1944) of the Muslim League.
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First general elections (1936-37) were held

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in which Congress attained absolute majority.

‘August Offer’ (1940) by the viceroy and its Imperialist’s used their force to crush the
criticism by the Congress and endorsement by Quit India Movement.
the Mulsim League. Bengal Famine of 1943 due to diversion of
Cripps Mission’s to offer dominion status to food grains to feed soldiers during World
India and setting up of a Constituent War II.
Assembly. It was rejected by the Congress.

LORD WAVELL (1944-1947)
CR Formula (1944) and failure of Gandhi - Jinnah talks (1944).

End of Second World War (1945).
Observance of 'Direct Action Day' (August 16, 1948) by the Muslim League.
Wavell Plan and the Shimla Conference (1942).
Proposals of the Cabinet Mission (1946) and its acceptance by the Congress.
Trials of soldiers of INA and suppression of Royal Indian Navy Mutiny.
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REFORMATIVE ACTIONS
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Elections to the Constituent Assembly, formation of Interim Government by the Congress
(September 1946).
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Announcement of end of British rule by Clement Attlee on February 20, 1947.
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LORD MOUNTBATTEN (1947-1948)
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June Third Plan (June 3, 1947) announced.
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Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the House of Commons and its

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passing.
Appointment of two boundary commissions under Sir Cyril Radcliff for the
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partition of Bengal and Punjab.

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He became the 1st Governor General of Dominion of India (1947-1950).

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Resentment against at
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the British Rule - Tribal,
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Peasant, Civil Rebellion

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A. PEASANT MOVEMENTS
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I. STATUS OF INDIAN PEASANTRY

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STATUS OF INDIAN PEASANTRY UNDER COLONIAL RULE

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IMPOVERISHMENT OF ISSUES IN ISSUES IN

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PEASANTRY DUE TO ZAMINDARI AREAS RYOTWARI AREAS

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Colonial economic
policies, High rents, Heavy land revenue.
Ruin of the handicrafts Illegal levies. High interests by
leading to overcrowding Money lenders.
of land. Arbitrary evictions.
High debts.
The new land revenue Unpaid labour.
system,
Colonial administrative
and judicial system.
II. EARLY PEASANT MOVEMENT
INDIGO MOVEMENT (1859-60)
European Indigo planters in Bengal forced pesants to grow indigo instead

Preceding of more profitable crops like rice.
Events Pessants were intimidated through kidnappings, flogging, attacks on women
and children, demolition of houses and crops.
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Key Leaders like Digamber Biswas and Bishnu Biswas organised a counter force
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Features against the planters’ attacks.
of the Pesants resorted to rent strike and initiated legal action with the help of
Movement
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Bengal Intellgensia.
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An indigo commission was appointed. Based on the reports, the government
notified that the pesants could not be compelled to grow indigo.
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Consequ-
ences
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Planters closed down the factories and indigo cultivation was virtually wiped
out from Bengal by 1860.
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PABNA AGRARIAN LEAGUES

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During 1870s-80s, Zamindars in Eastern Bengal resorted to oppressive pratices

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Preceding of tax collection and eviction.

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Events It included forcible evictions, seizure of cattle and crops and prolonged and
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costly litigation in courts.

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Key The peasants of Yusufshahi Pargana in Patna district formed an agrarian

Features league to organize rent strike.
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of the The main form of struggle was that of legal resistance; there was very little
Movement
violence.
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Due to official persuasion and fears among the zamindars, Many peasants
were able to acquire occupancy rights and resist enhanced rents.
Consequ- To protect the interests of Zamindars, government passed the Bengal Tenancy
ences Act, 1885.
Intellectuls supporting the movement included RC Dutt, SN Banerjea,
BC Chatterjea.
DECCAN RIOTS
The ryots of Deccan region of western India suffered heavy taxation under
Preceding the Ryotwari system.
Events In addition to exploitation by the moneylenders, they were under duress due
to American Civil War in 1864.
Key In 1874, ryots started social boycott against moneylenders.
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Features It spread rapidly to the villages of Poona, Ahmednagar, Sholapur and Satara.
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of the Soon the social boycott was transformed into agrarian riots with systematic
Movement
attacks on the moneylenders’ houses and shops.
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The Government succeeded in repressing the movement.
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Consequ-
ences As a conciliatory measure, the Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act was passed
in 1879.
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III. CHANGED NATURE OF PEASANT MOVEMENTS AFTER 1857

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Peasants emerged as the main force in There was a lack of an adequate

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agrarian movements, understanding of colonialism.

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Demands were centred almost wholly on The 19th-century peasants did not possess
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economic issues, not colonialism. a new ideology and a new social, economic
and political programme.
Directed against immediate enemies —
foreign planters, indigenous zamindars and
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These struggles, however militant, occurred

moneylenders. within the framework of the old societal
order lacking a positive conception of an
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Not aimed to end the system of exploitation

of the peasants. alternative society.
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No continuity of struggle or long-term

organisation.
The peasants developed a strong awareness
of their legal rights and asserted them in and
outside the courts.
IV. LATER MOVEMENTS
a) KISAN SABHA MOVEMENT
After 1857 revolt, most of the Avadh Talukdars got back their lands which increased
their stronghold over the agrarian society.
Cultivators were subjected to high rents, summary evictions (bedakhali),
illegal levies, renewal fees or nazrana.
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With the help of Home Rule activits, kisan sabhas were organised in UP. The United Provinces
Kisan Sabha (1918) was set up by Gauri Shankar Mishra and Indra Narayan Dwivedi.
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Other major Leaders: Madan Mohan Malaviya , Jhinguri Singh, Durgapal Singh and
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Baba Ramchandra and JL Nehru
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Kisans where asked to refuse to till bedakhali land, not do unpaid labour and
solve their disputes through panchayats.
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Later the movement declined due to government repression and passsage
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of the Awadh Rent (Amendment) Act.
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b) SOME MAJOR MOVEMENTS

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Name Place of Origin Events Outcome

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Ekka Movement Northern districts of Peasants were discontent By March 1922, severe
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the United Provinces— due to high rents, repression by authorities

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Hardoi, Bahraich, Sitapur oppression of thikadars brought the movement

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and practice of share to an end.

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rents.
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Peasants decided to pay

only recorded rents, give
up forced labour.
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Major leader: Madari

Pasa.
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Mapilla Revolt Malabar Mapillas peasants Due to communal

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resented Hindu land lords overtones, leaders of

due to high rent and lack khilafat dissociated from
of security of tenure. the revolt.
They revolted against the By the end of 1921, the
British authority and revolt ended.
unpopular landlords.
Declaration of martial
law gave the revolt a
communal color.
Bardoli Bardoli taluqa in Surat. The movement started Government looked for
Satyagraha after authorities graceful withdrawal.
increased the land
It set the condition that
revenue.
first the enhanced rent
Bardoli Inquiry be paid by all the
Committee found the occupants (not actually
revenue hike to be done).
unjustified.
Gov. appointed
Vallabhabhai Patel led committee also found
the movement. the hike unjustified.
e
The women of Bardoli
gave him the title of
in
“Sardar”.
nl
l.o
c) ALL INDIA KISAN SABHA/CONGRESS
e ria
Founded in Lucknow in April 1936 with Swami Sahjanand Saraswati as the president and
at
N.G. Ranga as the general secretary.
m
A kisan manifesto was issued and a periodical under Indulal Yagnik started.
c
The AIKS and the Congress held their sessions in Faizpur in 1936.
ps
om
The Congress manifesto (especially the agrarian policy) for the 1937 provincial elections was
.u
l.c
strongly influenced by the AIKS agenda.

ai
gm
n@
w
e va
w
je
s
sc
-w
t-
si
Vi
V. MOVEMENT IN THE POST WAR PHASE
Movement Origin Organization Outcome
Tebhaga In September 1946, the The communist cadres The movement

Bengal Provincial Kisan went to the countryside dissipated soon, due to
Sabha gave a call to to organise the sop of Bargardari Bill,
implement Flood bargardars with the intensified repression,
Commission slogan of “nij khamare Hindu Mahasabha's
recommendations of dhan tolo”(sharecroppers agitation for a separate
e
tebhaga—two-thirds' to take paddy to their Bengal and renewed riots
share—to the bargardars own threshing floor). in Calcutta
in
(share-croppers).
Storm centre of
nl
The bargardars worked movement was north
on lands rented from the Bengal, principally among
l.o
jotedars. Rajbanshis. Muslims also
participated in large
numbers.
ria
Biggest peasant guerrilla In 1946, communist-led In villages controlled by
Telengana
e
war of modern Indian guerrillas uprising guerrillas, vethi and
history affecting 3000 started in Nalgonda and forced labour
at
villages and 3 million soon spread to Warrangal disappeared.
population. and Khammam.
m
Agricultural wages were
Hyderabad under Nizams Peasants organised raised.
c
was marked by domination themselves into village

Illegally seized lands were
ps
of small Urdu speaking sanghams.

restored.
Muslim elite, total lack of They attacked using
om
political and civil liberties, An improvement in the

lathis, stone slings and
.u
l.c
grossest forms of forced condition of women was

ai
chilli powder.
gm
exploitation by deshmukhs, witnessed.

n@
w
jagirdars, doras (landlords). Led the way to formation

va
e
of Andhra Pradesh on
w
s je
sc
linguistic lines.
-w
t-
si
Vi
B. TRIBAL AND CIVIL UPRISINGS
A. BENGAL AND EASTERN INDIA
NAME Origin Organization Outcome
Sanyasi Revolt In Murshidabad and Sanyasis raided Prolonged military action

(late 18th Baikunthupur forests of company's factories and by Warren Hastings to
Century) Jalpaiguri. state treasuries. control the revolt.
e
Restrictions imposed on
in
visits to the holy places
on the Sanyasis.
nl
l.o
Chuar Uprising In Midnapore district Famine, enhanced land The revolt was brutally
( also called between 1776 – 1772 and revenue demands and suppressed by the British.
ria
Revolt of the 1795 – 1816. economic distress forced
Jungle Mahal) Chuar tribesmen to take
up arms.
e
The most significant
at
uprising was under
Durjan Singh in 1798.
c m
Kol Uprising At Chhotanagpur Large-scale transfers of Large-scale military

ps
(1831) land from Kol headmen operations were done

to outsiders like Hindu, to restore order.
om
Sikh and Muslim farmers

.u
l.c
ai
and money-lenders.
gm
n@
w
British judicial and

va
revenue policies affected

e
w
je
s
traditional social
sc
conditions of the Kols.

-w
Ho and Munda Singhbhum The Raja of Parahat The revolt was

t-
Uprisings organised Ho tribals to extinguished in 1832, but

(1820-1837) revolt against occupation. Ho operations continued
till 1837.
si
Later in 1831, they

joined Mundas to protest
Vi
against new farming

revenue policy and entry
of Bengalis.
Santhal Rajmahal Hills. Money-lenders with Prolonged military action
Rebellion support of police and by Warren Hastings to
(1855-56) zamindars subjected control the revolt.
peasants to oppressive
exactions and
dispossession of lands.
Under Sidhu and Kanhu,
two brothers, the
Santhals proclaimed an
end to Company rule, and
e
declared the area
in
between Bhagalpur and
Rajmahal as autonomous.
nl
Khond Uprising Odisha to Srikakulam Chakra Bisoi, a young raja, Later with Chakra Bisoi's
l.o
(1837-1856) and Visakhapatnam. led the Khonds to oppose disappearance, the
the suppression of human uprising came to an end.
ria
sacrifice, new taxes, and
the entry of zamindars
into their areas.
e
Ahom Revolt Assam
at
British did not fulfil their The Company took
(1828) promise to withdraw conciliatory approach
m
after First Burma War and restored parts of
(1824-26). Assam to the king.
c
Instead they tried to

ps
incorporate Ahom
territories.
om
.u
l.c
ai
Rebellion sparked under

gm
the leadership of
n@
w
Gomdhar Konwar in 1828.

e va
w
je
s
sc
-w
Khasi Uprising Garo and Jaintia Hills British wanted to develop English military
(1833) a road which led to influx suppressed the revolt.
of labourers from outside.
t-
The tribes organized

themselves under Tirath
si
Singh.
Vi
Pagal Panthis Bengal Region. Karam Shah was the The area remained
(late 18th founder of this religious disturbed in 1830s and
Century) sect. 1840s.
His son Tipu took the
cause of tenants against
Zamindars.
Farazi Revolt Easter Bengal Farazi sect was founded Most of the farazis
(1838-1857) by Haji Shariat Allah. joined wahabis.
His son Dadu Mian
organized his followers
against English.
Munda Revolt Chhotanagpur The rebellion began as a Most of the farazis

(1899-1900) religious movement but joined wahabis.
gathered political force
for fight against feudal,
e
zamindari tenures, and
exploitation by
in
money-lenders
nl
Munda Revolt Chhotanagpur The rebellion began as a In 1900, their leader Birsa
l.o
(1899-1900) religious movement but Munda was captured and
gathered political force died in same year.
ria
for fight against feudal,
zamindari tenures, and
exploitation by
e
money-lenders
at
m
B. WESTERN INDIA
c
ps

om
.u
Bhil Uprising Khadesh region They revolted against Revolted started in 1817
l.c
ai
(1817-1846) EIC fearing agrarian and continued episodically

gm
till 1846.
n@
hardships.
w
va
They were led by

e
w
je
s
Sewaram.
sc
-w
Cutch Rebellion Cutch region Due to British British has to adopt

(1816) interference in the conciliatory approach.
iternal feuds of Cutch.
t-
Huge resentment due to

si
a British resident.
Chiefs revolted to restore
Vi
Bharmal as the King.
Waghera Rising Okha Mandal. Due to alien rule and A peace treaty was signed
(1818-1820) exaction of Gaekwar of in 1920.
Baroda.
Waghera chiefs of Okha
Mandal took up arms.
They made inroads into
Brtish territory.
Koli Rising Maharastra Kolis rose against
(1829) company's rule in 1829,
1839 and then in 1844-48.
Ramosi Risings Western Ghats They rose under Chittur British used force to
(1822) Singh in 1822. suppress the revolt.
Surat Salt Surat By local population The government

Agitations against rise in salt duty. withdrew the duty.
(1844)
Introduced Bengal
e
Standard Weights and
Measures.
in
nl
Kolhapur and Maratha Region Gadhkaris who
Savantvadi garrisoned the Maratha
l.o
Revolts (1838) forts faced unemployment
as garrisons were
disbanded.
ria
Similar revolt in
Savantvadi areas.
e
at
m
C. SOUTH INDIA
c
ps

om
Revolt of Raja Northern Sarkar People revolted because The company offered the
.u
l.c
of Vizianagaram the Raja was asked to estate to Raja's son and

ai
gm
(1794) disband his army. reduced the demand of

n@
w
the peasants.
va
The raja died in a battle

e
w
je
in 1794.
s
sc
-w
Poligars Revolt Dinigal region of Madras The poligars rose up Sporadic rising continued
(1799) and Malabar. against the oppressive in Madras till 1856.
t-
land revenue system

during 1801-06.
si
Vi
Diwan Velu Travancore region. Harsh conditions imposed A large military operation
Tampi's Revolt under subsidiary alliance had to be undertaken to
(1805) caused resentment. restore peace.
Rampa Revolt Coatal Andhra . Against the depredations Large military operation
(1879) of government supported was undertaken to defeat
mansabdar and new the rebels.
restrictive forest
regulations.
e
D. NORTH INDIA
in
nl
l.o
Wahabi United Provinces. It was an Islamic revivalist The movement played
Movement movement founded by an important role in
ria
(19th Century) Syed Ahmed. spreading anti-British
He advocated a return to sentiments.
e
pure Islam and condemned Military operations were
western influence. carried on the Wahabi
at base at Sithana.
m
Kuka Revolt Western Punjab Movement was founded In 1972, one its leaders
c
(1840) by Bhagat Jawahar Mal. was deported to

ps
Rangoon.
After British occuptation
of Punjab, the movement
om
.u
l.c
transformed from a
ai
gm
religious purification
n@
w
campaign to political one.

e va
It was social refoms

w
je
s
oriented.
sc
-w
t-
si
Vi

11
Vision IAS
e
in
nl
l.o
e ria
QUICK REVISION MODULE (UPSC PRELIMS
at
m
2022) MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
REVOLUTIONARY
c
ps
.u
NATIONALISM
w
w
-w
Damodar Chapekar & • 1897- Chapekar brothers killed 2 British officers, Rand
1897
t-
Balkrishna Chapekar & Ayerst.

• It can be termed as the first example of political
assassination.
si
Vi
V.D. Savarkar & his brother GD

1904 • Establishment of Abhinav Bharat (Young India Society).
Savarkar
Shyamjee Krishnaverma • He stared India House(Bharat Swashasan Samiti) in

1905
London
• It released a magazine Indian Sociologist
• VD Savarkar and Lala Hardayal were associated with
this organization

Taraknath Das 1907 • Foundation of Indian Independent League.
Madam Cama (a) Foundation of Paris Society in Paris India.

