JTJ034 2000

Machine Translated by Google
Industry Standards of the People's Republic of China
Technical specifications for highway pavement base course construction
Technical Specifications for Construction
of Highway Roadbases
JTJ034—2000
Editor-in-chief: Highway Science Institute of the Ministry of Transport
Endorsement unit: Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China
Effective date : October 1 , 2000

Regarding the release of the "Technical Specifications for Highway Pavement Base Construction"
(JTJ034-2000) Notice
Jiao Highway Fa [2000] No. 278
Departments of transportation of all provinces and autonomous regions, Beijing Municipal Highway Bureau, Shanghai Municipal Engineering Administration, Tianjin Municipal Engineering Bureau,
Chongqing Municipal Transportation Bureau, and other relevant units:
The "Technical Specifications for Highway Pavement Base Construction" (JTJ034-2000) is now approved to be released as an industry standard and will come into effect on October 1,
2000. The "Technical Specifications for Highway Pavement Base Construction" (JTJ034-93) issued in 1993 was abolished at the same time. The standard is edited and interpreted by the Highway
Science
Institute of the Ministry of Transport and published by People's Communications Press. All units are requested to pay attention to accumulating data and summing up experience in practice,
and promptly notify the Highway Science Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications of the problems discovered and modification opinions for reference when revising.
Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of
China June 2 , 2000

Preface
In the 1980s, my country's highway construction began to enter a new historical period represented by expressways. In order to meet the needs of highway construction in the new
era, the Ministry of Transport issued the first edition of "Technical Specifications for Highway Pavement Base Construction" (JTJ034-85) in 1985. On the basis of summarizing the construction
practices and pavement performance of early expressway and first-class highway base courses in my country, in 1993, the Ministry of Transport issued the second edition of the "Technical
Specifications for Highway Pavement Base Course Construction" (JTJ034-93). Five years of practice have proven that all the base layers of highway pavements of different grades that
conscientiously implement this construction technical specification have achieved good technical results. The overall load-bearing capacity of the pavement has been significantly improved,
and early damage to the pavement caused by poor quality of the base layer has been avoided. At the same time, we have also accumulated more experience in grassroots construction.
As the national economy continues to grow at a rapid pace, my country's highway traffic conditions have undergone significant changes. Traffic volume has increased rapidly, the
number of heavy-duty trucks has increased significantly, and overloaded vehicles are more common. The new traffic conditions have put forward higher technical requirements for the pavement
base.
For some expressways constructed in recent years, in order to improve the overall quality of the road surface, semi-rigid materials are also paved with centralized plant mixing and
paver paving for the base layer; at different times after the semi-rigid base layer is cured, the pavement is used to pave semi-rigid materials. The drilling rig drilled test pieces to further test the
integrity of the base layer, all of which achieved good results.
The above new situation is the main basis for revising the "Technical Specifications for Highway Pavement Base Construction" (JTJ034-93) and formulating this specification.
The main contents of this revision are: the terminology is listed in a separate chapter; the screen hole size for material screening is adjusted to make it consistent with the "Technical
Specifications for Construction of Highway Asphalt Pavement" (JTJ032); when the base layer is constructed in two layers, both use spreading The paving machine spreads the mixture; the
requirements for the base material and process level of secondary highway pavement have been improved; the strength standard of the base material has been improved to adapt to roads with
many heavy-duty vehicles; and the use of a drilling rig to drill test pieces after the base curing is completed has been added. To test the integrity of the grassroots level.
Our country has a vast territory, and the climate, transportation, materials, construction technology and other natural conditions of each region are very different. It is difficult for a
unified construction technical specification to adapt to the specific conditions of each region. When implementing this specification, there are no provisions for this specification. Or for technical
content that is not clearly specified, practical experience should be summarized and supplementary regulations should be made.
All relevant units are requested to report the problems and opinions found in the implementation of this specification to the Highway Science Institute of the Ministry of Transport (local
Address: No. 8, Xitucheng Road, Beijing, Postal Code: 100088) for reference in the next revision.
Editor-in-chief: Highway Science Institute of the Ministry of Transport
Main drafter: Sha Qinglin

1General principles
1.0.1 In order to meet the needs of China's highway construction, build a highway pavement base that meets the quality requirements, and avoid premature failure of the surface layer due to
poor base quality, this specification is specially formulated.
1.0.2 This specification is applicable to the base and sub-base construction of rigid (cement concrete) pavement, semi-rigid (semi-rigid base asphalt) pavement or flexible (flexible base asphalt
or intermediate) pavement of new and reconstructed highways at all levels.
1.0.3 This specification specifies the construction and quality management requirements for cement stabilized soil, lime stabilized soil, lime industrial waste stabilized soil, graded gravel, graded
gravel and gap-filled gravel.
1.0.4 When using asphalt gravel mixture and asphalt penetrating gravel as the base layer, its technical requirements, construction methods and quality management should comply with the
national standard "Code for Construction and Acceptance of Asphalt Pavement" (GB50092).
1.0.5 When lean concrete or roller compacted concrete is used as the base layer, its technical requirements, construction methods and quality management should comply with the national
standard "Code for Construction and Acceptance of Cement Concrete Pavement" (GBJ97) and this specification.
1.0.6 Wherever it is possible to reconstruct an intermediate pavement with an improved grade, the base structure in this specification should be used as the main load-bearing layer, on which
gravel soil, gravel soil, sand and other materials can be used as the wearing layer.
1.0.7 The technical requirements, construction methods and quality management of the cushion layer shall comply with the provisions of this specification for subbase layers of similar materials.
1.0.8 This specification uses the maximum dry density of the heavy compaction test method as the standard dry density.
1.0.9 The test methods involved in this specification should comply with the current relevant test procedures of the Ministry of Communications.
2 terms
2.0.1 Basic base
Directly beneath an asphalt surface course, a primary load-bearing layer of high quality material or directly beneath a cement concrete deck
The lower layer paved with high-quality materials is called the base layer. The base layer can be one or two layers, one or two materials
fee.
2.0.2 sub base
Under the asphalt pavement base, a secondary load-bearing layer paved with inferior quality materials or on the cement concrete pavement base
The auxiliary layer below and paved with inferior quality materials is called the subbase. The base layer can be one layer or more than two layers, and can be
One or two materials.
2.0.3 fine grained soil
The maximum particle diameter of the particles is less than 9.5mm, and the content of particles smaller than 2.36mm is not less than 90% (such as plastic
Various clay soils, silty soils, sandy soils, sand and stone chips with different indexes, etc.).
2.0.4 medium grained soil
The maximum particle diameter of the particles is less than 26.5mm, and the content of particles smaller than 19mm is not less than 90% (such as plastic
Various clay soils, silty soils, sandy soils, sand and stone chips with different indexes, etc.).
2.0.5 coarse grained soil
The maximum particle diameter of the particles is less than 37.5mm, and the content of particles smaller than 31.5mm is not less than 90% (such as sand
Gravel soil, gravel soil, graded gravel, graded gravel, etc.).
2.0.6 cement stabilized soil
A broad name for a mixture obtained by using cement as a binder. It includes both the use of cement to stabilize various fine-grained soils,
It also includes the use of cement to stabilize various medium-grained and coarse-grained soils. Into the crushed or originally loose soil, mix a sufficient amount of
When the compressive strength of the mixture obtained by mixing cement and water meets the specified requirements after compaction and curing, it is called
Stabilize soil for cement.
The mixture obtained by stabilizing fine-grained soil with cement and meeting the required strength, depending on the type of soil used, may be referred to as water.
Soil, cement sand or cement stone chips, etc.
The mixture obtained by stabilizing medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil with cement can meet the required strength, depending on the raw materials used.
Referred to as cement gravel, cement gravel, etc.
2.0.7 composite stabilized soil
The mixture obtained by stabilizing certain soil with cement and lime at the same time and meeting the required strength is called comprehensive stabilized soil for short.
2.0.8 cement improved soil
Only a small amount of cement is used to improve the plasticity index of graded gravel or to increase the strength of graded gravel so that it can be suitable for light
When the base layer of asphalt surface layer on traffic roads does not meet the strength requirements specified in Table 3.3.1, this material is called cement.
Improved soil.
2.0.9 coefficient of uniformity of soil
When screening the particle composition of soil, the ratio of the sieve hole size with a throughput of 60% to the sieve hole size with a throughput of 10%
is called the uniformity coefficient of the soil.
2.0.10 aggregate aggregate
It is composed of crushed stone (or gravel), sand and powder (sometimes there may be sticky materials), and is composed of crushed stone (or gravel)
Mineral mixtures dominated by sand and sand are collectively called aggregates.
Aggregates with a particle size greater than 2.36mm are called coarse aggregates; aggregates with a particle size smaller than 2.36mm are called fine aggregates.
2.0.11 lime stabilized soil
The mixture obtained by adding sufficient amounts of lime and water to crushed or originally loose soil (including various coarse, medium and
fine-grained soils), mixing, compacting and curing, when its compressive strength meets When specified requirements are met, it is called lime-stabilized
soil.
The mixture obtained by stabilizing fine-grained soil with lime and meeting the required strength is called lime soil.
The mixture obtained by stabilizing medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil with lime and meeting the required strength depends on the raw materials
used. When the raw material is natural gravel soil or graded gravel, it is called lime gravel soil; the raw material is gravel soil or graded gravel. When gravel is used,
it is called lime gravel soil.
When lime is used to stabilize the original intermediate pavement so that it can be used as the base layer of asphalt pavement and cement concrete pavement,
it belongs to lime gravel soil or lime gravel soil.
2.0.12 lime improved soil
When only a small amount of lime is used to improve the plasticity index of graded gravel or increase the strength of graded gravel so that it can be used
as the base layer of asphalt surface layer on light traffic roads, but does not meet the strength requirements specified in Table 3.3.1, this The material is called
lime improved soil.
2.0.13 lime industrial waste stabilized soil lime industrial waste stabilized soil
A certain amount of lime and fly ash or lime and cinder are combined with other aggregates, and an appropriate amount of water (usually the optimal
water content) is added. The mixture obtained after mixing, compacting and curing has a compressive strength of When it meets the specified requirements,
it is called lime industrial waste stabilized soil (referred to as lime industrial waste for short).
A certain amount of lime and fly ash, a certain amount of lime, fly ash and soil, and a certain amount of lime, fly ash and sand, add an
appropriate amount of water (usually the optimal water content), and mix and press When the compressive strength of the mixture obtained after
solidification and curing meets the specified requirements, it is referred to as two-ash, two-lime soil, and two-lime sand respectively.
The mixture obtained by stabilizing graded gravel or graded gravel with lime and fly ash, when its strength meets the requirements, is called
lime, fly ash graded gravel and lime, fly ash graded gravel respectively. These two mixtures are also collectively referred to as lime and fly ash
graded aggregates, or simply referred to as two-ash-graded gravel, two-ash-graded gravel, and two-ash-graded aggregates respectively.
The mixture with the required strength obtained by using lime, cinder and soil and lime, cinder and aggregate is called respectively
Lime cinder soil and lime cinder aggregate.

