See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/299871628

USE OF MALE STERILITY IN HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF CHILLI (CAPS|CUM

ANNUUM L..): A REVIEW

Article · January 2010

CITATIONS READS

4 11,012

2 authors, including:

Rajinder Kumar Dhall

Punjab Agricultural University
116 PUBLICATIONS 1,406 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Rajinder Kumar Dhall on 07 April 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

J Res Punjab agric Univ 47 (1 & 2):46-52' March & June2010

USE OF MALE STERILITY IN HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF CHILLI (CAPS|CUM

annuuml.):AREVIEW
RKDhallandDSCheema
DePartment of Vegetable CroPs
P unj ab Agric uhural U nive rsity, Ludhiana

ABSTRACT
progress has been made in
Male sterility in chilli is commercially utilized to develop hybrids and substantial
At present, genetic male sterility (GMS) and cytoplasmic genic
understanding the mechanism of male sterility.
(CGMS) are mostly utitized in chilli. Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana has released
male sterility
been commercially
two chilli hybrids, CH-l and iH-3, based on GMS system. [n India, CGMS system has
Research (IIVR), varanasi and Indian rnstitute of Horticulture
exploited in chilli by Indian Institute of vegetable
(IIHR), Bangalore. In the recenipast, chilli CGMS lines have been introduced at IIVR from the World
Research
based hybrid viz. Kashi
Vegetable Centre (WVC), which was utiliied directly or indirectly to produce CGMS
three chilli hybrids based on CGMS system i.e. Arka
sulnr (ccrf-2). The IIHR, Bangalore has also released
Arka Harita. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana is also working on development
Meghana, Arka Sweta and
of chilli hybrids based on CGMS system.

Key Words: Chilli, Cytoplamic genetic male sterility, Genetic male sterility, Hybrids. Molecular
markers

l\ IALE sterility is extensively utilized in chilli for the
IVla.u.rnprn.ni of hybrids. The phenomenon of male
sterility has always been of long term interest for the
researchers ol'various disciplines of applied and basic
sciences. It is of special interest for the plant breeders as it
helps to produce hybrid seed efficiently and economically'
The discovery of some maie sterile mutants which help to
Shifriss and Frankel (1969) found spontaneous genetic male
sterile plants in the cultivar 'A1l Big' of capsicum. Male
sterility was determined by a single recessive gene. Due to
this sterility, parthenocarpic fiuits developed in unfertilized
flowers throughout the season. Shifiiss and Rylsky (1912)
discovered a second gene encoding genetic male sterility in
the cultivar 'Califbrnia Wonder of capsicum'' It too, was

eliminate more laborious operations of emasculation found to be inherited as a single recessive gene. The authors
combined with various marker genes further facilitate suggested that the sterility discovered in 1969 may be

identification of undesirable types at seedling stage itselfhas
widened the very basis of hybrid seed production. This
technique has also reduced the cost of hybrid seed production'
Presently in chilli, genetic male sterility (GMS) and
cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS) have been
commercially exploited for the development of hybrids.
Genetic male sterilitY (GMS)
The genetic male sterility is an important pollination
control mechanism which is exploited commercially for
hybrid seed production in chilli. More than a dozen monogenic
recessive male sterile mutants have been identified either in
natural population or induced through mutagenesis (Shifriss
ancl Frankel, 1969; Pochard, 1970; Daskalov, 1971; Shifriss
and Rylski, 1972; Shifriss, 1973; Hirose and Fujime, 1980;
Deshpande et at., 1983; Milikova and Daskalov, 1984;
Pliikash et al..l98l;Meshram et al., 1992;Pate1 et al.' 1998:,
Wang ancl Bosland. 2006). However, very little information
is availnble on the allelism of these male sterile alleles. The
incluced male sterile gene (izc-509) was tound allelic to rzsft
allele isolated spontaneously, which was later renamed ns-
l0 (Pocharcl, 1970). The ms- l0 gene is linked with talier plant
height, erect growth and dark purple anthers (Das et al' 2001')'
described as ms- l and second as ms-2.The ms-2 line identified
by Shifriss and Rylski (1912) was found non-allelic to ms-1
isolated by Shifriss and Frankel ( I 969). Through induced
mutagenesis (using x and a rays), Deskalov (.191 l) induced
six male sterile mutants, viz., ms-3, ms-4, ms-5' ms-6, ms-7
and ms-8.
Although there are reports on tight linkage of ms gene
with phenotypic marker traits (Murthy and Lakshmi' 1919;
Meshram and Narkhede, 1982;Pathak et al., 1983) but so far
none of them has been exploited lor early identification of
male sterile plants. To estabtish linkage between ias gene and
seedling marker, several strategies have been proposed by
the chilli breeders to overcome the problem associated with
maintenance of GMS line. Shifriss and Pilorvsky (1993)
increased the ratio of ms plants in a line by crossing two
isogenic lines having different male sterile (ms- I and ms-2)
genes. The resulting male sterile plant containing both genes
(ms-l and ms-2) was then crossed to a t-ertile plant that was
heterozygous fbr both genes, i.e. ms-lms-l ms-2ms-2 x Ms'
lms-l Ms-2tn^s-2. The progeny of this cross segregated in a
ratio of three male sterile and one male fertile plant. Only
one quarter of the plants have to be removed fiom the hybrid
seed production field. Based on the principle of XYZ system