1908-09
(b) Foundation of Independent India Society.
(c) Publication of Bande Matram.
1908 • Alipore Bomb Conspiracy case.
e
in
1912 • Delhi Conspiracy case.
nl
Hardayal and Sohan Singh
1913 • Foundation of Ghadar Party in San-Francisco, USA.
l.o
Bhakna
ria
Hindu-German Conspiracy • It was a series of attempts by Indian Nationalist
1914-17
groups to create a Pan-Indian rebellion against the
British Rule during WW-I.
e
• Support from the Germans, Turkey(Ottoman) &
at
Irish Republican Movement,
m
1928 • Bhagat Singh established the Hindustan Socialist
c
Republican Association (HSRA) along with Sukhdev,

ps
Chandrashekhar Azad and others.

om
.u
l.c
Batukeshwar Dutta 1929 • Throwing of a bomb in the Central Legislative

ai
gm
Assembly.
n@
w
e va
w
• Died of 64 days Hunger Strike.

je
Jatin Das 1929

s
sc
-w
1931 • Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev were hanged on 23rd

March,1931.
t-
• This day is observed as ‘Martyrs’ Day’ or ‘Shaheed

Diwas’ or ‘Sarvodaya Day’ in their honour.
si
Vi
̹
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ
ǡ Ǥ

What is Revolutionary
Terrorism/Nationalism?
It was a byproduct of the process of the growth of

militant nationalism in India
e
in
Methodology
nl
involved was
Bipin Chandra
individual heroic
l.o
Pal is known as
actions- This was
the ‘Father of
the strategy of
Revolutionary
ria
Russian nihilists &
Thoughts’
Irish
Nationalists.
e
at
m
Phase 1 Before WW-I Phase 2 After WW-I
c
ps
om
• Disappointment among the youth

• Sudden withdrawal of Non-
.u
l.c
from the working pattern of the

ai
cooperation movement.
gm
moderates.
n@
w
e va
w
• Repression of extremist leaders & • Youth were drawn to the idea that
je
s
sc
Swadeshi movement becoming violent methods alone would free

-w
leaderless. India.
t-
• Suppressive policies of the • The upsurge of working class trade

Government. unionism after the war.
si
Vi
• Inspiration from revolutionary • Russian Revolution.

activities abroad. Eg: Japan defeated • Newly sprouting Communist
imperialist Russia. groups with their emphasis on
Marxism and Socialism.
• Novel and Books such as Bandi

Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal & Pather
Dabi by Sharatchandra.

PHASE 1: BEFORE WW1
BENGAL REGION
The leaders at Calcutta were Promotha Mitter,

Jatindranath Banerjee, and others.
It had 3 branches:
Calcutta, Dacca, & The leader at Dacca was Pulin Bihari Das.
Midnapore
e
The leader at Midnapore was Gyanendranath
in
Basu.
nl
Anushilan
l.o
Samiti The assassination of unpopular British officials,
They were informers and traitors
ria
known for two
activities
They also performed Swadeshi dacoities to raise
e
at funds for purchasing the arms
m
Their most important magazine was
Yugantar edited by Barindra Kumar
c
Ghosh & Bhupendranath Dutta

ps
om
.u
l.c
Another magazine of theirs was Sandhya

ai
Patrika edited by Bramha Bandhav

gm
n@
w
Upadhyaya
eva
w
je
s
sc
An unpopular British Chief Magistrate was the

-w
target of the bomb thrown at Muzaffarpur

(Northern Bihar).But instead two English ladies
got killed.
t-
si
Alipore Bomb
Revolutionaries who threw the bomb were
Cospiracy case (1908) Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose.
Vi
Other members of the Anushilan Samiti in

Calcutta were tried- Aurobindo Ghosh,
Also called Murari- Satyendranath Bose, etc.
pukur conspiracy or
Manicktolla bomb Aurobindo was defended by CR Das.
conspiracy. He was later acquitted due to lack of evidence
& he retired from active politics.

MAHARASHTRA
Initially, they created

Mitra Mela (1899) in Nasik
Abhinav 1904: Mitra Mela merged with Abhinav

Bharat Bharat(similar to Mazzini’s Young Italy)
e
in
They believed in the violent over-
throw of the British rule.
nl
In 1904 by VD Savarkar &
l.o
Ganesh Savarkar.
e ria
VD SAVARKAR at
c m
ps
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
Savarkar is also referred to as Svatantryaveer

va
Savarkar or Bada babu.

e
w
je
s
sc
-w
Founded a secret society called

Vinayak
Abhinav Bharat Society.
Damodar
t-
Savarkar
Involved in the formation of
si
Hindu Mahasabha.
Vi
Mazzini Charitra
Hindutva: Who is a Hindu?

BOOKS
The History of the War of

Indian Independence

Nasik magistrate Jackson was assassinated
by Anant Laxman Kanhare.
Nasik But Savarkar was Another case was

convicted and lodged waging a conspiracy
Conspiracy
in cellular jail in under IPC 121-A against
case (1909) Andaman in 1910. the King emperor.
Savarkar died of fast unto death: Sallekhana

Prayopavesa.
e
in
DELHI
nl
l.o
Rash Bihari Bose & Sachindra
Sanyal unsuccessfully
ria
attempted to kill Viceroy
Hardinge.
e
at
A homemade bomb was thrown into the viceroy’s
Delhi Conspiracy
m
howdah (elephant-carriage) during a ceremonial
Case(1912) procession in Delhi.
c
The occasion was the transfer of the British

capital from Calcutta to Delhi.
ps
om
.u
l.c
Also known as Delhi- In this regard Delhi conspiracy case was filed
ai
gm
Lahore Conspiracy Case which led to the hanging of 4 revolutionaries ->

n@
w
Awadh Bihari, Amir Chand, Balmukund & Basant

e va
w
je
s
sc
-w
PUNJAB
t-
Rise in land Practice of

si
revenue & ‘begar’ by

irrigation tax zamindars
Vi
Frequent Events in
Famines Bengal
Reasons

Also called ‘Punjab Kesari’
Was influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati and joined the

Arya Samaj in Lahore. He believed that the ideals of Indian-culture
combined with nationalism will lead to the establishment of a
secular state.
Along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar
e
Tilak, he formed the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of extremist
leaders.
Lala
in
Lajpat Rai
nl
He fought against
l.o
untouchability.
ria
He founded the Home Rule League
Contributions
of America in 1917 in New York
e
at He was the editor of the Arya
Gazette, which he had founded.
c m
He was leading a silent protest He founded the Servants

ps
against the Simon Commission of People Society in 1921.

in Lahore when he was brutally
om
.u
lathi-charged by Superinten-
l.c
ai
dent of Police, James Scott. He He co-founded the Punjab

gm
n@
w
died of injuries later. National Bank in 1894.

e va
w
je
s
sc
-w
t-
si
Vi
̹
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ
ǡ Ǥ

BHAGAT SINGH
e
in
Inspired by leftist writings he read widely, Singh was an atheist and against capitalism. Bhagat Singh wrote ->
nl
'Why I am An Atheist'
l.o
Bharat Mata journal by Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh’s uncle).
e ria
at
Initially, he supported Mahatma Gandhi and the NCM(Non-Cooperation Movement). However, when Gandhi
withdrew NCM in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident, Bhagat Singh turned to revolutionary nationalism.
c m
ps
He founded the Naujawan Bharat Sabha (1926). This organisation aimed to encourage revolution against British
rule by rallying the peasants and workers
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
In 1928, he established the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) along with Sukhdev, Chan-
e va
w
drashekhar Azad and others.

je
s
sc
-w
They decided to avenge the death of their leader Lala Lajpat Rai. But, in a case of mistaken identity, they assassi-
t-
nated another police official Saunders. This was part of the Lahore Conspiracy Case.
si
Vi
Central Assembly Bombing Case--On 8th April 1929, a harmless bomb was thrown in the Central Assembly at
Delhi, from the Visitors’ Gallery. They also threw pamphlets and raised pro-revolutionary slogans. Their stated aim
was ‘to make the deaf hear’.
Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev were hanged on 23rd March,1931. This day is observed as ‘Martyrs’ Day’ or
‘Shaheed Diwas’ or ‘Sarvodaya Day’ in their honour.

GADAR MOVEMENT
The familiarity
Influence of
Racial of NRIs with the
Communist and
discrimination American value
socialist
with Indians of freedom and
ideology
liberty
e
in
REASONS
nl
l.o
ria
It was initiated by NRIs especially in Canada and the Western Coast of the USA.
e
The first meeting was held in the house of Kashiram attended by Bhai Paramanad, Harnam
at
Singh Tundilal, Sohan Singh Bhakna.
In the meeting, it was decided to establish Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco & also decided
m
to release a weekly publication(newspaper/magazine) the Gadar to expose the exploitative
nature of the British rule.
c
ps
om
• Activities of the Gadarites:

.u
l.c
» They tried to spread anti-British sentiment and unite the people of India
ai
gm
against the British.

n@
w
» They incited the Indian army to revolt.

va
» They tried to enlist the help of Germany.

e
w
je
» They supported provincial temporary Govt in Afghanistan created by

s
sc
Mahindra Pratap Singh and Barkatullah.

-w
• Weakness of Gadar movement:

t-
» Gadar movement had many flaws at the level of organisation, ideology,

strategy & finances.
si
» They also underestimated their level of preparation.

» The movement failed to generate sustained and effective leadership.
Vi
• Contribution of Gadar Movement:

» It led to the spread of nationalism and unity among NRIs.
» It popularised socialist, democratic & secular views in India.
» At the international level freedom of India became an important topic of
discussion.

Canada & USA, many organizations
and newspapers were set up to voice
against the British
Swadesh Sevak United India Free Hindustan Circular-i-Azadi Hindi

at House at Seatle, newspaper by by Association of
Vancouver by USA by Tarak- Taraknath Ramnath Puri Portland set up
e
GD Kumar nath & GD by Lala Hardayal
in
Kumar in 1913
nl
l.o
Komagata Maru incident
e ria
» A ship named Komagata Maru was commissioned to carry some Indians to Canada.
at
» It was carrying 376 passengers who were immigrants from Punjab, India. Of these, only 24 were granted
admittance in Canada.
m
» At that time, Canada had laws restricting entry of migrants of Asian origin
» The rest were forced to return back to India.
c
» Finally, when they reached the Coast of Budge-Budge(In Bengal) they clashed with the British authorities
ps
which led to death of many Indians.

» In this scenario, Indians decided to revolt against the British under the leadership of Rash Bihari Bose.
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
eva
w
PHASE 2: AFTER WW1

je
s
sc
-w
t-
si
On persuasion of Gandhiji But, the sudden withdrawal ∙ Two separate strands of

Vi
and other Leaders most of of Non-cooperation revolutionary terrorism

the revolutionary terrorists movement (after Chauri developed :
either joined the movement Chaura incident) left most ∙ In Punjab, U.P. and Bihar
or suspended their own of them disillusioned. ∙ The other in Bengal.
activities in order to give
the movement a chance

Revolutionary
Terrorism in
Punjab-UP-Bihar Revolutionary
Terrorism in
Bengal
e
Revolutionary Terrorism in Punjab-UP-Bihar
in
nl
∙ The revolutionary terrorist ∙ HSRA ACTIVITIES: ∙ Official Reaction
l.o
activity in this region was The HSRA leadership now Lahore conspiracy case-
dominated by the Hindustan decided to let the people Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and
Republican know about its changed Rajguru were tried & later
ria
Association/Army or HRA objectives and the need for a hanged(1931).
(Later renamed Hindustan revolution by the masses.
e
Socialist Republican ∙ In jail, the revolutionaries
Association or HSRA). ∙ Bhagat Singh and protested against the horrible
at
Batukeshwar Dutt were asked conditions through a fast, and
∙ HRA was founded in October to throw a bomb in the demanded honourable and
m
1924 in Kanpur by Ramprasad Central Legislative Assembly decent treatment as political
Bismil, Jogesh Chandra on April 8, 1929 against the prisoners.
c
Chatterjee and Sachin passage of the Public Safety

ps
Sanyal. Bill and Trade Disputes Bill ∙ Jatin Das became the first
om
martyr on the 64th day of his

.u
l.c
∙ Its aim was to organise an ∙ The bombs had been fast.

ai
gm
armed revolution to over deliberately made harmless

n@
w
throw the colonial and were aimed at making ‘

va
government. the deaf hear’.

e
w
je
s
sc
∙ To establish in its place a ∙ The objective was to get

-w
Federal Republic of United arrested and to use the trial

States of India whose basic court as a forum for
principle would be adult propaganda so that people
t-
franchise. would become familiar with

their movement and ideology.
si
Vi
Kakori Train Robbery

(August 1925)
Kakori proved to be a The HRA men held up a train Government crackdown after
setback at Kakori,(near Lucknow), & the Kakori robbery led to
looted its official money. arrests & hanging of many.

During the 1920s, many Many cooperated One led by J. M.
revolutionary groups with C. R. Das in his Sengupta (Anushilan
reorganized their Swarajist work. group joined forces
underground activities, with him)
while many continued
working under congress
After Das’s
death (1925),
the Bengal
Revolutionary Congress broke
The other led
Terrorism in by Subhash
e
up into two
Bose (Yugantar
Bengal
in
factions
group backed
him)
nl
l.o
Actions of the reorganised
groups included an
ria
assassination attempt on Government, armed
Many including Subhash Bose
the notorious Calcutta with a new ordinance,
were arrested. Gopinath Saha
e
Police Commissioner, came down heavily on
was hanged.
Charles Tegart (another revolutionaries.
man named Day got killed)
at
by Gopinath Saha in 1924.
c m
ps
om
CHITTAGONG ARMOURY RAID (APRIL 1930):

.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
eva
w
Surya Sen decided to organise an armed rebellion. They had planned to occupy two main armouries in Chittagong to
je
s
sc
seize and supply arms to the revolutionaries, destroy telephone and telegraph lines and to dislocate the railway link of
-w
Chittagong with the rest of Bengal.

t-
The raid was conducted in April 1930 and involved 65 activists under the banner of Indian Republican Army—
Chittagong Branch.
si
Vi
The raid was quite successful. Sen hoisted the national flag, took salute and proclaimed a provisional revolutionary
government. But later Surya Sen was arrested and hanged in January 1934
The Chittagong raid fired the imagination of the revolutionary-minded youth and recruits poured into the
revolutionary terrorist groups in a steady stream.

WOMEN PERSONALITIES
Women in Revolutionary
Terrorism
The women provided shelter,
carried messages and also
fought with guns in hand
e
in
Pritilata Waddedar Kalpana Dutt- was Shanti Ghosh & Suniti Bina Das(1932)- fired
nl
died while conducting arrested and tried Chanderi(1931)- School point blank at the
a raid. along with Surya Sen girls of Comilla shot governor while receiv-
l.o
and given a life dead the district ing her degree at the
sentence magistrate. convocation
e ria
MADAM BHIKAJI CAMA
at
c m
ps
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
va
e
w
s je
sc
-w
Madam Bhikaji
Cama:
t-
si
She was a Parsi lady 1896- Bubonic She was sent to 1905-She created At the International
Vi
who was married to plague spread in Britain for treat- the Paris Indian Socialist Confer-
a pro-British lawyer Bombay Presidency ment where she Society with the ence at Stuttgart,
Rustom Cama. & she contacted this came in contact help of SR Rana & she raised the first
disease. with Shyamji Krish- MB Godrej flag of India’s inde-
na Verma & Dada- pendence with the
bhai Naroji words written in
middle Vande
Matram

13
Vision IAS
e
in
nl
l.o
ria
e
at
SOCIO RELIGIOUS
c m
REFORM MOVEMENTS
ps
.u
w
w
-w
THE GAVE RISE TO

INDIAN PROCESS OF DESIRE FOR
RENAISSANCE REAWAKENING.
t-
REFORMS.
si
Vi
FACTORS FOR THE REFORM MOVEMENTS
NEW
IMPACT SOCIAL OPPOSITION AWARENESS
OF BRITISH CONDITIONS TO WESTERN AMONG
RULE RIPE FOR CULTURE ENLIGHTENED
REFORM INDIANS
e
in
nl
Religious and An attempt to
Social Ills. Modern Western
l.o
Re-unification reinvigorate culture and
and consolidation. traditional new awakening
Depressing Position institutions and and consciousness
ria
of Women. revival. about defeat
Caste Problem/
e
divide. at
c m
ps
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
eva
w
je
s
sc
-w
t-
si
Vi
NATURE OF THE MOVEMENTS:
NATURE
Different parts Without Intellectual

of India in Leadership religious Criteria:
different period by emerging reformation,
e
Rationality &
but having Intellectual there cannot be Religious
in
considerable middle class any social
similarities. Universalism
reformation
nl
l.o
ria
Rationalism
e
at
c m
Raja Ram Akshay Kumar Religious

Mohan Roy Universalism
ps
Dutt
om
Rejected Supernatural Explanations.