2.0.14 graded crushed rock
A mixture of coarse, medium and small gravel aggregates and stone chips each accounting for a certain proportion, when its particle composition meets the specified density
When grading is required, it is called graded gravel.
2.0.15 graded gravel graded gravel
A mixture of coarse, medium and small gravel and sand each accounting for a certain proportion, when its particle composition meets the specified dense gradation requirements
When the plasticity index and bearing ratio meet the specified requirements, it is called graded gravel.
2.0.16 Crushed run rock without screening
The crushed stone mixture of different particle sizes rolled out by the stone rolling mill only uses a mesh size corresponding to the specified maximum particle size.
The gravel mixture obtained after sifting out oversized particles is called unscreened gravel. Its theoretical particle composition is
0~D (D is the maximum particle size), and has good gradation.
2.0.17 stone chips screenings
The fine sieve residue that passes through the minimum sieve opening of the screening equipment (usually 5mm or 3mm) in the stone rolling mill is called stone chips. That
The theoretical particle composition is 0~dmm (d is the size of the minimum mesh used in stone rolling fields). In fact, stone chips often contain some particles
Oversized particles with a diameter larger than d.
2.0.18 Gap filling gravel dry bound macadam
Coarse gravel of a single size is used as the main aggregate to form an interlocking structure, which can bear and transmit the wheel load.
Stone chips are used as fillers to fill the pores between the gravels and increase the density and stability. This material is called interstitial gravels.
2.0.19Thickness of uncompacted layer
When any kind of mixture is spread by various methods, its density is often significantly less than the specification achieved after rolling.
Density. The thickness of this uncompacted layer of material is called loose lay thickness.
2.0.20 coefficient of loose paving material
The ratio of the loose paving thickness of the material to the compacted thickness that reaches the specified degree of compaction is called the loose paving coefficient, which is often accurate to a decimal.
Click on the last two digits.

3 cement stabilized soil
3.1 General provisions
3.1.1 According to the particle size and composition of individual particles in the soil, soil is divided into three types: fine-grained soil, medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil.
3.1.2 The cement dosage is expressed as the percentage of cement mass to all coarse and fine soil particles (i.e. gravel, sand, silt and clay) and dry mass, that is, cement dosage = cement mass/dry soil
mass.
3.1.3 Cement-stabilized soil can be used as the base course and sub-base course of highways of all levels, but cement-stabilized soil shall not be used as the base course of high-level pavements for
highways of grade II and above.
3.1.4 When cement-stabilized medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil are used as the base layer, the cement dosage should not exceed 6%. If necessary, the gradation of the aggregate should be
improved first and then stabilized with cement.
When only cement-stabilized fine-grained soil can be used as the base layer or when the strength requirements of cement-stabilized aggregates are significantly greater than specified, the
cement dosage is not subject to this restriction.
3.1.5 The construction of the cement-stabilized soil structural layer should be organized in late spring and seasons with higher temperatures. The daily minimum temperature during the construction period
should be above 5ÿ in areas with freezing conditions, and should be completed half a month to a month before the arrival of the first heavy freeze (-3~-5ÿ).
3.1.6 When constructing cement-stabilized soil, especially the cement-soil structural layer, during the rainy season, special attention should be paid to climate change and the cement and mixture should
not be exposed to rain. Construction should be stopped when rainfall occurs, but the cement mixture that has been paved should be compacted as quickly as possible. During road-mixing construction,
measures should be taken to remove water from the surface of the underlying layer to prevent the aggregates transported to the road from being excessively moist.
3.1.7 When constructing the cement-stabilized soil structural layer, the following regulations should be observed:
(1) The soil clods should be crushed as much as possible, and the maximum size of the soil clods should not be larger than 15mm.
(2) The ingredients should be accurate.
(3) Cement should be spread evenly during road mixing construction.
(4) Sprinkle water and mix evenly.
(5) The thickness and elevation of the base layer should be strictly controlled, and the cross slope of the road crown should be consistent with the surface layer.
(6) Rolling should be carried out when the mixture is at or slightly greater than the optimal moisture content (in hot and dry climates, the base mixture can be 1% to 2% larger) until it reaches
the following requirements determined by the heavy compaction test method. Solidity (minimum requirement).
Grassroots level:
Expressways and first-class highways 98%
Second-class and lower-class roads
Cement stabilizes medium- and coarse-grained soils 97%
Cement stabilized fine-grained soil 93%

Base layer:
Expressways and first-class highways
Since there are currently a variety of high-energy rollers, the compaction degree should be increased by 1% to 2%.
(7) The cement-stabilized soil structural layer should be rolled with a road roller of more than 12 tons. When rolling with a 12~15t three-wheel roller, the compacted thickness
of each layer should not exceed 15cm; when rolling with a 18~20t three-wheeled roller and vibratory roller, the compacted thickness of each layer should not exceed 20cm; for cement
stability When fine-grained soil is rolled with a high-energy vibrating roller, or for cement-stabilized fine-grained soil, when a vibrating goat's foot roller is used in conjunction with a three-
wheel roller, the compaction thickness of each layer can be appropriately increased based on the test; compaction When the thickness exceeds the above regulations, it should be laid in
layers. The minimum compacted thickness of each layer is 10cm, and the lower layer should be slightly thicker. For stable fine-grained soil and mixtures paved with pavers, they should be
rolled first with a light-duty roller and then with a heavy-duty roller.
(8) During the construction of the road mixing method, it must be strictly organized, and the flow operation method should be adopted to shorten the delay time from adding
water to mix to the end of rolling. This time should not exceed 3 to 4 hours, and should be shorter than the final setting of the cement. time. When using centralized plant mixing method for
construction, the delay time should not exceed 2 hours.
(9) When constructing the cement-stabilized soil base, it is strictly forbidden to use the thin-layer patching method for leveling.
(10) It must be moisturized and maintained, and the surface of the stable soil layer should not be dry, nor should it be dry and wet.
(11) When there is no paving layer or surface layer on the cement stabilized soil base, all motor vehicles are prohibited except construction vehicles that can pass at a slow
speed (not exceeding 30km/h).
3.1.8 The construction methods of cement improved soil may refer to this specification.
3.1.9 For roads below Class II, the cement-stabilized soil base and sub-base can be constructed using the road mix method. However, for secondary roads, a special stabilized soil mixer
should be used or a centralized mixing method should be used to prepare the mixture.
3.1.10 For expressways and first-class highways, the lower layer of the subbase directly paved on the soil base can be constructed by the road mixing method with a stabilized soil mixer.
When the upper layer of the soil base has been treated with lime or curing agent, the subbase layer The lower layer should also use centralized mixing method to mix the mixture. Each
stable soil layer above is mixed with a centralized plant mixing method, and a paver is used to spread the base layer mixture.
3.1.11 When the base layer is constructed in two layers, a thin layer of cement or cement slurry should be spread on the top surface of the lower layer before paving the upper layer.
3.2 Materials
3.2.1 For roads of Class II and below, the coarse-grained soil, medium-grained soil and fine-grained soil used for cement stabilized soil should meet the following requirements:
1. When cement-stabilized soil is used as the subbase, the maximum particle size of a single particle should not exceed 53mmÿ .
The particle composition should be within the range listed in Table 3.2.1-1, and the uniformity coefficient of the soil should be greater than 5. The liquid limit of fine-grained soils should not exceed
40, the plasticity index should not exceed 17. For medium-grained soil and coarse soil, if the content of particles smaller than 0.6mm in the soil is 30%
Below, the plasticity index can be slightly larger. In actual work, soil with a uniformity coefficient greater than 10 and a plasticity index less than 12 should be selected.
Soil with a plasticity index greater than 17 should be stabilized with lime or combined with cement and lime.
Note: ÿ Refers to square sieving. If it is a round hole sieve, the maximum particle size can be 1.2~1.25 times the listed value, the same below.
Table 3.2.1-1 Particle composition range of cement-stabilized soil when used as subbase
Sieve hole size (mm) Pass 53 4.75 0.6 0.075 0.002
mass percentage (%) 100 50~100 17~100 0~50 0~30
Note: The sieves listed in this specification table are all square hole sieves. If there is no square hole sieve of corresponding size, the particles can be divided into half pairs first.
Draw two gradation curves on the logarithmic coordinate paper, then find the position or point of the required sieve hole on the logarithmic coordinate, and draw a vertical line from this point to
intersects two curves. From the two intersection points, a horizontal line is drawn to intersect the vertical coordinate, and the passing percentage of the required particle size can be obtained.
2. When cement-stabilized soil is used as the base layer, the maximum particle size of a single particle should not exceed 37.5mm. cement stabilized soil
The particle composition should be within the range of Table 3.2.1-2. The aggregate should not contain soil with plasticity index. For secondary roads, it is better to connect
Assemble the mixture near the lower limit of the gradation range or adopt No. 2 gradation in Table 3.2.2.
Suitable for grade 3 gravel, unscreened gravel, gravel, gravel soil, gravel soil, coal gangue and various granular slags
Stabilized with cement. Crushed stone includes rock gravel, slag gravel, crushed gravel, etc.
Table 3.2.1-2 Particle composition range of cement-stabilized soil when used as base layer
Mesh hole size (mm) Passed mass percentage (%) Mesh hole size (mm) Passed mass percentage (%)
37.5 90~100 2.36 20~70
26.5 66~100 1.18 14~57
19 54~100 0.6 8~47
9.5 39~100 0.075 0~30
4.75 28~84
3.2.2 For expressways and first-class highways, the coarse-grained soil and medium-grained soil used in cement-stabilized soil should meet the following requirements:
1. When cement-stabilized soil is used as the subbase, the maximum particle size of a single particle should not exceed 37.5mm. cement stabilized soil
The particle composition of the soil should be within the No. 1 gradation range listed in Table 3.2.2, and the uniformity coefficient of the soil should be greater than 5. Liquid limit of fine-grained soil
It should not exceed 40%, and the plasticity index should not exceed 17. For medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil, such as particles smaller than 0.6mm in the soil
When the grain content is below 30%, the plasticity index can be slightly larger. In actual work, it is advisable to use a uniformity coefficient greater than 10 and a plasticity index
Soil with a number less than 12. Soil with a plasticity index greater than 17 should be stabilized with lime or combined with cement and lime.
For medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil, No. 2 gradation in Table 3.2.2 should be used, but the particle content and plasticity are less than 0.075mm.
The index can be unlimited.
2. When cement-stabilized soil is used as the base layer, the maximum particle size of a single particle should not exceed 31.5mm. cement stabilized soil
The particle composition should be within the No. 3 gradation range listed in Table 3.2.2.
Table 3.2.2 Particle composition range of cement stabilized soil
serial
Pass mass number
percentage (%) 1 2 3
project
37.5 100 100
31.5 90~100 100
26.5 90~100
mesh 19 67~90 72~89
size 9.5 45~68 47~67
(mm) 4.75 50~100 29~50 29~49
2.36 18~38 17~35
0.6 17~100 8~22 8~22
0.075 0~30 0~7ÿ 0~7ÿ
Liquid limit (%) ÿ28

