CREATIVE WRITING
speaking as part of a group; e.g. I
FICTION AND ITS ELEMENTS
Fictions
 make believe, invented stories
 short stories, fables, vignettes, plays,
novellas, nobles
ELEMENTS OF FICTION
1. Setting - time & place where and when
the action is set
2. Character - people or animals
 major character – antagonist vs.
protagonist (leading character)
 minor character – supporting
characters
 confidante character – friends of
antagonist or protagonist
 dynamic or developing character –
opposite characterization; changes
 flat or static character – no changes
in characterization, basic or common
 foil character – triggers antagonist
or protagonist, gives color
 round character – confusing
 stock character - nothing
 villain character – evil or bad
3. Plot
Exposition – Rising Action - Climax -
Falling Action - Resolution (Denouement)
4. Conflict – struggle between two entities
 man vs. man
 man vs. nature
 man vs. society or culture
 man vs. machine or technology
 man vs. God or fate
 man vs. self (internal conflict)
 man vs. supernatural
5. Point of View (POV) - how is the story
being told
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 first person pov – narrator is
 second person pov – the reader
is part of the story;
example: you
 third person pov – example: he,
she, they
omniscient – full access to all
characters
limited – restricted to a single
character
6. Theme – main or underlying idea
 thematic concept – central
topics or main idea (love, death,
friendship)
 thematic statement – what your
work says about the subject, form
of statement
GENRES OF FICTION
1. Mystery – focus on intrigue and suspense
2. Science Fiction (SCI-FI) - versatile and
popular genre; imaginative and speculative
concepts
3. Adventure
4. Romance
5. Dystopian
6. Suspense Thriller – intense, mystery,
unexpected twists
7. Horror – psychological terror and
monstrous creatures
8. Satire – humor, irony, exaggerated to
critique
9. Magical Realism – fantastical elements
10. Comedy – jokes, laughs, happy
11. Slice of Life – portrays everyday life and
experiences
MODES OF FICTION
1. Myth - hero is a divine being that is Story - chronological telling of events
superior in kind to other people and their
environment Plot - cause & effect arrangement

2. Romance - hero has marvelous actions DRAMATIC STRUCTURE

identified as human being that is superior in  Aristoteles (384-322 BCE)
degree to other people and their environment - Protasis (situation)
3. High Mimetic - hero is leader that is - Epitasis (conflict)
superior in degree to other people but not his - Catastrophe (resolution)
environment
 Gustave Freytag
4. Low Mimetic - hero is one of us that is - Freytag Pyramid or Dramatic Arc
superior neither to other people nor the
environment TYPES OF PLOT

TECHNIQUES IN WRITING FICTION 1. Linear

1. Setting as Symbol 2. Episodic

> in older stories - painted stage backdrop 3. Cumulative

> contemporary – little importance 3. Circular

> shortcut technique – familiar place in the 4. Plotless

present time Diary
2. Props - placement of objects; carries
- more on emotions abt the day in order
emotional weight and views
Journal
3. Evocation of Time and Place - to make
it more real; story’s environment - broader and historical association
4. Foreshadowing - advance suggestion or 4 TYPES OF FICTION
hint
1. Traditional
5. Plants aka Set-up & Playoffs
- fables, short stories, novels, legends, myth
- Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
2. Literary - serious
- first, prepare the ground or put smtg early
in the story 3. Genre - also called category or formula
fiction
- part 1: plant
4. Modern - video games, comic, tv
- part 2: payoff programs
6. Symbolism - object, event, place, person;
abstract ideas

1. Six-Word Story
7. Motif - theme; recurring element
- I saw and I stayed …
STORY vs. PLOT
2. Sudden Fiction
Fiction - situation at least one character, 2
conflict and resolution - inside out & at the autopsy …