.u
Rationalism is our only

l.c
ai
preceptor.
gm
Affirmed the principle of causality.

n@
w
va
Demonstrability was the sole criterion

e
w
je
of the truth.
s
sc
-w
t-
si
Raja Ram Sir Syed Keshub Chandra

Mohan Roy Ahmed Khan Sen
Vi
Different religion as All prophets had the same Our position is not that truth are
national embodiments din (faith) and every to be found in all religions, but all
of Universal theism. country and nation had established religions of the world
different prophets. are true.
TIMELINE OF MAJOR REFORM MOVEMENTS
Atmiya Establishment Young Bengal Widow Marriage

Sabha (1814) of vendanta Movement
Collage (1825) (1820s-30s) Association 1850s
e
in
nl
Founding of Brahmo Samaj
Brahmo Samaj Tattvabodh
Tattvabodhini
ini of India and Adi
l.o
Hindu Collage Sabha (1839) Brahmo Samaj
(1817) (1828)
(1866)
e ria
Social Sadharan
at Satyashodhak Prarthana
Prarthana
Conference
Confrenece Brahmo Samaj Samaj
Movement (1887) (1878) Samaj (1873) Samaj (1867)
(1867)
c m
ps
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
Arya Samaj (1875) Poona

n@
w
Ramakrishna Arya Mahila Arya Samaj (1875) Sarvajanak

Theosophical Society
va
Samaj (1881) Theosophical

Mission (1897) (1875) Society Sabha (1870)
e
w
je
(1875)
s
sc
-w
Sri Narayana
t-
Guru Dharma Self Respect

Paripalana (SNDP) Movement (1920)
Yogam (1902)
si
Vi
Servants of Vaikom
India Society Satyagraha
(1905) (1924-25)
TIMELINE OF LEGISLATIVE MEASURES FOR WOMEN
Bengal
Regulation Hindu Widow’s Sarda Act,
(1829) Remarriage Act,
Banning Sati 1856 1929
Bengal Regulation
Age of Consent Special Marriage
e
(1795, 1804) declaring Act, 1891 Act, 1954
infanticide illegal
in
nl
Dowry Prohibition Maternity Hindu Marriage
l.o
Act,1961 Benefits Act,1961 Act, 1955
e ria
Equal Hindu Succession act,
remuneration 1956, Hindu Adoption
Act, 1976
atand Maintenance Act
m
REFORM MOVEMENTS (AMONG HINDUS)
c
ps
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
e va
w
PAN INDIA MOVEMENT

je
s
sc
Ramkrishna Movement
-w
Arya Samaj
Theosophical Movement
t-
1. Student’s Library and 1. Brahmo Samaj.

Scientific Society. 2. Tattvabodhini Sabha.
si
2. Paramhansa Mandalis 3. Brahmo Samaj of India

Vi
3. Satyashodhak Samaj 4. Young bengal Movement.

4. Servants of India Society 5. Prarthana Samaj.
1. SNDP Movement.
2. Vokkaliga Sangha.
3. Justice Movement.
4. Self-respect Movement.
5. Temple Entry Movement.
MOVEMENT/
MAIN IDEAS BOOKS, JOURNALS,
REFORMER ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPLES AND NEWSPAPERS
ASSOCIATED
Raja Ram Atmiya Sabha(1814) Denounced polytheism, Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin

Mohan Roy idol worship, practices like (A Gift to Monotheism).
Brahmo Sabha (1828) Sati.
later renamed as Brahmo Precepts of Jesus (1820).
Samaj. Discarded faith in
incarnations. Translation of Veda's and
Note: Dharma Sabha by Upnishads into Bengali.
Primacy of human reason
Radhakant Deb for and conscience over any
countering Brahmo Samaj. Samvad Kaumudi.
scripture.
e
Miratul-Akbar(Persian).
Worship of eternal,
in
unsearchable, immutable Atmiya Sabha Publication
god. (Bengal Gazette).
nl
Criticism of caste system.
l.o
Promotion of charity,
morality, benevolence, etc.
No definite stand on
ria
doctrine of Karma.
e
Maharishi Tattvabodhini Sabha
at
Promoted systematic Tattvabodhini Patrika
Debendranath (1839). study of India's past in Bengali.
m
Tagore Joined Brahmo Samaj with a rational outlook
in 1842. and propagation of
c
Rammohan's ideas.
Adi Brahmo Samaj.
ps
A new vitality and

strength of member-
om
ship of Brahmo Samaj.

.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
e va
w
Branches of the Brahmo Popularization of

je
Keshab
s
sc
Samaj were opened Samaj outside Bengal.

Chandra
-w
outside Bengal.
Sen Cosmopolitanisation
Brahmo Samaj of India in of the Samaj's
1866. meetings by inclusion
t-
of aspects from all

religion.
si
Strong views against

caste system.
Vi
Support to inter-caste
marriages.
Ishwar Principal of Sanskrit Pioneer of higher Associated with:
Chandra College. education for women.
Tattvabodhini Patrika.
Vidyasagar Secretary of Bethune Legalization of widow
School. remarriage. Somprakash.
Sarbashubhankari Patrika.
Against child marriage and
polygamy. Hindu Patriot.
Swami Arya Samaj Vision for classless and Satyarth Prakash

Dayananda casteless society, a united (The True Exposition).
Dayananda AngloVedic
Saraswati (D.A.V.) College in 1886.
India (religiously, socially
and nationally).
e
Shuddhi (purification)
India free from foreign
in
movement.
rule, with Aryan religion
being the common religion
nl
of all.
“Back to the Vedas”.
l.o
Revival of Vedic learning
and Vedic purity of religion
ria
and not Vedic times.
Attacked Hindu
e
orthodoxy, caste rigidities,
untouchability, idolatry,
at
polytheism, belief in magic,
charms and animal
m
sacrifices, etc.
c
ps
Swami Ramakrishna Math at Objective was to bridge

om
Vivekananda Belur. gap between Paramartha

.u
l.c
(service) and Vyavahara

ai
gm
(behaviour).
n@
w
Fundamental oneness of
va
God.
e
w
je
s
sc
Attended the Parliament of

-w
Religions held at Chicago in

1893.
Subscribed to Vedanta
system.
t-
The service of jiva (living

si
objects) is the worship of

Siva.
Vi
Mahadeo Prominent role in Disapproval of caste Newspaper: Induprakash
Govind Prarthana Samaj system.
Ranade (Established by Atmaram
Women education.
Pandurang).
Widow Remarriage.
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
Raising the age of
Social conference marriage for both
movement.
male and female.
Widow Remarriage
Association. Regarded as father of
Indian economics.
Founding member of INC.
Emphasised the term
Indian National Social retrograde movement.
e
Conference.
in
Member of Bombay
legislative council.
nl
Judge of the Bombay High
Court.
l.o
e ria
OTHER PROMINENT PERSONALITIES (REGION-WISE): at
EASTERN INDIA:
c m
ps
AKSHAY KUMAR DUTTA:

om
.u
l.c
Progressive Bengali
ai
gm
thinker behind the

n@
w
reformist Brahmo
va
Samaj.
e
w
je
s
Formulated treatises
sc
-w
1. Bahya Bastur Sahit

RAMAKRISHNA PARAMAHAMSA: Manavprakritir Sambandha
Ramakrishna Math Vichar.
t-
Spreading the ideals of Vedanta. 2. Dharmaneeti

preaching, philanthropic and
charitable work, all men, women and
si
children, irrespective of caste, creed, HENRY VIVIAN DEROZIO:

Vi
etc. as equal. Inspirer of progressive trend, influence

of French revolution, supported women’s
right and education, first nationalist poet
of modern India.
Brahmo Samaj (1828) by Raja Rammohan Roy
Split in Brahmo Samaj in 1866:

1. Keshab Chandra Sen formed Brahmo Samaj of India.
2. Debendranath Tagore’s samaj became Adi Brahmo Samaj.
In 1878, Cooch-Behar controversy: 13 year-old daughter

married to the minor Hindu Maharaja of Cooch-Behar.
e
New faction is Sadharan Brahmo Samaj started by Ananda
Mohan Bose, Shibchandra Deb and Umesh Chandra Datta.
in
nl
l.o
WESTERN INDIA:
ria
BALSHASTRI JAMBHEKAR: Father of Marathi
Journalism, attacked orthodoxy.
e
STARTED NEWSPAPER: Darpan in 1832, as 1st
at
Marathi Newspaper, Digdarshan in 1840.
Bombay Native General Library and Native
m
Improvement Society.
c
Jyotiba Phule: Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873.

ps
Aim: Complete abolition of caste system and

socio economic inequalities, education among
om
women and lower caste people.

.u
l.c
ai
Works: Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Gulamgiri.

gm
n@
w
Awarded by title of Mahatma.

eva
w
je
Pandita Ramabai: Arya Mahila Samaj, Mukti

s
sc
Mission, Sharda Sadan.

-w
Work areas: Against child marriages, promotion

of girls education and improvement of
conditions of women.
t-
si
Gopalhari Deshmukh Gopal Ganesh Gopal Krishna

Vi
‘Lokahitawadi’ Agarkar Gokhale

Weekly Prabhakar Educationist and social reformer. Servants of India Society
under the pen name of in 1905.
Lokahitawadi. Co-founder: New English School,
the Deccan Education Society and To train national missionaries.
Other works: Gyan
Prakash, Indu Prakash Fergusson College. Works like the Hitavada.
and Lokahitawadi. 1st editor of Kesari and
started Sudharak.
SOUTH INDIA:
MOVEMENT/ORGANIZATION MAIN IDEAS AND

REFORMER PRINCIPLES
ASSOCIATED
SRI NARAYANA Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Removal of much discrimination

GURU Paripalana (SNDP) Movement in Kerala's society.
Aruvippuram movement. Held all religions are same.
e
Against divisiveness on the
in
basis of caste, race or creed.
Took issues like right of
nl
admission to public schools,
government services, access
l.o
to roads and entry to
temples, etc.
ria
E.V. Self-Respect Movement. Rejection of the Brahminical
RAMASWAMY religion.
e
NAICKER at
m
KANDUKURI Hitakarini (Benefactor). Influenced by the ideals of
VEERESALINGAM Brahmo Samaj.
c
ps
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
eva
w
je
s
sc
-w
t-
si
Vi
OTHER HINDU REFORM MOVEMENTS:
THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA
Founded in the United States by Lead K P Kesava

Madam H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel Demanding throwing open
H.S. Olcott.
of Hindu Temples and roads to
Headquarters at Adyar. untouchables.
e
in
Preaching the wisdom of Krishna
and Gita.
nl
l.o
e ria
DEVA SAMAJ at RADHASWAMI MOVEMENT
Shiv Narain Agnihotri Tulsi Ram (Shiv Dayal Sahab).

m
Eternity of the soul, the One Supreme Being, supremacy
c
Supremacy of the guru and the of the guru, a company of pious

ps
need for good action. people (satsang), and a simple

social life.
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
e va
w
je
s
sc
-w
t-
JUSTICE MOVEMENT VOKKALIGA SANGHA TEMPLE ENTRY MOVEMENT

si
Madras Presidency In Mysore: Mainly by T.K. Madhavan on

Vi
C.N. Mudaliar, T.M. Nair and An anti-brahmin movement. the ideals of Sree Narayana
P. Tyagaraja Guru and N. Kumaran Asan.
For representation of
non-brahmins.
MUSLIM REFORM MOVEMENTS:
FARAIZI MOVEMENT AHMADIYA MOVEMENT DEOBAND MOVEMENT
Founded by Haji Shariatullah Mirza Ghulam Ahmed in Mohammad Qasim Nanautavi

in East Bengal. 1889. (1832-1880) and Rashid Ahamd
Eradication of social Principle of Universal religion Gangohi (1828-1916)
innovations current among of all humanity, opposing Propagating pure teachings of
jihad.
e
the Muslims of the region. Quaran and Hadis among
Muslims and keeping alive the
in
spirit of jihad against the
foreign rule.
nl
l.o
ria
WORKS:
1. Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind
2.Tahdhib AI-Akhlaq
e
at Reconcile Western scientific
education with the teachings
SIR SYED AHMED KHAN of the Quran.
m
Aligarh Movement.
Social reforms among Muslims
c
Member of the Imperial Legislative

related to Purdah, polygamy,
ps
Council. widow remarriage, etc.

Knighthood in 1888.
om
Growth among Indian muslims

.u
Anglo-Oriental College.
l.c
through better education and

ai
gm
employment opportunities.
n@
w
e va
w
je
SHAH WALLIULLAH
s
sc
MUSLIM Revivalist response to Western influences.

-w
SOCIAL Harmony among the four schools of Muslim

REFORMERS jurisprudence.
Recognition of the role of individual
t-
conscience in religion.
si
Vi
TITU MIR
Adopted wahabism.
Organised the Muslim peasants of Bengal
against the landlords.
SIKH REFORM MOVEMENTS:
SINGH SABHA KHALSA SCHOOLS & AKALI MOVEMENT, 1920

MOVEMENT, 1873 COLLEGES, 1892
Modern western education Promote Gurumukhi, Sikh Gurudwara Reform Movement.
to the Sikhs. learning and Punjabi Shiromani Gurudwara
To counter the proselytising literature. Prabandhak Committee (SGPC)
activities. as the Apex body.
e
in
nl
PARSI REFORM MOVEMENTS
l.o
e ria
Rahnumai
at
Mazdayasnan
Sabha 1851 with
m
leaders like Naoroji
c
Furdonji, Dadabhai
Naoroji, K.R. Cama
ps
and S.S. Bengalee.

om
Rast Goftar
.u
l.c
(Truth-Teller)
ai
gm
Anglo-Gujarati
n@
w
paper started by
e va
w
Dadabhai Naoroji.
je
s
sc
Seva Sadan
-w
by Behramji
M. Malabari
in 1885.
t-
si
Vi

13
Vision IAS
e
in
nl
l.o
ria
(UPSC PRELIMS 2022) MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
e
at
c m
ps
I. POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS BEFORE INC

.u
w
w
Organizations in Bengal
-w
Organization Year of Foundation Founder

t-
Bangabhasha Prakashika 1836 Raja Rammohan Roy

si
Sabha
Vi
Zamindari Association/ 1838 Dwarakanath Tagore

Landholders’ Society
The Bengal British India 1843 George Thompson
Society
British Indian Association 1851 By merging Landholders’

Society and the Bengal
British India Society

The East India Association 1866 Dadabhai Naroji
The Indian League 1875 Sisir Kumar Ghosh
Indian Association of 1876 Surendranath Banerjea and

Calcutta Ananda Mohan Bose
Organizations in Bombay
e
in
nl
l.o
The Bombay Association 1852 On the lines of British India
Association of Calcutta
ria
The Poona Sarvajanik 1867 Mahadeo Govind Ranade
Sabha
e
The Bombay Presidency 1885 at Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah
Association Mehta and K.T. Telang
c m
Organization in Madras
ps
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm

n@
w
va
Madras Native Association 1852 A branch of British Indian

e
w
je
s
association of Calcutta
sc
-w
Madras Mahajan Sabha 1884 M. Viraraghavachari, B.

Subramaniya Aiyer and P.
Ananda- charlu
t-
si
II. FORMATION OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC)

Vi
Introduction
Founded in December 1885 by AO Hume

It was first organized expression of Indian nationalism at an all-India scale

Safety valve Theory
A myth was floated that Congress by was formed by AO Hume on

the behest of Lord Dufferin.
Congress was to act as the ‘safety valve’ to diffuse any potential
popular and violent revolution.
Leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai believed in the Safety Valve theory.
e
However, there is little historical facts to support this theory.
in
nl
III. EARLY CONGRESS PHASE
l.o
e ria
To lay the foundations of a To form an all-India
at
secular and democratic leadership group.
m
national movement.
c
ps
om
.u
l.c
Objectives of
ai
gm
early nationalists
n@
w
e va
w
je
s
sc
-w
To politicize and politically To develop and propagate

educate the people an anti-colonial nationalist
t-
ideology.
si
Vi

Methods of political works
Constitutional agitation within the confines of law.

To educate British regarding conditions in India, early nationalists:
Tried to arouse consciousness and national spirit and then
educate and unite people on common political questions.
Persuaded the British government and British public opinion to
e
introduce reforms in India.
in
nl
l.o
Contribution of moderate nationalists
ria
Dadabhai Nouroji, R. C. Dutta, Dinshaw Wacha - put
Economic forward the ‘Drain Theory’ to explain the British
Critique of exploitation of India
e
at
British
Highlighted India’s transformation from a self-sufficient
m
Colonialism
economy to a colonial economy.
c
ps
The Imperial Legislative council constituted by the Indian

om
.u
l.c
Council Act (1861) was an impotent body disguised as a

ai
gm
representative body.
n@
w
Constitutional
e va
Reforms and Between 1885 to 1892, the nationalists demanded – 1)

w
je
s
sc
Propaganda Expansion of Council with more Indian members, 2)

-w
in Legislature More power, especially financial, to the council.