46
 -- : sreriliry in whear (Driscolt, 1972), Shiliiss (1983) (Shifriss, 1997). Like EGMS sysrem, in
. :erelopXyZsystem usingCapsicumannuum(msms)
r
seed increase of male sterile line can be
this CGMS system,
." _ .;.lrtense (Ms Ms), but desirable done in cool ieason
12Il msms (annuum) and hybrid seed can be proclucecl during late
- - '.1_i ,\ls (chinense), maintainer line (y) could not be expressivity ofsreriliry is absolute (Shifiiss,
summer when
,- -:: it is presumed that now such attempts 1997).
- : re atrractive in the light of fact that (i) or proposal Shifriss and Frankel (lgj l) found S_type cyroplasm
chromosome
, - .: such system would be a handicap and (ii)
following interspecific crosses in C. annuutn, probably
.- :--::tlenr of genetic engineering and development identical to that found by peterson (195g). Since
these
' ' -.:lenr sensitive genetic male sterility (EGMS) of previous studies indicated lack of stability
system of cytoplasmic
:' I rre attractive and easy methods to overcome genic male sterility, the character was not
utitized ln fryUriO
'- .. - ; -rlce prOblem. seed production. Shifiiss and Guri (lg7g) developed
several
cytoplasmic genic male sterile (partial fertile) cultivars
. -; Punjab Agricultural University (pAU) has developed in hot
pepper and concluded that cultivar with
_ .,re. which carries genetic male sierility (GMS) male sterility stability,
can serve as "A line', using natural cross pollination
.:j by recessive gene (msms). The plant having seed production. Woong (1995) suggesied
in hybrid
: : ,: gene in homozygous (msms) are male sterile to combine both
, :'::: :hose in heterozygou state s (Msms) and homozygous
genic and CMS components of sterility
in order to obtain
- -: i .VsMs)state aremalefertile. Theprogeny double cross hybrids. Such u p.og.rrn-e can
exploit the
:. : '.lnts pollinated by heterozygous tertiieofmale plants
yielding heterosis well known urnorg hot pepper
accessions.
Daskalov and Mihailov (l9gg) successiutty
:
--: .: is in a l: I ratioJor male sterility and male feititity. improved method for hybrid seed production
tested an
- : -: ; using
srerile line (MS-12) was developed by a
transferring cytoplasmic male sterile line possessing a
:' lene (ms-509, renamed as ms_10) from capsicum lethal g"r.. ih"
* -.: irom France) into lethal gene ensures 1002a purity of the -F,
the cultivar ,punjab Lal, tirough crop. The female
sterile pollaniser prociuces a permanent atunclant
- ssin-p (Singh and Kaur, l9g6). By using this male flowering
i - : ..e.N{S-12), pAUhasreleased
with excess of pollen grains that leads to increased
two chillihybrids ui1. hybrid
j . :rid- I (CH- ) and Chilti Hybrid_3
1 (CH_3
seed production without.additional Iabour
expenses. yang er
:- : r:re flr (MS-12) has been later on utilized by). This male
Kalloo er
al. (2008) reported that the cosr of hand ..orrirg
with CGMS
-: : , ro develop male sterility based parents were reduced by almost half
chilli hybrids but compared with
conventional procedures that require manual
-:ercial hybrid has
been released. patel
et al. (199g)
emasculation.
-:: rted genic male sterile The world vegetable centre, Taiwan has
line i.e. ..ACMS,-, having identified two
- -.:- .- recessive gene (acms,acmsr)butno hybrid CGMS lines (A lines) in chilti i.e. CCA_4159
and CCA_4./5j,
has beei which were found to be reliably sterile under
: : r3i b1, using this male sterility. Male sterile line conditions of
": -: rtilized for hybrid seed ms_3 night temperatures less rhan l5,C (Liu and
production in Hungary. It is Gniffke 2004). A
hybrid 'Jingla No 2' of chilli was developed
. _ maintained at The World Vegetable Centre. Iaiwan line 181 A with the resrorer line 9g199
by crossing CMS
:' .::tduction from Hungary. lGeng er at.,2005).
Shen and Shi (2005) also developed a hor
p.pp". F, hybrid
" 'Nongda 082, by crossing rhe S2b0243A
: : lasrnic-genic male steritity (CGMS) imaie steriteiiney
with S200244C (restorer line). yang et al.'(2007)developed
, . CGMS in chilli was first reported by peterson (195g) a new hybrid 'Chuanjiaozidantou,
by crossing a cytoplasmic
-- _::oduction of C. annuum from India (pI_164g35), male sterile line E l6,4 with the restoier
: ::, ir has not been exploited commercially, because of E04C] which is early
maturing and highry resistant to TMV and
cMV. Severar seed
-, . i-\
* : :..tresunder fluctuating conditions, particularly companies in South Korea have started
utilizing CGMS
and a low rate ofnatural cross pollination in system (Shifriss, 1997). rn the recent past
, .j hot pepper (Kumar er al.,2007). Novai
in India, chiili
(197l) CGMS lines (CCA-4261) have been introduced
', : ,,\ ith
et al.
the peterson,s source of male sterility The World Vegetable Centre, which are
ar IIVR from
- , .:herirance; found utilized directly or
-, they
also noted variable degree of sterility indirectly ro produce CGMS based hybrid
- - :plere male sterility to partial fertility. In cytoplasm
i.e. Kashi Surkh.
A total of 9 sets of A and B lines aie being maintained
- -:.,erson's source, the pollen fertility has been fbund to 5 promising CGMS based hybrid
at
':: :ed under 25"C and t7.C day |IYR Td
,{2 x Pusa Jwala, A3 x pusa Jwala, A.2 x pant
cJmbinations viz..
and night temperature,
: -:_elv (Shifiiss, 1997). The insrability of sterility
.
Japani Longi and A7 x pant C I have
Cl, A,3 x
':.r.,rn is attributed been identified. Ar IIHR,
to the interaction between the Bangalore three chilli hybrids vz., Arka
Megfrana, arta Sweta
- ,:. j:lre and sterility modifiergenes. Ithas and Arka Harira are developed using
beenobserverl ih" CCt.lS tir.,
.. lo,uv temperature, meiotic breakdown is either developed at the institute. pAU, Ludhian-a
- , ::el-r, stopped or delayed, resulting in pollen is also working on
fertility utilization of CGMS in chilli.