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3. Drabble Fiction BUSINESS PLAN - written document;
describes in detail how a new business is
- micks new home … going to achieve its goal
4. Flash Fiction It serves many masters:
- mnemosynes & fam cook … • it serves the Entrepreneur who must set a
navigational course
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLASH • it serves investors and cautious financers
FICTION
• it serves the managers and staff of the
1. Brevity organization so that they will know the
strategies and programs of the enterprise
- compresses into a row paragraph (6-16
words) CONTENTS OF THE BUSINESS PLAN
I.
2. Complete plot
1. BUSINESS CONCEPT - idea for a
- beginning, middle, end business that includes basic information
(service or product, the target demographic,
3. Surprise and a unique selling proposition) that gives a
- twist ending or unexpected line company an advantage over competitors
2. BUSINESS MODEL - describes how
THE SEVEN POINT PETER SOLIS organization creates, delivers, and captures
APPROACH value
Left (logic) 3. BUSINESS GOALS (VISION,
MISSION, OBJECTIVES AND
- language, numbers, analytical thinking PERFORMANCE TARGET)
Right (creativity) • Goals - show the future and long-term
prospects of the enterprise
- expression, emotional intelligence,
imagination • Vision - aspirational description of what an
organization would like to achieve or
Brain Lateralization accomplish in the mid-term or long-term
future; a clear direction and gave their
Right Brain: Germinal idea – a vision, employees a mission to complete within the
image, character next 6 months
Left Brain: Supply the missing - DREAMING piece; if everything goes
right, this is how your organization will have
1. Character
changed the world
2. Desire • Mission - focus and direct the organization
itself; it communicates primarily to the
3. Opponent
people who make up the organization;
4. Plan DOING piece; states who you
5. Fight serve, what you serve them, and how you do
it every single day
6. Enlightment • Objectives - actions must be taken within
7. Reorientation a year to reach the strategic goals
- a specific, measurable, actionable,
--- end --- realistic, and time-bound
ENTREP
II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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 - contains everything that is relevant and
important to the business audience - the
synthesis of the entire plan
- contain a section on the environmental and
regulatory compliance of the proposed
business
- present the capital structure of the
proposed business and show how structure
will respond to the investment programs
- can only be written last in order to capture
the findings and insights in other parts, but
for presentation purposes, it is placed in the
first part of the business plan
III. BUSINESS PROPONENTS - third
section of the business plan; contains the
information about the business proponents
or stakeholders
There are four types of stakeholders:
1. Resource mobilizers and financial backers
2. Technology providers and applicators 3.
Governance and top management
4. Operating and support team
NOTE:
- in business, a stakeholder is any individual,
group, or party that has an interest in an
organization and the outcomes of its actions
- common examples of stakeholders include
employees, customers, shareholders,
suppliers, communities, and governments
• Resource providers - share the burden of
raising money
• Technology providers - know if there will
be sufficient funds to pay the technology
• Governance and top management -
know what strategies and performance
indicators are being proposed
• Implementing, operating and support
teams - know what programs, activities, task
and resources would be in place
IV. TARGET CONSUMERS
- must be a sufficient size, sufficient paying
capacity and have a sufficient interest to
purchase the products being offered
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- pinpoint what the customers buy, how they
buy, when they buy, where they buy and
what convinces them to buy
V. MARKET DEMAND AND SUPPLY,
INDUSTRY AND DYNAMICS
1. Who are the competing enterprise in the
industry and what are their comparative
advantages and disadvantages?
2. Who are the suppliers in the industry and
what are their capabilities and bargaining
power?
3. What are the channels of distribution
being used by the industry? How effective
are the channels?
VI. PRODUCT & SERVICE OFFERING
- sixth section of the business plan
- contain a description, evolution and
justification of the product
- highlighting the features and attributes that
would most appeal to the target customers
BUSINESS CONCEPT
• Mission
- way/s to achieve the goals set in your
vision
• Vision
- long-run objective of your company,
usually for a time frame of 5 to 10 years or