These demands were met in the Indian Councils Act
t-
1892.
si
Vi
Demanded Indianisation of government service to

prevent ‘drain of wealth’.
Campaign for Separation of judiciary from executive.
Administrative
Call for increase in expenditure on welfare, education
Reforms
and agriculture.
Criticism of aggressive foreign policy

Included the right to speech, thought, association and a
Defense in free press.
Civil Rights
It helped in the spread of modern democratic ideas.
Evaluation of moderates
Positives Limitations
e
in
Represented the most progressive Failed to widen their democratic
nl
force of the time. base and the scope of their
l.o
demands.
Created a national awakening of
all Indians having common interest. Kept national movement within a
ria
narrow social base.
Trained people in political works
e
and popularised modern ideas. at Lacked political faith in the masses.
Exposed the exploitative character Felt masses were ignorant with
m
of colonial rule. conservative ideas.
c
Created a strong base for more Moderates could not take militant
ps
vigorous and mass based national political positions against the

movement. authorities.
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
va
e
w
sje
sc
-w
t-
si
Vi

IV. ECONOMIC CRITIQUE OF COLONIALISM
Major Leaders Economic Drain Theory
Moderates understood colonial A large part of India’s capital and

rule as economically wealth was ‘drained’ to Britain in the
exploitative. form of:
Three prominent leaders Salaries and pensions of British
e
in
civil and military officials working
Dadabhai Naroji
in India.
nl
Mahadev Govind Ranade
Interest on loans taken by the
l.o
Romesh Chandra Dutt Indian Government
ria
Other important leaders Profits of British capitalists in India
included G.V. Joshi, G.
Home Charges or expenses of the
e
Subramaniya lyer, G.K.
Indian Government in Britain
Gokhale, Prithwis Chandra Ray
at
It was given by Naroji in 1867
c m
ps
V. POLICY OF DIVIDE AND RULE AND MUSLIM LEAGUE

om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
Policy of Divide and Rule

eva
w
je
s
sc
-w
To check the growth of a united national feeling in the

country, Britishers decided to follow policy of 'divide and
t-
rule'.
si
It meant dividing the people along religious lines and encourage

Vi
communal and separatist tendencies in Indian politics.

They decided to win over to their side Muslim zamindars, landlords, and
the newly educated youths.


Foundation of Muslim League
Founded under the leadership of Aga Khan, the Nawab of Dhaka, and
Nawab Mohsin-ul- Mulk in 1908.
Founded as loyalist, communal and conservative political
organisation.
e
in
It made no critique of colonialism, supported the partition of Bengal, and
nl
demanded special safeguards for the Muslims in government services.
l.o
Later with support of Lord Minto, it put forward the demand for
separate electorates.
e ria
Their Communal demands were accepted in Minto-Morley Reforms known as
at
Government of India Act of 1909.
British used Muslim league to fight the rising nationalism and keep
m
the emerging intelligentsia among Muslims from joining the national
c
movement.
ps
om
.u
l.c
VI. PARTITION OF BENGAL AND SWADESHI MOVEMENT

ai
gm
n@
w
e va
w
je
s
sc
Partition of Bengal
-w
In 1905 Viceroy Curzon partitioned But main motives were to curtail

t-
Bengal for administrative the influence of Bengali politicians,

si
convenience. split the Bengali people and stem

Vi
The partition of Bengal infuriated nationalism.

people all over India All sections of the Congress
In Banaras Session, 1905, presided opposed it.
over by G.K. Gokhale, Congress It’s impact was strongest in Bengal.
supported the Swadeshi and In deltaic Andhra, the movement
Boycott Movement for Bengal. was known as Vandemataram
Movement.

Swadeshi Movement
The Swadeshi movement To fight for swaraj, the Some also suggested
sought to oppose British radicals advocated that “revolutionary
rule and encourage the mass mobilisation and violence” would be
ideas of self-help, boycott of British necessary to
swadeshi enterprise, institutions and goods overthrow British rule.
e
national education, and
in
use of Indian languages.
nl
Major leaders: Lokamanya Tilak in Poona Finally, in 1911, the partition
l.o
and Bombay, Ajit Singh and Lala Lajpat Rai in of Bengal was annulled in
Punjab, Syed Haidar Raza in Delhi and order to curb the menace of
ria
Chidambaram Pillai in Madras presidency revolutionary terrorism.
e
at
m
Impact of Swadeshi Movement
c
ps
om
New Forms of Struggle

.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
va
Boycott of Foreign Goods: It included boycott and public burning of

e
w
je
foreign cloth and foreign-made salt or sugar.

s
sc
-w
Public Meetings and Processions: They emerged as major methods

of mass mobilisation and popular expression.
t-
si
Corps of Volunteers or ‘Samitis’: These samitis generated political

Vi
consciousness among the masses through magic lantern lectures,

swadeshi songs, providing physical and moral training to their
members.
Imaginative use of Traditional Popular Festivals and Melas:

Tilak’s Ganapati and Shivaji festivals became a medium of swadeshi
propaganda not only in western India, but also in Bengal.

Emphasis given to Self-Reliance: This implied re-assertion of
national dignity, honour and confidence and social and economic
regeneration of the villages.
Programme of Swadeshi or National Education: Bengal National

College, inspired by Tagore’s Shantiniketan, was set up with
Aurobindo Ghosh as its principal. Soon national schools and colleges
sprang up in various parts of the country.
e
Swadeshi or Indigenous Enterprises: The swadeshi spirit also found
in
expression in the establishment of swadeshi textile mills, soap and
nl
match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance companies, shops, etc.
l.o
Impact in the Cultural Sphere: Tagore’s Amar Sonar Bangla written
ria
on this occasion was later inspired the liberation struggle of
Bangladesh. In Tamil Nadu, Subramania Bharati wrote Sudesha
e
Geetham. In painting, Abanindranath Tagore broke the domination of
at
Victorian naturalism.
c m
ps
om
Increased the extent of mass participation

.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
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e va
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Students: They came out in large numbers to propagate and practise

je
s
sc
swadeshi.
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Women: Women, who were traditionally home-centred, especially

t-
those of the urban middle classes, took active part in processions and
si
picketing.
Vi
Muslims: Most of the upper and middle class Muslims stayed away or
supported the partition for a Muslim-majority East Bengal.
Labour unrest and trade union: Strikes were organised on the issue
of rising prices and racial insult, primarily in the foreign owned
companies.

VIII. THE SURAT SPLIT AND RISE OF
REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM
The Surat Split
The Congress split at Surat came in December 1907, around the time
e
when revolutionary terrorism had gained momentum.
in
Earlier in 1905, in Benaras Session, the extremist wanted to extend the
nl
boycott and Swadeshi movement to regions outside Bengal. The
l.o
moderates were totally opposed to it.
At the Calcutta Session in 1906, under the presidentship of Naroji,
ria
Congress declared Swarajya or self-government as it ultimate goal.
e
The extremist wanted the 1907 session to be held in Nagpur with Tilak
at
or Lala Lajpat Rai as the president and reiteration of the Swadeshi,
boycott, and national education resolutions.
m
The moderates wanted this session at Surat in order to exclude Tilak
c
from the presidency and wanted Ras Behari Ghosh as the president and
ps
sought to drop the resolution on Swadeshi, Boycott and National

om
education.
.u
l.c
ai
gm
With sides taking a rigid stand, split became inevitable. Sensing the
n@
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va
opportunity, the government launched massive crackdown on the

e
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je
extremists.
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sc
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Tilak, the main extremist leader was sent to Mandalay for six years.
Aurobindo and Bipin Chandra Pal retired from active politics. Lajpat Rai
t-
left for abroad.

si
Thus, the movement entered a lull phase between 1908 to 1914. It was
revived by Tilak when he was released in 1914.
Vi

: 10
e
in
nl
l.o
MAHATMA GANDHI e ria
at
c m
BRIEF CHRONOLOGY
ps
.u
w
2 October 1869 1882 1888 1893

w
Birth at Porbandar, Marriage with Reached He landed at

-w
Gujarat. Kasturbai, aged 13. England. Durban(South Africa)

to sort out the legal
problems of his client
t-
Dada Abdullah.
si
Vi
1903 1899 1894 1893

The newspaper Established Founded ∙ Gandhi himself faced
'Indian Opinion' Indian the 'Natal racial discrimination &
started by Ambulance Indian humiliation in South
Gandhiji in Corp during Congress'. Africa.
South Africa. the Boer War. ∙ He was thrown off
the first class carriage of the
train at Pietermartizburg Station.
1904 1906 1908 1909
Established 'Phoenix Took the The term 'Satyagraha' Wrote 'Hind
Settlement' in Natal. vow of adopted based on Swarajya'
It was a precursor Brahmacharya. Maganlal Gandhi's aboard the ship
to the Tolstoy Farm. fomulation 'Sadagraha' 'Kildonan
Castle'.
e
in
nl
l.o
9 January 1915 1915 1912 1910
Gandhi returned Awarded the Gopal krishna Established
to India from 'Kaiser i Hind' Gokhale's South Tolstoy Farm.
ria
South Africa. medal. Africa tour commenced.
Gopala Krishna Gokhale
e
was the political
at
mentor of Gandhi.
c m
ps
1917 1917 1918 1918

om
.u
Sabarmati Ashram Champaran Ahmedabad Mill Kheda

l.c
ai
gm
established. Satyagraha Strike (1918) — Satyagraha

n@
w
(1917)—First Civil First Hunger (1918)—First

va
Disobedience. Strike. Non-Cooperation.

e
w
je
s
sc
-w
t-
1920 1920 1919 1919

si
Commencement Hunter Commission Massacre at Satyagraha against

Vi
of Non-Co-operation of 1920 appointed Jallianwala Bagh the Rowlatt Act-

Movement. to investigate the or Massacre of ∙ Gandhiji called for a
Jallianwala Bagh Amritsar. countrywide campaign
or Massacre of against the “Rowlatt Act”.
Amritsar. ∙ Civil disobedience against
specific laws, and courting
arrest & imprisonment.

1922 1922 1924 1925
Bardoli Taluka Policemen at Chauri- Presided over 'All India Spinners'
resolved against Chaura killed. Due to the Belgaum Association'
payment of land this incident Mahatma Congress. established by
revenue and Civil- Gandhi called off the Gandhiji.
Disobedience. Non-Cooperation
Movement.
e
in
nl
l.o
1931 1930 1929 1925
ria
Gandhi-Irwin Dandi March Purna Swaraj The publication of
pact signed. commences Resolution Autobiography -
from Satyagraha adopted The Story of My
Ashram.
eat Lahore Experiments with Truth'.
at
Congress. ( 'Satyana Prayogo
athava Atmakatha')
c m
ps
om
.u
l.c
ai
1931 1932 1932 1932

gm
n@
In London as the Premier Ramsay Poona Pact signed. 'Harijan Sevak

w
va
sole representative Macdonald (It gave depressed Sangh'

e
w
je
of the Congress at announced classes reserved established.

s
sc
the Second Round the Communal seats in the

-w
Table Conference. Award. It was to provincial and

grant separate central legislative
electorates for councils but to be
t-
different communities voted in by the

si
including the general

depressed classes. It electorate)
Vi
is also known as
'McDonald Award'.


1946 1942 1936 1933
Three member British 'Quit India' Travancore Commenced
delegation reaches resolution temples publication
Delhi. (Stafford Cripps, adopted; gave opened to of 'Harijan', 'Harijan
Pethick-Lawrence the call 'Do o Harijans. Sevak' (Hindi), and
and A.V. Alexander) Die'. 'Harijanbandhu'
e
(Gujarati).
in
nl
l.o
1946 30 January 1948 1948
The Congress Working Godse Cremated on the
ria
Committee adopted assassinates banks of the
resolution to accept Gandhi. Yamuna by Ramdas.
the formation of the Raj Ghat is a
Constituent Assembly.
e
memorial dedicated
at
to Gandhi in Delhi.
m
MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI
c
ps
Khadi - In 1918 Mahatma Gandhi started his movement

for Khadi as relief programme for the poor masses living
om
.u
l.c
in India's villages. He saw it as the end of dependency on

ai
gm
foreign materials (symbolizing foreign rule) and thus

n@
w
giving a first lesson or real independence.

e va
w
je
s
Charka - Mahatma Gandhi was critical of the modern

sc
-w
age in which machines enslaved humans and

displaced labour. He saw the Charkha as a symbol of
a human society that would not glorify machines
t-
and technology. The spinning wheel could also provide

the poor with supplementary income and make them
si
self-reliant.
Vi
Two phases of
Moderate phase of struggle by Passive resistance phase
struggle(1894-1906) Gandhiji in or Satyagraha(1906-14)
South Africa

MODERATE PHASE (1894-1906)
» In this phase, he concentrated on sending petitions, memorials to the South African legislature,
the Colonial secretary in London & the British Parliament.
» In expectation of fair play he also supported the British in the Second Boer War by creating
Ambulance Corps of Indians.
» After the war, as a token of gratitude, Gandhi was conferred the title of Kaisar-i-Hind
» (He renounced this title after the Jalianwallah Bagh massacre)
» In this phase, Gandhi set up Natal Indian Congress & released his newspaper, Indian Opinion.
e
in
PASSIVE RESISTENCE PHASE OR SATYAGRAHA (1906-1914)
nl
» 2nd phase Gandhi used Satyagraha- Passive resistance or Civil Disobedience;
l.o
» Gandhi formed the Passive Resistance Association.
» With the help of his German friend Kallenbach, he created Tolstoy farm to house the
ria
satyagrahis & give them away to sustain themselves.
» Tolstoy Farm was a precursor to the Gandhian ashrams in India.
e
Who is Satyagrahi according
at
to Gandhi?
c m
A He will
ps
satyagrahi was He was to

never bow
not to submit remain truthful,
om
down before
.u
l.c
what he non-violent &

ai
evil law or
gm
considers fearless.
unjust law.
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wrong
e va
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s
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GANDHI’S EXPERIENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA

t-
Masses had immense capacity to participate &

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sacrifice for a cause that moved them.

Vi
He was able to unite Indians from different

classes & religions under his leadership.
He realised that leaders have to take unpopular

decisions at times.
He evolved his own leadership style &

techniques of struggle.

Gandhi ran four publications
Indian Young Navajivan Harijan

Opinion India
e
in
nl
He was not in favour of Home Rule
l.o
agitation. (Britain was participating
in WW1)
e ria
at
c m
ps
Gandhi's Rowlatt
om
early movements Satyagraha

.u
l.c
ai
in India
gm
Rowlatt satyagraha made

n@
w
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Localised struggles & Gandhiji a truly national

9th Jan-1915
e
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identification with the leader

s
sc
Gandhi's return masses.

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to India
Rowlatt Act also known as
• This day is celebrated as Champaran Satyagraha
t-
Anarchical & Revolutionary

Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas (1917): crimes Act, 1919
in India since 2003.
si
• First Civil Disobedience;

• PBD 2021 Theme :- • Rajkumar Shukla
Vi
Contributing to requested Gandhiji to look It allowed detention of

Athmanirbhar Bharat. into the issues faced by political prisoners
Indigo planters. without trial for two years.
• Tinkathia system This act was met by wide
whereby European spread anger and discontent
planters forced Indian among Indians, especially in
peasants to grow Indigo the Punjab region.
on 3/20 of the total land.

Ahmedabad Mill Strike • Massacre at Jallianwala
(1918): Bagh or Massacre of
• First Hunger Strike. Amritsar-1919
• Dispute between the • General Dyer opened fire
mill owners & workers on unarmed crowd killing
over the issue of thousands;
discontinuation of the • People had gathered on
Plague bonus. Baisakhi day to protest -
against the arrest of their
leaders (Saifuddin
e
Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Kitchlew & Satyapal)
in
First Non-Cooperation.
• The authorities refused
nl
to grant remission due Rabindranath Tagore
to crop failure.
l.o
renounced his knighthood in
• Crops failed due to protest.
droughts in Kheda
ria
(Gujarat).
e Gandhi withdrew
at the movement(satyagraha
against Rowlett) after this
m
incident. He called it. He also
Himalayan Blunder
c
returned the Kaiser-i-Hind

ps
Gold medal.
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
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Hunter commission of 1920

e va
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appointed to investigate
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s
sc
Jallianwala Bagh incident.

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t-
si
Vi


7
Vision IAS
e
in
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l.o
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e
at
c m
ps
.u
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w
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TIMELINE: INDIAN FREEDOM MOVEMENT FROM 1919 TO 1938

t-
1919
Emergence of FEB 1922
si
Khilafat Issue Chauri Chaura Incident

Vi
DEC 1920 DEC 1922 C.R. Das and

Nagpar Session Motilal Nehru resigned
of INC from their post in INC
and announced
the formation of Congress-
Khilafat Swarajya Party
NOV 1927
Simon Commission OCT 1929
was Setup Irwin's Declaration
AUG 1928 NOV 1929

Nehru Report Finalized Delhi Manifesto
e
in
MAR 1930
AUG 1932 Dandi March &
Communal Award
nl
launch of CDM
l.o
ria
MAR 1931 DEC 1929
e
Gandhi-Irwin Pact & Karachi at Lahore Session
Session of INC of INC
m
AUG 1935
c
Government of India
ps
Act, 1935
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
e va
w
je
1937
s
SEP 1932
sc
Poona Pact Provincipal Elections-Congress

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Government formed in certain Provinces

t-
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND KHILAFAT AANDOLAN

si
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BACKGROUND:
“Background of Non-Cooperation Movement”
Economic hardships post rst world war

Rise in Inflation.
Increased burden of taxes.