47
I
'lhble l. Important gcnes expressing stcrility characters
Gene symltol Characteristics
nts-l - rns-15 Genic male sterility (MS-3, MS-12)
Slnslns Cytoplasrnic genic male sterility controlled by
two nuclear genes and mutant cytoplasm (S)
lrns-2. CCA-426L, CCA-4757. CCA-4758
erc.f
Dms Dominar-rt genic male sterility
(Source: ltai and Kumar, 2008)
(I) Ilfirid seed production procedure for GMS based
hybrids
Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana has
taker.r lead by developing chilli hybrids viz. CH- I (Hundal
and Khurana, 1993) and CH-3 (Hundal and Khurana, 2001),
showing heterosis of 80- 1O()7o and out yielded all the
recommended chilli varieties. Both these hybrids (CH- I and
CH-3) use genetic male sterility (GMS) fbr hybrid seed
production but there is segregation for male sterile and fertile
plants in GMS system; and male fertile plants are to be
removed belbre pollination. The male sterile line (female),
MS-12, is common in both these hybrids. The male parents
are [,udhiana Local Selection (LLS) and Selection-2530 (S-
2530) in CH- I and CH-3, respectively. On the basis of their
high yield potential, multiple disease resistance and quality
attributes, their acceptance has been very fast and,
consequently, the acreage under chilli increased about 3 folds
in the last 6-7 years in Punjab State and is likely to increase
further in ihe near future. There is great acceptance of CH- I
in other states especially Haryana and Rajasthan.
The hybrid seed is produced in the open in an isolated
field, called 'hybrid seed production block'. The hybrid seed
production block must be at least 400 m away (isolation
distance) from other different or similar chilli or sweet pepper
cultivars/hybrids. The female and male lines are planted
alternatively in the ratio of 2 : I (Fig. I). Theplanting distance
between rows should be 60 cm in both female and male lines
and plant to plant distance should be 20 cm and 40 cm in
t'emale and male lines, respectively- 'I'he t'emalc line (MS-
I2) produces both the male f'ertile and male sterile plants in
the ratio of I : I . In large fields, it is useful to keep about 2 or
3 bee hives per acre to ensure sufficient population of honey-
bees to ensure good pollination. The f'emale line (MS- l2) is
first prepared for cross pollination for hybrid seed production
by removing the male fertile plants. Thus the identification
ofthe sterile plants is done on the basis ofnon-dehiscence of
anthers. Rouging of pollen bearing plants and other off types
in the female line (MS- l2) is done in the morning and can be
continued upto evening. This operation may take 2-3 days
or more. Three or four days after completing this operation,
remove all fruits (small or large) from female parent.
A hybrid seed crop is inspected at different stages ofplant
growth and development to ensure the genetic purity of seed
crop. The first inspection is made before flowering. The off
type plants for foliage (leaf size, leaf shape, leaf colour) and
plant type characters should be removed. The diseased plants
and extra early flowering plants should also be rouged out.
The second inspection is conducted at flowering stage. The
plants which do not confirm to the purity requirements
regarding the flower orientation, flower colour, spread of the
plant and leafcharacters such as size, shape, colour etc. should
be removed. Third inspection is conducted at the fruiting stage.
The plants showing variation tbr fiuit shape, colour, size and
position of liuit (erect or semi-pendent) should be rouged
out. Removal of the off type plants at this stage will help to
avoid mechanical admixtures and further chances of out-
crossing of true to type plants with the off types.
Identification of male sterile and male fertile plants in
female parent
Identification of male-sterile and male fertile plants in
female parent is done when plants are in blooming stage.
Generally anthesis occurs between 7 to 9 a.m. and is followed
by dehiscence. After dehiscence the plants can be checked
tbr the presence or absence of pollen in the anthers which