even longer
• Business Objective
- measurable result an organization is
aiming to accomplish
• SMART goal method
- Specific, Measurable, Achievable,
Relevant and Time-based
THE FOUR MAIN OBJECTIVES OF A
BUSINESS:
1. Economic Objectives - financial growth
as an overarching goal or business objective,
but depending on your business’s unique
financial needs
2. Human or Individual Objectives - find
ways to meet the needs of your employees,
so that they feel valued and supported
3. Organic Objectives - goals that
incorporate all aspects of the business: its
development, survival, progress and outlook
4. Social Objectives - help or give back to
society in some way
TARGET CONSUMERS
• Marketing Research - comprehensive
process of understanding the customer’s
intricacies and the industry they revolve in
- one of the most critical tasks of an
entrepreneur
- aims to scrutinize the target market, their
specific requirements and the market size
where the business operates
• Customer Requirements
- specific features and characteristics that the
customers need from a product or a service
- who buys, what, when, where, how and
most importantly why they buy
• Customer - lifeblood of the business
• Target Market - group of consumers or
organizations most likely to buy a
company’s products or services
• Market Segmentation - process of
grouping similar or homogeneous customers
according to demographics, psychographic,
geographic and behavior
• Demographic Segmentation - also called
socio-economic segmentation
• Income Range and the social class
- very important factor for the entrepreneur
- represent the PURCHASING POWER of
the market
• Occupation - also be considered not just to
determine the customer’s income but also
their daily routine where goods and services
can be properly positioned
• Gender & Age
• Religion & Ethnicity - should be taken to
account because these affect the way they
buy or avail their products and services
• Psychographic Segmentation - process of
grouping customers according to their
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perceptions, way of life, motivations, and
inclinations
• Perceptions - process wherein an
individual receives external stimuli using
five senses
• Physiological Motivations - needs of the
person
• Psychological Motivations - customer
preferences (likes and dislikes)
• Geographic Segmentation - simply
grouping customers according to their
location
- critical part in the analysis of the target
market (cultures, beliefs, preferences,
politics, lifestyle) of a certain geography
• Behavioral Segmentation - process of
grouping the customers according to the
actions - instigated by occasions, desired
benefits, loyalty and usage of product or
services
• Loyalty - result of maintaining satisfied
customers
• Usage of products or availment of
service - factor that describes to the
entrepreneur how often a product is being
used or service is being availed
--- end ---
TNCT
DEMOCRACY
• greek words: demos = people & kratos =
power
• power of the people
• Abraham Lincoln
• Ancient Greeks - create the very first
democracy
• Cleisthenes - Athens: father of democracy
Democratic Practices - ways citizens can
work together to address shared problems
1. Suffrage for eligible citizens and
qualified, registered voters - gives the
people the opportunity to exercise
sovereignty
2. Protest against election fraud - people
should be vigilant
3. Communicating with local government
officials as a civic responsibility - report
and to seek from your local government
officials
4. Public assembly and consultation -
rallies, demonstrations, marches, public
meetings, etc.
5. Conduct of a plebiscite to amend
constitutional provision - people should
not just wait for the officials and the
government to act
Undemocratic Practices
1. Gender Biases
2. Corruption
3. Poverty
4. Political Marginalization
5. Racial Inequality
6. Discrimination
7. The absence of attention of our
government officials
8. Election Fraud
Democratic Participation - empowerment
of people to effectively involve or engage
themselves; association with other people
• Participatory or Direct Democracy - all
people are allowed to take almost direct
opportunity
Democratic Intervention - ways which
government interfere (makialam)
Undemocratic Practices
1. Political Corruption - political system;
time, money, information
• Campaign Finance Reform - limit the
influence of money in politics
2. Basic Needs - common complaint among
many societies in the world today
• Inter - Agency Task Force on Zero
Hunger
3. Association - democratic biases that
weakens the traditional family bond and
kinship
• Freedom of Assembly - right of citizen to
assemble; peaceful protests and
demonstrations
4. Participation - effective in promoting
democratic practices