Discontentment against colonial rule
Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre exposed brutal face
of foreign rule.
Montagu- Chlelmsford Reforms: Failed to satisfy the rising
demand for self-government.
Lucknow Pact (1916)
e
Fostered Congress-Muslim League cooperation.
in
nl
l.o
Emergence of the Khilafat issue
Muslims angered by the British actions in Turkey after the First
ria
World War; Demanded the Khalifa’s control over Muslim sacred
places be retained
e
Khilafat Committee (1919) formed under the leadership of the
Ali brothers (Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali), MaulanaAzad, Ajmal
Khan and Hasrat Mohani.
at
c m
Khalifat-Non-Cooperation Programme
ps
All India Khilafat Conference (1919)- call for the boycott of British
om
goods.
.u
l.c
ai
gm
Gandhi, as the President of the All India Khilafat Committee,

n@
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felt a mass and united noncooperation could be declared against

va
the Government.
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Gandhi secured Congress support on the Khilafat question. Muslim

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League decided to support the Congress on political questions

t-
si
Vi

TIMELINE: SERIES OF EVENTS LEADING TO DEVELOPMENT
OF NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
Feb 1920 May 1920 June 1920 August 1920 September 1920 December 1920
e
Gandhi The Treaty of An all-party The Khilafat At a special At the
announced conference at Committee session in
in
Sevres Nagpur
he would completely Allahabad started a Calcutta, the session of the
nl
soon lead a dismembered approved a campaign of Congress Indian
movement of Turkey. programme non- approved a National
l.o
non- of boycott of cooperation non- Congress, the
cooperation schools, and the cooperation programme
ria
if the terms colleges and movement programme of non-
of the peace law courts, was formally till the Punjab
cooperation
treaty failed and asked launched.
e
and Khilafat
was endorsed.
to satisfy Gandhi to at wrongs were
the Indian lead it. removed and
m
Muslims. swaraj was
established.
c
ps
Calcu a Session of INC (Sep 1920)

om
.u
l.c
The Non-cooperation Program was finalized. It was to include:

ai
gm
n@
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va
Boycott of government schools and colleges;

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s
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Boycott of law courts and dispensation of justice through

panchayats instead;
t-
Boycott of legislative councils; boycott of foreign cloth and use of

khadi instead;
si
Vi
Renunciation of government honours and titles;
The second phase could include mass civil disobedience including

resignation from government service, and non-payment of taxes.


Nagpur session of INC (Dec 1920)
The programme of non-cooperation was endorsed.
Instead of having the attainment of self-government through

constitutional means as its goal, the Congress decided to have the
attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means, thus
committing itself to an extra-constitutional mass struggle.
e
Some important organisational changes were made: a congress
in
working committee (CWC) of 15 members was set up to lead the
Congress from now onwards; provincial congress committees on
nl
linguistic basis were organised; ward committees was organised;
and entry fee was reduced to four annas.
l.o
Note: Some leaders like M.A.Jinnah, Annie Beasant, G.S.Kharpade and B.C.Pal left
ria
congress.
e
Spread of the Movement at
Thousands of students left government schools and colleges.
m
Many lawyers gave up their practice like C.R.Das, Motilal Nehru,
Jawaharlal nehru, C.R. Rajgopalachari, etc.
c
ps
Heaps of foreign cloth were burnt publicly and their imports fell by half.
Picketing of shops selling foreign liquor and of toddy shops was
om
.u
l.c
undertaken at many places.

ai
gm
Tilak Swaraj Fund was oversubscribed and one crore rupees collected.
n@
w
va
In July 1921, the Ali brothers gave a call to the Muslims to resign from
e
w
je
s
the Army as it was unreligious. Gandhi echoed their call and asked
sc
local Congress committees to pass similar resolutions to that effect.

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It gave rise to many local struggles such as Awadh Kisan Movement

(UP), Eka Movement (UP), Mappila Revolt (Malabar) and the Sikh
t-
agitation for the removal of mahants in Punjab.

si
Vi
People’s Response
Middle Class: People from the middle classes led the movement at
the beginning but later they showed a lot of reservations about
Gandhi's programme.
Business Class: The economic boycott received support from the
Indian business group because they had benefited from the
nationalists’ emphasis on the use of swadeshi. But a section of the big
business seemed to be afraid of labour unrest in their factories.
Vision IAS 5
Peasants: The movement gave an opportunity to the peassants to
express their real feelings against the British as well as against their
Indian masters and oppressors (landlords and traders).
Students: Students became active volunteers of the movement and
thousands of them left government schools and colleges and joined
national schools and colleges (like Jamia Millia Islamia, Kashi
Vidyapeeth).
Women: Women gave up purdah and offered their ornaments for
the Tilak Fund. They joined the movement in large numbers and took
active part in picketing before the shops selling foreign cloth and
liquor.
e
in
Hindu-Muslim Unity: Maintenance of communal unity, despite the
eventslike Moppila Uprisings, were great achievements.
nl
l.o
Movement Withdrawn
Chauri Chaura Incident (Feb 1922).
ria
The CWC met at Bardoli in Feb 1922 and resolved to stop all activity
e
that led to breaking of the law and to get down to constructive work,
instead.
at
Most of the nationalist leaders including C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru,
m
Subhash Bose, Jawaharlal Nehru, however, expressed their
bewilderment at Gandhi's decision to withdraw the movement.
c
ps
om
SWARAJISTS AND NO-CHANGERS

.u
l.c
ai
gm
After Gandhi's arrest (March 1922), debate started about future Congress strategy.
n@
w
e va
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je
s
No-Changers
sc
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Led by C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and M.A. Ansari.

Opposed council entry, advocated concentration on constructive work, and
t-
continuation of boycott and non-cooperation programme.

si
Swarajists
Vi
Led by C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru and Ajmal Khan.

Advocated entry into legislative councils to expose weakness of these assemblies
and use them as arenas to arouse popular struggle.
Defeat of the Swarajists' proposal of 'ending or mending' the councils at the Gaya
session of the Congress (December 1922). C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru resigned
from the presidentship and secretaryship respectively of the Congress and
announced the formation of Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party, with C.R. Das
as the president and Motilal Nehru as one of the secretaries.

Rapprochement
Both sides wanted to avoid a 1907-type split and accepted the necessity of
Gandhi’s leadership of a united nationalist front.
A compromise was reached at a meeting in Delhi in September 1923.
Swarajists were allowed to contest elections as a group within the Congress.
With coalition partners, they out-voted the government several times, even on
matters relating to budgetary grants, and passed adjournment motions.
A note worthy achievement was the defeat of the Public Safety Bill in 1928
e
which was aimed at empowering the Government to deport undesirable and
in
subversive foreigners (because the Government was alarmed by the spread of
socialist and communist ideas).
nl
l.o
Split and decline of Swarajists
e ria
at
c m
ps
om
.u
l.c
Widespread communal Responsivists among Main leadership of the

ai
gm
riots and split among Swarajists—Lala Lajpat Swarajist Party reiterated

n@
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Swarajists themselves Rai, Madan Mohan faith in mass

e va
civil disobedience and

w
on communal and Malaviya and N.C.

je
s
sc
Responsivist-Non- Kelkar—advocated withdrew from legislatures

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responsivist lines. cooperation with the in March 1926, while

government and holding another section of
of office wherever Swarajists went into the
t-
possible. Besides they 1926 elections as a party

in disarray.
si
also wanted to protect

the so-called Hindu Note: In 1930, the
Vi
interests. Swarajists finally

walked out as a result
of the Lahore Congress
resolution on purna
swaraj and the
beginning of the Civil
Disobedience Movement.

SIMON COMMISSION AND THE NEHRU REPORT
Simon Commission:
Background
The Government of India Act, 1919 had a provision that a commission
would be appointed ten years from date to study the progress of the
e
governance scheme and suggest new steps.
in
An all-white, seven-member Indian Statutory Commission, (Simon
nl
Commission) was set up by the British government on November 8, 1927.
l.o
Indian Response
ria
Exclusion of Indians from the commission was seen as a violation of the
principle of self-determination.
e
The Congress session in Madras (December 1927) under the presidency
at
of M.A.Ansari decided to boycott the commission “at every stage and in
every form".
m
The liberals of the Hindu Maha sabha and the majority faction of the Muslim
c
League under Jinnah decided to support the Congress call of boycott.

ps
The Unionists in Punjab and the Justice Party in the south decided not to
boycott the commission.
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
Recommendations
n@
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va
Abolition of dyarchy and the establishment of representative government in

e
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the provinces which should be given autonomy.

s
sc
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Governor should have discretionary power in relation to internal security

and administrative powers to protect the different communities.
Rejected parliamentary responsibility at the centre. The governor-general
t-
was to have complete power to appoint the members of the cabinet.

si
The Government of India to have complete control over the high court.
Vi
Separate communal electorates be retained.

It recommended Sindh should be separated from Bombay and Burma
should be separated from India.
Indian army should be Indianised though British forces must be retained.


Nehru Report:
Background
As an answer to Lord Birkenhead's challenge, an All Parties Conference
met in February 1928 and appointed a subcommittee under the
chairmanship of Motilal Nehru to draft a constitution.
This was the rst major attempt by the Indians to draft a constitutional
framework for the country.
e
The committee included Tej Bahadur Sapru, Subhash Bose, M.S. Aney, Mangal
in
Singh, Ali Imam, Shuab Qureshi and G.R. Pradhan as its members.
nl
The report was finalised by August 1928.
l.o
The report confined itself to British India, as it envisaged the future link-up
of British India with the princely states on a federal basis.
ria
The recommendations of the Nehru Committee were unanimous except in one
respect—while the majority favoured the “dominion status” as the basis of the
e
Constitution, a section of it wanted “complete independence” as the basis.
at
Main Recommendations
c m
Dominion status on lines of self-governing dominions as the form of
ps
government desired by Indians.

Rejection of separate electorates which had been the basis of constitutional
om
.u
l.c
reforms so far; instead, a demand for joint electorates with reservation of

ai
gm
seats for Muslims at the Centre and in provinces where they were in minority.
n@
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va
Linguistic provinces.
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s
Nineteen fundamental rights including equal rights for women, right to

sc
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form unions, and universal adult suffrage.

Responsible government at the Centre and in provinces— (a) The Indian
Parliament at the Centre to consist of a 500-member House of Representatives
t-
elected on the basis of adult suffrage, a 200-member Senate to be elected by

si
provincial councils; the House of Representatives to have a tenure of 5 years

and the Senate, one of 7 years; the central government to be headed by a
Vi
governor-general, appointed by the British government but paid out of Indian

revenues, who would act on the advice of the central executive council
responsible to the Parliament. (b) Provincial councils to have a 5-year tenure,
headed by a governor acting on the advice of the provincial executive council.
Full protection to cultural and religious interests of Muslims.
Complete dissociation of State from religion.
Note: Nehru and Subhash Bose rejected the Congress’ modified goal and jointly
set up the Independence for India League

CHANGES SUGGESTED IN THE NEHRU REPORT:
Delhi Proposals of Muslim League (1927)
These proposals were accepted by the Madras session of the Congress

(December 1927).
These were:
joint electorates in place of separate electorates with reserved seats for Muslims
e
one-third representation to Muslims in Central Legislative Assembly;
in
representation to Muslims in Punjab and Bengal in proportion to their population
nl
formation of three new Muslim majority provinces— Sindh, Baluchistan and
l.o
North-West Frontier Province.
ria
Hindu Mahasabha Demands
e
Vehemently opposed to the proposals for creating new Muslim-majority provinces
at
and reservation of seats for Muslims majorities in Punjab and Bengal (which would
ensure Muslim control over legislatures in both).
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It demanded a strictly unitary structure.
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Amendments Proposed by Jinnah (1928)

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One-third representation to Muslims in the central legislature;

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Reservation to Muslims in Bengal and Punjab legislatures proportionate to their

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population,till adult suffrage was established; and

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Residual powers to provinces.

These demands were not accommodated.
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Jinnah's Fourteen Points (1929)

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1. Federal Cons tu on with residual powers to provinces.

2. Provincial autonomy.
3. No cons tu onal amendment by the centre without the concurrence of the states.
4. All legislatures and elected bodies to have adequate representa on of Muslims in every
province.
5. Adequate representa on to Muslims in the services and in self-governing bodies.

6. One-third Muslim representation in the central legislature.
7. In any cabinet at the centre or in the provinces, one-third to be Muslims.
8. Separate electorates.
9. No bill or resolution in any legislature to be passed if three-fourths of a minority
community consider such a bill or resolution to be against their interests.
10. Any territorial redistribution not to affect the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal
and NWFP.
11. Separation of Sindh from Bombay.
12. Constitutional reforms in the NWFP and Baluchistan.
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13. Full religious freedom to all communities.
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14. Protection of Muslim rights in religion, culture, education and language.
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CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT AND ROUND TABLE
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CONFERENCES
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BACKGROUND:
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Calcutta Session of Congress (Dec 1928)
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Nehru Report was approved.

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If the government did not accept a constitution based on dominion status by the
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end of the year, the Congress would demand complete independence.

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Irwin’s Declaration (Oct 1929)

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Before the Simon Commission report came out, the declaration by Lord Irwin was
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made.
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Stated that in their judgement it is implicit in the Declaration of 1917 that the "natural
issue of India’s constitutional progress as they contemplated is the attainment of
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Dominion status".
He also promised a Round Table conference after Simon Commission submitted its
report.
Delhi Manifesto (1929)
Put forward certain conditions for attending the Round Table Conference:

That the purpose of the Round Table Conference should be not to determine
whether or when dominion status was to be reached but to formulate a
constitution for implementation of the dominion status
That the Congress should have majority representation at the conference
There should be a general amnesty for political prisoners and a policy of
conciliation
Lahore Congress (Dec 1929) and Purna Swaraj
Jawaharlal Nehru was nominated the president for the Lahore session of the
e
Congress. The following major decisions were taken at the Lahore session.
in
The Round Table Conference was to be boycotted.
Complete independence was declared as the aim of the Congress.
nl
Congress Working Committee was authorised to launch a programme of
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civil disobedience including non-payment of taxes and all members of
legislatures were asked to resign their seats.
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January 26, 1930 was fixed as the first Independence (Swarajya) Day, to be
celebrated everywhere.
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Gandhi’s 11 demands
at
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To carry forward the mandate given by the Lahore Congress, Gandhi presented
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eleven demands to the government and gave an ultimatum of January 31, 1930 to
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accept or reject these demands. The demands were as follows:

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(a) Issues of General Interest:

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Reduce expenditure on Army and civil services by 50 per cent.

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Introduce total prohibition.

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Carry out reforms in Criminal Investigation Department (CID).

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Change Arms Act allowing popular control of issue of firearms licences.

Release political prisoners.
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Accept Postal Reservation Bill.

(b) Specic Bourgeois Demands:
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Reduce rupee-sterling exchange ratio

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Introduce textile protection.

Reserve coastal shipping for Indians.
(c) Specic Peasant Demands:
Reduce land revenue by 50 per cent.
Abolish salt tax and government’s salt monopoly.
Note: With no positive response forthcoming from the government on these demands,
the Congress Working Committee invested Gandhi with full powers to launch
the Civil Disobedience Movement at a time and place of his choice.

THE MOVEMENT:
Launch of CDM
Dandi March (Mar 2, 1930): Gandhi gave the following directions for future action:
Wherever possible civil disobedience of the salt law should be started.
Foreign liquor and cloth shops can be picketed.
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We can refuse to pay taxes if we have the requisite strength.
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Lawyers can give up practice.
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Public can boycott law courts by refraining from litigation.
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Government servants can resign from their posts.
All these should be subject to one condition—truth and non-violence as means
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to attain swaraj should be faithfully adhered to.
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Local leaders should be obeyed after Gandhi’s arrest.
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Gandhi’s arrest came on May 4, 1930 when he had announced that he would
lead a raid on Dharasana Salt Works on the west. After Gandhi’s arrest, the CWC
m
sanctioned:
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Non-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas;

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No-chowkidara-tax campaign in zamindari areas; and

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Violation of forest laws in the Central Provinces.

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Satyagraha at Different Places
Manipur and Nagaland:
These areas took a brave part
in the movement.
Bihar: A powerful no-chaukidari tax agitation At the young age of thirteen,
replaced the salt satyagraha (owing to physical Rani Gaidinliu, a Naga spiritual
constraints in making salt). leader, raised the banner of
revolt against foreign rule.
Peshawar: Khan
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Abdul Gaffar Khan Assam: A student strike against
organised a volunteer
in
the Cunningham Circular, which
brigade "Khudai banned students’ participation in
nl
Khidmatgars" or Red politics, was seen in May 1930.
shirt movement. n
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a
kist
Pa
ria
Uttar Pradesh
Assam
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at Bihar Nagaland
Gujarat
Manipur
India
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Orissa
Gujarat: A determined
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Maharashtra
no-tax movement was United Provinces A no-revenue
organised here which
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campaign was organised; a call

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included refusal to
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pay land revenue. was given to zamindars to refuse

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Andhra Region to pay revenue to the government.

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Under a no-rent campaign, a call

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was given to tenants against

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Dharasana: On May 21,

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1930, Sarojini Naidu, zamindars.

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Mal
Imam Sahib and Manilal Tamil Nadu
took up the unfinished task

aba
of leading a raid on the Orissa: Under Gopalbandhu

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Dharasana Salt Works. Chaudhuri, a Gandhian leader,

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salt satyagraha proved effective

in the coastal regions of Balasore,
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Malabar: K. Kelappan, a
Cuttack and Puri districts.
Nair Congress leader famed
for the Vaikom Satyagraha,
organised salt marches. Andhra Region: District salt marches
were organised in east and west
Godavari, Krishna and Guntur.
Tamil Nadu: C. Rajagopalachari
organised a march from Thiruchirapalli
to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore (or
Thanjavur) coast to break the salt law.