Plasticity index ÿ9
Note: ÿ When fine-grained soil below 0.5mm in the aggregate has a plasticity index, the content of particles smaller than 0.075mm should not exceed 5%;
When the soil has no plasticity index, the content of particles smaller than 0.075mm should not exceed 7%.
3. When cement-stabilized soil is used as the base layer, the crushed stone or gravel used should be pre-screened into 3 to 4 different particle sizes.
Then mix so that the particle composition complies with the gradation range listed in Table 3.2.2.
3.2.3 When cement stabilizes sand with a relatively uniform particle size, it is advisable to add a small amount of clay soil or stone with a plasticity index less than 10 to the sand.
Ash soil, part of fly ash can also be added, and the addition ratio can be determined to make the standard dry density of the mixture close to the maximum value.
Generally about 20%~40%.
3.2.4 The crushing value of gravel or gravel in cement-stabilized soil should meet the following requirements:
Grassroots level:
Expressways and first-class highways Not more than 30%
Second-class and lower-class roads Not more than 35%
Base layer:
3.2.5 Soil with an organic matter content exceeding 2% must be treated with lime first, stuffed overnight and then stabilized with cement.
3.2.6 Soil with a sulfate content exceeding 0.25% should not be stabilized by cement.
3.2.7 Ordinary Portland cement, slag Portland cement and pozzolanic Portland cement can be used to stabilize soil, but they should
Choose cement with an initial setting time of more than 3 hours and a longer final setting time (preferably more than 6 hours). Rapid hardening cement, early
Strong cement and cement that has deteriorated due to moisture. It is advisable to use cement grade 325 or 425.
3.2.8 The lime used in comprehensive stabilized soil should be hydrated lime powder or quicklime powder.
3.2.9 All drinking water (including drinking water for livestock) can be used for cement stabilized soil construction.
3.3 Mixture composition design
3.3.1 General provisions
1 The 7-day immersion compressive strength of cement-stabilized soil for highways at all levels should comply with the requirements in Table 3.3.1.
2. The composition design of cement-stabilized soil should be based on the strength standards in Table 3.3.1. The most suitable soil for stabilization should be selected through
experiments, the necessary cement dosage and the optimal moisture content of the mixture should be determined. When it is necessary to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the
mixture When doing so, the proportion of additives should also be determined.
3. The composition design of comprehensive stabilized soil should select the most suitable soil for stabilization through experiments, and determine the necessary dosage
of cement and lime and the optimal moisture content of the mixture.
4 When using comprehensive stabilization, if the cement content accounts for more than 30% of the total binder, the composition design should be carried out in accordance
with the technical requirements of this chapter. The proportion of cement and lime should be 60:40, 50:50 or 40:60.
Table 3.3.1 Compressive strength standards of cement-stabilized soil
Highway grade
Second-class and lower-class roads Expressways and first-class highways
level
base (MPa) Subbase 2.5~3ÿ 3~5ÿ
(MPa) 1.5~2.0ÿ 1.5~2.5ÿ
Note: ÿ The lower limit value can be used for highways with a design cumulative standard axle number less than 12×106; a median value can be used for highways with a design
cumulative standard axle number exceeding 12×106 ; a high limit value can be used for highways that mainly carry heavy-duty vehicles. A value should be used for
a specific road, not a range.
ÿ The lower limit value can be used for roads below the second level; the higher value should be used for roads with heavy-load vehicles; the middle value can be used
for second-level highways; the high limit should be used for secondary roads with heavy-load vehicles. A single value should be used for a specific road, not a range.
5. Various tests of cement-stabilized soil should be conducted in accordance with the "Test Procedures for Stabilized Materials of Inorganic Binders in Highway Engineering"
(JTJ057).
3.3.2 Testing of raw materials
1 Before the construction of the cement-stabilized soil layer, representative soil samples from the designated material site should be taken and tested according to the "Highway Geotechnical Test Regulations"
(JTJ051) Carry out the following tests:
(1) Particle analysis;
(2) Liquid limit and plasticity index;
(3) Relative density;
(4) Compaction test;
(5) Crushing value of crushed stone or gravel;
(6) Organic matter content (if necessary);

(7) Sulfate content (do this if necessary).
2. For poorly graded gravel, gravel soil, gravel, gravel soil, sand, etc., the gradation should be improved.
3. The cement label and final setting time should be checked.
3.3.3 Mixture design steps
1 Prepare mixtures of the same soil sample and different cement dosages according to the following five ÿ cement dosages;
(1) For grassroots use
Medium-grained soil and coarse soil: 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%ÿ
Fine-grained soil with plasticity index less than 12: 5%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 11%
Other fine-grained soil: 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%
(2) Used as base layer
Medium-grained soil and coarse soil: 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%
Fine-grained soil with plasticity index less than 12: 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 9%
Other fine-grained soil: 6%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 12%
Note: ÿ If the appropriate dose can be estimated, five different doses can be reduced to three or four.
ÿ If the mixture used as the base layer is required to have higher strength, the cement dosage can be 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, or 8%.
2. Determine the optimal moisture content and maximum dry (compacted) density of various mixtures. At least three different cements should be made.
Compaction test of the quantity mixture, i.e. minimum dose, intermediate dose and maximum dose. Best of the other two dose mixes
Moisture content and maximum dry density were determined by interpolation.
3 Calculate the dry density of specimens with different cement dosages according to the specified compaction degree.
4 Prepare the specimen according to the optimal moisture content and calculated dry density. When conducting strength tests, as the best parallel test
The minimum number of test pieces should not be less than the requirements in Table 3.3.3-1. If the deviation coefficient of the test results is greater than the value specified in the table, then
The test should be redone and the cause should be found and resolved. If the deviation coefficient cannot be reduced, the number of test pieces should be increased.
Table 3.3.3-1 Minimum number of test pieces
Deviation coefficient
Number of test pieces ÿ10% 10%~15% 15%~20%
Soil
Fine-grained soil 6 9
Medium-grained 6 9 13
soil Coarse-grained soil 9 13
5. The specimens were moisturized and cured for 6 days at the specified temperature. After being immersed in water for 24 hours, the specimens were tested according to the "Inorganic Binder Stabilization Materials for Highway Engineering"
The unconfined compressive strength test was carried out in accordance with the "Test Procedure" (JTJ057).
6 Calculate the average value and deviation coefficient of the test results.
7 According to the strength standards in Table 3.3.1, select an appropriate cement dosage. The average indoor test result of this dosage specimen is
The average compressive strength R should meet the requirements of formula (3.3.3):
R ÿRd/ÿ1-ZÿCvÿ (3.3.3)
In the formula: Rd——design compressive strength (Table 3.3.1);
Cv——Coefficient of deviation of test results (in decimals);
Zÿ - the coefficient that varies with the guarantee rate (or confidence ÿ) in the standard normal distribution table, highway and level 1
The guarantee rate should be 95% for highways, that is, Zÿ=1.645; the guarantee rate for other highways should be 90%, that is,
Zÿ=1.282ÿ
The plasticity index of the cement-improved soil should not be greater than 6, and the bearing ratio should not be less than 240.
8. The actual cement dose used at the construction site should be 0.5% to 1.0% more than the dose determined in indoor tests.
When the centralized plant mixing method is used for construction, only 0.5% can be added; when the road mixing method is used for construction, it should be increased by 1%.
9 The minimum dosage of cement should comply with the provisions of Table 3.3.3.2-2.
Table 3.3.3-2 Minimum dose of cement
Mixing method
Road stirring method Centralized factory mixing method
Soil
medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil 4% 3%
fine-grained soil 5% 4%
10 The composition design of comprehensive stabilized soil is the same as the above steps.
3.4 Road mixing method construction
3.4.1 The process flow of road mixing method construction should be carried out in the order shown in Figure 3.4.1.
3.4.2 Prepare the lower bearing layer
1 The surface of the lower bearing layer of cement-stabilized soil should be smooth and solid, with specified road arches. The flatness and pressure of the lower bearing layer should be
The solidity shall comply with the provisions of Section 9.5 of this specification.
2 When cement-stabilized soil is used as the base layer, a sub-base layer must be prepared; when cement-stabilized soil is used as the reinforcing layer of old pavement,
The old road surface must be prepared; when cement-stabilized soil is used as the subbase, the soil base must be prepared.
(1) The soil foundation, whether it is an embankment or a cutting, must be crushed with a 12~15t three-wheel roller or equivalent rolling machinery.
Carry out 3~4 times of rolling inspection. During the rolling process, if the soil is found to be too dry and the surface layer is loose, water should be sprinkled appropriately; if the soil is too wet,
If the "spring" phenomenon occurs, measures such as digging up and drying, replacing soil, and adding lime or cement should be used to deal with it.
plastic surgery crush health care
Preparing for laying out construction of lower bearing layer
Preparing materials and spreading soil
material Place and spread cement mix (dry mix), level and lightly press, add water and wet mix, sprinkle with water stuffing
Treatment of seams and U-turns