Male Sterile Maintainer Block Hybrid Seed Production Blocl<

msms (o) X Msms ( l) a +O.o*oO+
Mtrle stcrilc I Male ferrile a ++.++.oo
V
I o oo.oo.*o
[ 50% msms (o) : 50% Msms (+) ] a ++.+o.+o
Male sterile : Male fertile a OO.OO.O*
a +o.++.++
Seeds collected from male sterile a o+.o*ooo
pl ants only (after identificatron) a o+o*o.++
Male parent (.) (LLS or S-2530);
Male fertile plants i+; in the female
rows (MS -12) are rcn'roved after
identification and seed han,ested lrom
male sterile (o) plants are hl,brid seeds.

Fig. 1 Procedure for utilization of genetic male sterility for chilti hybrid seed production
I

I
I

i
48

I
nin
' :'her'erified on a black paper or cloth. The
will serve as l'emale parent (MS- 12) forsubsequent
\1S- -' : ' :'-s ol male f'ertile and sterile plants in f'emale seed
p.ou.rlonp.og.u*,,,"r.ro"nrr."pollination2to3beehives
rs in l :-i - I ) are presented in Table 2'
1
per acre may be kept near the seed production
lor tield. The fruits
of male fertile plants are used for non r..a pr.por". '-
1e,v-
- ; - . .)-.tr! srtd seed extraction
lt The male parent is maintained as such
is ::uits are ready for seed harvesting when in the hybrid seed
fruits are production block because seed collected
tion .:, -: seed harvested from male sterile(MS_l2)plants
(LLS or s-2530) serve as pure mare
fiom male parent
tion : -. r. id seed. The seed harvested from male paient
' seeds and can be stored
eof _ .=: ,*hich can be used for the next year.
:
is for subsequent seed production programmes.
The ditl.erent
Common stages ofrouging are described earlier.
'pes .: , seed extraction involves thoroughly drying ofred care shourd be taken
rbe : '_ , l rhe sun followed by crushing of fruits
to collect the seed from male parent
only from last pickings.
ays . :0 separate the fragments of the dried fruits.and
At (II) Hybrid
ion, - : : - : * here labour is very cheap, the seed
_i
seed production procedurefor cGMS based
* - . .: lr idual fruits is removed hybrids
either from the
Lant
- . -:1f dried fruits. For large freshly harvested or
scale hybrid seed In CGMS system, male sterility is due
to interaction of
_.. . .\.rial cytoplasm and nuclear genes. The nuclear
eed
- - -. -s l00g)Flow Vegetable Seed Extracting Machine
can be used to extract seed from freshly (rfrfl for male sterility while its dominant
genes are recessive
off
. : .: ::J ripe fruits. The seeds are dried in sunlight fertitity. Similarly theie is a srerite.y,di;;,
ill.l. R7y."r,o.",
tnd after i.nd the normal
nts h seneral,the viability ofseed is two years
under
cytoplasm, N. The genetic constitution
of the male sterile plant
Iut.
-
- . :. :age conditions and can be increased by storing or commonly known as the i.emale parent,
is S rJrf, having
-tre : :: _ -.rler low temperature and low relative both. sterile S cytoplasm and single
. :_ ._.:lene bags or glass jars.
humidity ii sterility. The other genorypes lik; S
recessive gene rJtf for
nis R/R/ S RJrf, N RlRf, N
rhe Rff and N tff are male fertile. fnese g.notypes
rld
t' : ".:. riance of
femate (ms-I2) and male lines fertile because they have only one sterili-ty
are male
factor, either the
: ;t.J constitution of male sterile plant is .rusns, sterile cytoplasm, .S or the sterile g"n"
,frf but not both o1,
-...ilainer is Msms (heterozygous). and
nA " The male sterile
them together.
ed _ : :trnrained by crossing it Three lines, namely, A, B and R
tolhe heterozygous male are used fbr hybrid seed
IO : :=: because progeny of such crossing produces the
production. The A line, known
as temale pu..rr, is male sterile
l t- - ri male srerile and male fertile plaits having genetic constirution S
I . -
'. in l: I ratio
The female parent (MS_ 12) is planted
ffi, whichJ.;J;;", hybrid seed.
genor1pe N rff, is the*ut. r".iil. counrerpart
., : j .-Vale
Sterile Mainrainer Biock, by keeping
in a separate
lill,:::,yl:l
ror me marntenance of male sterility
of line
an A. The line R is
in '-100m fiom other chilli or bell pollen parenr or inbred having g"n",i"
- .:; also from hybrid pepper varieties or :1"_Ylil"
seea proauciion block. The 1/ffi/ancl it is genetically diverse r.oir"tt" consrirurion
:_ -.: ,:e planted on ridges, 60 cm apart iir.s A and B.
The lines A and B are genetically
in with a 45 cm identical except that the
- .: :.:\.reen plants. Rouging is done at three different
former is male sterile while the latier
i, ,ri" f*rif The male
. -: .: :e.Scribed under sterile line A is maintained by crossing
:l hybrid seed production. In this it ".
. : . _ : maintainer block, the female parent male fertile counterpart. ",lliir," line B, the
'-l
'I
. .1 ihe male fertile and male steriie plants(male sterile) The hybrid seed is produced in
in the ratio the open in an isolated
--, rhe time of flowering, the
' male sterile plants are field, called .hybrid seed production
,- .: :nd tagged. The male fertile plants ttocti. the hybricl seed
;;ilj;;
: : :is a pollinator for the male sterile plant.
production block must be at least
400 m away llsotation
- ::, i There is distance) from other dilferent
rouge out the male fertile plants or similar.frif f i ,, sweet pepper
in this btock. The cultivars/hybrids. For hybrid seed
production,' tr," seedrings
of A (maie srerile or f'emale parenr,
: Se e d is extracted. The seeds from male sterile plants lv RfRfl Iines are planred alrernared
,,1r0 il* (male parent,
i"ifr" *iro I (Fig. 2).
"r2:
- rr'haracteristics of male
fertire and ster,e prants in femare
parent (MS_12)

MS-12
Male-fertite planrc
:' ,r .1lte powdery
substance)
Male-sterile plani
Present
: .rtlf Absent
Light grey
-:..,.. Purple or yellow
Normal
-- .:.:ing Reduced to less than half
Anther burst to shed pollen
-
No bursting
Heavy
Low

