Fourier Series

1. Which of the following is not Dirichlet’s condition for the Fourier

series expansion?
a) f(x) is periodic, single valued, finite
b) f(x) has finite number of discontinuities in only one period
c) f(x) has finite number of maxima and minima
d) f(x) is aperiodic, single valued, finite

Explanation:
Dirichlet’s condition for Fourier series expansion is f(x) should be
periodic, single valued and finite; f(x) should have finite number of
discontinuities in one period and f(x) should have finite number of
maxima and minima in a period.

2. At the point of discontinuity, sum of the series is equal to ……………..

1
a) [f(x+0)–f(x−0)]
2
1
b) [f(x+0)+f(x−0)]
2
1
c) [f(x+0)–f(x−0)]
4
 1
d) [f(x+0)+f(x−0)]
4

Explanation:
When there is a point of discontinuity, the value of the function at that
point is found by taking the average of the limit of the function in the
left hand side of the discontinuous point and right hand side of the
discontinuous point. Hence the value of the function at that point of
discontinuity is b.

3. What is the Fourier series expansion of the function f(x) in the

interval (c, c+2π)?
𝑎0
a) +∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑥) + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥)
2

b) 𝑎0 +∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑥) + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥)
𝑎0
c) +∑∞ ∞
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑥) + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥)
2

d) 𝑎0 +∑∞ ∞
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑥) + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥)

Explanation:
Fourier series expantion of the function f(x) in the interval (c, c+2π) is
𝑎
given by 0 +∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑥) + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥)where, 𝑎0 is found by
2
using n=0, in the formula for finding 𝑎𝑛 . 𝑏𝑛 is found by using 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑥)
instead of 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥) in the formula to find 𝑎𝑛 .

4. If the function f(x) is even, then which of the following is zero?

a) 𝑎𝑛
b) 𝑏𝑛
c) 𝑎0
d) nothing is zero
Explanation:
Since 𝑏𝑛 includes sin(nx) term which is an odd function, odd times even
function is always odd. So, the integral gives zero as the result.

5. If the function f(x) is odd, then which of the only coefficient is

present?
a) 𝑎𝑛
b) 𝑏𝑛
c) 𝑎0
d) nothing is zero
Explanation:
Since to find 𝑏𝑛 we have sin(nx) and the function we have is also odd
function, the product of odd function and another odd function yields
even function, the only coefficient which exists is 𝑏𝑛 .

1−cos 𝑥
6. Find 𝑎0 of the function 𝑓(𝑥)=√
2

4
a)
𝜋
2
b)
𝜋
 𝜋
c)
4
𝜋
d)
2

Explanation:
1−cos 𝑥 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = √ = sin( )
2 2

1 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫0 sin( )𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2
1 𝜋
= (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ))2
𝜋 2
−2
=
𝜋 (−2)
4
=
𝜋

1
7. Find 𝑎0 of the function 𝑓(𝑥)= (𝜋 − 𝑥)2
4
𝜋2
a)
6
𝜋2
b)
12
𝜋2
c) 5
6
𝜋2
d)5
12

Explanation:
1
𝑓(𝑥 )= (𝜋 − 𝑥 )2
4
1 2𝜋 1
𝑎0 = ∫0 (𝜋 − 𝑥 )2
𝜋 4

= from 0 to 2𝜋
 1 1
= ( 𝜋 2)
2 3
𝜋2
=
6

1 1 1
8. Find the sum of 2+ 2 + 2 +using Fourier series expansion
1 3 5

if f(x) = a when [0,π] and 2 π – x when [ π, 2 π].

𝜋2
a)
8
𝜋2
b)
4
𝜋2
c)
16
𝜋2
d)
2
Explanation:
1 𝑥 2𝜋
𝑎0 = (∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 )(∫𝜋 (2𝜋 − 𝜋) 𝑑𝑥)
𝜋
1 𝜋2 𝜋2
= [𝜋 2 +4𝜋 2 − 4- -2 𝜋 2 + ]
𝜋 2 2

=𝜋.
1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = (∫0 (𝑥 cos(𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥))(∫𝜋 (2𝜋 − 𝜋) cos(𝑛𝑥))𝑑𝑥)
𝜋
−4
= when n is odd and 0 when n is even
𝜋𝑛2

𝑏𝑛 = 0
now, substituting x=0 in the given function and the Fourier series
expansion, we get,
𝜋 4 1 1 1
0= - ( 2+ 2 + 2 +………..)
2 𝜋 1 2 3
1 1 1 𝜋2
Therefore, 2+ 2 + 2 +…………..=
1 3 5 8
9. Find an if the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 – 𝑥3.
a) finite value
b) infinite value
c) zero
d) can’t be found
Explanation:
Since the function is odd function, odd times even function
(𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥)) is odd function. So in the given interval, the coefficient is
zero.
10. Find bn if the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 .
a) finite value
b) infinite value
c) zero
d) can’t be found
Explanation:
Since the given function is even function, even times odd
function(𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑥)) gives odd function. Hence the coefficient in the given
interval is zero.

11. What is Fourier series?

a) The representation of periodic signals in a mathematical manner is
called a Fourier series
b) The representation of non periodic signals in a mathematical manner
is called a Fourier series
c) The representation of non periodic signals in terms of complex
exponentials or sinusoids is called a Fourier series
d) The representation of periodic signals in terms of complex
exponentials or sinusoids is called a Fourier series
Explanation:
The Fourier series is the representation of non periodic signals in terms
of complex exponentials, or equivalently in terms of sine and cosine
waveform leads to Fourier series. In other words, Fourier series is a
mathematical tool that allows representation of any periodic wave as a
sum of harmonically related sinusoids.

12. Who discovered Fourier series?

a) Jean Baptiste de Fourier
b) Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
c) Fourier Joseph
d) Jean Fourier
Explanation:
The Fourier series is the representation of non periodic signals in terms
of complex exponentials or sine or cosine waveform. This was
discovered by Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier in 18th century.

13. Fourier series representation can be used in case of Non-periodic

signals too. True or false?
a) True
b) False
Explanation:
False. The Fourier series is the representation of periodic signals in
terms of complex exponentials, or equivalently in terms of sine and
cosine waveform leads to Fourier series. In other words, Fourier series
is a mathematical tool that allows representation of any periodic wave
as a sum of harmonically related sinusoids. They are for periodic signals
only.

