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Variable, formula o imagen

que representa el concepto
Concepto Definición

Teoría De Set theory deals with the study of 𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝐴

Conjuntos collections of objects called sets = {𝑥 | 𝑥 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎}
and the relationships between
them.
Teoría De Probability theory is the branch of 𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑃(𝐴) =
Probabilidad mathematics that studies the (𝑁ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠)
likelihood of events occurring and (𝑁ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠)
provides a framework for
quantifying uncertainty.
Enfoque The empirical approach relies on
Empírico observation and experimentation
to gather data and make
conclusions or predictions about
the real world.
Enfoque The subjective approach to
Subjetivo probability considers the personal
beliefs and judgments of
individuals when assigning
probabilities to events.

Experimento An experiment is a controlled

procedure designed to generate
observations and gather data in
order to test hypotheses or study
phenomena.

Espacio 𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
Muestral The sample space is the set of all 𝑆 = {𝑠1, 𝑠2, 𝑠3, … , 𝑠𝑛}
possible outcomes of an (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠
experiment or random process. 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠)
Punto Muestral A sample point, or outcome, is a
specific result or element of the
sample space.
Evento Simple A simple event is an event that
consists of a single outcome or
sample point.
Evento A compound event is an event that
Compuesto consists of two or more outcomes
or sample points.
Técnicas De Counting techniques are methods
Conteo used to determine the number of
possible outcomes or
arrangements in a given situation.
Diagrama De A tree diagram is a graphical tool
Árbol used to display the possible
outcomes of a sequence of events
in a branching structure
Factorial The factorial of a non-negative
integer is the product of all
positive integers less than or equal
to that integer.
Principio Aditivo The additive principle states that
the probability of the union of two
mutually exclusive events is equal
to the sum of their individual
probabilities.
Principio The multiplicative principle states
Multiplicativo that the probability of the
intersection of two independent
events is equal to the product of
their individual probabilities.
𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝑠 ∈ 𝑆 (𝑈𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐í𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑜
𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙)
𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝐴 = {𝑠} (𝑈𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒
𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜)
𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝐴 = {𝑠1, 𝑠2, 𝑠3, … , 𝑠𝑛}
(𝑈𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛
𝑚ú𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠)
𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝑛! = 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) × (𝑛 − 2)
×. . .× 1
(𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑛)
𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
(𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒
𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠)
𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)
(𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠)
Permutaciones Permutations are arrangements or
orderings of objects without
repetition.
Combinaciones Combinations are selections of
objects without regard to their
order or arrangement.
Eventos Mutually exclusive events are
mutuamente events that cannot occur at the
excluyentes same time.
Eventos Independent events are events
Independientes where the occurrence or non-
occurrence of one event does not
affect the probability of the other
event.
𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑃(𝑛, 𝑘) = 𝑛!/(𝑛 − 𝑘)!
(𝑁ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑘 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒
𝑢𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑠)
𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝐶(𝑛, 𝑘) = 𝑛!/(𝑘! × (𝑛 − 𝑘)!)
(𝑁ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑘
𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑠)
𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
(𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜, 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡á𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒)
𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)
(𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑠
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠)

Probabilidad Conditional probability is the 𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)/𝑃(𝐵)

condicional probability of an event occurring (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑎
given that another event has 𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐴 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐵
already occurred. 𝑦𝑎 ℎ𝑎 𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑜)

Teorema de Bayes' theorem is a mathematical 𝐹ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:

Bayes formula that allows the calculation 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = (𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐴))/𝑃(𝐵)
of conditional probabilities based (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐴
on prior probabilities and new 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐵 𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠
evidence. 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑠)

Referencias Bibliográficas
• Halmos, P. R. (1960). Naive Set Theory. Springer.
• Ross, S. M. (2014). A First Course in Probability. Pearson.
• Savage, L. J. (1972). The Foundations of Statistics. Dover Publications.
• Grimmett, G., & Stirzaker, D. (2001). Probability and Random Processes.
Oxford University Press.
• Sheldon, R. (2017). Algebra y Trigonometría con Geometría Analítica.
Pearson.
• Casella, G., & Berger, R. L. (2002). Statistical Inference. Duxbury Press.