Figure 3.4.1 The process flow of cement stabilized soil construction using road mixing method
(2) For the subbase, the compaction degree should be checked, and for the flexible subbase, the deflection value should also be checked. Fan
For road sections that do not meet the design requirements, measures must be taken according to the specific circumstances to make them meet the standards stipulated in the specifications.
(3) For old pavement, check whether the material meets the technical requirements of the subbase material. If it does not meet the requirements,
The old road surface should be loosened and necessary treatment measures should be taken.
(4) Low-lying areas and potholes on the subbase or old road surface should be carefully filled and compacted; washboards and ruts should be scraped off; loose areas should be raked,
sprinkled with water and re-rolled to achieve smoothness and density.
(5) The newly completed subbase or soil foundation must be inspected and accepted in accordance with Section 9.5 of this specification. Where acceptance is not
For qualified road sections, measures must be taken to ensure that they meet the standards before a cement-stabilized soil layer can be paved.
(6) The elevation of the lower bearing layer should be checked section by section in accordance with Section 9.5 of this code.
3. In the road section with trough cross-section, drain ditches (or blind ditches) should be excavated staggered at certain distances (can be 5~10m) on both sides of the road shoulders.
3.4.3 Construction stakeout
1. Restore the center line on the subbase, old road surface or soil base. Set up a pile every 15~20m in the straight section, set up a pile every 10~15m in the flat curve section, and set up
indicator piles on both sides of the shoulder edge.
2 Mark the design height of the edge of the cement stabilized soil layer with obvious marks on the indicator piles on both sides.
3.4.4 Preparing materials
1Utilize old pavement or upper soil base materials.
(1) Stones and other debris on the old road surface or soil base surface must first be removed.
(2) Dig a small hole every 10~20m so that the bottom elevation of the hole is the same as the bottom elevation of the predetermined cement-stabilized soil layer, and make a mark at the
bottom of the hole to control the depth of loosening and crushing.
(3) Use a plow, scarifier, grader or bulldozer equipped with strong teeth to loosen the upper part of the old road surface or soil base to
At the predetermined depth, the soil blocks should be crushed to meet the requirements.
(4) Plow should be used frequently to loosen the soil toward the center of the road so that the edges of the intended treatment layer form a vertical plane to prevent the treatment from
The width exceeds the specified limit.
(5) Use special machinery to crush sticky soil. In the absence of special machinery, rotary tillers and disc harrows can also be used to crush soil with a low plasticity index.
2. Utilize soil from the material yard (including fine-grained soil, medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil).
(1) Before collecting soil, trees, turf and miscellaneous soil should be removed first.
(2) Oversized particles in the soil should be screened out.
(3) Soil should be collected within a predetermined depth range, and should not be collected in layers, and unqualified soil should not be collected together.
(4) For clay soil with a plasticity index greater than 12, whether the soil needs to be screened can be determined based on the soil quality and mechanical properties.
(5) Calculate material usage:
According to the width, thickness and predetermined dry density of the cement-stabilized soil layer in each road section, the amount of dry soil required for each road section is calculated.
Calculate the stacking distance of each truck of materials based on the moisture content of the material yard soil and the tonnage of the materials transport vehicles used.
Based on the thickness of the cement-stabilized soil layer and the predetermined dry density and cement dosage, calculate the amount of cement required for each square meter of cement-
stabilized soil, and determine the vertical and horizontal spacing of cement placement.
(6) On the lower supporting layer of the intended pile, water should be sprinkled before stacking to make the surface moist, but it should not be excessively damp.
Wet and muddy.
(7) When loading soil, the quantity of materials in each truck should be controlled to be basically equal.
(8) In the road section where materials are supplied from the same material yard, unload the materials from far to near according to the above calculated distance in the middle or upper side
of the surface of the lower bearing layer. The unloading distance should be strictly controlled to avoid insufficient or excessive material in some road sections.
(9) A gap should be left in the material pile at certain distances.
(10) The soil should not be piled on the lower bearing layer for too long. The soil should only be transported 1 to 2 days ahead of the soil paving process.
(11) When the material used for the road shoulder is different from the material used for the stabilized soil layer, measures should be taken to build the shoulders, first building the road shoulders on
both sides. The compacted thickness of the shoulder material layer should be the same as the compacted thickness of the stable soil layer. On the road shoulder, temporary drainage trenches should be excavated
in staggered intervals of 5 to 10 meters.
3.4.5 Paving soil
1. The loose paving coefficient of the soil should be determined through experiments in advance. When paving the mixture manually, its loose paving coefficient can be selected according to
Table 3.4.5.
Table 3.4.5 Mixture loose spreading coefficient reference table
Material Name Loose paving coefficient Remark
Cement Stabilized Gravel 1.30~1.35
Cement Soil 1.53~1.58 Manual paving of soil and cement on site, mechanical mixing, and manual leveling
2. Spreading soil should be done the day before paving cement. The paving length is controlled according to the daily progress requirements to meet the needs of the next day
Just complete adding cement, mixing and rolling. During rainy season construction, if it rains the next day, it is not advisable to spread soil in advance.
3. The soil should be spread evenly over a predetermined width, and the surface should be smooth and have prescribed road arches.
4. During the spreading process, soil clods, oversized particles and other debris should be removed.
5. If there are many clods in the soil, they should be crushed.
6. Check the thickness of the loose soil layer and it should meet the expected requirements.
7 Except for sprinklers, other vehicles are strictly prohibited from driving on the soil layer.
3.4.6 Sprinkling water stuffing material
1. If the moisture content of the leveled soil (including crushed old pavement) is too small, watering material should be sprinkled on the soil layer. Sprinkle water evenly
Evenly to prevent excessive local moisture.

2. It is strictly prohibited for sprinklers to stop or turn around in the sprinkler section.
3. Fine-grained soil should be stuffed overnight; medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil, depending on the content of fine soil, can shorten the stuffing time.
between.
4. For comprehensive stabilized soil, lime and soil should be mixed first and then stuffed together.
3.4.7 Leveling and gentle pressing
After leveling the artificially paved soil layer, use a 6-8t two-wheel roller to roll it 1-2 times to make the surface smooth and have a certain degree of compaction.
3.4.8 Place and spread cement
1 Make placement marks on the soil layer according to the vertical and horizontal spacing of each bag of cement calculated in Article 3.4.4 of this chapter.
2. The cement should be delivered directly to the paving section on the same day, unloaded at the marked location, and checked for omissions and excess. Trucks transporting
cement should be equipped with rainproof equipment.
3. Use a scraper to spread the cement evenly, and pay attention to make the paving area of each bag of cement equal. After the cement is paved, there should be no empty spaces on
the surface and no spots where cement is excessively concentrated.
3.4.9 Mixing (dry mixing)
1. For roads of Class II and above, a special stabilized soil mixer should be used for mixing and a dedicated person should follow the mixer to check the mixing depth at any time and
cooperate with the mixer operator to adjust the mixing depth. The mixing depth should reach the bottom of the stable layer and should penetrate 5~10mm into the underlying layer to facilitate the
bonding of the upper and lower layers. It is strictly prohibited to leave a layer of plain soil at the bottom of the mixing layer. Usually it should be mixed more than twice. Before the last mixing, if
necessary, you can use a multi-plow to stir closely to the bottom surface. The mixed layer laid directly on the soil base should also avoid plain soil interlayers.
2 For third- and fourth-class highways, in the absence of special mixing machinery, agricultural rotary tillers and multi-share mixers can be used
Use a plow or grader to mix, but attention should be paid to the mixing effect and the mixing time should not be too long.
First, use a grader or a multi-share plow (four-share plow or five-share plow) to turn over the cement-paved soil twice to distribute the cement into the soil. However, the plow should
not be plowed to the bottom to prevent the cement from falling to the bottom. The first pass should start from the center of the road, and the mixture should be turned to the middle, and the
machine should move forward slowly; the second pass should be the opposite, starting from both sides, and turn the mixture outward.
Then mix twice with a rotary tiller.
Then use a multi-share plow or grader to turn up the bottom material. Check and adjust the plowing depth at any time to ensure that the stable soil layer is fully plowed. It is strictly
forbidden to leave a layer of plain soil between the stable soil layer and the lower bearing layer. It is also necessary to prevent plowing too deeply or damaging the surface of the lower bearing
layer too much. Usually, plowing should be done twice. Then, use a rotary tiller to mix twice, and use a multi-share plow or grader to plow twice more.
3. For third- and fourth-class highways, in the absence of special mixing machinery, notched disc harrows can also be used in conjunction with multi-share plows or graders to mix
cement to stabilize fine-grained soil and medium-grained soil, but attention should be paid to the mixing effect. , the mixing time should not be too long. Use a grader or multi-share plow to mix at
the front and a disc harrow to mix at the back. The speed of the disc harrow should be as fast as possible to mix the cement and soil evenly. It should be plowed four times, and the first two
times should not be plowed to the bottom to prevent the cement from falling to the bottom; the subsequent two times should be plowed to the bottom, and the plowing depth should be checked
and adjusted at any time. The requirements are the same as paragraph 2 of this article.
3.4.10 Add water and mix wet