14. What are the conditions called which are required for a signal to
fulfil to be represented as Fourier series?
a) Dirichlet’s conditions
b) Gibbs phenomenon
c) Fourier conditions
d) Fourier phenomenon
Explanation:
When the Dirichlet’s conditions are satisfied, then only for a signal, the
fourier series exist. Fourier series is of two types- trigonometric series
and exponential series.

15. Choose the condition from below that is not a part of Dirichlet’s
conditions?
a) If it is continuous then there are a finite number of discontinuities in
the period T1
b) It has a finite average value over the period T
c) It has a finite number of positive and negative maxima in the period T
d) It is a periodic signal
Explanation:
Even if the Fourier series demands periodicity as the major necessity
for its formation still it is not a part of Dirichlet’s condition. It is the
basic necessity for Fourier series.

16. What are the two types of Fourier series?

a) Trigonometric and exponential
b) Trigonometric and logarithmic
c) Exponential and logarithmic
d) Trigonometric only
Explanation:
The two types of Fourier series are- Trigonometric and exponential. The
exponential is more convenient for Fourier series calculations.

17. How is a trigonometric Fourier series represented?

a)𝐴0 +∑[𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑤0 𝑡) + 𝑎𝑛 sin(𝑤0 𝑡)]
b) ∑[𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑤0 𝑡) + 𝑎𝑛 sin(𝑤0 𝑡)]
c) 𝐴0 * ∑[𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤0 𝑡) + 𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤0 𝑡)]
d) 𝐴0 +∑[𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑤0 𝑡) + 𝑎𝑛 sin(𝑤0 𝑡)]+sin 𝜔𝑡

Explanation:
𝐴0 +∑[𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑤0 𝑡) + 𝑎𝑛 sin(𝑤0 𝑡)]is the correct representation of a
trigonometric Fourier series. Here 𝐴0 =1/T∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 and
an=2/T∫ 𝑥(𝑡) cos(𝑤0 𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑛 =2/T∫ 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑤0 𝑡)𝑑𝑡.

18. How is the exponential Fourier series represented?

a) 𝑥(𝑡)=∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝑤𝑡 +𝜔𝑡
b) 𝑋(𝑡) = 1/T∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝑤𝑡
c) 𝑥(𝑡)=∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝑤𝑡
d) 𝑋(𝑡) = T*∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝑤𝑡

Explanation:
The exponential Fourier series is represented as 𝑥(𝑡)=∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡 Here,
the 𝑋(𝑡) is the signal and 𝑥𝑛 =1/T∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔𝑡

19. What is the equation – X(t)= ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝑤𝑡 called?

a) Synthesis equation
b) Analysis equation
c) Frequency domain equation
d) Discrete equation
 Explanation:
The equation – X(t) = ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝑤𝑡 called the synthesis equation of an
exponential Fourier series. It is because it is used to synthesize the
Fourier series.

20. What is the equation – 𝑥𝑛 =1/T∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔𝑡 called?

a) Synthesis equation
b) Analysis equation
c) Frequency domain equation
d) Discrete equation
Explanation:
The equation – 𝑥𝑛 =1/T∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔𝑡 called the analysis equation of an
exponential Fourier series. It is because it is used to synthesize the
Fourier series.

Fourier Series Properties

21. What are the properties of continuous time fourier series?

a) Linearity, time shifting
b) Linearity, time shifting, frequency shifting
c) Linearity, time shifting, frequency shifting, time reversal, time scaling,
periodic convolution
d) Linearity, time shifting, frequency shifting, time reversal, time
scaling, periodic convolution, multiplication, differentiation
Explanation:
Linearity, time shifting, frequency shifting, time reversal, time scaling,
periodic convolution, multiplication, differentiation are some of the
properties followed by continuous time fourier series. Integration and
conjugation are also followed by continuous time fourier series.

22. Integration and conjugation are also followed by continuous time

fourier series?
a) True
b) False
Explanation:
Linearity, time shifting, frequency shifting, time reversal, time scaling,
periodic convolution, multiplication, differentiation are some of the
properties followed by continuous time fourier series. Integration and
conjugation are also followed by continuous time fourier series.

23. What is the frequency shifting property of continuous time fourier

series?
a) Multiplication in the time domain by a real sinusoid
b) Multiplication in the time domain by a complex sinusoid
c) Multiplication in the time domain by a sinusoid
d) Addition in the time domain by a complex sinusoid
Explanation:
If x(t) and y(t) are two periodic signals with coefficients Xn and Yn,
Then Y(t)=𝑒 𝑗𝑚𝜔𝑡 x(t)↔ 𝑦𝑛 =𝑥𝑛−𝑚
Hence, we can see that a frequency shift corresponds to multiplication
in the time domain by complex sinusoid whose frequency is equal to
the time shift.

24. What is the time reversal property of fourier series coefficients?

a) Time reversal of the corresponding sequence of fourier series
b) Time reversal of the last term of fourier series
c) Time reversal of the corresponding term of fourier series
d) Time reversal of the corresponding sequence

Explanation:
x(t)↔ Xn
Y(t) = x(-t)↔Yn=𝑥−𝑛 .
That is the time reversal property of fourier series coefficients is time
reversal of the corresponding sequence of fourier series.

25. Why does the signal change while time scaling?

a) Because the frequency changes
b) Time changes
c) Length changes
d) Both frequency and time changes
 Explanation:
x(t)↔Xn
Y(t) = x(at)↔Yn = Xn
Hence, the fourier coefficients have not changed but the
representation has changed because of changes in fundamental
frequency.

26. It does not depend whether the signal is odd or even, it is always
reversal of the corresponding sequence of fourier series.
a) True
b) False
Explanation:
It does depend whether the signal is odd or even.
If the signal is even, the reversal is positive and if the signal is odd, the
reversal is negative.

