CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

REVIEWER
Conversion 6. Current = ampere (amp)
7. Light = candela
1 > = 2 Decimal ex. (1.23)
Derived Formula
1 < = 4 Decimals ex. (0.1234)
1. V = L x w x h = m3
o We will round off at the end of
2. F = ma = N
calculation.
SI Multiples of Gram
Rounding Off
Decimal SI Symbol Prefix
o 0 – 4 = retain value
size name
o 5 – 6 = +1
1 x10 21 Zg Zettagram
Calculation 1 x10 18 Eg Exagram
15
1 x10 Pg Petagram
Ex. 1.23 𝑥10 −5 × 2.75 𝑥10 6 12
1 x10 Tg Teragram
= 33.825 ≈ 33.83 m2 1 x10 9 Gg Gigagram
1 x10 6 Mg Megagram
Scientific Notation 3
1 x10 kg Kilogram
2
a. All non-zero are significant except if the 1 x10 hg Hectogram
1
zero is in the middle or leading or 1 x10 dg Decagram
trailing. 1 x10 0 g gram
-1
b. For decimal places with at least three 1 x10 dg Decigram
zeroes after the decimal point, scientific 1 x10 -2
cg Centigram
notation must be used. 1 x10 -3
mg Milligram
1 x10 -6 μg Microgram
Ex. 0.123456789 m = 1.23456789 x10-1 m
1 x10 -9 ng Nanogram
Note: 1 x10 -12
pg Picogram
-15
1 x10 fg Femtogram
1. n is positive if the leading number has
a value. ex. (4237.8 = 4.2378 x10 3) 1 x10 -18 ag Attogram
-21
2. n is negative if the leading number is 1 x10 zg Zeptogram
zero. ex. (0.000082 = 8.2 x10 -5) o Decreased – 12,000,000 = 1.2 x10 7
o Increased – 0.00000012 = 1.2 x10 -7
Operation of Significant Figures
Conversion Factor
a. Multiplication/Division
1 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘
o Least significant figure a. 28 days (7 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ) = 4 weeks
1 𝑘𝑔
Ex 0.1003 (4SF) x 24 (2SF) = 2.4072 ≈ 2.4 b. 3500 g (1000 𝑔
) = 3.5 kg
1 𝑥10 9 μg
b. Addition/Subtraction c. 12 Gg (1𝑥10−6 𝐺𝑔)
o Least decimal places =12 x10 15
μg ≈ 1.2 x1016 μg
1 𝑥10 −9 Eg
Ex 0.1003 (4DP) x 24 (0DP) = 2.1003 ≈ 24 d. 12,000,000 ng ( 1𝑥1018 𝑛𝑔 )
=12,000,000 x10-27 Eg ≈ 1.2 x10 -20
Eg
7 Basic Units
Nomenclature
1. Length = meter (m)
2. Weight = gram (g) 1. Ionic
3. Time = seconds (s) o metal + non-metal
4. Temperature = kelvin (K) o sharing electron
5. Amount of substance = moles (mol)
CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS
REVIEWER
o Na+Cl- (separates water) o CnH2n
o Nomenclature: name of the
3.3 Alkyne
metal (group A)
o End syllable -ide o At least one triple bond
o CnH2n-2
Ex. Mg2+ N3- = Mg3N2 (Magnesium Nitrite)
✓ Aromatics – Cyclic
Note: group no. = no. of electrons ✓ Functional Group: OH - base (overall)
– alcohol (organic) -ol
Roman Numeral (Group B)
H – acid
7P 5E = 2+ charge
Stoichiometry
7P 8E = 1- charge
o Balancing equation
2. Covalent 1. Combination – A+B = C
o Non-metal + non-metal 2. Decomposition – A = B+C
o Doesn’t separate in water 3. Single Replacement – AB+C = A+BC
o End syllable -ide 4. Double Replacement – AB+CD =
AC+BD
Prefixes: o Combustion reaction with oxygen.
1. Mono
Ex. Ethanol
2. Di
OXIDATION
3. Tri C2 H6 O + O 2 CO2 + H2O
CATALYST
4. Tetra
BALANCED EQUATION:
5. Penta 1 : 3 2 : 3
6. Hexa C2H6O + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
7. Hepta
MOLAR MASS:
8. Octa
C = 2x12 = 24 C = 1x12 = 12
9. Nona
10. Deca H = 6x1 = 12 O = 2X16 = 32

O = 1X16 = 16 Molar mass of CO2 = 44

Ex. CO = carbon monoxide g/mol
Molar
CCl4 = carbon tetrachloride H = 2x1 = 2
mass of C2H6O = 46 g/mol
O = 1X16 = 16
3. Organic O = 2x16 = 32
Molar mass of H2O = 18
Prefixes: Molar mass of O2 = 32 g/mol
g/mol
1. Meth
2. Eth CONVERSION:
3. Prop 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2 𝐻6 O 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 32 𝑔 𝑂2
100g C2 𝐻6 O ( )( )( )
4. But 46𝑔 C2 𝐻6 O 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2 𝐻6 O 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
o End syllable -ane, -ene, -yne
= 208.70 g O2
3.1 Alkane 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2 𝐻6 O 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 44 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
100g C2 𝐻6 O ( )( )( )
46𝑔 C2 𝐻6 O 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2 𝐻6 O 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
o Single bond
o CnH2n+2 = 191.30 g CO2