1. At the end of the above mixing process, if the water content of the mixture is insufficient, a nozzle-type sprinkler truck (ordinary sprinkler trucks are not suitable for road
construction) should be used to supplement the water sprinkling. The starting point of the water truck and the turning point at the other end should be more than 2m beyond the mixing
section. The sprinkler truck should not turn around or stop on the road section where mixing is being carried out or where mixing is planned for the day to prevent excessive local water
volume.
2. After sprinkling water, stir again to make the water evenly distributed in the mixture. The mixing machinery should be mixed immediately behind the sprinkler truck to reduce
water loss.
3. During the watering and mixing process, the moisture content of the mixture should be checked in time. The moisture content should be slightly greater than the optimal value. For stable coarse-
grained soil and medium-grained soil, the moisture content should be 0.5% to 1.0% higher than the optimal moisture content; for stable fine-grained soil, the moisture content should be 1% to 2% higher
than the optimal moisture content.
4. During the watering and mixing process, manual labor should be used to sort out oversized particles and eliminate "nests" of coarse and fine particles as well as excessively wet
or dry local areas.
5. After the mixture is evenly mixed, it should have the same color and luster, without gray strips, ash lumps and flower surfaces, that is, there should be no obvious segregation of coarse and fine
aggregates, and the moisture content should be appropriate and uniform.
3.4.11 Plastic surgery
1. After the mixture is mixed evenly, it should be preliminarily shaped with a grader immediately. In the straight section, the grader moves from both sides to the middle of the road.
In the flat curve section, the grader will scrape from the inside to the outside. If necessary, go back and scrape again.
2 Use a tractor, grader, or tire roller to immediately and quickly roll over the initially leveled section of road to expose potential unevenness.
3. Then use a grader to carry out shaping according to paragraph 1 of this article. Before shaping, use a tooth rake to remove more than 5cm of the surface of the low-lying areas of the wheel tracks.
Rake loose and crush it again according to paragraph 2 of this article.
4. For local low-lying areas, use a tooth rake to loosen the surface layer above 5cm, and level it with fresh mixture.
5 Use the grader to shape again. High-level materials should be scraped directly out of the road, and thin layers should not be formed.
6. Each shaping operation should reach the specified slope and road crown, and special attention should be paid to the smoothness and smoothness of the joints.
7. When using artificial shaping, use shovels and rakes to spread the mixture first, and use road arch boards for preliminary shaping. After initial pressing with a tractor 1 to 2 times,
determine the elevation of the vertical and horizontal sections based on the measured loose paving coefficient, and set markers and hanging lines. Use a spade rake to shape according to
the line, and then use the road crown plate to correct the shape. If it is cement soil, after the initial compaction by the tractor, heavy-duty frame road crown panels (tractor pulling) can be used
for shaping.
8. During the shaping process, no vehicles are allowed to pass through, and there must be no obvious segregation of coarse and fine aggregates.
3.4.12 Crush
1 According to the road width, wheel width and wheel base of the road roller, the rolling plan should be formulated so that each part should be rolled to the
The numbers should be the same as much as possible, and the two sides of the road should be pressed 2 to 3 times more.
2 After shaping, when the moisture content of the mixture reaches the optimal moisture content (±1% to ±2%), a light roller should be used immediately in conjunction with a 12t or
above roller to roll the entire width of the structural layer. Straight lines and flat curve sections without super height should overlap by 1/2 wheel width when rolling from both sides of the road
shoulder to the center of the road. The rear wheels must exceed the joint of the two sections. When the rear wheels cover the full width of the road, that is for once. Generally, it needs to be
rolled 6 to 8 times. The rolling speed of the road roller should be 1.5~1.7km/h for the first two passes.
It is advisable to use 2.0~2.5km/h in the future. The stabilized soil layer that is manually paved and shaped should be rolled 1 to 2 times with a tractor or a 6-8t two-wheel roller or a tire
roller, and then rolled with a heavy-duty roller.
3. It is strictly forbidden for the roller to turn around or brake suddenly on the road section that has been completed or is being rolled, and the stable soil surface should be
ensured not to be damaged.
4. During the rolling process, the surface of the cement-stabilized soil should always be kept moist. If the water evaporates too quickly, it should be respreaded in time.
A small amount of water, but it is strictly forbidden to sprinkle large amounts of water to crush.
5. During the rolling process, if there are "springs", looseness, peeling, etc., it should be opened in time and re-mixed (add an appropriate amount of cement) or treated with
other methods to make it meet the quality requirements.
6. The cement-stabilized soil that has been mixed and shaped should be completed before the initial setting of the cement and within the delay time determined by the test.
It can be rolled successfully and achieve the required density without obvious wheel marks.
7. Before the rolling is completed, use a grader to level it once more to make it smooth longitudinally, and the road crown and superelevation meet the design requirements. The
final leveling should be carried out carefully, and the local raised parts must be scraped off and swept out of the road; for local low-lying parts, no patching is required, and they can be left
to be dealt with when paving the asphalt surface layer.
3.4.13 Treatment of seams and U-turns
1. The connection between two working sections constructed on the same day should be overlapped. After the first section is mixed and shaped, 5~8m should be left without
rolling. During the construction of the latter section, the unpressed part of the front section should be added. Some cement should be added to mix again and rolled together with the latter
section.
2. The cement-stabilized soil that has been mixed and shaped should be rolled and compacted within the delay time determined by the test.
3. Attention should be paid to the handling of the last section of end seam (i.e. working seam) every day. The working seams and U-turns can be handled as follows:
(1) At the end of the cement-stabilized soil layer that has been rolled, dig a trench about 30cm wide across the entire width of the paving layer along the stabilized soil to the
top of the lower bearing layer. This groove should be perpendicular to the center line of the road. The side facing the stable soil should be cut into a vertical surface, and two square logs
with the same thickness as the compacted thickness and half the length of the full width should be placed close to the vertical surface (see Figure 3.4. 13).
(2) Backfill the rest of the trench with the original excavated plain soil.
(3) If the mixing machinery or other machinery must turn around on the pressed cement stabilized soil layer, measures should be taken to protect the turning operation section.
Generally, the stable soil layer about 8~10m long prepared for U-turn can be first covered with a thick plastic sheet or linoleum paper, and then spread with about 10cm thick soil, sand or
gravel.
(4) On the second day, after mixing in the adjacent working section, remove the square timber and backfill it with the mixture. The short section near the square wood that
cannot be mixed should be manually replenished. During leveling, the cement-stabilized soil at the joint should be about 5cm higher than the completed section to facilitate the formation
of a smooth joint.
(5) After leveling, use a grader to remove most of the soil from the plastic sheet (be careful not to scratch the plastic sheet), and then manually
Remove the remaining soil and put away the plastic sheeting.
During the rolling process of the new mix, the joints should be trimmed and smoothed.
stable soil layer bare earth
30
Square wood
Figure 3.4.13 Schematic diagram of transverse joint treatment
4. Treatment of longitudinal seams
Longitudinal joints should be avoided in the construction of cement-stabilized soil layers. When construction must be divided into two sections, the longitudinal joints must be connected vertically
and should not be angled.
Longitudinal seams should be treated as follows:
(1) During the construction of the previous piece, square timber or steel formwork is used as support on the central side, and the height of the square timber or steel formwork is
The thickness is the same as the compacted thickness of the stable soil layer;
(2) After the mixing of the mixture is completed, the part close to the supporting wood (or board) should be re-mixed manually.
Then shape and crush.
(3) After the curing is completed, remove the supporting wood (or board) before paving another one;
(4) After the mixing of the second piece of mixture is completed, the part close to the first piece should be re-mixed manually, and then
Shaping and rolling.
3.5 Central station centralized plant mixing method construction
3.5.1 Cement-stabilized soil can be mixed centrally using plant mixing equipment at the central station. For highways and first-class highways, special stabilized soil centralized plant mixing machinery
should be used to mix the mixture. When centralized mixing, the following requirements should be met:
(1) The soil clods should be crushed, and the maximum size should not be larger than 15mm;
(2) The ingredients should be accurate and the mixing should be even;
(3) The moisture content should be slightly greater than the optimal value, so that the moisture content of the mixture when transported to the site for paving and rolling is not less than the
optimal value;
(4) Crushed stone or gravel of different sizes and fine aggregates (such as stone chips and sand) should be isolated and stacked separately.
3.5.2 When using connected stabilized soil mixing equipment for mixing, it should be ensured that the maximum particle size and gradation of the aggregate meet the requirements.
3.5.3 Before formally mixing the mixture, the equipment used must be debugged so that the particle composition and moisture content of the mixture meet the specified requirements. When the
particle composition of the original aggregate changes, the equipment should be re-adjusted.
3.5.4 When constructing in humid and rainy areas or the rainy season in other areas, measures should be taken to protect the aggregates, especially fine aggregates (such as stone chips and sand,
etc.) should be covered to prevent rain.
3.5.5 The amount of water added should be adjusted in time according to the moisture content of aggregates and mixtures.
3.5.6 The mixed mixture should be transported to the paving site as soon as possible. The mix on the car should be covered to reduce moisture loss.
3.5.7 Asphalt concrete paver or stabilized soil paver should be used to spread the mixture. If the lower bearing layer is stable fine-grained soil, the top surface of the lower bearing layer should
be roughened first, and then the mixture should be paved.
3.5.8 The production capacities of the mixer and the paver should match each other. For expressways and first-class highways, the paver should be used for continuous paving, and the output of
the mixer should be greater than 400t/h. If the production capacity of the mixer is small, when paving the mixture with a paver, the lowest speed should be used to reduce the need for the paver to
stop waiting for materials.
3.5.9 A dedicated person should be assigned behind the paver to eliminate the segregation of coarse and fine aggregates. In particular, local "dens" of coarse aggregates should be eradicated
and filled with fresh mixture.
3.5.10 It is advisable to first use a light two-wheel roller to follow the paver for rolling in time, and then use a heavy-duty vibratory roller, three-wheel roller or tire roller to continue compacting.
3.5.11 On second-, third- and fourth-class highways, when there is no paver, a paver box can be used to spread the mixture, or an automatic grader can be used to spread the mixture according to
the following steps:
(1) Calculate the paving area of each truck of mixture based on the thickness of the paving layer and the required compacted dry density;
(2) Unload the mixture evenly in the center of the road width. When the road width is wide, the mixture can also be unloaded into two rows;
(3) Use a grader to spread the mixture evenly according to the loose thickness;
(4) Set up a team of 3 to 5 people, carrying a small car containing fresh mixture, following the grader, eradicating the coarse aggregate "nests" and coarse aggregate "belts" in time,
and replenishing them with fresh mixture. A uniform mixture, or add a uniform fine mixture and mix evenly with the coarse aggregate.
3.5.12 The shaping and rolling of the mixture after paving it with a grader are the same as the road mixing method.
3.5.13 The transverse joints during centralized plant mixing method construction should meet the following requirements:
(1) When paving the mixture with a paver, it should not be interrupted. If the interruption time exceeds 2 hours for any reason, a horizontal joint should be set up.
seam, the paver should drive away from the end of the mix;
(2) Manually tidy up the mixture with appropriate moisture content at the end, and place two square logs close to the mixture. The height of the square log should be
The thickness should be the same as the compacted thickness of the mixture; level the mixture next to the square timber;
(3) Backfill the other side of the square log with gravel or gravel about 3m long, and its height should be several centimeters higher than the square log;
(4) Compact the mixture tightly;
(5) Before paving the mixture again, remove the gravel or gravel and square wood, and clean the top surface of the lower bearing layer;
(6) The paver returns to the end of the compacted layer and starts paving the mixture again;
(7) If the transverse joints are not processed according to the above method after paving is interrupted, and the interruption time has exceeded 2 hours, the uncompacted mixture near and
below the paver should be eradicated, and the compacted mixture should be compacted. The end where the elevation and flatness meet the requirements are dug into a section perpendicular to the
center line of the road and vertically downward, and then new mixture is paved.
3.5.14 Longitudinal joints should be avoided. The base course of expressways and first-class highways should be paved in two sections. It is advisable to use two pavers, one in front and one behind,
about 5 to 10 meters apart, to spread the mixture forward simultaneously and roll it together.
When longitudinal joints cannot be avoided, the longitudinal joints must be connected vertically, and miter joints are strictly prohibited, and must comply with the following regulations:
(1) When paving the previous piece, use square timber or steel formwork as support on the side near the center. The height of the square timber or steel formwork should be the same as
the compacted thickness of the stable soil layer;
(2) After curing, remove the supporting wood (or board) before paving another piece.
3.5.15 When using a grader to spread the mixture, the treatment methods for transverse joints and longitudinal joints are the same as those in paragraph 3 of Article 3.4.13 and paragraph 4 of Article
3.4.13 of this specification.
3.6 Health and traffic control
3.6.1 When the cement-stabilized soil base is constructed in layers, after the lower cement-stabilized soil is rolled, when rolling with a heavy-duty vibratory roller, it is advisable to lay the upper cement-
stabilized soil after curing for 7 days. The surface of the lower layer should always be kept moist before laying the upper layer of stabilized soil. When paving the upper layer of stabilized soil, it is
advisable to sprinkle a small amount of cement or cement slurry on the surface of the lower layer. The base layer can be laid after the base layer has been cured for 7 days.
When the cement-stabilized graded gravel (or gravel) base is paved in two layers with a paver, after the lower layer is paved in sections and compacted, the upper layer should be paved
immediately without using a heavy-duty vibratory roller for rolling. Otherwise, the upper layer should be paved immediately. A small amount of cement or grout should be sprinkled on the top surface of
the lower layer.
3.6.2 After each section of rolling is completed and the compaction degree is inspected and passed, health care should be started immediately.
3.6.3 Wet sand should be used for curing, and the thickness of the sand layer should be 7~10cm. After the sand is spread evenly, water should be sprinkled immediately and the sand should be kept
moist throughout the curing period. Do not cover with wet clay soil. After curing, the covering must be removed.
3.6.4 For the base layer, asphalt emulsion can also be used for curing. The dosage of asphalt emulsion is selected according to 0.8~1.0kg/m2 (referring to the dosage of asphalt), and it should be
sprayed in two times. The slow cracking asphalt emulsion with an asphalt content of about 35% is sprayed for the first time so that it can slightly penetrate into the surface of the base layer. Spray a
more concentrated asphalt emulsion for the second time. If it is unavoidable to prevent construction vehicles from passing on the curing layer, 3~8 mm of small gravel (gravel) should be spread after
the emulsion is split to form a lower sealing layer.
3.6.5 When the above conditions are not met, a sprinkler truck can also be used to frequently sprinkle water for health maintenance. The number of times of watering each day should depend on the
climate. The surface of the stable soil layer should always be kept moist throughout the curing period, and attention should be paid to the condition of the surface layer. If necessary, use a two-wheel
roller to compact it.
3.6.6 For expressways and first-class highways, the curing period of the grassroots should not be less than 7 days. For roads of Class II and below, if the curing period is less than 7 days, the asphalt
surface layer will be paved, and the passage of heavy vehicles should be restricted.
3.6.7 For roads of Class II and below, if the base layer is made of cement concrete panels and the panels are constructed with small machinery, the concrete surface layer can be laid earlier after the
base layer is completed.
3.6.8 On the cement-stabilized soil layer where covering measures are not adopted during the curing period, traffic should be closed except for sprinklers. In mining
When the cement-stabilized soil layer with covering measures cannot be closed to traffic, the passage of heavy vehicles should be restricted, and the speed of other vehicles should not exceed
30km/h.
3.6.9 After the curing period, if there is an asphalt surface layer on it, the base layer should be cleaned first, and the penetration layer or sticky layer asphalt should be sprayed immediately.
After spraying the penetration layer or sticky layer asphalt, it is advisable to evenly spread 5 to 10 mm of small crushed (gravel) stone ÿ on it , and the amount is about 60% to 70% of the
amount of the entire layer.
On the cleaned base layer, a lower sealing layer can also be laid first to prevent the base layer from shrinking and cracking, and at the same time protect the base layer from damage
by construction vehicles. It is advisable to start paving the asphalt surface layer within 10 to 30 days after laying the lower sealing layer. Bottom layer. If it is a cement concrete surface layer, it
is not advisable to expose the base layer to the sun for a long time to avoid cracking.
Note: ÿ If the sprayed permeable asphalt can penetrate into the base layer, and the transport vehicles and surface layer mixture pavers drive on it, it will not damage the asphalt.
When applying cyan film, you don’t need to sprinkle small gravel (gravel). In the case of spreading small gravel (gravel), the bottom layer of asphalt surface layer should be laid as early as possible.
3.7 Construction organization and division of work sections
3.7.1 During the construction of cement-stabilized soil, the flow operation method must be adopted to ensure that each process is closely connected. In particular, the delay time between mixing
and completion of rolling should be minimized.
3.7.2 Tests on the impact of the delay time of cement-stabilized soil on its strength should be conducted to determine the appropriate delay time.
3.7.3 When determining the reasonable length of each operation section of road mixing method construction, the following factors should be comprehensively considered:
(1) Final setting time of cement;
(2) The effect of delay time on the density and compressive strength of the mixture;
(3) The efficiency and quantity of construction machinery and transportation vehicles;
(4) Operational proficiency;
(5) Minimize seams;
(6) Construction season and climate conditions.
Generally speaking, when the stable soil layer is 7~8m wide, each flow operation section is suitable to be 200m, but the length of the first flow section of each day is
One working section should be slightly shorter, maybe 150m. If the stable soil layer is wider, the working section should be further shortened.
3.8 Others
3.8.1 Curb treatment
If there is a thin asphalt surface layer on the cement stabilized soil layer, each side of the base layer should be wider than the surface layer by more than 20cm. full width at base level
Spray a permeable layer or sticky layer of asphalt or set a lower sealing layer, and the edges of the asphalt surface layer should be shaped into a triangle outward.
If curbs are installed, care must be taken to prevent the curbs from blocking the drainage of surface water on the road surface and water in the structural layer.
4 lime stabilized soil
4.1.1 According to the particle size and composition of individual particles in the soil, soil is divided into three types: fine-grained soil, medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil.
4.1.2 Lime dose is expressed as the percentage of lime mass to the dry mass of all coarse and fine soil particles, that is, lime dose = calcareous
Amount/dry soil mass.
4.1.3 Lime stabilized soil is suitable for the base layer of highways at all levels, as well as the base layer of highways of grade two and below. However, lime stabilized soil
Soil shall not be used as the base layer of second-class highways and the base layer of high-grade pavements of highways below second-class highways.
4.1.4 In humid road sections in frozen areas and excessively humid road sections in other areas, lime soil should not be used as the base layer. when
When only lime soil can be used, measures should be taken to prevent water from infiltrating into the lime soil layer.
4.1.5 The lime stabilized soil layer should be constructed in late spring and summer. The daily minimum temperature during the construction period should be above 5ÿ, and
Complete one month to one and a half months before the first heavy freeze (-3~-5ÿ) arrives. The stable soil layer should undergo more than half a month
Healthy in warm and hot climates. In rainy areas, construction of the lime soil structural layer should be avoided during the rainy season.
4.1.6 When constructing lime to stabilize medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil during the rainy season, measures should be taken to exclude surface water to prevent it from being transported to the road.
The aggregate on the limestone is excessively wet and measures should be taken to protect the lime from rain.
4.1.7 When constructing lime stabilized soil layer, the following regulations should be observed:
(1) Fine-grained soil should be crushed as much as possible, and the maximum size of soil clods should not be larger than 15mm.
(3) During road mixing construction, lime should be spread evenly.
(6) Rolling should be carried out when the mixture is at the optimal moisture content or slightly less than the optimal moisture content (1%~2%) until
To achieve the following required compaction degree determined according to the heavy compaction test method:
Grassroots level:
Lime stabilizes medium- and coarse-grained soils 97%
Lime stabilizes fine-grained soil 93%
Base layer:
Expressways and first-class highways