27. What is the period of the signal when it is time shifted?

a) Changes according to the situation
b) Different in different situation
c) Remains the same
d) Takes the shifted value
Explanation:
The period of the periodic signal does not change even if it is time
shifted.
If x(t) and y(t) are two periodic signals with coefficients Xn and Yn, then
if a signal is shifted to 𝑡0 , then the property says,
Xn = x(t-𝑡0 ), Yn = 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 −𝑛𝑗𝜔𝑡0

28. How is time shifting represented in case of periodic signal?

a) If x(t) is shifted to 𝑡0 , 𝑥 𝑛 is shifted to 𝑡0
b) x(t-𝑡0 ), Yn = 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 −𝑛𝑗𝜔𝑡0
c)𝑥𝑛 = x(t-𝑡0 ), Yn = 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 −𝑛𝑗𝜔𝑡0
d) 𝑥𝑛 = x(-𝑡0 ), Yn = 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 −𝑛𝑗𝜔𝑡0
Explanation:
If x(t) and y(t) are two periodic signals with coefficients Xn and Yn, then
if a signal is shifted to t0, then the property says,
𝑥𝑛 = x(t-𝑡0 ), Yn = 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 −𝑛𝑗𝜔𝑡0

29. If x(t) and y(t) are two periodic signals with coefficients Xn and Yn
then the linearity is represented as?
a) 𝑎 𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑏 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑦𝑛
b) 𝑎 𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑏 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑦𝑛
c) 𝑎 𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑏 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛
d) 𝑎 𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑏 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛
 Explanation:
𝑎 𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑏 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑦𝑛 , x(t) and y(t) are two periodic signals
with coefficients Xn and Yn.

30. Can continuous time fourier series undergo periodic convolution?

a) They cannot undergo periodic convoluion
b) They can undergo in certain situations
c) They undergo periodic convolution
d) Only even signals undergo periodic convolution
Explanation:
Continuous time fourier series undergoes periodic convolution.
X(t)*y(t)=z(t) ↔ 𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧𝑛

31. What is the outcome of a periodic convolution of signals in case of

continuous time fourier series?
a) Division in frequency domain
b) Multiplication in frequency domain
c) Convolution is easier
d) Addition of signals in frequency domain
Explanation:
 This is a very important property of continuous time fourier series, it
leads to the conclusion that the outcome of a periodic convolution is
the multiplication of the signals in frequency domain representation.
X(t)*y(t)=z(t) ↔ 𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧𝑛
32. What is the multiplication property of continuous time fourier
series?
a) Convolution of the signals
b) Multiplication of the elements of the signal
c) Division of the frequency domain
d) Addition of the signals in frequency domain
Explanation:
In the case of continuous time fourier series, the multiplication
property leads to discrete time convolution of the signals.
z(t)=x(t)y(t) ↔ 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 -k

33. What is the fourier series coefficient for n=0?

a) Zero
b) Unity
c) Depends on the situation
d) Non zero positive
Explanation:
The differentiation property of the continuous time fourier series is,
Y(t) = dx(t)/dt ↔ 𝑦𝑛 = jnw𝑥𝑛
Hence, the differentiation property of time averaged value of the
differentiated signal to be zero, hence, fourier series coefficient for n=0
is zero.

34. What is the smoothing operation?

a) Differentiation property
b) Multiplication property
c) Integration property
d) Conjugation property
Explanation:
The integration attenuates the magnitude of the high frequency
components of the signal. High frequency contributors cause sharp
details such as occurring at the points of discontinuity. Hence,
integration smoothens the signal, hence it is called a smoothening
operation.

35. What is the complex conjugate property of a fourier series?

a) It leads to convolution
b) It leads to time reversal
c) It leads to multiplication
d) It leads to addition of signals
Explanation:
x(t) ↔ Xn
Y(t) = *x(t) ↔Yn=*X-n
It leads to time reversal.

36. If the signal x(t) is odd, what will be the fourier series soeffiients?
a) Real and even
b) Odd
c) Real only
d) Real and odd
Explanation:
If the signal is real and odd, the fourier series coefficients are conjugate
symmetric.
And its fourier series coefficients are real and even.
𝑥𝑛 = X-n*= 𝑥𝑛 .

37. If the signal x(t) is even, what will be the fourier series coefficients?
a) Real and even
b) Odd
c) Real only
d) Imaginary and odd
Explanation:
If the signal is real and even, the fourier series coefficients are
conjugate symmetric.
And its fourier series coefficients are imaginary and even.
𝑥𝑛 = X-n*= -𝑥𝑛
38. What is the integration property of the continuous time fourier
series?
a) y(t) ↔ 𝑦𝑛 = 1/jn𝜔𝑥𝑛
b y(t) ↔ 𝑦𝑛 = 1/j𝜔𝑥𝑛
c) y(t) ↔ 𝑦𝑛 = 1/jn𝑥𝑛
d) y(t) ↔ 𝑦𝑛 = 1/jn𝜔
Explanation:
y(t) ↔ 𝑦𝑛 = 1/jn𝜔𝑥𝑛 , here x(t) is the signal and y(t) is the output.
This is the integration property of the signal.

39. What is the differentiation property of continuous time fourier

series?
a) 𝑦𝑛 = jn𝜔t𝑥𝑛
b) 𝑦𝑛 = jnt𝑥𝑛
c) 𝑦𝑛 = jn𝜔𝑥𝑡
d) 𝑥𝑛 = jn𝜔t𝑥𝑛
Explanation:
x(t) ↔Xn, x(t) is the signal and Xn is the coefficient.
Then, 𝑦𝑛 = jn𝜔𝑥𝑡 .

40. How do we represent a pairing of a periodic signal with its fourier series
coefficients in case of continuous time fourier series?
a) x(t) ↔ Xn
b) x(t) ↔ Xn+1
c) x(t) ↔ X
d) x(n) ↔ Xn

Explanation:
In case of continuous time fourier series, for simplicity, we represent a
pairing of a periodic signal with its fourier series coefficients as,
x(t) ↔ Xn
here, x(t) is the signal and Xn is the fourier series coefficient.

Fourier Transforms
41. Find the fourier sine transform of F(x) = -x when x<c and (π – x)
when x>c and 0≤c≤π.
𝜋
a) cos(𝑝𝑐)
𝑐
𝜋
b) cos(𝑝𝑐)
𝑝
𝜋
c) cos(𝑝𝜋)
𝑐
𝑝
d) cos(𝑝𝑐)
𝜋

Explanation:
𝑐 𝜋
fs(p) =− ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑝𝑥)𝑑𝑥 +∫𝑐 (𝜋 − 𝑥) sin(𝑝𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= cos(𝑝𝑐)
𝑝

42.What is the fourier sine transform of e-ax?