Benefits: ELEMENTS OF DEMOCRACY

• opportunity to think aloud, without fear 1. Separation and Balance of Power -
• freely join or form a political party political authority
• attain knowledge and experience Constitution
• distinguish and discriminate democratic Executive
and undemocratic processes, practices and • President
concepts • VP
Representative and Participatory • Cabinets
Democracies
Legislative
• Representative or Indirect Democracy -
a system where citizens of a country vote for • Congress
government representatives • HOR
• Senate

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Judicial radio telegraph system
• Supreme Court - paved way to the development of radio
2. Pluralistic System of Political Parties Telephone in order:
and Organizations - democratic elections, • 1876 - agb
separation of powers exists, no one • 1880s - craddle phone
person/political party has too much control
• 1920s - commercial radio earliest
3. Respect for the Rule of Law television transmission
- ROL is against the rule of a dictator • 1930s - widespread of telephone sets
- ROL is the principle that reiterates no one • 1940s - color television
is above the law
• 1960s - touch tone pad phone
4. Accountability and Transparency
• 1970s - mobile phone technology
- malfeasance (wrongdoing) is exposed
• 1980s - earliest mobile phone sold
- failed / harmful policies are swiftly
corrected • 1988s - car phone
5. Free and Independent Media - through • 2000 - cp meets internet
media, citizens are informed about the • 2007 - iPhone (first gen.)
events that transpire in the society • 2010 - Samsung Galaxy A (first android
6. Respect for Human Rights - respect and phone)
promotion of hr FUNCTION OF ICT
ICT 1. Technical Function - prevision of
- Information Communication training, seminars, workshops on how to use
Technology the technology and providing the basic
- could be a technology; integration of all technological of technical needs of the use
technology 2. Infrastructure Function - network,
COMPONENTS OF ICT SYSTEM devices, related equipment and set-ups
- ICT encompasses both the internet-enabled • broadband infrastructure and services
sphere & mobile one powered by wireless • ICT switching, signaling, and platforms
networks; also includes antiquated 3. ICT Functions
technologies - empowerments
TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE * Overall, technical, infrastructure,
History of ICT decision-making support, and facilitating
Computer empowerment
• 3000 BC IDENTIFYING THE WEAKEST LINK
- Abacus, 1st calcu - part that is likely to fail, cause a problem,
• 1833 easily break
- Charles Babbage designed the Analytical - the most vulnerable part of a system; easy
Engine Radio and Television point for attackers
• 1931 - can be a part of a software system, an
infrastructure, an application, or the people
- 1st electronic calcu assembled by Kondrad
Zuse Strategic Thinking
• 1894 - good risk analysis; analogy & link
- wireless telegraphy invented by Guglielmo Intuitive Thinking
Marconi

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- easiest target of possible attackers; appears  RA 9344 – Juvenile Justice Law of
the weakest end 2006
--- end --- • Differently Abled Youth
CPAR • Drug Dependent Youth
PHILIPPINE POPULAR ART • Abandoned/Neglected Youths
- art that is followed by the Filipino • Young Victims of Natural Calamities
masses and Youth in Situations of Armed
LITERATURE Conflict
 KOMIKS - most read form lit. --- end ---
 WATTPAD – internet publishing site PR2
 OPM – Original Pinoy Music, strong LITERATURE REVIEW
force in Phil. Art - provide a foundation of knowledge on a
 DANCE – important social activity topic
 MOVIE – rom.com are staples of Fil.
movies - identify areas of prior scholarship to
prevent duplication and give credit to other
--- end --- researchers
- identify inconstancies: gaps in research,
conflicts in previous studies, open questions
left from other research
How did you write your literature
review?
- Chapter 2
- typically starts with writing the
introduction the body of review, and a
synthesis
- make a list of the bibliographical
information of the sources
CESC
1. YOUTH PARTICIPATION
Youth - WHO defines 'youth’ as the 15-24 PARTS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
y/o Participation - action of taking part in
1. INTRODUCTION
something
- discusses briefly the research problem and
International Youth Day: Aug. 12
the significance of the study
2. ROLE OF YOUTH IN COMMUNITY
- present the organization of the discussion
ACTION 3. SPECIAL YOUTH
of the claims and arguments of experts and
PROGRAMS
researchers aligned with the topic of interest
• Youth in Indigenous Communities 2. BODY
 RA 8371 - - act to recognize, protect, - contains a narrative of relevant ideas and
and promote the rights of indigenous findings found in the reports of other
cultural communities researchers
• Abused and Exploited Youths - sexual - not listing of ideas you get from the
exploitation is sexual abuse internet but an organized thought ideas of
• Youth in Conflict with Law and Juvenile every sources
Delinquents 3. SYNTHESIS