Extent of Mass Participation
Women: Gandhi had specially asked women to play a leading part in the
movement. Soon, they became a familiar sight, picketing outside liquor shops,
opium dens and shops selling foreign cloth.
Students: Along with women, students and youth played the most prominent
part in the boycott of foreign cloth and liquor.
Muslims: The Muslim participation was nowhere near the 1920-22 level
because of appeals by Muslim leaders to stay away from the movement and
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because of active government encouragement to communal dissension. Still,
in
some areas such as the NWFP saw an overwhelming participation.
nl
Tribals Tribals were active participants in Central Provinces, Maharashtra and
Karnataka. Workers The workers participated in Bombay, Calcutta, Madras,
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Sholapur, etc. Peasants were active in the United Provinces, Bihar and Gujarat.
Note: July 1930: The viceroy, Lord Irwin, suggested a round table conference and
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reiterated the goal of dominion status.
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ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES: at
1st RTC (Nov 1930 and Jan 1931)
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The Congress and some prominent business leaders refused to attend, but
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many other groups of Indians were represented at the conference.

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Indian princely states were represebted by the Maharajas of various

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princely states.
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Muslim League sent Aga Khan III (leader of British-Indian delegation),

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah among others.

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Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz and Radhabai Subbarayan represented Women.

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The Depressed Classes were represented by B.R. Ambedkar and

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Rettama Srinivasan.
Labour was represented by N.M. Joshi and B. Shiva Rao.
Nothing much was achieved at the conference.
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2nd RTC (Sep 1931 to Dec 1931)

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Before the 2nd RTC, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in Mar 1931.
In March 1931, a special session of the Congress was held at
Karachi to endorse the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
INC nominated Gandhi as its sole representative for the 2nd RTC.
A. Rangaswami Iyengar and Madan Mohan Malaviya were also there.
Indian princely states were represented by Maharajas of various princely states
The Muslims were represented by Aga Khan III, Maulana Shaukat Ali,
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, among others.

Hindu groups were represented by M.R. Jayakar, B.S. Moonje and Diwan
Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath.
The Depressed Classes were represented by B.R. Ambedkar and Rettamalai
Srinivasan.
Industry was represented by Ghanshyam Das Birla, Sir Purshottamdas
Thakurdas and Maneckji Dadabhoy.
Labour was represented by N. M. Joshi, B. Shiva Rao and V. V. Giri.
The representatives for Indian women were Sarojini Naidu, Begum
Jahanara Shahnawaz and Radhabai Subbarayan.
No substantial result regarding India’s constitutional future came out of it.
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3rd RTC (Nov 1932 to Dec 1932)
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It was not attended by the Indian National Congress and Gandhi.
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It was ignored by most other Indian leaders.
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Indian princely states were represented by Maharajas of various
princely states
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Again, like in the two previous conferences, little was achieved.
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Gandhi-Irwin Pact (Mar 1931): Irwin on behalf of the government agreed on-
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Immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted of violence;
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Remission of all fines not yet collected;
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Return of all lands not yet sold to third parties;

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Lenient treatment to those government servants who had resigned;

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Right to make salt in coastal villages for personal consumption (not for sale);
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Right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing; and

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Withdrawal of emergency ordinances.

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The viceroy, however, turned down two of Gandhi's demands—

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Public inquiry into police excesses, and

Commutation of Bhagat Singh and his comrades' death sentence to life sentence.
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Gandhi on behalf of the Congress agreed—

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To suspend the civil disobedience movement, and

To participate in the next RTC.
Note: In Karachi session(1931), two resolutions were adopted—one on Fundamental
Rights and the other on National Economic Programme.
Withdrawal of CDM
On the failure of the 2nd RTC, the CWC decided on Dec 29, 1931 to resume the CDM.
On Jan 4, 1932, Gandhi was arrested.

Repressive ordinances were issued; Congress organisations at all levels were banned.
In April 1934, Gandhi withdrew the CDM.
COMMUNAL AWARD
(Announced by the British prime minister, Ramsay MacDonald, on August 16, 1932)
Main Provisions:
Muslims, Europeans, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, depressed classes,
women, and even the Marathas were to get separate electorates. Such an
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arrangement for the depressed classes was to be made for a period of 20 years.
in
In the provincial legislatures, the seats were to be distributed on communal basis.
nl
The existing seats of the provincial legislatures were to be doubled.
The Muslims, wherever they were in minority, were to be granted a weightage.
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Except in the North West Frontier Province, 3 per cent seats were to be reserved for
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women in all provinces.
The depressed classes to be declared/accorded the status of minority.
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The depressed classes were to get ‘double vote’, one to be used through separate
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electorates and the other to be used in the general electorates.
Allocation of seats were to be made for labourers, landlords, traders and
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industrialists.
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In the province of Bombay, 7 seats were to be allocated for the Marathas.

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Congress Stand:
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Though opposed to separate electorates, the Congress was not in favour of changing
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the Communal Award without the consent of the minorities. Thus the Congress
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decided neither to accept it nor to reject it.

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Gandhi’s Response
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Gandhi saw the Communal Award as an attack on Indian unity and nationalism. He
demanded that the depressed classes be elected through joint and if possible a wider
t-
electorate through universal franchise. And to press his demands, he went on an

indefinite fast on September 20, 1932.
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Poona Pact
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Signed by B.R. Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes on September 24, 1932,
the Poona Pact abandoned the idea of separate electorates for the depressed classes.
But the seats reserved for the depressed classes were increased from 71 to 147 in
provincial legislatures and to 18 per cent of the total in the Central Legislature. The
Poona Pact was accepted by the government as an amendment to the Communal
Award.
Note: Gandhi set up All India Anti-Untouchability League in 1932 and started weekly
Harijan in 1933.
DEBATES ON THE FUTURE STRATEGY AFTER CDM
(2-STAGE DEBATE)
First Stage debate: Second stage Debate:
On the course the national movement In early 1937, elections to provincial

should take in the immediate future, assemblies were announced and once
i.e., during the phase of non-mass again the debate on the future strategy
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struggle (1934-35). Three perspectives: to be adopted by the nationalists began.
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1. Constructive work on Gandhian lines. There was full agreement that the
nl
2. A constitutional struggle and Congress should fight these elections on
participation in elections to the Central the basis of a detailed political and
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Legislature (due in 1934). economic programme.
3. A strong leftist trend within the Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Bose,
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Congress, represented by Nehru, was and Congress socialists and
critical of both constructive work and communists were opposed to ofce
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council entry. Instead, it favoured acceptance and thereby in the working
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resumption and continuation of non- of the 1935 Act because they argued
constitutionalist mass struggle. that it would negate the rejection of the
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Act by the nationalists.
Gandhi conciliated the proponents of
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council entry by acceding to their The proponents of office acceptance

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basic demand of permission to enter the argued that they were equally
committed to combating the 1935 Act,
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legislatures. In the elections to the

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Central Legislative Assembly held in but work in legislatures was to be only a

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November 1934, the Congress short-term tactic since option of a mass

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captured 45 out of 75 seats reserved movement was not available at the

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time. The administrative field should not

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for Indians.
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be left open to pro-government

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Government of India Act, 1935: It was

reactionary forces.
unanimously rejected by the Congress.
The Hindu Mahasabha and the In its sessions at Lucknow in early 1936
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National Liberal Foundation,however, and Faizpur in late 1937, the Congress

declared them selves in favour of the decided to fight elections and postpone
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working of the 1935 Act in the central the decision on office acceptance to the
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as well as at the provincial level. postelection phase.

The Congress won 716 out of 1,161
seats it contested. It got a majority in all
provinces, except in Bengal, Assam,
Punjab, Sindh and the NWFP, and
emerged as the largest party in Bengal,
Assam and the NWFP.

CONGRESS RULE IN PROVINCES
Congress ministries were formed in Bombay, Madras, Central Provinces, Orissa, United
Provinces, Bihar and later in the NWFP and Assam also. In the 28 months of Congress
rule in the provinces, there were some efforts made for people's welfare.
Reforms related to Civil Liberties

Laws giving emergency powers were repealed.
Ban on illegal organisations, such as the Hindustan Seva
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Dal and Youth Leagues, and on certain books and journals
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was lifted.
nl
Press restrictions were lifted.
l.o
Newspapers were taken out of black lists.
Confiscated arms and arms licences were restored.
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Police powers were curbed and the CID stopped shadowing politicians.
Political prisoners and revolutionaries were released, and deportation
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and internment orders were revoked. at
In Bombay lands confiscated by the government during the
Civil Disobedience Movement were restored.
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Pensions of officials associated with the Civil Disobedience
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Movement were restored.

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Social Welfare Reforms

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Prohibition imposed in certain areas. Measures for welfare of Harijans

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taken—temple entry, use of public facilities, scholarships, an increase in

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their numbers in government service and police, etc.

Attention given to primary, technical and higher education
and to public health and sanitation.
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Encouragement given to khadi through subsidies and

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other measures.
Prison reforms undertaken.
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Encouragement given to indigenous enterprises.

Efforts taken to develop planning through National Planning
Committee set up under Congress president Subhash Bose in 1938.
Note: The Congress ministries resigned in October 1939 after the outbreak of the
Second World War.
19
Vision IAS
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CONGRESS 3 - TOWARDS
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FREEDOM AND PARTITION
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(1939-1947)
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TIMELINE: INDIAN FREEDOM MOVEMENT FROM 1919 TO 1938

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CWC at wardha: August offer promising Cripps Mission:

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Congress did not support Dominion Status Promise of Dominion Status;

British during WW2 Constituent Assembly (India)
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March,
1940 Oct, 1940
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1939 August, March,

1940 1942
Pakistan Individual Satyagraha

Resolution was passed movement was launched
by Muslim League to affirm the rights to speech.
Launch of QIM Desai Liaquat pact, Three Upsurges:
Demanding immediate in pursuance to unity (Over INA trials against
British withdrawal between INC and ML, sentencing of Rashid Ali,
from India came but it was failed too. and RIN (Navy) Revolt).
1944 June, 1945
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Aug,1942 1945 Winter of
in
1945-1946
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l.o
Rajaji Formula to Wavell Plan:
solve deadlock between Formation of Indian
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ML and INC. executive Council
which act as interim
government; negotiations
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at on new constitution.
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Cabinet Mission Plan:

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Mountbatten to draw constitution of India and

plan facilitate interim government.
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Dec, 1945-
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July, 1947 Feb, 1947 Jan, 1946

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June, 1947 1946

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Indian Attlee’s General election:

Independence Act statement INC emerged as
the largest party.


NATIONALIST RESPONSE IN THE WAKE OF WORLD WAR II
Different opinions on the question of Indian support to British war

efforts in WW2:
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Mahatma Subhas Bose and Nehru's View: No The Muslim
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Gandhi other socialists, Indian League viewed
advocated an such as Acharya the war situation
Participation in
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unconditional Narendra Dev
and Jaya prakash WW2 and at the as one from which
l.o
support to the Naray an were of same, no it could profit in
Allied powers. the view to take opportunistic view getting a British
advantage of the
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of the situation assurance on
situation of Ww2
by immediately either. its demands.
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Keeping in consideration all the views, Congress Working Committee at
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Wardha (September 1939) passed a resolution:
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India could not be a party to a war being fought for democratic freedom,
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while that freedom was being denied to India.

The government should declare its war aims soon and, also as to how the
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principles of democracy were to be applied to India.

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Ramgarh session of INC

Immediate Congress (March 1940)
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Response (a) Decided that India would

Linlithgow's Statemen (a) No Indian support for war. accept nothing short of
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(1939) promising: complete independence.

(b) But no immediate mass
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(a) Modification of GOI (Unlike dominion status as

struggle to be launched. promised through Linlithgow
Act 1935.
(C) Congress ministries in statement’s).
(b) Immediately a
"consultative committee" provinces to resign. (b) A possibility of CDM was
to be formed for advisory also proposed in the future.
Note: Jinnah and the Muslim
function. League celebrated this Note: Further in March
occasion as a “day of 1940, "Pakistan Resolution”
Note: British refused to
passed at the Lahore sessio
state its war aims. deliverance”.
of Muslim League.

RUN UP TO QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
August Offer (1940) Individual Satyagraha Cripps Mission (1942)
British got into conciliatory In late 1940s, Gandhiji Headed by Sir Stafford
e
mood owing to Hitler’s decided to initiate a limited Cripps, it offered:
advances to seek Indian
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satyagraha on an individual (a) An Indian Union with a
Support, so this offer was basis. The aims were: dominion, with right
nl
proposed:
(i) To show that nationalist to withdraw from
(a) Promise of the expansion
l.o
patience was not due to commonwealth.
of the Executive Council
weakness; (b) Constituent Assembly
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(ii) to express that Indians (Solely Indians) to
(b) Dominion status as the
objective for India. made no distinction frame a new constitution.
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between Nazism and (c) Freedom to any province
(c) Promise of Constituent at
autocracy that ruled
Assembly (mainly unwilling to join the
Indians) post WW2.* India; and Union to have a separate
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(iii) to give another agreemnt with Britain.
(d) No future constitution to
opportunity to the
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be adopted without the Note: Congress objected to

government to accept
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consent of minorities. dominon status and right

Congress’demands of provinces to secede. ML
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* For the first time, inherent peacefully.

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objected to pakistan not

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right of Indians to frame

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their Constitution was Note: The first Satyagrahi stated.

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recognised. selected was Acharya

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Vinoba Bhave. Second

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Note: Both congress & ML

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rejected it. Nehru said, Satyagrahi was Jawahar

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“Dominion status concept is Lal Nehru. Third was

dead as a doornail.” Brahma Datt.
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QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
Immediate causes
Failure of Cripps Mission.
Advancement of Japanese forces to Indian shore shattering the myth of
British invincibility. Public discontent against
Wartime hardships.

Quit India Resolution
The Quit India Resolution was ratified at the Congress meeting at
Gowalia Tank, Bombay, on August 8, 1942.
Gandhi’s General Instructions to Different Sections :
(a) Government servants: Do not resign but declare your
allegiance to the Congress.
(b) Soldiers: Do not leave the Army but do not fire on compatriots.
(c) Peasants: If zamindars are anti-government, pay mutually agreed
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rent, and if zamindars are pro-Govt then do not pay rent.
in
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Spread of the Movement
l.o
On 9th August, all top leaders of congress were arrested. Aruna Asaf Ali,
presided over the Congress committee session, and hoisted the flag.
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Underground Activity: Many nationalists went underground and took
to subversive activities. Eg. Rammanohar Lohia, Jayaprakash Narayan,
e
Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta, Biju Patnaik, Chhotubhai Puranik, Achyut
at
Patwardhan, Sucheta Kripalani and R.P. Goenka. Usha Mehta started
an underground radio in Bombay.
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Parallel Government was formed: eg. Ballia under Chittu Pandey ;
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Tamluk (Midnapore) under Jatiya Sarkar (organised Vidyut Vahinis);

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Satara (“Prati Sarkar”), under leaders like Y.B. Chavan, Nana Patil, etc.
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Note: All other parties eg. ML, Hindu MahaSabha, Princely states, Communist
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(sympathetic to Russian cause against NAZI attack) etc. stayed aloof to the
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movement. Further, to condemn violence of State, Gandhi ji under took fast.

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ATTEMPTS TO END DEADLOCK BETWEEN ML AND INC

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CR Rajagopalachari's Formula (1944)

The main provisions in the CR Plan were:
ML to endorse Congress demand for independence.
ML to cooperate with Congress in forming a provisional government at centre.

After the end of the war, the entire population of Muslim majority areas in the NW and
NE India to decide by a plebiscite, whether or not to form a separate sovereign state.
In case of acceptance of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding
defence, commerce, communications, etc.
Note: The formulae failed as it was opposed by major sections eg. ML complaining
about plebiscite of the entire population (not just Muslims alone) even in the Muslim
majority districts, Akali Dal, some congress Leaders, Hindu Mahasabha etc also
opposed it.
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Desai-Liaquat pact (1945)
nl
Bhulabhai Desai, and Liaqat Ali Khan, deputy leader of the Muslim League came
l.o
up with the draft proposal for the formation of an interim government at the centre,
consisting of—
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an equal number of persons nominated by the Congress and the League in the
central legislature.
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20% reserved seats for minorities. at
Note: No settlement could be reached between the Congress and the League on
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these lines.
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Wavell Plan (June 1945)

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Main Proposals Reasons for Failure

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a) With the exception of the a) The Congress objected to the plan as

governor-general and the commander-in “an attempt to reduce the Congress to
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chief, all members of the executive council the status of a purely caste Hindu party”
were to be Indians. (b) Muslim League wanted all Muslim
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(b) Caste Hindus and Muslims were to members to be League nominees and
Vi
have equal representation . claimed a communal veto in the

(c) The reconstructed council was to executive council.
function as an interim government within
the framework of the 1935 Act.
(d) Possibilities were to be kept open for
negotiations on a new constitution once
the war was finally won.