 4
a)
4+𝑝2
𝑎
b)4
4𝑎2 +𝑝2
𝑝
c)
𝑎2 +𝑝2
𝑝
d) 2
𝑎2 +𝑝2

Explanation:
∞
Fourier sine transform of 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑝𝑥)dx
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
= (-a sin(𝑝𝑥) − 𝑝 cos(𝑝𝑥))from 0 to ∞
𝑎2 +𝑝2
𝑝
=
𝑎2 +𝑝2

43. What is the Fourier transform of eax? (a>0)

𝑝
a)
𝑎2 +𝑝2
𝑎
b) 2
𝑎2 +𝑝2
𝑝𝑎
c) -2
𝑎2 +𝑝2

d) cant’t be found

Explanation:
Fourier transform of eax, does not exist because the function does not
converge. The function is divergent.
44. Find the fourier cosine transform of e-ax * e-ax

𝑝2
a)
𝑎2 +𝑝2

𝑝2
b)
(𝑎2 +𝑝2 )2
𝑝2
c) 4
(𝑎2 +𝑝2 )2

𝑝2
d) −
(𝑎2 +𝑝2 )2

Explanation:
𝑝
Fourier cosine transform of 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 =
𝑎2 +𝑝2
𝑝 𝑝
fourier cosine transform of e-ax * e -ax= *
𝑎2 +𝑝2 𝑎2 +𝑝2

𝑝2
=
(𝑎2 +𝑝2 )2

𝑝
45. If Fc{𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 }= , find the Fs{−𝑎 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 }
𝑎2 +𝑝2
𝑝
a)4
𝑎2 +𝑝2

−𝑝2
b
(𝑎2 +𝑝2 )
𝑝2
c)4
(𝑎2 +𝑝2 )2
𝑝
d)
𝑎2 +𝑝2
 Explanation:
𝑑
−a𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 = (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝐹′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝐹𝑠{ 𝐹′(𝑥)} = −𝑝𝑓𝑐(𝑝)

−𝑝2
=
(𝑎2 +𝑝2 )

∞
46) In Fourier transform f(p)=∫−∞ 𝑒 (𝑖𝑝𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑒 (𝑖𝑝𝑥) is said to be
Kernel function.
a) True
b) False
Explanation:
In any transform, apart from function given, the other function is said
to be Kernel function. So, here in Fourier transform, 𝑒 (𝑖𝑝𝑥) is said to be
the Kernel function.

𝑥
47) Find the fourier sine transform of
(𝑎2 + 𝑥 2)
a) 2π𝑒 −𝑎𝑝
𝜋
b) 𝑒 −𝑎𝑝
2
2 −𝑎𝑝
c) 𝑒
𝜋
−𝑎𝑝
d) π𝑒
 Explanation:
𝑝
Fourier transform of 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 is
𝑎2 +𝑝2
Substitute x=m and p=x.
𝜋 −𝑎𝑚 ∞ 𝑥
𝑒 =∫0 2 2 sin(𝑚𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 +𝑎
𝑥 𝜋
Therefore, fourier sine transform of is 𝑒 −𝑎𝑝
(𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) 2

2
48) Fourier Transform of 𝑒 −|𝑥| is Then what is the fourier transform
1+𝑝2
of 𝑒 −2|𝑥| ?
4
a)
4+𝑝2
2
b)
4+𝑝2
2
c)
2+𝑝2
4
d)
2+𝑝2

Explanation:
𝑒 −2|𝑥| =𝑒 −|2𝑥| = 𝑓(2𝑋)
1 𝑝
𝐹{𝑓(2𝑋)}= 𝑓( )
2 2
1 2
=
2 1+𝑝2
4
4
=
4+𝑝2

𝑧 3 +6𝑧 2 +9𝑧+3
49) 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑢2 𝑖𝑓 𝑢(𝑧) = ?
(𝑧−1)4
a) 8
b) 9
c) 10
d) 11
explanation:
The first step is to find the limit of the U(z), hence getting the u0. And
again doing this we get u1. And again doing the shifting property, we
get 𝑢𝑛 +2. And doing the limits, we get the u2

3𝑧 2 +2𝑧+10
50) Find the value of u3 if U(z)=
(𝑧−1)4

a) 12
b) 13
c) 14
d) 15
Answer: c
Explanation: Taking lim z→∞ U(z), we get 0 which is u0. Now using the
shifting property and again using the limit we get u1 which is 0. Again,
by using the shifting property we get u2 which is 3. Now, by using
shifting by 3 properties, we get the value of u3 which is 14.
51) Which of the following is the Analysis equation of Fourier Transform?

a) f ( w) = − f (t )e jwt dt

b) f ( w) = 0 f (t )e − jwt dt

c) f ( w) = 0 f (t )e jwt dt

d) f ( w) = − f (t )e − jwt dt

Explanation:
For converting time domain to frequency domain, we use analysis equation. The

Analysis equation of Fourier Transform is f ( w) = − f (t )e − jwt dt .

52. Choose the correct synthesis equation.

1 
a) f (t ) =
2 − 
f ( w)e − jwt dt
1 
b) f (t ) = − f ( w)e jwt dt
2
1 
c) f (t ) = 0 f ( w)e − jwt dt
2
1 
d) f (t ) = 0 f ( w)e jwt dt
2

Explanation:
Synthesis equation converts from frequency domain to time domain. The
1 
synthesis equation of fourier transform is f (t ) =
2 
−
f ( w)e jwt dt .

53. Find the fourier transform of an exponential signal f(t) = e-at u(t), a>0.
1
a)
a + jw
1
b)
a − jw
1
c)
− a + jw
1
d)
− a − jw
 Explanation:
Given f(t)= e-at u(t)
We know that u(t)={01t<0t>0
Fourier transform,
F(ω)=∫∞−∞f(t)e−jωtdt=∫∞−∞e−atu(t)e−jωtdt=∫∞0e−(a+jω)tdt
F(ω) = 1a+jω, a>0.