49
In large fields, it is useful to keep about 3 or 4 bee hives per
acre to cnsLlre sufficient pollination. Daily rouging ol off-
t1,pcs in the A line in the morning before the anthers
dehiscence is essential. Such off type plants must be rouged
out and destroyed. This operation may take 3-4 days or rhore.
At the timc ol harvesting care should be taken to avoid mixing
o1 seeds ofthe line A and R. A hybrid seed crop is inspected
at ditferent stages (before flowering, at flowering and at
truiting) as in case of GMS based hybrid seed production
programme to ensure the genetic purity of seed crop. The
seed harvested from line A is used as the commercial hybrid
seed. The seed harvested tiom line R can be used as male
parent seed fbr next year. Seed extraction method is same as
discussed in GMS based hybrid seed production programme.
'I'he main advantage of CGMS system over the GMS is that
we can get 1007o male sterile plants fbr direct use as female.
Maintenance of female (A), maintainer (B) and
male(Il) lines
Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility can be maintained by
crossing a cytoplasmic male sterile line (S ,fA or A line with
the pollinator strain or B line or maintainer line (l/ rfrfl.The
seed of t'emale (A) and maintainer (B) lines can be maintained
at one place in a separate block called 'Male Sterile Maintainer
Block' by keeping an isolation of 400 m from other chilli or
bell pepper varieties or hybrids and also from hybrid seed
production block. The stock seed of line A can be produced
or maintained by planting A and B lines in alternate rows. It
is very necessary to rouge out the pollen bearing piants (if
any) liom the iine A and pollen sterile plants from the line B
every morning before the dehiscence of anthers. This
operation may take 15 days or more. The contamination of B
line (N ffl with R/gene should be particularly avoided as it
cannot be detected in the B line but it will produce male fertile
plants in the A line in later generations. Other off types
occurring in the line A and B shoLrld also be rouged out.'Io
ensure pollination 2 or 3 bce hivcs per acre may also be kept
near the field. At the time of harvesting care should be taken
to avoid mixing of seeds ol lincs A and B. The fruits trom
both the lines are harvested separately when red ripe, dried
and their seeds are extracted. The seed obtained from line A
is the seed of t'emale parent (S fifl whereas seeds obtained
fiom line B is maintainer parent (N frfl.
(III) Biotechnology and molecular breeding
In lndia, research on molecular markers has been initiated
recently. So far most of these works have been confined to
use of RAPD markers for the tagging of desirable traits of
major vegetable crops and genetic purity testing of hybrid
seeds.
Markers for tagging of ms and Rf genes in chilli
Male sterile line MS- l2 (ms- l0 ms- 10) of chilli is being
utilized by farmers to produce seeds of CH- 1 and CH-3
hybrids. In order to tag ms- 10 gene, an F, population (MS- I 2
x KA-2) has been developed and individual plant has been
characterized. Presently, RAPD primers are being used to
screen DNA samples of pooled F, and the parents in order to
identify marker close to ms gene (Kumar et al. 2006).
Likewise, F, population derived from the cross between stable
CGMS (CCA-4261) and strong restorer line (Pant C- I ) has
been developed to identify marker close to R/gene.
Markers for hybrid purity testing
Two RAPD markers (OPW19 ,,r, and OPPI3 ,o,r) linked
to R/gene have been tbund to be useful for genetic purity of
CGMS (CCA-4261) based commercial hybrid (CCH-2 or
Kashi Surkh) because both are reproducible and were present
onlyinthemaleparent(Kumaretal.2006).Atpresent,efforts

Male Steril e Maintainer Block Hybrid Seed Production Block

A line x B line axaaxaa
s ,:f,'f N ,frf a .xaaxa.
Male stenle Male ferlile x a axaaxaa
(Maintainer line) x a .x.axa.
I(.) x
x
o
a
.x..xaa
axaaxaa
'rfrf
ale steril x a axaaxaa
x a axaaxaa
N : Normal cytoplasm Maie parent (x) : male fertile restorer plant
S : Sterile cytoplasm (N RF/); Female parent ( r ): male sterile
y' : non-restorcr ailele plant (S rfrf )', Seed han'ested from male
R/ : Restorer allele sterile ( o ) plants are hybrid seeds (i.e.
ferlile), This CGMS system is used
where seed is of economio value.

Fig. 2. General scheme of hybrid seed production utilizing CGMS

50
 T_"T j*.Tt'"rning the reproducibitity of these markers
in
rffili*,d plants of the hybrid and p*"rt,
anJ in case fbund
LITERATT]RE CII'ED
!.: mr{EarEdrcible, this RAPD markir will
.
Anonymous 2008. t,ackage of l,racticesfor
be converted into Cultivatiort of Vegetable.s.
rcAnmarter. Punjab Agricultural (Jniversiry. L;dhiana. pp
97
Das S S, Kumar S and Singh J N 2001.
Wtfor ldcntification of male sterile cytoplasm characterization of a nuclear male sterile
Cyromorphological
line of chilli pepper
(Capsicurn annuum L). Cl,tologia
SCAR (sequenced characterized amplified 66: 365-7 1.
*!axl,
[EmrE" Einker associated with male Daskalov S I 97 I . Male ster ile pepper (C
sterile cytoplasm of chilli a rrn tuntL. ) mutants
a p s i c utn
ht reported from Korea
fri* ,"J ri*,'roor;. Thr"" and their utilization in heterosis breetling. pntceetling
of
+trdScARmarkers (Cox Ilcontrol, atp6 SCAR and Eucarpia Meering on Capsicum 7:202_10.
Cox
ll5rqn r*rre screened for g male,r".if"iCCl,rS)
r Daskalov S and Mihailov L l9gg.
A new merhod
lines and
8fuE rm:inminsl) lines. Results sho*ed
that the SCAR
production hased on cytoplasmic
of.hybritl
male sterility cotnbined with
seecl

!9"* here oormous potentiar for characterization

gere and paved rhe universal
of the
a lethal gene and a temale sterility pollenizer
ann uum L. The o re t i c al antt Ap p t
it Caltsicurn
3q* ;;;f;ir"r, of rhese
i e d G e n e t ic s 7 6: 530-32.

