Fluid Dynamics

Unit-II
Buoyancy
Buoyancy and Centre of
Buoyancy
Archimedes Principle
Archimedes' principle states that,” the upward buoyant force
that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or
partially, is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
body.”

Force of = Weight of the

Buoyanc fluid displaced
y
F = W
b fluid displaced

W =ϒ *V
fluid displaced fluid dispalced
=ρ *g* V
fluid displaced
Metacentre and Metacentric
Height
Stability of Submerged Bodies
Stability of Submerged Bodies
Stability of Floating Bodies
Stability of Floating Bodies
Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
 Defination : Dimensional analysis is a
mathematical technique which makes use of the
study of dimensions as an aid to solution of several
engineering problems. It plays an important role in
research work.
USES OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS:
It helps in testing the dimensional homogeneity of any
equation of fluid motion.
It helps in deriving equations expressed in terms of
non-dimensional parameters.
It helps in planning model tests and presenting
Define -dimensional homogeneity.
An equation is said to be dimensionally homogeneous if the
dimensions of the terms on its LHS are same as the dimensions
of the terms on its RHS
Mention the methods available for dimensional analysis.
1.Rayleigh method,
2.Buckinghum π method
Types of similarities or similitude used in model
anlaysis:
1.Geometric similarities,
2.Kinematic similarities
3.Dynamic similarities
1. Geometric similarities
It exists between the model and prototype if
the ratio of corresponding lengths,
dimensions in the model and the prototype
are equal. Such a ratio is known as “Scale
2.kinematic similarities :
It exists between the model and prototype if the paths of
the homogeneous moving particles are geometrically similar
and if the ratio of the flow properties is equal.

3. Dynamic similarities:
It exits between model and the prototype which
are geometrically and kinematic similar and if the
ratio of all forces acting on the model and prototype
are equal.
Various forces considered in fluid flow:
▪ Inertia force.

Viscous force.

Gravity force.

Pressure force.

▪ Surface Tension force.

▪ Elasticity force
 State Buckingham’s π theorem:.
It states that “if there are ‘n’ variables (both independent
& dependent variables) in a physical phenomenon and if
these variables contain ‘m’ functional dimensions and are
related by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, then
the variables are arranged into n-m dimensionless terms.
Each term is called π term”.
Introduction
Dimension for Physical Quantities
Dimensional Analysis
DIMENSIONS
Dimensional Homogeneity
Methods
of Dimensional Analysis
1 Rayleigh Methods
.

2.Buckingham π-Method
 Rayleigh Method

Proposed by Lord Rayleigh (1889)

•
The functional relationship of some of the variables is
expressed in the form of exponential equation which must be
dimensionally homogeneous
X=f (X1, X 2,X3,…………. Xn)
X is the dependent variable and X1, X2, X3….Xn
are the independent variables
X=f (X1, X 2,X3,…………. Xn)
 C is the dimensionless constant which may be
determined from the physical characteristics of the
problem or from experimental measurements
The exponents a, b, c….n are obtained considering
dimensional homogeneity of the equation

Rayleigh Method – An Example

Rayleigh Method – An Example
Buckingham π-Method
Outline of Procedure Buckingham
π-Method
Dimensional Homogeneity
Buckingham’s Pi-Theorem
Buckingham’s Pi-Theorem
Repeating
Variables
Buckingham’s
Pi-Theorem
Buckingham’s
Pi-Theorem
Buckingham’s Pi-Theorem
Buckingham’s
Pi-Theorem
Buckingham’s Pi-Theorem
Numericals
Numericals
Numerical
s
Numericals
Numericals
Modal Analysis
Similitude
Similitude
Similitude
Similitude
Types of Forces acting on the
fluid
Dimensionless Numbers
Dimensionless Numbers
Dimensionless Numbers
Dimensionless Numbers
Dimensionless Numbers
Model Laws
Model Laws
Numerical
Numerical
Model Laws
Model Laws
Model Laws
Numericals
Model Laws
Model Laws
Model Laws
Numericals
Numericals
Thank
You