54. Find the fourier transform of the function f(t) = e-a|t|, a>0.
2a
a)
a − w2
2

2a
b) 2 2
a +w
2a
c) 2 2
w −a
a
d) 2 2
a +w

Explanation:
The given two-sided exponential function f(t) = e-a|t|, a>0 can be expressed as
f(t)={e−ateatt≥0t≤0
The Fourier transform is
F(ω)=∫∞−∞f(t)e−jωtdt=∫0−∞f(t)e−jωtdt+∫∞0f(t)e−jωtdt
F(ω)=1a+jω+1a−jω=2aa2+ω2.

55. Gate function is defined as ………………..

a) G(t)={10|t|<τ2elsewhere
b) G(t)={10|t|>τ2elsewhere
c) G(t)={10|t|≤τ2elsewhere
d) G(t)={10|t|≥τ2elsewhere

Explanation:
A gate function is a rectangular function defined as
G(t)=rect(tτ)={10|t|<τ2elsewhere
Where τ is pulse width.

56. Find the fourier transform of the gate function.

1 wt
a) sin( )
w 2
1 wt
b) cos( )
w 2
2 wt
c) sin( )
w 2
2 wt
d) cos( )
w 2

Explanation:
Gate function is defined as
G(t)={10|t|<τ2elsewhere
The fourier transform is F(ω)=∫∞−∞f(t)e−jωtdt=∫τ/2−τ/2e−jωtdt=2ωsin(ωτ2).

57. Choose the wrong option.

a) G(t) = rect(tτ)
b) G(t) = u(t + τ2) – u(t-τ2)
c) G(ω) = τ sa(wτ2)
d) G(f) = τ sinc(f)

Explanation:
Fourier transform of gate function, G(ω) = 2ωsin(wτ2)
Multiplying and dividing by τ we get
G(ω)=τsin(wτ2)wτ2=τsin(2πfτ2)2πfτ2=τsin(πτf)πτf=τsinc(τf).
58. Bandwidth of the gate function is __________
a) τ Hz
b) 1τ Hz
c) 2τ Hz
d) 2τ Hz

Explanation:
The practical bandwidth of the gate function corresponds to the first zero
crossing in the spectrum. Therefore, the bandwidth of the pulse or gate function
is 2πτ or 1τ Hz.

59. Which of the following is not a fourier transform pair?

a) u(t)↔πδ(ω)+1jω
b) sgn(t)↔2jω
c) A↔2πδ(ω2)
d) G(t)↔sa(ωτ2)

Explanation:
G(t)↔sa(ωτ2) is not a fourier transform pair.
G(t)↔τsa(ωτ2) (or) G(t)↔G(t)τsinc(τf).
60. Find the fourier transform of the unit step function.
a) πδ(ω) + 1ω
b) πδ(ω) + 1jω
c) πδ(ω) – 1jω
d) δ(ω) + 1jω

Explanation:
We know that sgn(t) = 2u(t) – 1.
u(t) = 12[sgn(t)+1] Its Fourier transform is F[u(t)] = 12 F[sgn(t)] + 12 F[1]
As the Fourier transforms F[1] = 2πδ(ω) and [sgn(t)] = 2jω, hence
F[u(t)] = πδ(ω) + 1jω
61. What are fourier coefficients?
a) The terms that are present in a fourier series
b) The terms that are obtained through fourier series
c) The terms which consist of the fourier series along with their sine or cosine
values
d) The terms which are of resemblance to fourier transform in a fourier series are
called fourier series coefficients

Explanation:
The terms which consist of the fourier series along with their sine or cosine values
are called fourier coefficients. Fourier coefficients are present in both exponential
and trigonometric fourier series.
62. Which are the fourier coefficients in the following?
a) a0, an and bn
b) an
c) bn
d) an and bn

Explanation:
These are the fourier coefficients in a trigonometric fourier series.
a0 = 1/T∫x(t)dt
an = 2/T∫x(t)cos(nwt)dt
bn = 2/T∫x(t)sin(nwt)dt
63. Do exponential fourier series also have fourier coefficients to be evaluated.
a) True
b) False

Explanation:
The fourier coefficient is : Xn = 1/T∫x(t)e-njwtdt.
64. The fourier series coefficients of the signal are carried from –T/2 to T/2.
a) True
b) False

Explanation:
Yes, the coefficients evaluation can be done from –T/2 to T/2. It is done for the
simplification of the signal.
65. What is the polar form of the fourier series?
a) x(t) = c0 + ∑cncos(nwt+ϕn)
b) x(t) = c0 + ∑cncos(ϕn)
c) x(t) = ∑cncos(nwt+ϕn)
d) x(t) = c0+ ∑cos(nwt+ϕn)

Explanation:
x(t) = c0 + ∑cncos(nwt+ϕn), is the polar form of the fourier series.
C0=a0 and cn = √a2n+ b2n for n≥1
And ϕn = tan-1 bn/an .
66. What is a line spectrum?
a) Plot showing magnitudes of waveforms are called line spectrum
b) Plot showing each of harmonic amplitudes in the wave is called line spectrum
c) Plot showing each of harmonic amplitudes in the wave is called line spectrum
d) Plot showing each of harmonic amplitudes called line spectrum

Explanation:
The plot showing each of harmonic amplitudes in the wave is called line
spectrum. The line rapidly decreases for waves with rapidly convergent series.

67. Fourier series is not true in case of discrete time signals.

a) True
b) False

Explanation:
Fourier series is also true in case of discrete time signals. They just need to follow
the dirichlet’s conditions.