3.2. Alkene 100g C2 𝐻6 O (

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2 𝐻6 O
)(
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 0
)(
18 𝑔 𝐻2 0
)
46𝑔 C2 𝐻6 O 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2 𝐻6 O 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 0
o At least one double bond
= 117.39 g H2O
 CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS
REVIEWER
Neutralization o Charles’ law
o Pressure is constant.
ACID + BASE SALT + WATER
𝑉1 𝑉2
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O Formula: =
𝑇1 𝑇2
1 : 1 1 : 1
3. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
10g HCl 15g NaOH
o French
H = 1x1 = 1 Na = 1x23 = 23 o Gay-Lussac’s law
Cl = 1x35.5 = O = 1x16 =16 o Volume is constant.
35.5
H = 1x1 = 1 𝑃1 𝑃2
Molar mass of Formula: =
𝑇1 𝑇2
HCl = 36.5 g/mol Molar mass of
C2H6O = 40 g/mol
4. Amadeo Avogadro
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 HCl 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 40 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 o Italian
10g HCl ( )( )( )
36.5𝑔 HCl 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 HCl 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 o Avogadro’s law
o Temperature and pressure are
= 10.96 g NaOH (Excess Reactant)
constant.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 36.5 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙
15g 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 ( )( )( ) 𝑃1 𝑃2
40𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 Formula: =
𝑛1 𝑛2
= 13.69 g HCl (Limiting Reactant)
5. Combined Gas Law
Na = 1x23 = 23 H = 2x1 = 23 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
Formula: =
𝑇1 𝑇2
Cl = 1x35.5 = 35.5 O = 1x16 = 18

Molar mass of Molar mass of 6. Ideal Gas Law

NaCl = 58.5 g/mol H2 O = 18 g/mol o n=1
o V = 22.4 L
10g HCl (
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 HCl
)(
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 58.5 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
)( ) o P = 1 atm
36.5𝑔 HCl 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 HCl 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
o T = 273.15 K
= 16.03 g/mol NaCl Standard Temperature and Pressure
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 HCl 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 18 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 (STP)
10g HCl ( )( )( )
36.5𝑔 HCl 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 HCl 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂
o Temperature – 273.15 K
= 4.93 g/mol H2O o Pressure – 1 atm = 760 mmHg
1. Dilute Existing Solution
CHECKING:
Formula: C1 V1 = C2 V2
10g + 10.96g = 16.03g + 4.93g o Concentration - amount of solute
in each solvent.
20.96g = 20.96g
o Volume – water
Gas law Formula: V2 -V1 = added water

1. Robert Boyle Ex.

o British
C1 = 2 m ; V1 = ? ; C2 =0.75 M ; V2 = 500 mL
o Boyle’s law
o Temperature is constant. 2 V1 = (0.75 M) (500 mL)
2𝑉1 375
Formula: P1 V1 = P2 V2 =
2 2
2. Jacques Charles
V1 = 187.5 mL
o French
CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS
REVIEWER
Added water: o Thermodynamics – study of energy
and its transformation.
500 mL – 187.5 mL
o Thermochemistry – study of chemical
= 312.5 mL reactions and the energy changes that
involves heat.
o If we have two concentrations o Electrostatic Potential energy – most
Formula: C1 V1 + C2 V2 = C3 V3 important form of potential energy in
molecules.
Formula: V1 +V2 = V3
𝑘𝑔𝑚2
Formula: IJ = 1
2. Percentage of Weight 𝑠2

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 o Heat – change in temperature.

Formula: 𝑥 100%
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Formula: q = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
3. Percentage of Volume
𝑚
o Work – Exert of force
Formula: 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 Formula: w = F x d
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Formula: 𝑥 100% o Potential Energy – stored energy due
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
to its position.
4. Percentage of Volume/Weight
Formula: PE = mgh
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Formula: 𝑥 100%
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 o Kinetic Energy – movement due to its
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 motion.
Formula: 𝑥 100%
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
Formula: KE = 𝑚𝑣 2
5. Molarity 2

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 o Frictional energy

Formula: M =
𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Formula:F = μN
6. Molality
o Normal Force – opposite of weight
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Formula: m = o System – portion of the universe that
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
we single out to study.
7. Normality
Types of System
Formula: N = Mn
1. Open System
8. PPT o Energy and matter can be
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
exchanged.
Formula: 𝑥 103 2. Closed System
𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
o Energy can only be exchange.
9. PPM
3. Isolated System
Formula:
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑥 106 o Energy and matter cannot be
𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
exchange.
10. PPB
Internal energy
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Formula: 𝑥 109 o sum of all kinetic and potential
𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
energies of all components at the
Thermodynamics
sum.
o Energy - ability to do work
CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS
REVIEWER
Formula: ∆E = 𝑞 + 𝑤 𝑊 = −1.35 𝑎𝑡𝑚 (0.980 L – 0.250 L)