Deshpande A A, pathak C S and

Singh D p 19g3. T.ypes of male
chilli pepper. Capsicim spp. Capsicum
rilm ElHd *ed lterilitV_in Neh,sleter
dev eloped by public and private 2:104-105.
se ctor
n i. hbtic Sector Chilti Hybrids
Type of Male Sterility
Develop ing Insr i Iution
(Parentage ) Yield Potential
of red ripe fruits
(q/ha)
CGMS
IIHR, Bangalore
350
CCMS
IIHR, Bangalore
350
CGMS
IIHR, Bangalore
H-'l
380
CGMS (CCA-426 t x pusa Jwala)
IIVR, Varanasi
200
ti_ir
IIVR, Varanasi
250
CGMS
IIVR, Varanasi (under trials)
250-300
GMS (MS- 12 x LLS)
PAU, Ludhiana
250
GMS (MS-12 x 5-2530)
PAU, Ludhiana
275

:: 1Ire Sector Chilli

Hybrids

Seed Co.
,.
I _f, H_-s-5. \1PH_5g, MPH-59.
Mahyco
:,rE_t88. HOE-8lg
Hoechst
. !- ..:10. NS-1701
Namdhari
--,.:. 511p11-r5, SHPH_47, picador
Novartis
:.RCH-001, ARCH.226,
ARCH-228, ARCH-236
Ankur Seed
: -. !_t I t. BSS_273, Cayatri
_- Beejo Sheetal

Seoul
&$m ri:r: Hor Green, Skyline
Hung Nong
_ :"1 and Dhall,2004)

51
 Pathak C S, Singh D N an<l Dcshpande A A 1983' Male and f'emale
Driscoll C I 1912. XYZ system olproducing hybrid wheat' Crop Sci
12: 516-11. sterility in chilli pepper' Capsicutn dtltluwn L' Capsictrtn
Nevvslette r 2:102- 103 ,