68. What is the disadvantage of exponential Fourier series?

a) It is tough to calculate
b) It is not easily visualized
c) It cannot be easily visualized as sinusoids
d) It is hard for manipulation
 Explanation:
The major disadvantage of exponential Fourier series is that it cannot be easily
visualized as sinusoids. Moreover, it is easier to calculate and easy for
manipulation leave aside the disadvantage.
69. Fourier series uses which domain representation of signals?
a) Time domain representation
b) Frequency domain representation
c) Both combined
d) Neither depends on the situation

Explanation:
Fourier series uses frequency domain representation of signals. X(t)=1/T∑Xnejnwt.
Here, the X(t) is the signal and Xn = 1/T∫x(t)e-jwtn.
70. How does Fourier series make it easier to represent periodic signals?
a) Harmonically related
b) Periodically related
c) Sinusoidally related
d) Exponentially related

Explanation:
Fourier series makes it easier to represent periodic signals as it is a mathematical
tool that allows the representation of any periodic signals as the sum of
harmonically related sinusoids.
71. Which system among the following is a time invariant system?
a) y(n) = n x(n)
b) y(n) = x(n) – x(n-1)
c) y(n) = x(-n)
d) y(n) = x(n) cos 2nf

Explanation:
We know that, for any system y (n) = k x (n), to be a time invariant system, it
must satisfy the relation, y (n-n1) = k x (n-n1) [where k is a constant or a function
of n].
For y (n) = n x (n), y (n-n1) = (n-n1) x (n-n1)
This does not satisfy the criteria as stated above. Hence not time invariant.
For y (n) = x (-n), y (n-n1) = x (-n+n1)
This also does not satisfy the criteria as stated above. Hence not time invariant.
For y (n) = x (n) cos 2nf, y (n-n1) = x (n-n1) cos 2(n-n1) f
This also does not satisfy the criteria as stated above. Hence not time invariant.
For y (n) = x (n) – x (n-1), y (n-n1) = x (n-n1) – x (n-n1-1)
This satisfies the above criteria. Hence given system is time invariant.
72. Which of the following is a causal system?
a) y(n) = 3x(n) – 2x(n-1)
b) y(n) = 3x(n) + 2x(n+1)
c) y(n) = 3x(n+1) + 2x(n-1)
d) y(n) = 3x(n+1) + 2x(n-1) + x(n)

Explanation:
We know that, for a causal system, output must depend on present and past but
not on future.
For y (n) = 3x (n) + 2x (n+1), we can observe that output depends on future
because of the term x (n+1). Hence, not a causal system.
For y (n) = 3x (n+1) + 2x (n-1), we can observe that output depends on future
because of the term x (n+1). Hence not a causal system.
For y (n) = 3x (n+1) + 2x (n-1) + x (n), we can observe that output depends on
future because of the term x (n+1). Hence not a causal system.
For y (n) = 3x (n) – 2x (n-1), we can observe that output depends on present and
past but not on the future. Hence, it is a causal system.
73. Which of the following is a dynamic system?
a) y(n) = y(n-1) + y(n+1)
b) y(n) = y(n-1)
c) y(n) = x(n)
d) y(n) + y(n+1) + y(n+3) = 0
Explanation: We know that for a dynamic system, the present output of the
system should depend only on the past output and the future output.
For y (n) = y (n-1), we can observe that output depends only on the past but not
on the future. Hence it is not a dynamic system.
For y (n) = x (n), we can observe that output depends on the present. Hence it is
not a dynamic system.
For y (n) + y (n+1) + y (n+3) = 0, we can observe that output is a constant. Hence it
is not a dynamic system.
For y (n) = y (n-1) + y (n+1), we can observe that output depends only on past and
future outputs. Hence it is a dynamic system.

74. Which of the following is an “even” function of t ?

a) t2
b) t2 − 4t
c)sin(2t) +3t
d)t3 + 6
Explanation:
Since if we replace "t"by "−t", then the function value remains the same
!
75. A “periodic function” is given by a function which
a)has a period T = 2π
b)satisfies f (t +T) = f (t)
c)satisfies f (t +T) =− f (t)
d)has a period T =π
Explanation:
Since the function's value remains the same value after a period (or
multiple periods) has passed!

76. Given the following periodic function, f (t).

The coefficient a0 of the continuous Fourier series associated with

the above given function f (t) can be computed as
a)

b)

c)

d)
Explanation:
The coefficient a0 of the continuous Fourier series associated with the
given function f (t) can be computed
1
77) Find the function whose Z transform is 𝑒 𝑧

a) log(n)
1
b)
𝑛
1
c)
𝑛!
1
d)
𝑛+1!

Explanation:
∞
1
Using the definition of Z- Transform we have ∑ ( 𝑧 −𝑛 )Now,
𝑛=0 𝑛!
𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
expanding this we get1 + + + …………. This is nothing but the
1 2 3
1
1
expansion of 𝑒 , hence the answer is
𝑧
𝑛!

78) What are the two types of Fourier series?

a) Trigonometric and exponential
b) Trigonometric and logarithmic
c) Exponential and logarithmic
d) Trigonometric only
Explanation:
The two types of Fourier series are- Trigonometric and exponential. The
exponential is more convenient for Fourier series calculations

Properties of Fourier Transforms

81. The Fourier transform of a function x(t) is X(ω). What will be the
Fourier transform of dX(t)dt?
𝑥(𝑓)
a)
jf

b) j2πfX(f)
𝑑𝑥(𝑓)
c)
dt

d) jfX(f)
Explanation:
1 ∞
We know that x(t) = ∫ X(ω)𝑒 jωt dω
2π −∞
𝑑 1 ∞ 𝑑 1 ∞
dt x(t)= ∫−∞
X(ω) dt 𝑒 jωt dω = jωX(ω) ∫−∞ 𝑒 jωt dω
2π 2π

= jω X(ω) = j2πfX(f)

j
82. Find the Fourier transform of .
πt
a) sinc(ω)
b) sa(ω)
c) δ(ω)v
d) sgn(ω)
Explanation:
Let x(t) = sgn(t)
2
The Fourier transform of sgn(t) is X(ω) = F[sgn(t)] =
jω
Replacing ω with t
2
–> X(t) =
𝑗𝑡
As per duality property X(t) ↔ 2πx(-ω), we have
2
F[ ] = 2πsgn(-ω) = -2πsgn(ω)
𝑗𝑡
2
↔ -2πsgn(ω)
𝑗𝑡
2
↔ sgn(ω)
π𝑡

83. The Fourier transform of a Gaussian pulse is also a Gaussian pulse.

a) True
b) False
Explanation:
Gaussian pulse, x(t) = e-πt2
Its Fourier transform is X(f) = e-πf2
Hence, the Fourier transform of a Gaussian pulse is also a Gaussian
pulse.