Lose (−∆E) 101.3 𝐽

𝑊 = −0,9855 𝐿 − 𝑎𝑡𝑚
1 𝐿 − 𝑎𝑡𝑚
Gains (∆E)
W = - 99.83 J
Endothermic
3. VI = 0.055 L
o heat is absorbed by the system VF = 1.403 L
from the surrounding. P = 1.03 atm
o Positive
o Surrounding to system W = −𝑃∆V
o Paloob W = -1.02 (1.403 – 0.055)
Exothermic
W = - 1.37 L-atm
o Heat is released by the system into 4. Ice cube melt
the surrounding.
∆H = positive (endothermic)
o Negative
1g of butane is combusted to produce
o System to surrounding CO2 and H2O
o Palabas
∆H = negative (exothermic)
Heat Q 5. 4.5g of methane (CH4)
C = 1x12.01 =
1 mol CH4 = -890 kJ 12.01
o Energy transfer between a system
and its surrounding 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 CH4 −890 𝐾𝐽 H = 4x1.01 = 4.O4
4.5g CH4 ( )( )
26.05𝑔 CH4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 CH4
o High temp. to low temp. Molar mass of N
∆H = - 249.53 kJ CH4 = 16.05 g/mol
Work
6. Combustion of ethanol
o done on system (+)
C2H6O + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
o done by the system (-)
15g
Enthalpy
Molar mass of C2H6O = 46 g/mol
o energy of constant pressure.
∆H = -555 kJ/mol
Formula: ∆H = ∆E + P∆V 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2 H6 O −555 𝐾𝐽
15g C2 H6 O ( )( )
46𝑔 C2 H6 O 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2 H6 O
Example
∆H = - 180.98 kJ
1. System = 140 J (absorbs = +)
7. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to
Working on the surrounding = 85J (-)
water and oxygen.
∆E = 𝑞 + 𝑤 5g
1
H2O2 H2 O + O2 ∆H = −196 kJ
2
∆E = 140J – 85J
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
∆E = 55J
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2 H6 O −196 𝐾𝐽
2. VI = 0.250 L 1L-atm = 101.3J 5g H2 O2 ( )( )
34.03𝑔 C2 H6 O 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2 H6 O
VF = 0.980 L
P = 1.35 atm ∆H = - 14.40 kJ

W = −𝑃∆V 8. q = ?
water = 250
CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS
REVIEWER
TI = 22° C 22 + 273.25 = 295.15 K 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.243 g ( ) = 0.0100 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔
24.31 𝑔
TF= 98 °C 98 + 273.25 = 371 .15 K
∆T = 371.15 K - 295.15 K = 76 K −4639.80 k 𝐽
∆H = (0.0100 ) = −463980.00 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔 = ∆H
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔
Specific heat of water: 4.18 J/gk
q = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 11. C CO2 ∆H = −393.5 kJ/mol
q = (250g) (4.18 J/gK) (76 K) CO CO2 ∆H = −283.0 Kj/mol
q = 79420 C(S) + O2(g) CO2(𝑔) ∆H = −393.5 kJ/mol
q = 79.72 kJ 1
CO(S) + O2(g) CO2(𝑔)
2

9. 50.0mL 1.0M HCl 1

50.0 mL 1.0 M NaOH C+ O2 CO ∆H=?
2
TI = 21° C ∆T = 6.5 K
TF = 27.5° C C(S) + O2(g) CO2(𝑔) ∆H = −393.5 kJ/mol
Specific heat: 4.18 J/gk CO2
1
CO + O2 ∆H = 283.0 Kj/mol
2
V = 100 mL 𝜌 = 1 g/mol
∆H = ? kJ/mol HCl 1
= C(S) + + O2 CO(𝑔) ∆H = 283.0 Kj/mol
2
1𝑔
100 mL ( ) = 100 𝑔
1 𝑚𝐿

q = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇

q = (100g) (4.18 J/gK) (6.5 K)

q = -2717.00 J Exothermic (-)

∆H = −2.72 kJ Neutralization

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.05 L ( ) = 0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
1𝐿

−2717 𝐽
∆H = ( ) = −54,340.00 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙

∆H = −54.34 kJ/mol HCl

10. ∆H = ? kJ/mol Mg

0.243g Magnesium(s) + HCL(L) 100ml

Mg(s) + 2HCl (𝑎𝑞) MgCl(aq) + H2(g)

T increases = exothermic

∆T = 34.1 − 23.0 = 11.1 ℃ 𝜌 = 1 g/mol

Specific heat: 4.18 J/gk V = 100 mL

q = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇

q = (100g) (4.18 J/gK) (11.1 ℃)

q = -4639.80 kJ = ∆H