Post-War National Scenario
Government's Attitude Three Upsurges– Winter of Elections:

softened (Reason: Labour 1945-1946 Elections were held in the
e
Party won in England; Upsurge 1 (November 21, winter of 1945-1946.
in
Change in balance of 1945) in Calcutta over The elections to the central
Power post WW2; Anti INA trials.
legislature were held
nl
Imperialist sentiments Upsurge 2 (February 11,
among masses; Tired 1946) in Calcutta against under the terms of the
l.o
British troops etc. seven year sentence to GOI Act 1919 (Because
Rashid Ali. Princely States refused All
ria
Upsurge 3 (February 18, India Federation of GOI
1946): In Bombay, strike act 1935)
by RIN. Naval Ratings of
e
Outcome:
HMIS Talwar went on a
at INC emerged as the
strike to protest against
racial discrimination, largest party( 57 out of
m
unpalatable food, 102 seats in the Central
Assembly, got majority in
c
abuse by seniors, etc.

most provinces except in
ps
Note: Congress did not

support these upsurges. Bengal, Sindh and
om
Punjab.)
.u
l.c
ai
The ML won all Muslim

gm
n@
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constituencies, but failed

va
to win any other seats. It

e
w
je
s
captured the 30 reserved

sc
-w
INA Trials: seats in the Central

INA soldiers were captured.They were taken to court Assembly and got a
martial at the Red Fort of Delhi. majority in Bengal and
t-
Some of theprominent examples: Colonel PremSahgal, Sindh

Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon and Major General Shah These were the last
si
Nawaz Khan. general elections in

Vi
Senior leaders like Bhulabhai Desai, Tej BahadurSapru, British India.

K.N. Katju, J. Nehru and Asaf Ali defended PoWs.
The cause was supported by many organizations
with varying degree like Congress, ML, Communist
Party, Unionists, Akalis, Justice Party, RSS, Hindu
Mahasabha etc.

The Cabinet Mission, May 1946
The Attlee government announced the decision to send a high-powered mission

of three British cabinet members (pethick Lawrence, Secretary of State for India;
Stafford Cripps; and A.V. Alexander) to India.
Mains provisions:
e
in
Rejection of the demand for full-fledged Pakistan
nl
Grouping of existing provincial assemblies into three sections: Section-A (Hindu-
majority provinces); Section-B: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province and Sindh
l.o
(Muslim-majority provinces); Section-C: Bengal and Assam (Muslim-majority
provinces).
ria
Three-tier executive and legislature at provincial, section and union levels.
e
A constituent assembly was to be elected by provincial assemblies by proportional
representation (voting in three groups-General, Muslims, Sikhs).
at
In the constituent assembly, members form groups A, B and C were to sit
m
separately to decide the constitution for provinces and whole constituent assembly
would sit together to formulate the union constitution.
c
ps
A common centre would control defence, communication and external affairs. A

federal structure was envisaged for India.
om
.u
l.c
Communal questions in the central legislature were to decided by a simple

ai
gm
majority of both communities present and voting.

n@
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Provinces were to have full autonomy and residual powers.

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s
sc
Princely states were no longer to be under paramountcy of the British government.

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They would be free to enter into an arrangement with successor governments o

the British government
t-
Meanwhile, an interim governments was to be formed from the constituent

assembly
si
Vi
Objectives of Cabinet Mission
To obtain an agreement with the Indian leaders as to the framing of a

constitution for India.
To formulate a constitution-making body (the Constituent Assembly of India).
To establish an Executive Council with the support of the major Indian parties.

Acceptance and Rejection
The Muslim League on June 6 and the Congress on June 24, 1946 accepted the
long-term plan put forward by the Cabinet Mission.
On July10, 1946, Nehru stated, “We are not bound by a single thing except the we
have decided to go into the Constituent Assembly (implying that the Constituent
Assembly was sovereign and would decide the rules of procedure). The big
probability is that there would be no grouping as NWFP and Assam would have
objections to joining sections B and C.”
e
On July 29, 1946, The League withdrew its acceptance of the long-term plan in
in
response to Nehru’s statement and gave a call for “direct action” from August 16
to achieve Pakistan.
nl
Note: Finally an interim government was formed under leadership of Nehru on
l.o
September 2, 1946.Wavell quietly brought the Muslim League into the Interim
Government on October 26, 1946.
e ria
INDEPENDENCE WITH PARTITION
at
m
Attlee’s Statement Feb, 1947
c
Here, British Prime Minster Clement Attlee outlined:

ps
A deadline of 30 June 1948 for transfer of power even if Indian politicians

om
had not agreed by the time on constitution

.u
l.c
ai
British would transfer the power to provincial governments or some

gm
n@
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form of central government or other if constituent assembly was

va
not fully representative. Thus it had clear hint of balkanization of India

e
w
je
into numerous states.

s
sc
-w
Reactions To Attlee’s Statement

Congress accepted the provision of transfer of power to more than one
centre as this facilitated current constituent assembly to form constitution
t-
for areas whereas ML launched civil disobedience movement.

si
Dickie Bird Plan May 1947

Vi
Mountbatten Prepared this plan (earlier to Mountbatten plan of June ).

The main proposal of this plan was that provinces should become first independent
successor states rather than an Indian Union or the two dominions of India &
Pakistan.
Nehru rejected the plan right away and told him that this plan would invite
Balkanization of India and would provoke conflict and violence.
Consequently, this plan was cancelled

Mountbatten Plan, June 3,1947.
The viceroy came up with another plan called the June 3 Plan. This plan was the
last plan for Indian Independence. It is also called the Mountbateen
Main Provisions:
Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies would meet in two groups, Hindus
and Muslims, to vote for partition. If a simple majority of either group voted for
partition, then these provinces would be partitioned.
In case partition, two dominions and two constituent assemblies would
be created.
e
Sindha would take its own decision.
in
Referendums in NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal would decide the fate of these
nl
areas.
l.o
Thus the league’s demand was conceded to the extent that Pakistan would be
created and the Congress’ position on unity was take into account to make
Pakistan as small as possible. Mountbatten’s formula was to divide India
ria
but retain maximum unity.
e
Indian Independence Act 1947
at
m
On July 5,1947 the British Parliament passed this Act which was based on the
Mountbatten Plan, and the Act got royal assent on July 18, 1947
c
ps
The Act was implemented on August 15, 1947.

The Act provided for the creation of two independent dominions of India and
om
.u
l.c
Pakistan with effect from August 15, 1947

ai
gm
n@
w
As per the provisions of this Act, Pakistan become independent on August 14

va
while India got its freedom on August 15, 1947. M.A. Jinnah become the first
e
w
je
s
Governor- General of Pakistan. India, however, decided to request Lord Mountbatten

sc
-w
to continue as the Governor-General of India

t-
si
Vi

INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES
Jammu and Kashmir

On 26 October 1947, the Maharaja
Junagadh
Hari Singh of Jammu & Kashmir
A Plebiscite was
singned the Instrument of Accession,
held on Fed 1948
the legal document that ceded J&K to
and population
the Dominion of India as per the
favoured to join
e
Indian Independence Act 1947.
India.
in
nl
l.o
Hyderabad
It was annexed via
ria
polic action. under
operation Polo of
e
India Army (Sep at
1948).
Daman and Diu:
m
and Goa
was annexed by
c
India in 1961.
ps
Puducherry
Andhra
Ceded to India in
om
Pradesh
1954.
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
va
Tamil Nadu
e
w
je
s
sc
-w
t-
SOME IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT SC BOSE AND INA:

si
Vi
S.C Bose was the first man to call Mahatma Gandhi “Father of the Nation”, in
his address from Singapore.
In 1923, Bose was elected the President of the All India youth Congress and
also the Secretary of Bengal State Congress.
Bose took over as the elected president of Indian National Congress in

1938 (haripura).

Bose was re-elected as the president in 1939 (Tripuri) but soon resigned (Tripuri
Crisis) from the presidency owing to his ideological differences with Gandhiji
and formed the all India Forward Bloc (1939), a faction within the Congress
which aimed at consolidating the political left.
The Idea of the Indian National Army (INA) was first conceived in Malaya by
Captain Mohan Singh.
INA composed of Indian POWs and volunteering Indian expatriates in South-
e
East Asia, with the help of the Japanese. It had a women’s regiment named
in
after the legendary Rani of Jhansi of 1857 fame
nl
In June 1942, a united Indian independence League, was born as a civilian
l.o
political body having controlling authority over the INA. Rash Behari Bose a
veteran Bengali revolutionary was chose its chairman.
ria
In 1943, S C Bose traveled to Japan and took leadership of the Indian
e
Independence Movement in East Asia. With Japanese aid and influence, he
at
took the leadership of a trained army of the India National Army.
m
In October 1943, S C Bose formed Azad Hind Government, a Provisional Free
c
Indian Government In exile which was immediately recognized by Japan and

ps
later by eight other government including Germany and Fascist Italy.

om
.u
l.c
ai
During the WW2, the Andaman and Nicobar island were captured by the
gm
n@
w
Japanese and handedover by them to the INA.

e va
w
je
s
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t-
si
Vi


e
in
nl
l.o
ria
CONGRESS 4 - VARIOUS e
at
SESSIONS, PRESIDENTS
c m
AND IMPORTANT
ps
OUTCOMES
.u
w
w
INTRODUCTION
-w
The Indian National Congress was founded at Bombay in December 1885.

t-
The early leadership – Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji,

W.C. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. SubramaniaIyer, among
si
others – was largely from Bombay and Calcutta.

Vi
A retired British official, A.O. Hume, played crucial part in bringing Indians from the
various regions together.
In an effort to reach all regions, it was decided to rotate the Congress session among
different parts of the country.
The President belonged to a region other than where the Congress session was
being held.

PERIOD 1 : MODERATE PHASE (1885- 1904)
Important Outcomes/
Year and Place President
Details
First session, attended
e
in
Bombay Session, by 72 delegates.
nl
1885 Objectives of the
Congress outlined.
l.o
W.C. Bonnerjee
ria
Merger of National
e
at Congress and National
Conference took place.
Calcutta Session,
m
1886 Congress decided to set
up Provincial Congress
c
Committees across the

ps
Dadabhai Naoro ji country.

om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
Appeal was made to

e va
the Muslims to join

w
je
Madras Session,
s
sc
hands with other

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1987 national leaders.

First Muslim President.
Syed Badruddin Tyab ji
t-
si
Vi
National Song
Calcutta Session, 'Vande Mataram'
sung for the first
1896 time by Rabindranath
Tagore.
Rahimtulla Sayani

Congress demanded
that the British
government put a stop to
the 'drain of wealth' from
Lucknow Session,
India to England that had
1899 been taking place as a
result of colonial rule.
Romesh Chandra
Demand for permanent
Dutt
e
fixation of Land revenue
in
nl
First time Mahatma
l.o
Gandhi appeared on
the Congress platform.
ria
Calcutta Session, He urged the Congress
1901 to support the struggle
e
at against racial discrimi-
nation and exploitation
Dinshaw E. Wacha in the country.
c m
ps
PERIOD 2 : NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1905-1918)

om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
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Important Outcomes/
va
Details
e
w
je
s
sc
-w
Divisions between the

'moderates' led by Gopal
t-
Krishna Gokhale and

Surendranath Banerjee
si
and the 'extremists' led

Vi
by Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Benaras Session, came to the fore in this
1905 session.
Expressed resentment
Gopal Krishna against the partition of
Gokhale Bengal and proclamation
of Swadeshi movement
in Bengal.

The word 'swaraj'
mentioned for the first
Calcutta Session, time.
1906 Resolution supporting the
programme of swadeshi,
boycott and national
Dadabhai Naoroji education was passed.
e
in
nl
Surat Split (split in the
Surat Session, INC into the Moderates
l.o
1907 and the Extremists)
ria
Rash Behari Ghosh
e
at
m
Madras Session, Constitution of the
c
1908 Congress drawn.

ps
om
Rash Behari Ghosh

.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
e va
w
je
s
sc
-w
Disapproval over
Lahore Session, separate electorates
1909 (of Morley Minto
t-
Reforms)
si
Madan Mohan Malaviya

Vi
Calcutta Session, Jana Gana Mana'

1911 sung for the first time
Bishan Narayan Dhar

Lucknow Pact signed –
joint session with the
Lucknow Session, Muslim League.
1916 Reunion of the
Moderates and the
Ambicacharan Mazumdar Extremists.
e
in
nl
Calcutta Session, First woman president
1917 of the INC.
l.o
ria
Annie Besant
e
at
PERIOD 3 : ERA OF MASS NATIONALISM (1918-27)
c m
ps
Important Outcomes/
Details
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
e va
Termed the Montague-

w
je
s
sc
Chelmsford reforms as
-w
Special Session 1918, disappointing.

Bombay It demanded a
Declaration of Rights for
t-
the people of India.

Sayed Hasan Imam
si
Vi
Congress extended
support to Khilafat
Amritsar Session, Movement.
1919 Jallianwala Bagh
massacre strongly
Motilal Nehru condemned.

Congress approved a
non-cooperation
programme.
The programme included
Special Session boycott of schools,
1920, Calcutta foreign cloths legislative
councils, etc.
Lala Lajpat Rai Note: Second phase could
include mass civil disobe-
e
dience.
in
nl
Shift from goal of
l.o
attainment of self-
government through
constitutional means to
ria
have the attainment of
swaraj through peaceful
e
at and legitimate means.
Important organisational
m
changes:
Congress working
c
Nagpur Session, committee (CWC) of

ps
1920 15 members was set

up to lead the
om
.u
l.c
Congress.
ai
gm
C. Vijayaraghavachariar
Provincial congress
n@
w
va
committees on
e
w
je
linguistic basis were

s
sc
organised.
-w
Ward committees was

organised; and entry
t-
fee was reduced to

four annas.
si
Vi
CR Das and other

leaders broke away
Gaya Session, from INC.
1922
Formation of Swaraj
Party.
C.R. Das

Belgaum Session, Only Session presided
over by Mahatma
1924 Gandhi.
M.K.Gandhi
e
in
nl
Kanpur Session, First Indian Woman
1925 President.
l.o
ria
Sarojini Naidu
e
at
PERIOD 4 : TOWARDS FREEDOM (PURNASWARAJ)
c m
ps
Important Outcomes/
Details
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
va
Passed a resolution
e
w
je
s
against boycott of Simon

sc
-w
Commission.
In a separate resolution,
the Creed of the
t-
Congress was defined:

Madras Session,
"the goal of the Indian
si
1927 people is complete

Vi
National Independence".
M.A. Ansari Passed a resolution
against the use of Indian
troops in China, Iran
and Mesopotamia.

Congress gave the
British a warning that a
Calcutta Session, civil disobedience
1928 movement would start
if India was not granted
dominion status by
December 31, 1929.
Motilal Nehru
Formation of All India
Youth Congress.
e
in
nl
Complete independence
or Purna Swaraj was
l.o
declared as the aim
of the Congress.
ria
Congress Working
Committee was
e
at authorised to launch
a programme of civil
disobedience.
m
Lahore Session
1929 January 26, 1930 was
c
fixed as the first

ps
Jawaharlal Nehru Independence

(Swarajya) Day, to be
om
.u
celebrated everywhere.
l.c
ai
gm
The Round Table

n@
w
Conference was to be
e va
w
boycotted.
je
s
sc
-w
Delhi Pact or Gandhi-

t-
Irwin Pact was endorsed.

The goal of purna swaraj
si
was reiterated.
Vi
Two resolutions were

Karachi Session, adopted—one on
1931 Fundamental Rights and
the other on National
Economic Programme.
Vallabhbhai Patel Resolution on
Fundamental Rights
guaranteed:

Free speech, press, compulsory education.
Right to form associations, assemble, universal adult franchise.
Protection to culture, language, script of minorities and linguistic groups.
Resolution on National Economic Programme included:
Substantial reduction in rent and revenue in the case of landholders and
peasants, exemption from rent for uneconomic holdings.
e
Better conditions of work including a living wage.
in
Right to workers and peasants to form unions.
nl
State ownership and control of key industries, mines and means of
transport.
l.o
ria
Changes in the Congress
e
at constitution.
Wearing of Khadi was
made a necessary
m
criterion for elective
membership.
c
Bombay Session,
ps
1934 Delegates were to be

elected at the rate of 1
om
per every 500 primary

.u
l.c
ai
Rajendra Prasad members, thereby

gm
n@
w
making them
va
representatives of the
e
w
je
s
people.
sc
-w
t-
si
Lucknow Session, President urged the

Vi
1936 (April) Congress to adopt

socialism as its goal.
JawaharLal Nehru

The session held in a
Faizpur Session, village for the first time.
1936 (Dec)
Jawahar Lal Nehru
e
in
Resolution adopted that
nl
the Congress would give
moral support to those
l.o
who were agitating
Haripura Session, against the governance
ria
1938 in the princely states.
National Planning
Subhash Chandra
e
Committee set up under
Bose JawaharLal Nehru.
at
c m
ps
Rajendra Prasad took

over as president after
om
Tripuri Session,
.u
l.c
Subhash Chandra
ai
1939
gm
resigned.
n@
w
va
Subhash Chandra Bose

e
w
je
Subhash Chandra Bose formed Forward Bloc.

s
sc
( later Rajendra Prasad)

-w
t-
si
Civil Disobedience
Ramgarh Session,
Vi
movement to be
1940 launched at appropriate
time and circumstances.
Abul Kalam Azad

Meerut Session, Last session before
1946 independence.
J.B Kripalani
e
in
nl
Note:
l.o
The sessions for the years 1930 (reason: CDM), 1935 (reason: Elections) and
1941- 1945 (reason: QIM, Negotiations were already undergoing etc.) could
ria
not be held.
At the time of the first session of the INC, Lord Dufferin was the Viceroy.
e
at
c m
ps
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
e va
w
je
s
sc
-w
t-
si
Vi


11
Vision IAS
e
in
nl
l.o
Miscellaneous Topics:
ria
Development of Press, Development of Education,
e
Involvement of labour and Indian Capitalists
at
m
DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION
c
ps
TIMELINE: DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION (1781-1947)

“DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION UNDER COMPANY RULE”.
.u
w
Fort William College was

set up by Wellesley for
w
training of civil servants

-w
The Calcutta Madrasa of the Company in

was established by languages and customs of
Warren Hastings. Indians (closed in 1802).
t-
1791 1813
si
Vi
1781 1800
The Sanskrit College Charter Act of 1813:
was established by Directed the Company to
Jonathan Duncan, sanction one lakh rupees
the resident, at annually for encouraging
Benaras. learned Indians and
promote modern sciences.