84. Find the Fourier transform of f(t)=te-at u(t).

1
a)
(𝑎−𝑗𝜔)2
1
b)
(a+jω)2
 𝑎
c)
(a−jω)2
𝜔
d)
(a−jω)2
Explanation:
𝑑
Using frequency differentiation property, tx(t)↔j X(ω)
dω
𝑑 𝑑 1 −1(𝑗) 1
F[te−atu(t)]=j F[te−atu(t)]=j =j =
dω dω 𝑎+𝑗𝜔 (a+jω)2 (a+jω)2
1
te−atu(t)↔ .
(a+jω)2

85. Find the Fourier transform of ejω0t.

a) δ(ω + ω0)
b) 2πδ(ω + ω0)
c) δ(ω – ω0)
d) 2πδ(ω – ω0)

Explanation:
We know that F[1] = 2πδ(ω)
By using the frequency shifting property, ejω0t x(t) ↔ X(ω – ω0)
We have F[ejω0t] = F[ejω0t (1)] = 2πδ(ω – ω0).
86. Find the Fourier transform of u(-t).
1
a) πδ(ω) +
ω
1
b) πδ(ω) +
jω
1
c) πδ(ω) –
jω
1
d) δ(ω) +
jω

Explanation:
 1
We know that F[u(t)] = πδ(ω) +
jω
Using time reversal property, x(-t) ↔ X(-ω)
1
We have F[u(-t)] = πδ(ω) – .
jω

87. Find the Fourier transform of x(t) = f(t – 2) + f(t + 2).

a) 2F(ω)cos2ω
b) F(ω)cos2ω
c) 2F(ω)sin2ω
d) F(ω)sin2ω

Explanation:
Using linearity property, ax(t) + by(t) ↔ aX(ω) + bY(ω) and
Time shifting property, x(t-t0) ↔ ejω0t X(ω),
We have F[x(t)] = F[f(t)] e-j2ω + F[f(t)] ej2ω = F(ω)e-j2ω + F(ω)ej2ω =
2F(ω)cos2ω.
1
88. Find the Fourier transform of .
a+jt.
a) 2πeaω u(ω)
b) 2πeaω u(-ω)
c) 2πe-aω u(ω)
d) 2πe-aω u(-ω)

Explanation:
1
Let X(t) =
a+jt
Replacing t with ω
1
X(ω) =
a+jw
x(t )= e-at u(t)
As per duality property X(t) ↔ 2πx(-ω), we have
1
F[X(t)]=F[ ] = 2πx(-ω) = 2πeaω u(-ω).
a+jt

89. Find the Fourier transform of e-2t u(t-1).

1
a) e−2[e−jω ]
2−jω
1
b) e2[e−jω ]
2−jω
−2 jω 1
c) e [e ]
2−jω

d) e−2[e −jω 1 ]
2+jω

Explanation:
1
We know that e-at u(t) ↔
a+jw
Using time shifting property, x(t-t0) ↔ ejω0t X(ω) we have
1
f[e-2t u(t-1)] = e−2[e−jω ].
2+jω

90. Find the Fourier transform of sinc(t).

a) Gπ (ω)
b) G2π (ω)
𝜋
c) G (ω)
2
d) Gπ (-ω)

Explanation:
Using duality property, X(t) ↔ 2πx(-ω)
We get sinc(t) ↔ G2π (ω).
91. If the Fourier transform of g(t) is G(ω), then match the following
and choose the right answer.
a) (i)-B, (ii)-A
b) (i)-A, (ii)-C
c) (i)-D, (ii)-C
d) (i)-C, (ii)-A

Explanation:
Using time shifting property, x(t – t0) ↔ ejω0t X(ω)
g(t – 2) ↔ e-j2ω G(ω)
1 𝑤
Time scaling property, x(at) ↔ X( )
a 𝑎
g(t/2) ↔ 2G(2ω).

𝐽3πF
92.What is the Fourier Inverse of H(f) = ?
1+𝑗πf

a)3e-tu(t)
b)3δ(t)-6e-2tu(t)
c) 6e -2tu(t)
d)3-6e-2tu(t)

Explanation:
if x(t)has Fourier transform X (ω)
X(t) ↔ x(ω)
Then
1
e-atu(t) ↔
𝑎+𝑗ω

Also the Fourier transform of a discrete-time signal is 1,i.e

δ (t) ↔1
calculation :
𝑗3πf
H(f)=
1+𝑗πf

Since ω =2πf,the above can be written as:

𝑗1.5𝜔 3𝑗𝜔
H(ω) = =
1+𝑗0.5𝜔 2+𝑗𝜔
6
H(ω) = 3 −
2+𝑗𝜔

Taking the inverse Fourier transform of the above, we get:

h(t)=3δ(t) – 6e-2t4(t)

93. The given mathematical representation belongs to : y(t) = x(t-T)

a) time multiplication
b) time shifting
c) time scaling
d) time reversal
Explanation:
Where t0 is an arbitrary real constant
This is known as the translation (or time-domain shifting ) property of
the Fourier transform

94.Consider the following transfer functions:

𝟏
1)
𝒋𝒘+𝟏
𝟏
2)
(𝒋𝒘+𝟏)𝟐
𝟏
3)
(𝒋𝒘+𝟏)(𝒋𝒘+𝟐)

The transfer functions which have a linear phase are:

a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1 and 3 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1,2 and 3

Explanation:
FIR filters can satisfy a linear phase response if the impulse response is
symmetric or anti-symmetric.
- For symmetric impulse response phase will be θ(ω) = -α ω
- For anti-symmetric impulse response will be θ(ω) = -α x ω +β

95. if G(t) is Hilbert transform of g(t), then G(t) is:

 1 ∞ −𝑔(𝛵)
a) − ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑇
𝜋 𝑡−𝑇
1 ∞ 𝑔(𝛵)
b) −
𝜋
∫−∞ 𝑡−𝑇 𝑑𝑇
1 0 −𝑔(𝛵)
c) − ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑇
𝜋 𝑡−𝑇
1 ∞ 𝑔(𝛵)
d) ∫0 𝑑𝑇
𝜋 𝑡−𝑇

Explanation:
Hilbert transform of a signal(t) is defined as :
1
H{x(t)} = x(t) *
𝜋𝑡
∞ 1
= ∫−∞ 𝑥(𝜏) . 𝑑𝜏
𝜋(𝑡−𝜏)
1 ∞ 𝑥(𝜏)
= ∫−∞ 𝑑𝜏
𝜋 (𝑡−𝜏)