Geng S S, Chen B and Zhang X F 2005. A new hot pepper F,

hybrid
"J ingla No. 2" . China Veg l0lll:
4l-42' Peterson P A 1958. Cytoplasmically inherited male sterility in
Capsicum. American Naturalist 92 lll'19'
Hirose T and trujime Y 1980. Studies on the hybrid seed
production
Pochard E 1970. Obtaining three new male sterile mutants of pepper
by trsing a new male sterile llne in pepper (Capsicrun a'tnuutn
(C. annuum) through application of mutagenes on mor-roploid
L.) l. Morphology antl the rnode of inheritance' J Japanese Soc
material. EucarPia, PP 93-95.
Ilorr Sci 48:453-58.
S and Dhall R K 2004. Breeding for Hybrid Hot Pepper'
Prakash N S, Lakshmi N and Harini I 1987. Male sterility and
Hundal I
manipulation of yield in Capsicum. Capsicurn Netvsletter6:35-
ln: Htbrid Vegetable Developrine nt' Singh PK, Desgupta SK and
Tripathi SK (Eds.). Food Products Press, an imprint of the 38.
Howorth Press, Inc., USA. PP 3l-50 Rai M and Kumar R 2008. Advances in chilli and paprika
l'-A new hybrid of chilli' improvement in India. National Serninar on Recent'frends itt
Hunclal J S and Khurana D S 1993. 'CH-
researchon Spices and aromatic Plants, September l0- l2' 2008'
Prog Fmg29:11-13.
CCS HAU. Hisar PP26-42.
Hundal J S ancl KhuranaD S 2001. A new hybrid of chilli'CH-3'-
Suitable fbr processing. J Res Punjab agric Llnitt 39 (2):326' Shen H L and Shi ZQ2OO5. A new hot pepper F, hybrid "Nongda
082". ChinaVeg l0/ll 43-44
Kalloo C. Banerjee M K, Kumar Sanieet and Parkash C l998 Hybrid
vegetable technology in Inclia - an overview' National Shifriss C 1g13. Adclitional spontaneous male sterile mutant in
Vegetrtble Research and Capsicum annuum L. Euphtrica 22: 527 -29'
Sfinposiurn on Emerging Scenario in
Dettelopment, PDVR, Varanasi pp 42-52. Shifriss C 1983. An attempt to maintain genic male sterile (MSMS)
lines of pepper Capsicum annuum L. viaXYZsystem' Eucarpia
Kim L{ D and Kim B D 2005 Development of SCAR markers for
early iclentification of cytoplasmic male sterility genotype in Vth Meeting on Cenetit:s and Breeding on Capsicwn and
Eggplant, Plovdiv, Bulgaria pp 42-47
Chilli pepper (Capsicum annuwnL). Mol Cell 2O 116-22'
Kumar S, Singh M, Kumar R, Prasanna H C, Rai M 2006' Molecular Shitiiss C 1997. Male sterility in pepper (Capsicum annttwn L)'
markers: progress at Indian lnsitute of Vegetahle Research Euphlrica 93: 83-88.
(llVR) Natirnal Sj'mposiwn ott Moleculdr Breeding in Crop Shifriss C and Frankel R 1969' A new male sterile gene in Capsicunt
P/ants. March 20-21, 2006. llVR. Varanasi pp 92-91' annuum. J Amer Soc Hort Scl 94: 385-87'