(7) The lime-stabilized soil structural layer should be rolled with a road roller of more than 12 tons. When rolling with a 12~15t three-wheel roller, the compacted thickness of
each layer should not exceed 15cm; when rolling with a 18~20t three-wheeled roller and vibratory roller, the compacted thickness of each layer should not exceed 20cm; for lime
stabilization When the soil is rolled with a high-energy vibrating roller, or for lime soil, when a vibrating sheep's foot roller is used in conjunction with a three-wheel roller, the compacted
thickness of each layer can be increased appropriately based on the test. When the compaction thickness exceeds the above regulations, it should be laid in layers. The minimum
compaction thickness of each layer is 10cm, and the lower layer should be slightly thicker. For lime soil, it should be rolled with light and then heavy rollers.
(8) The lime-stabilized soil layer should be rolled on the same day. After the rolling is completed, it must be kept warm and maintained to prevent the surface of the stabilized
soil layer from drying out and not being excessively moist.
(9) When there is no sealing layer or surface layer on the lime stabilized soil layer, it is prohibited to open to traffic; when construction is interrupted and traffic is temporarily
opened, protective measures should be taken to prevent the surface of the base layer from being damaged.
4.1.8 When constructing the lime-stabilized soil base, it is strictly forbidden to use thin-layer supplementary methods for leveling.
4.1.9 When using lime soil as the base layer, measures must be taken to prevent surface water from penetrating into the base layer. At the same time, it should experience a warm and
hot climate for more than one month. When used as the base layer of asphalt pavement, measures should also be taken to strengthen the connection between the base layer and the
surface layer.
4.1.10 The construction method of lime improvement soil can be implemented in accordance with this specification.
4.1.11 For roads below Class II, the lime stabilized soil base and sub-base can be constructed using the road mixing method. For secondary roads, it is advisable to use a dedicated
stabilized soil mixer for road mixing or a centralized plant mixing method to mix the mixture.
4.1.12 For expressways and first-class highways, the lower layer of the subbase directly paved on the soil base can be constructed using a special stabilized soil mixer. If the upper layer
of the soil base has been treated with lime or curing agent, the subbase layer The lower layer should also use centralized mixing method to mix the mixture. Each stable soil layer above
should be mixed with the centralized plant mixing method, and the mixture should be spread with a paver.
4.2 Materials
4.2.1 Clay soil with a plasticity index of 15 to 20 and medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil containing a certain amount of clay soil are suitable for lime stabilization.
When lime is used to stabilize graded gravel, graded gravel and unscreened gravel without plasticity index, about 15% of cohesive soil should be added.
Clay soil with a plasticity index above 15 is more suitable for comprehensive stabilization with lime and cement.
When lime is used to stabilize loamy soil and sandy soil with a plasticity index below 10, appropriate measures should be taken or cement should be used for stabilization.
Cohesive soil with a relatively large plasticity index should be pulverized, and the maximum size of the pulverized soil should not be greater than 15mm. Can
The method of mixing twice is used. After adding part of the lime for the first time and mixing, let it sit for 1 to 2 days, and then add the rest of the lime for the second time.
Mix twice.
When using lime to stabilize soil, the following regulations should be observed:
1. When lime stabilized soil is used as highways, first-class highways and sub-bases, the maximum particle size should not exceed
37.5mm. When used as the subbase of other grades of highways, the maximum particle size should not exceed 53mm.
2. When lime stabilized soil is used as the base layer, the maximum particle size should not exceed 37.5mm.
Graded gravel, unscreened gravel, gravel, gravel soil, gravel soil, coal gangue and various granular slag are all suitable
Material used as lime to stabilize soil. The content of gravel, gravel or other granular materials in lime stabilized soil should be above 80%.
And should have good gradation.
3. The crushing value of gravel or gravel in lime-stabilized soil should meet the following requirements:
Grassroots level:
D Not more than 30%
Roads below Class II Not more than 35%
Base layer:
4. Soil with a sulfate content exceeding 0.8% and soil with an organic matter content exceeding 10% should not be stabilized with lime.
4.2.2 The technical indicators of lime should comply with the provisions of Table 4.2.2. The storage time of lime should be shortened as much as possible. Lime pile in the field
When stored for a long time, it should be covered to prevent moisture.
Table 4.2.2 Technical indicators of lime
category calcareous quicklime magnesia quicklime calcium hydrated lime magnesia hydrated lime
index grade
project
I II III I II III I II III I II III
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
Effective calcium plus magnesium oxide content (%)
85 80 70 80 75 65 65 60 55 60 55 50
Undigested residue content (5mm round ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
Screen residue of hole sieve, %) 7 11 17 10 14 20
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
Moisture content (%)
4 4 4 4 4 4
0.71mm square hole screen ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ

0 0
Sieve residue (%) 1 1 1 1
Fineness
0.125mm square hole sieve ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
— —
Sieve residue (%) 13 20 13 20
Classification boundary of calcium magnesia lime, oxygen

ÿ5 ÿ5 ÿ4 ÿ4
Magnesium content (%)
Note: For quicklime with a sum of silicon, aluminum and magnesium oxide content greater than 5%, the effective calcium plus magnesium oxide content index is ÿ75% for I class and II
Grade ÿ70%, Grade III ÿ60%; the undigested residue content index is the same as that of magnesia quicklime.
When using out-of-grade lime, shell lime, coral lime, etc., tests should be conducted. If the strength of the mixture meets the standards in Table 4.3.1,
it can be used.
For highways and first-class highways, finely ground quicklime powder should be used.
4.2.3 All drinking water (including drinking water for livestock) can be used for lime soil construction.
1 The 7-day immersion compressive strength of lime-stabilized soil for highways at all levels should comply with the requirements in Table 4.3.1.
Table 4.3.1 Compressive strength standards of lime stabilized soil
road grade
Secondary and lower secondary highways expressways and first-class highways
Stratum
ÿ0.8ÿ
—
base (MPa) Subbase
(MPa) 0.5~0.7ÿ ÿ0.8
Note: ÿ In areas with low plasticity soil (plasticity index less than 7), the 7-day compressive strength of lime-stabilized gravel soil and gravel soil should be
Greater than 0.5MPa (100g balance cone liquid detection limit).
ÿ The lower limit is used for clay soils with a plasticity index less than 7, and the lower limit should only be used for highways below Class II. The upper limit is used for clay
soils with a plasticity index greater than 7.
2. The composition design of lime-stabilized soil should be based on the strength standards in Table 4.3.1. The most suitable soil for stabilization should be selected through
experiments, the necessary or optimal lime dosage and the optimal moisture content of the mixture should be determined. When the mixture needs to be improved, When considering the
physical and mechanical properties, the proportion of additives should also be determined.
3. When using comprehensive stabilized soil, if the cement content accounts for less than 30% of the total binder, the composition design shall be carried out in accordance with the
technical requirements of this chapter.
4. Various tests of lime-stabilized soil should be conducted in accordance with the "Test Procedures for Stabilized Materials of Inorganic Binders for Highway Engineering"
(JTJ057).
4.3.2 Raw material testing
1 Before the construction of the lime-stabilized soil layer, representative soil samples from the designated material site should be taken for the following tests:
(1) Particle analysis;
(3) Compaction test;
(4) Crushing value of crushed stone or gravel;
(6) Sulfate content (do this if necessary).