A signal g(t)↔ G(t)

1 ∞ 𝑔(𝜏)
G(t) =
𝜋
∫−∞ (𝑡−𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
1 ∞ −𝑔(𝛵)
G(t)=− ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑇
𝜋 𝑡−𝑇

96) The Fourier transform of 𝑥 ∗ [−𝑛] is

a) X*(𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 )
b) X*(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 )
c) X*(−𝑒 −𝑗𝜔 )
d) X*(−𝑒 𝑗𝜔 )
Explanation:
Where t0 is an arbitrary real constant
This is known as the translation (or time-domain shifting ) property of
the Fourier transform

97) 64. The trigonometric Fourier series of an even function of time

does not have…………………
a) The dc term
b) The cosine terms
c) The sine terms
d) The odd harmonic terms
Explanation:
For periodic even function, the trigonometric Fourier series does not
contain the sine terms since sine terms are in odd functions. The
function only has dc term and cosine terms of all harmonics. So, the
sine terms are absent in the trigonometric Fourier series of an even
function.
98) 66. For a periodic signal () = 30 sin 1000 + 10 cos 3000 + 6 sin(5000 +
4), the fundamental frequency in rad/s is …………………….
a) 1000
b) 3000
c) 5000
d) 15000
Explanation:
First term has w1 = 1000 rad/s
Second term has w2 = 3000 rad/s
Third term has w3 = 500 rad/s
Now, w1 is the fundamental frequency, w2 is the third harmonic and
w3 is the 5th harmonic. So, fundamental frequency = 1000 rad/s.
99) Which of the following cannot be the Fourier series expansion of a
periodic signal?
a) 𝑥1 (𝑡)= 2 cos + 3 cos 3
b) 𝑥2 (𝑡)= 2 cos + 7 cos
c) 𝑥3 (𝑡)= cos + 0.5
d) 𝑥4 (𝑡)= 2 cos 1.5 + sin 3.5t
Explanation:
𝑥1 (𝑡)= 2 cost + 3 cost is periodic signal with fundamental frequency w0
= 1.
𝑥2 (𝑡)= 2 cos πt + 7 cos t The frequency of first term w1 = π frequency of
2nd term is w2 = 1. Since, ω1ω2 = π, which is not rational. So, x(t) is not
periodic.
𝑥3 (𝑡)= cos t + 0.5 is a periodic function with w0 = 1
𝑥4 (𝑡)= 2 cos(1.5)t + sin(3.5)t first term has frequency w1 = 1.5π and
2nd term has frequency w2 = 3.5π. Since, ω1ω2=37, which is rational.
Since x2(t) is not periodic, so it cannot be expanded in Fourier series.

Coding :
1)
N=45;
num= [0.9 0.45 0.35 0.002];
den= [1.0 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
n=e:N-7;
X=(n==0);
yefilter (num, den,x);
plot(n,y);
title('impulse response");

2)
clc;
n=0:40;
a=2;
b=-3;
A=5;
B=6;
x1=cos(2*pi*.1*n);
x2=cos(2*pi*.5*n);
y=A.*(a.*x1+b.*x2)+B;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
yt=A.*(a.*x1+b.*x2)+a.*B+b.*B;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,yt);
d=y-yt;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d);
axis([0 40 -10 20]);

3)
tMax = 20; % 4 periods
t = 0:0.05:tMax;
nMax = 10; % order of the fourier series.
y = 2/5; %signal offset
for n = 1:nMax
y = y+2*sin(2*pi*n/5)*cos(2*pi*n*t/5)/n/pi; % sum all contributions
end
figure;
plot(t,y,'r');
hold on;
%Rectangular wave by looking at the function.
t0 = [0,0.999,1]; % first half wave
x0 = [1,1,0];
nPeriods = 4
t1 = [4,4.001,5.999,6];
t = [t0,t1];
x1 = [0 1 1 0];
x = [x0,x1];
for periodI = 3:nPeriods % first two periods by hand
t = [t,t1+5*(nPeriods-2)];
x = [x,x1];
end
plot(t,x,'k');

4)
Fs=150;
t=0:1/Fs:4-1/Fs;
f=2;
T = 1/f; % period
x=square(2*pi*f*(t+T/4)); % cosine-looking square wave
figure(2);
plot(t,x);
axis([0 1 -2 2]);
% Approximation with Fourier decomposition
y=0;
N=11;
for r=1:2:N
extrafactor = (-1)^((r-1)/2);
y=y+(4/pi)*extrafactor*cos(2*pi*f*t*r)/r;
end
hold on;
plot(t,y,'r');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('magnitude');
hold off;

5)
clear , close all;
Fs=60;
t=0:1/Fs : 20-1/Fs;
y=square(t , 50)
y(y>0)=2;
y(<0)=-12:
figure, plot(t , y);
axis ( [0 20 -20 10] )

% Fourier Series
a0=0;
Fy=Zeros(size(t)):
N=10;
for n=1 : 2 : N

Fy=Fy+(4/n*pi)*sin(2*pi*n*t/(2*pi));
end
hold on;
plot (t, Fy ,'r')
legend(' Square ', ' fourier Approx');

6)
%Fourier Transform of sin signal
fs= 200;
t=(1/fs)*(0:1:199);
f= 10;
x = sin(2*pi*f*t);
figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('Signal In Time Domain');
xlabel('Time, t');
ylabel('x1(t)');
xf = fft(x); %Fourier Transform of Signal
freq = (-fs/2:fs/2-1);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(freq, abs(fftshift(xf)))
xlabel('Frequencey, Hz')
ylabel('|fft(x)|')
title('Magnitude Responce of Xf');

7)
% Fourier transform of exponential signal
close all
syms x %generate a function interms of variable x
a= sym(0.25); % a= 0.25
f= exp(-a*x);
subplot(2,1,1)
fplot(f);
title('EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL')
f= f*heaviside(x); %magnitude
F=fourier(f);
a= abs(F);
subplot(2,1,2)
fplot(a);
xlabel('frequency in radians');
ylabel('mag response');