Uiversities at Calcutta,
Bombay and Madras
were set up. Macaulay minute
1854
1857 1835
e
Wood's Despatch
in
nl
“ DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION UNDER CROWN RULE”.
l.o
Government Resolution
ria
on Education Policy:
Accepted policy of removal
e
of illiteracy and urged
at
provincial governments to
take early steps to provide
m
free elementary education
Hunter Education to the poorer and more
c
Commission backward sections.

ps
1904 1917-19
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
e va
w
je
s
sc
-w
1882-83 1913
Indian Universities Saddler University
Act, based on the Commission .
t-
recommendations of
the Raleigh Commission.
si
Hartog Committee
Vi
1944
1929
Sergeant Plan of
Education

Wood’s despatch (1854):
Macaulay minute (1835): (a) Asked government of
(a) Settled the row in favour India to assume responsibility
Oreintalist-Anglicist of Anglicists—the limited for education of the masses,
Controversy: thus repudiating the
resources were to be
‘downward filtration theory’.
(a) Anglicists: Govt. devoted to teaching of
spending on education Western sciences and (b) Systematised the
e
should be exclusively for literature through the hierarchy from vernacular
in
modern studies. primary schools in villages at
medium of English language
bottom, followed by Anglo-
nl
(b) Orientalists: While alone. Vernacular High Schools and
Western sciences and (b) Opened a few English an affiliated college at the
l.o
literature should be schools and colleges instead district level, and affiliating
taught to prepare universities in the presidency
of a large number of
ria
students to take up jobs, towns of Calcutta, Bombay
elementary schools, thus
emphasis should be and Madras.
placed on expansion of neglecting mass education
e
(‘downward ltration (c) Recommended English as
traditional Indian at
theory’). the medium of instruction for
learning.
higher studies and
m
(c) Anglicists were vernaculars at school level.
divided over the (d) Laid stress on female and
c
question of medium of vocational education, on

ps
instruction—English vs teachers’ training and

Indian languages
om
promote secular education.

.u
(vernaculars) .
l.c
ai
Note: Considered the

gm
“Magna Carta of English

n@
w
va
Education in India”.
e
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je
s
sc
-w
DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION UNDER CROWN RULE

Hunter Saddler Sergeant
t-
Indian Hartog
education University Plan of
Universities Committee
commission Commission Education
si
Act (1904) (1929)

(1882-83) (1917-19) (1944)
Vi
Mostly confined its Based on Raleigh Held that, for the Set up to report on It was worked out by
recommendations Commission improvement of development of the Central
to primary and recommendation, university education, education. Its main Advisory Board of
secondary the above act was improvement of recommendations Education in 1944.
education such as: passed: secondary education were as follows: It recommended:
(a) State's special (a) Universities was a necessary (a) Emphasis should (a) Pre-primary
care required for were to give more pre-condition. Its be given to primary education for 3-6
extension and attention to study observations were education. years age group;
improvement of and research; as follows: free, 6-11 years
(b) Only deserving
primary education, (b) Government (a) School course students should go age group; high
and it should be was to have should cover 12 in for high school education

imparted through powers to veto years. Students school and for 11-17 years age
vernacular. universities' senate should enter intermediate stage, group for selected
(b)Recommended regulations. Also, university after an while average children, and a
transfer of control conditions were to intermediate stage students should be university course of
of primary be made stricter (rather than matric) diverted to 3 years after higher
education to newly for affiliation of for a three-year vocational courses secondary.
set up district and private colleges; degree course in after VIII standard. (b) Abolition of
municipal boards. (c) Number of university. (c) For intermediate course
(c) Recommended fellows of a (b) A separate improvements in and liquidation of
secondary (High university and their board of secondary standards of adult illiteracy in 20
School) education period in office and intermediate university years.
should have two were reduced and education should education, (c) Stress on
e
divisions—(I) most fellows were be set up for admissions should teachers' training,
to be nominated by administration and be restricted. physical education,
in
literary—leading
up to university, the Government; control of education for the
secondary and physically and
nl
(ii) vocational—for (d) Five lakh
commercial rupees were to be intermediate mentally
education. handicapped
l.o
careers. sanctioned per
(d) Drew attention annum for five (c) University
to inadequate years for should function as
ria
facilities for female improvement of centralised, unitary
education. higher education residential-teaching
and universities. autonomous body.
(d) Female
e
education,
at
technological
m
education,
teachers' training
c
should be extended.
ps
om
.u
l.c
ai
gm
n@
w
va
Wardha Scheme of
e
w
je
s
Basic Education
sc
Establish First seven

-w
contact with the (1937) years of

community schooling through
around schools mother tongue
and it should
t-
through be free and

service. compulsory.
si
Vi
Teaching to
be in Hindi from Inclusion of
class II to VII a basic
and in English handicraft in
only after class the syllabus.
VIII.
Note: Based on Wardha scheme, Zakir Hussain committee formulated a detailed national scheme for
basic education.

DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS
Early Regulations
Censorship of Press Act, 1799: Enacted by Lord Wellesley,

anticipating French invasion of India; imposed almost wartime press
restrictions including pre-censorship; relaxed under Lord Hastings.
e
in
Licensing Regulations, 1823: Enacted by the acting governor-
nl
general, John Adams; starting or using a press without licence was a
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penal offence (Rammohan Roy’s Mirat-ul-Akbar had to stop
publication.)
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PRESS ACT
Press Act of 1835 or Metcalfe Act: Metcalfe repealed the 1823
at
ordinance and followed a liberal policy; known as the “liberator of
OF 1835
the Indian press”.

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Licensing Act, 1857: In response to the 1857 revolt, this Act

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imposed licensing restrictions.

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Registration Act, 1867: Replaced Metcalfe’s Act of 1835 and was

of a regulatory, not restrictive.
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REGULATIONS TO CURB NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
Vernacular Press Act, 1878 (VPA): To control the vernacular

press and effectively punish and repress what was considered to
be seditious writing; came to be nicknamed “the gagging Act;
nally Ripon repealed it in 1882.
Worst features of this act was no right of appeal against
magisterate decision. Under VPA, proceedings were instituted
e
against Som Prakash, Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash and Samachar.
in
(Incidentally, the Amrita Bazar Patrika turned overnight into an
nl
English newspaper to escape the VPA).
l.o
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Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908: Aimed against
Extremist nationalist activity, the Act empowered the magistrates
to confiscate press property which published objectionable
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material .(Tilak was tried on charges of sedition and transported
at
to Mandalay (Burma) for six years).
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Indian Press Act, 1910: Revived the worst features of the VPA -
local government was empowered to demand a security at
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registration from the printer/publisher and fortfeit/deregister if it

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was an offending newspaper.

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Defence of India Rules: Imposed for repression of political

agitation and free public criticism during the First World War.
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Indian Press (Emergency Powers) Act, 1931: Gave sweeping

powers to provincial governments to suppress propaganda for
Civil Disobedience Movement.

During the second World War pre-censorship was again
imposed under Defence of India Rules.
IMPORTANT PAPERS/JOURNALS
e
in
nl
Name of the
l.o
Name of the Year and Place
Paper/Journal from which Published Founder/ Published
Editor
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Started by James Augustus
Bengal Gazette 1780, Calcutta
Hicky (Irishman)
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at Henry Louis Vivian Derozio
India Gazette 1787, Calcutta
associated with it
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Started by R. Williams
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Indian Herald 1795, Madras (English-man) and

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published by Humphreys.
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Sambad Kaumudi
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(Weekly in Bengali), 1821-22, Calcutta Raja Rammohan Roy

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Mirat-ul-Akbar,
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Rammohan Roy,
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Banga-Duta 1822, Calcutta Dwarkanath Tagore and

others
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Rast Goftar (A Gujarati

1851 DadabhaiNaoroji
fortnightly)
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Girishchandra Ghosh (later,

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Hindu Patriot 1853, Calcutta Harishchandra Mukerji

became owner-cum-editor)
Indian Mirror,
1860s, Calcutta Devendranath Tagore
National Paper
Girishchandra Ghosh
Bengalee 1862, Calcutta (taken over by S.N.
Banerjea in 1879)

Sisirkumar Ghosh and
Amrita Bazar Patrika 1868, Jessore District
Motilal Ghosh
Bangadarshana
1873, Calcutta Bankimchandra Chatterji
(in Bengali)
G.S. Aiyar, Viraraghavachari
The Hindu 1878, Madras
and SubbaRaoPandit
Kesari (Marathi daily)
and Maharatta 1881, Bombay Tilak, Chiplunkar, Agarkar
(English weekly)
e
in
Bombay Chronicle Started by Pherozeshah
(a daily) 1913, Bombay Mehta, Editor—B.G.
nl
Horniman (Englishman).
l.o
The Hindustan Time Founded by K.M. Panikkar
1920, Delhi as part of the Akali Dal
ria
Movement
Bahishkrit Bharat
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1927 B.R. Ambedkar
(Marathi fortnightly) at
National Herald
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Started by Jawaharlal
1938
(daily) Nehru
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IMPORTANT NEWSPAPERS/JOURNALS UNDER SURGE OF

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REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES
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Name of the Place from which Name of the Founder/

Paper/Journal Published Published Editor
Barindra Kumar Ghosh and

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Yugantar 1906, Bengal

Bhupendranath Dutta
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Sandhya 1906, Bengal Brahmabandhab Upadhyay

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Ghadr San Francisco Ghadr Party
Bharat Mata Punjab Ajit Singh
Indian Sociologist London Shyamji Krishnavarma
Bande Mataram Paris Madam Bhikaji Cama
Talvar Berlin Virendranath Chattopadhyay

Free Hindustan Vancouver Taraknath Das
BandiJivan Bengal Sachindranath Sanyal
MOVEMENT OF THE WORKING CLASS
Phase 1 (1850-1906)
e
Early nationalists, especially the moderates were usually elites. They did not
in
give adequate attention to the labour's cause.
They did not want a division in the movement on the basis of classes. Thus
nl
did not support the Factories Act of 1881 and 1891 for these reasons.
l.o
Individual Efforts:
(a) Sasipada Banerjea started a workingmen’s club and newspaper Bharat
ria
Shramjeevi in 1870.
(b) N.M. Lokhanday started the newspaper Deenbandhu and set up the
Bombay Mill and Millhands Association.
e
at
m
Phase 2 (1907-19)
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During Swadeshi upsurge: Strikes were organised by Ashwini Coomar

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Banerjea, Prabhat Kumar Roy Chaudhuri, Premtosh Bose and Apurba Kumar
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Ghosh.Subramaniya Siva and Chidambaram Pillai led strikes in Tuticorin and

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Tirunelvelli.
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During First World War: Discontent among workers due to rise in exports,
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soaring prices, massive profiteering opportunities for the industrialists but

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very low wages for the workers.

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Emergence of Gandhi led to a broad-based national movement and

mobilisation of the workers. Gandhi himself fought for the cause of
Ahmedabad mill workers in 1918.
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Phase 3 (1920-27
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AITUC was founded in 1920. Lala Lajpat Rai, was elected as the first
president of AITUC and Dewan Chaman Lal as the first general secretary.
Gaya session of the Congress (1922) welcomed the formation of the AITUC.
Leaders like C.R.Das, Nehru, Subhas Bose, C.F. Andrews, J.M. Sengupta,
Satyamurthy, V.V. Giri and Sarojini Naidu kept close contacts with the AITUC.
Communist Party of India was founded in 1925.
Trade Union Act, 1926 recognised trade unions as legal associations.

Phase 4 (1928-47)
Meerut Conspiracy Case(1929): Communist leaders like Muzaffar Ahmed,

S.A. Dange, Joglekar, Philip Spratt, Ben Bradley, Shaukat Usmani and others
were arrested. The trial got worldwide publicity but weakened the working
class movement
Alarmed at the increasing strength of trade union movements , government
passed the Public Safety Ordinance (1929) and the Trade Disputes Act
(1929).
After the withdrawal of CDM, young Congress leaders were disillusioned and
e
decided to found CSP in 1934. CSP continued to work inside the Congress to
in
give it a left leaning.
nl
Congress governments formed in the provinces after the 1937 were
generally sympathetic to the worker's demands and gave a fillip to the trade
l.o
union activity.
During Second world war, communists dissociated themselves from the
ria
Quit India Movement. In the period 1945 to 1947, workers participated
actively in the post-War national upsurges like Naval Ratings.
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at
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INDIAN CAPITALIST AND INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
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Ideology
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Indian capitalist class was always in favour of not completely abandoning the
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constitutional path and generally preferred to put its weight behind constitutional
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forms of struggle as opposed to prolonged mass civil disobedience.

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Attitude Towards National Movement

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During the Swadeshi Movement (1905-08), the capitalists remained opposed

to the boycott agitation.
t-
During the Non-Cooperation Movement support by the Indian capitalists was

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limited. Even a small section of the capitalists, including Purshottamdas, openly

declared themselves enemies of the Non Cooperation Movement.
Vi
CDM: It was during the I930s CDM, the capitalists largely supported the
movement and refused to respond to the Viceroy's exhortations (in September
1930) to publicly repudiate the Congress stand.
Organization
Earlier Organization: Bengal National Chamber of Commerce in 1887.

Formation of FICCI in 1927. Established on the advice of Mahatma Gandhi by
Indian businessman Mr. G.D. Birla and PurshottamdasThakurdas.

“ BOMBAY PLAN OF 1944-45”
Salient Features Leaders Associated Objective
Proposed that the future J.R.D.Tata, G.D.Birla, Achieve a balanced

government protect Ardeshir Dalal, Sri economy and to raise
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indigenous industries Ram, Kasturbhai the standard of living of
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against foreign Lalbhai, Ardeshir the masses by doubling
nl
competition in local Darabshaw Shroff, the present per capita
markets. Purshottamdas income within a period
l.o
Offers a comprehensive Thakurdas and John of 15 years.
vision of mass Mathai.
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education, including
primary, secondary and
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vocational and at
university schooling.
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LAND REVENUE SETTLEMENT POLICY

LAND REVENUE POLICY UNDER BRITISH

BRITISH GOT DIWANI OBJECTIVE WAS LAND REVENUE

RIGHTS FOR BENGAL, TO INCREASE THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS

IN 1765. COLLECTION. OF THE SAME.

REVENUE PERMANENT RYOTWARI MAHALWARI

SYSTEM SETTLEMENT SYSTEM SYSTEM

Lord Cornwallis 1792: Alexander Holt Mackenzie in

(In 1793) Reed in Baramahal. 1819.

Introduced By 1820: Munro

Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Malabar, Coimbatore, Gangetic valley,

Fixed and stable Fixed revenue Joint land rights on

sharing model. with Ryots. village community

Land lordship Proprietary right to jointly and separately.

right to Zamindars the landholders. Taxation on village

(transferrable and and targets among

hereditary). the cultivators.

Features settlement for 30

10/11 revenue for years. Ownership rights with

the Britishers. individual peasants.

Discretionary right to enhance Mahal as scal unit,

peasants. Land was classied

Auctioning land /Lambardar.

-payment (Sunset during natural Collection

IMPACT ON THE PEASANTS

PS: Reaped huge benets and Absentee

RS: Direct settlement with Ryots.

MS: Rise of village headman/ talukdar/

IMPACT ON THE LAND AND OTHER IMPACTS

MS: Commodication of land and became prominent

reasons for 1857 revolt.

PSS/PS: Permanent Settlement system.

MS: Mahalwari System

RS: Ryotwari System.

Land revenue systems.

STAGE ERA OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS (STARTED FROM 1860s)

Development of Railway, post, telegraph, banking

Period of Monopoly Trade and Direct Appropriation

RESULTS: Large scale Drain of Wealth.

Policy States surrendered all

(1813-1857) in internal administration

Creating buffer zones Establishment of

to defend the Company’s British Supremacy and

Policy of frontiers. Policy of Subsidiary

Ring Fence Hyderabad in Case of Alliance by Lord

Wellesley are related

Awadh and Rohilkhand with the policy of ring

against Marathas. fence.

The Company’s 1. Arrival of Dupleix: 1751

from a Position of Bengal, Bihar

(1740-1765) 4. Treaty of Allahabad: 1765

Till NCM(1920), National Movements taken place

Activities of The National Role of

Movements Associations Praja Mandal

1. Implementation of 1. The Hitvardhak Sabha: Poona, May 1921

constructive program (For Southern princely states).

2. Akhil Bhor Sansthan Praja Sabha: By

Akhil Bhor Sansthan Praja Sabha in

Congress leader, and became

The prime-minister of Odhisa province,

Wamanrao Patwardhan H.K. Mahatab Biswanath Das

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