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- ties together the main ideas revealed in the
review of related literature
- presents an overall picture of what was
established up to the present, and perhaps
how the review can support the development
and conduct of the research
- explains why the review is relevant and
helpful to the present research
4. BIBLIOGRAPHY
- contains the full bibliographic information
of all the sources mentioned in the review
- information list is needed in building the
references section of the research report 5. 5.
ETHICAL STANDARDS
- areas of scientific dishonesty is plagiarism
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
1. CLONE - act of submitting another’s
work word-for-word, as one’s own
2. CTRL+C (COPY-PASTE) - act of
writing a study that contains significant
portions of text from a single source without
alterations
3. FIND-REPLACE - act of changing key
words and phrases but retaining the essential
content of the source in a paper
4. REMIX - act of paraphrasing from other
sources and making the content fit together
seamlessly
5. RECYCLE - act of borrowing generously
from one’s own previous work without
citation - also called self-plagiarism
6. HYBRID - act of combining perfectly-
cited sources with copied passages-without
citation-in one paper
7. MASHUP - act of mixing copied
materials from several different sources
without proper citation
8. 404 ERROR - act of including
nonexistent citations or inaccurate
information about sources
9. RE-TWEET - act of including proper
citation but relying too closely on the text’s
original wording and/or structure
STRATEGIES TO AVOID
PLAGIARISM
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1. Paraphrasing - one of the most common
strategies - the original idea or essence of
the sentence remains the same although
structured differently and articulated in
another way
2. Summarizing - capturing the main ideas
of the text, allowing you to have a "broad
overview of the source material" (Driscoll
&Brizee, 2013, para.4)
3. Synthesizing - "combining ideas" from
literature and from "prior knowledge" and
using these information to "form a new idea,
perspective, opinion or insight" (The Ohio
State University, 2016.para.9)
Research Methodology
- systematic process of planning, collecting,
analyzing, and interpreting data and
information
- a crucial aspect of any research project
- provides a framework for the entire
research process
- guiding the researcher in making informed
decisions - ensuring the reliability and
validity of the research findings
PARTS OF CHAPTER 3
• Research Design
• Research Locale
• Research Respondents
• Research Instrument
• Sampling Procedure
• Data Gathering Procedure
• Statistical Tool
Research Design
- strategy for a study and the plan
- specifies the methods and procedures for
the collection, measurement, and analysis of
data
- plan for selecting the sources and types of
information used to answer research
questions
- framework or specifying the relationships
among the study variables
- blueprint that outlines each procedure from
the hypothesis to the analysis
Types of Research Design
1. Descriptive
- description (characteristics, behaviors, and
conditions)
- do not establish cause-and-effect
relationships.
- provide a comprehensive and detailed
account of what is observed
2. Experimental
- manipulating independent variables
- establish cause-and-effect relationships
- systematically varying the conditions
- establish causal relationships and test
hypotheses rigorously
3. Correlational
- examine the relationship between two or
more variables
- does not involve manipulating variables as
in experimental research
- does not establish causation
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND
SAMPLES POPULATION AND
SAMPLE
Population - totality of all individuals who
share common features.
Samples - subset of the population
Samples can be calculated using the
Slovin’s formula:
n = N / (1+Ne2)
Sampling Techniques
- process of selecting people or a subset of
the given population
- done to make inferences and characterize
the whole population
- researchers do not just select a group of
people without basis
- selecting inappropriate sample will reflect
in the final results of the study
1. RANDOM SAMPLING - equal chance
of being selected; one of the most unbiased
2. STRATIFIED SAMPLING - population
is divided into subgroups or strata based on
certain characteristics (e.g., age, gender,
income)
3. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING - selecting
every nth individual from a list after
randomly choosing a starting point - simple
and easy to implement
4. CLUSTER SAMPLING - population is
divided into clusters, and a random sample
of clusters is selected
- useful when it's difficult to obtain a
complete list of the population
5. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
- selecting individuals who are easiest to
reach or readily available
- non-probability sampling method and may
introduce bias
- often used for practical reasons when other
methods are not feasible
6. QUOTA SAMPLING
- similar to stratified sampling but does not
involve random selection
- researchers intentionally select individuals
to ensure the sample has specific
characteristics in the same proportion as the
population
8. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
- selecting participants based on specific
criteria determined by the researcher
- a non-random method
9. SNOWBALL SAMPLING
- participants refer other potential
participants
- often used when the population is hard to
reach
--- end ---

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