Kumar S, Singh V. Singh \{. Rai S K. Kumar S, Rai M and Kalloo C Shifiiss C and Frankel R 197 1. New sources of cytoplasmic male
2007. Genetics ancl cirstribution of fertility restoration associated sterility in cultivated peppers. J Hered 64:254-56'
RAPD markers in pe pper lCap sicum annuumL.). Hort Scilll':
t97-202. Shifiiss C and Guri A 19"79. Variation in stability of cytoplasmic
genic male sterility in Capsicum annuwn L' J Amer Soc Hort
Liu \\' Y ald Gniffke P A 2004. Stability of AVRDC's cyloplasmic Sci 104 91-96.
maie sterile (CMS) pepper lines grown under low temperatures'
Capsicum and Eggplant Netvslelter 23: 85-88'
Shifriss C anci Pilowsky M 1993. Digenic nature of mde sterility in
pepper (Capsicum aruluutn L). Eupht'tica 67: 1ll-12'
Meshram L D and Narkhede M N 1982. Natural male sterile mutant
in hot chilli (CapsicumannuumL). Euphytica 31: 1003-1005'
L 1912. A male sterile (ins2) gene in Califomia
Shifriss C and Rylski
Wonder peppet (Capsicum annuutnL). Hcrt Sci 7: 36-38'
Meshram L D. Chaudhari R V, Kudade B K and Marawar M W
1992. Functional male sterility in hot chilli (Capsicum annuum
Singh J and Kaur S 1986. Present status of hot pepper breeding of
L.) Eucarpia VIIIth Meeting on Genetics and Breeding on for multiple disease resislance in Punjab' Proceeding of VI
Capsicum and Eggplant, Rome, ltaly pp 6l-65'
EUCARPIA Meeting on Genetic and Breeding on Capsicum
and Eggplant, Zaragoza (Spaint pp i l 1-1'1'
Mitikova L and Daskalov S 1984' Ljulin-a hybrid cultivar of pepper
Wang D and Bosland P W 2006 Tne ;tenes ol capsicum Hort Sci 40
based on induced male sterility. Mutation Breeding Newsletter
(5): ll69-87.
?-4:9-12.
Lakshmi N 1979. Male sterile mutantin'Capsicum Woong Yu I 1985. Inheritctrt, t tr r.-r i.:ili-r-ii /li c male slerililt' in pepper
Murthy N S R and
(Capsicwn annuLotl L. r \1S.- T:esi:. Kvung Hee University'
anntlumL. Curr Sci 48: 312-15.
South Korea.
Novak F, Betalch J and Dubovsky J 1911- Cytoplasmic male sterility -
Yang CJ, Chen B J lrri Lr-.1 C' : -{ neu hotpepperF, hybrid
in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L') Phenotype and
inherilance ofmale sterile character. J Plant Breeding 65: 129-
l':
"Chanjiaozidarr.'rL : 3 la-31'
:.: .,
40. YangCJ,ChenBI L --- i.'' *- Slr'it-'l Str'rilyonthesuperiority
M R, Doshi K M, Patel S A, Patel B R, Patel S B of hvbrid r:.:-. : ^.. '- .- : .;3;llyir in Hot Pepper. J China
Patel J A. Shukla
1998. Identification and development of male CaPsiitt'r: 1 -: 'i i
and Patel A O
sterile in i
ch\lli (.C ap s ic um annuum L)' Ve g S c 25: I 45-48'

52

View publication stats