2. If the gradation of gravel, gravel soil, gravel, gravel soil, etc. is not good, it should be improved first.
3. The available calcium and magnesium oxide content of lime should be tested.
1 Prepare mixtures of the same soil sample with different lime dosages according to the following lime dosages:
(1) For grassroots use
Gravel soil and gravel soil: 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%
Clay soil with plasticity index less than 12: 10%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 16%
(2) Used as base layer
Clay soil with plasticity index greater than 12: 5%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 11%
2. Determine the optimal moisture content and maximum dry (compacted) density of the mixture. At least three different lime dosage mixtures should be made.
Compaction test of the mixture, i.e. minimum dosage, intermediate dosage and maximum dosage, the optimal moisture content of the remaining two mixtures and
Maximum dry density is determined by interpolation.
3 According to the specified compaction degree, calculate the dry density of the specimens with different lime dosages.
4 Prepare the specimen according to the optimal moisture content and calculated dry density. When conducting strength tests, as the best parallel test
The minimum number of test pieces should not be less than the requirements in Table 4.3.3. If the deviation coefficient of the test results is greater than the value specified in the table, then
The test should be redone and the cause should be found and resolved. If the deviation coefficient cannot be reduced, the number of test pieces should be increased.
5 The specimens were insulated for 6 days at the specified temperature and soaked in water for 24 hours. According to the "Inorganic Binder Stabilization Materials for Highway Engineering"
The unconfined compressive strength test was carried out in accordance with the "Test Procedure" (JTJ057).
6 Calculate the average value and deviation coefficient of the test results.
Table 4.3.3 Minimum number of test pieces
Number of test pieces ÿ10% 10%~15% 15%~20%
Soil
fine-grained soil 6 9
medium grained soil 6 9 13
Coarse grained soil 9 13
7Select the appropriate lime dosage based on the strength standards in Table 4.3.1. The average of the indoor test results of this dose test piece
The average compressive strength R should meet the requirements of formula (4.3.3):
R ÿRd/ÿ1-ZÿCvÿ (4.3.3)
Cv——Coefficient of deviation of test results (in decimals);
Zÿ - the coefficient that varies with the guarantee rate (or confidence ÿ) in the standard normal distribution table, highway and level 1
The guarantee rate should be 95% for highways, that is, Zÿ=1.645; the guarantee rate for other highways should be 90%, that is,
Zÿ=1.282ÿ
8. The actual dose of lime used on the construction site should be 0.5% to 1.0% more than the dose determined in indoor tests.
When the centralized plant mixing method is used for construction, only 0.5% can be added; when the road mixing method is used for construction, it should be increased by 1%.
9 Lime-stabilized graded gravel, unscreened gravel and graded gravel without cohesive soil are used as the base of high-grade asphalt pavement
When layering, the particle composition of gravel and gravel shall comply with the graded gravel (6.2.4) or unscreened gravel (6.2.7) of this specification.
section) or graded gravel (section 7.2.3), and cohesive soil should be added. The total mass of lime and soil added is
The mass ratio of crushed stone or gravel should be 1:4~1:5, that is, the mass of crushed stone or gravel in the mixture should be no less than 80%.
10 The composition design of comprehensive stabilized soil is the same as the above steps.
4.4.1 The process flow of lime stabilized soil construction by road mixing method should be carried out in the sequence shown in Figure 4.4.1.
plastic surgery crush health care
Preparing for laying out construction of lower bearing layer
Preparing materials and spreading soil
lime, leveling and gentle mixing with watering and sprinkling of stuffing material Disposal and paving of
Figure 4.4.1 The process flow of lime stabilized soil road mixing method construction
4.4.2 Prepare the lower bearing layer, the requirements are the same as 3.4.2.
4.4.3 Construction setting out, the requirements are the same as 3.4.2.
In addition to complying with the requirements of Article 3.4.4, the following provisions shall also be complied with:
(1) When soil needs to be collected in layers, the soil should first be stacked on the field in layers, and then the upper and lower layers should be collected from front to back.
The soil is loaded and transported to the site.
(2) For cohesive soil with a plasticity index less than 15, during mechanical mixing, the soil quality and mechanical properties should be considered to determine whether
Requires sieving. When manually mixing, soil clods above 15mm should be screened out.
(3) Lime should be centrally stacked in a spacious site on both sides of the road, near water sources and with higher terrain. when stacked
When the time is long, it should be covered and sealed. When lime is piled in the centralized mixing site for a long time, it should also be covered and sealed.
(4) Quicklime blocks should be fully digested 7 to 10 days before use. The digested lime should maintain a certain humidity and should not
Dust must be generated, and it must not be too wet to form clumps.
(5) Slaked lime should pass through a sieve with an aperture of 10mm and be used as soon as possible.
4.4.5 Paving soil
The loose spreading coefficient of the soil should be determined in advance through experiments. When paving the mixture manually, the loose paving coefficient can be calculated according to Table 4.4.5
Select. Other requirements are the same as paragraphs 2 to 7 of Article 3.4.5.
Table 4.4.5 Loose paving coefficient of manual paving mixture
Material name Loose paving coefficient Remark
1.53~1.58 Manually spread soil and lime on site, mechanically mix, and manually level
lime soil
1.65~1.70 Centralized mixing off the road, transported to the site for manual paving of
lime soil and gravel 1.52~1.56 Centralized mixing off the road, transported to the site for manual paving
4.4.6 The requirements for sprinkling water and stuffing are the same as those in Article 3.4.6.
4.4.7 Leveling and gentle pressing are the same as those in 3.4.7.
4.4.8 Unloading and spreading lime
1 According to the calculated vertical and horizontal spacing of each truck of lime, mark the soil layer with lime and draw the edge line for paving lime.
2. Use a scraper to spread the lime evenly. After the lime is spread, there should be no blank space on the surface. Measure the loose thickness of lime and check whether the
amount of lime is appropriate based on the moisture content and bulk density of the lime.
4.4.9 Mixing and sprinkling
1. For highways of Class II and above, the requirements are the same as those in paragraph 1 of Article 3.4.9. However, when quicklime powder is used, it should be first
Use a grader or multi-share plow to turn the lime into the middle of the soil layer, but not to the bottom.
2. For lime-stabilized fine-grained soil and medium-grained soil on third- and fourth-class highways, in the absence of special mixing machinery, an agricultural rotary tiller can be
mixed four times with a multi-plow or grader. First use the rotary tiller to mix twice, then use a multi-plough or grader to turn up the bottom soil, then use the rotary tiller to mix twice, then use a
multi-plough or grader to turn up the bottom material again, and check and adjust at any time Plow the soil to such a depth that the stable soil layer is thoroughly plowed. It is strictly forbidden
to leave a layer of plain soil between the stable soil layer and the lower bearing layer, but it should also be prevented from plowing too deeply and damaging the surface of the lower bearing
layer too much. You can also use a notch disc harrow in conjunction with a multi-share plow or grader to mix lime to stabilize fine-grained soil, medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil. The
requirements are the same as paragraph 3 of Article 3.4.9 of this specification.
3. The moisture content and inspection of the mixture during the mixing process should comply with the provisions of paragraphs 1 to 5 of Article 3.4.10.
4. When grading gravel or gravel for lime stabilization, the lime and the cohesive soil to be added should be mixed evenly first, and then
Spread evenly on the graded gravel or gravel layer and mix together.
5. When lime is used to stabilize clay with a large plasticity index, two stirrings should be used. Add 70% to 100% of the predetermined amount for the first time
Mix a certain amount of lime and let it sit for 1 to 2 days. Then make up the required amount of lime and mix it for the second time.
4.4.10 Shaping and rolling shall comply with the requirements of Articles 3.4.11 and 3.4.12.
4.4.11 Treatment of seams and U-turns
1. The connection between two working sections constructed on the same day shall be in the form of overlap. After mixing and shaping in the previous section, leave 5~8mm
Without rolling, during the construction of the latter section, the uncompressed part of the previous section should be mixed together.
2. Mixing machinery and other machinery should not turn around on the lime-stabilized soil layer that has been pressed. If a U-turn is necessary, measures should be taken
to protect the U-turn part so that the lime-stabilized soil surface layer is not damaged.
3 The treatment of longitudinal joints shall comply with the provisions of paragraph 4 of Article 3.4.13 of this specification.
Follow the provisions of Section 3.5.
4.6 Artificial roadside mixing method construction 4.6.1 Artificial
roadside mixing construction can be used for small projects on Class II and below highways. 4.6.2 Material preparation
1. Transport the soil
materials that need to be stabilized to the road in pre-calculated quantities and stack them in piles. Leave a gap at a certain distance.
mouth.
2. Transport the slaked lime to the road in the pre-calculated quantity and unload it directly on or next to the soil mound. 4.6.3 Mixing 1. Sieve mixing
method. Mix the soil
and lime or alternately pass them through a sieve with a hole diameter of 15 mm. The remaining soil blocks should be broken and sieved.
After sifting, add appropriate amount of water and mix until uniform.
2. Stirring method: Dry-mix the sifted soil and lime 1 to 2 times, then add water and mix for no less than 3 times until uniform. 3. In order to ensure that the moisture content
of the mixture is
sufficient and even, the stuffing material can be stacked after mixing on the same day, and then paved the next day. 4.6.4 Paving: Spread the mixed lime
soil mixture evenly
according to the loose paving thickness. 4.6.5 Shaping and rolling are the same as Articles
3.4.11 and 3.4.12 of this
specification.
4.7.1 Lime-stabilized soil should maintain a certain humidity during the curing period and should not be too wet or dry and wet. The health period should not be less than 7 days. After
each watering, the surface layer should be compacted with a two-wheel roller. 1~2 days after the lime stabilized soil base layer is rolled, when the surface layer is relatively dry (for
example, the moisture content of lime soil is not more than 10%, and the moisture content of lime granular soil is 5%~6%), the penetration layer can be sprayed immediately Asphalt,
and then make a lower seal or pave surface layer, but heavy vehicles should be prohibited from passing through in the initial stage.
4.7.2 On the lime-stabilized soil layer that has not been covered during the curing period, traffic should be closed except for sprinklers. On the lime-stabilized soil layer with covering
measures, when traffic cannot be closed, the vehicle speed should be limited to no more than 30km/h, and heavy trucks are prohibited from passing.
4.7.3 After the curing period, before paving the asphalt surface layer, the base layer should be cleaned and permeable asphalt should be sprayed or a lower sealing layer should be
made. If the surface layer is asphalt concrete, after spraying the penetration layer of asphalt, 5~10mm of small crushed (gravel) stones should be spread.
The stone should be spread evenly over about 60% of the area. If the sprayed permeable asphalt can penetrate into the base layer and the operating vehicles on it will not damage the
asphalt membrane, it is not necessary to sprinkle small gravel (gravel).
When spraying asphalt, the upper layer of lime-stabilized soil should be relatively moist.
4.7.4 When constructing lime stabilized soil in layers, after the lower layer of lime stabilized soil is rolled and compacted, the upper layer of lime stabilized soil can be laid immediately
without a special curing period.
4.8 Others
If there is a thin asphalt surface layer on the lime stabilized soil layer, each side of the base layer should be more than 20cm wider than the surface layer. Spray a layer of asphalt
or set a sealing layer on the entire width of the base layer, and make the edges of the asphalt surface layer outward into a triangle.
When installing curbs, care must be taken to prevent the curbs from blocking the drainage of surface water on the road surface and water in the structural layer.
4.8.2 When using lime to stabilize low plasticity soil, the following key points should be mastered during construction:
(1) It is advisable to crush in two stages: in the first stage, sprinkle more water and then use a crawler tractor to crush it 2 to 3 times to reach the initial level.
In the second stage, when the water content is close to the optimal moisture content, it will be compacted with a 12t or more roller.
(2) When there is a shortage of crawler tractors, after watering, first roll it twice with a light roller, then cover it with a layer of plain soil, and continue to compact it with a 12t or
more roller. After curing, clean the plain soil layer.

5 Lime industrial waste stabilized soil
5.1.1 Available industrial wastes include: fly ash, coal slag, blast furnace slag, steel slag (which has been stabilized after disintegration),
And other metallurgical slag, coal gangue, etc.
5.1.2 Lime industrial waste stabilized soil can be divided into the following two categories:
(1) Lime fly ash.
(2) Lime and other waste residues.
5.1.3 Lime industrial waste stabilized soil can be applied to the base and sub-base of highways at all levels, but two ash, two ash soil and two ash
Sand should not be used as the base layer for high-grade road surfaces of Class II and above.
5.1.4 The lime industrial waste residue mixture is calculated by mass ratio, based on the mass of lime::fly ash:aggregate (or soil)
Quantitative ratio expression.
5.1.5 The construction of lime industrial waste stabilized soil should be organized in late spring and summer. The daily minimum temperature during the construction period should be below 5ÿ
and should be completed one month to one and a half months before the arrival of the first heavy freeze (-3~-5ÿ).
5.1.6 When constructing the lime industrial waste stabilized soil structural layer, the following regulations should be observed:
(2) Lime should be spread evenly.
(5) Rolling should be carried out when the mixture is at or slightly greater than the optimal moisture content until the following heavy compaction conditions are reached:
Required compaction determined by test method:
Grassroots level:
Expressways and first-class highwaysÿ 98%
Stabilizes medium- and coarse-grained soils 97%
Stable fine-grained soil 93%
Base layer:
Expressways and first-class highwaysÿ

Note: ÿ Since there are currently a variety of high-energy road rollers, the compaction degree should be increased by 1% to 2%.
(6) Lime industry waste stabilized soil should be rolled with a roller of more than 12 tons. When rolling with a 12~15t three-wheel roller, the compacted thickness of each layer
should not exceed 15cm; when rolling with a 18~20t three-wheeled roller and vibratory roller, the compacted thickness of each layer should not exceed 20cm. For lime-graded aggregates,
when rolling with a high-energy vibrating roller, or for lime soil, using a vibrating goat's foot roller in combination with a three-wheel roller, the compacted thickness of each layer can be
appropriately increased based on tests. When the compaction thickness exceeds the above regulations, it should be laid in layers. The minimum compaction thickness of each layer is 10cm,
and the lower layer should be slightly thicker. For lime industrial waste stabilized soil, it should be rolled first with a light-duty roller and then with a heavy-duty roller.
(7) It must be moisturized and maintained to prevent the surface of the lime industrial waste stabilized soil layer from drying out.
(8) When there is no sealing layer or surface layer on the lime industrial waste stabilized soil base, traffic should be closed to protect the surface layer from
destroy. When construction is interrupted and traffic is temporarily opened, protective measures must be taken.
5.1.7 When constructing the base layer of lime industrial waste residue, it is strictly forbidden to use thin-layer supplementary methods for leveling.
5.1.8 For roads below the second level, when lime industrial waste is used as the base and sub-base, the road mixing method can be used; for second level roads, a special stabilized soil
mixer should be used, or the centralized plant mixing method should be used. Mixture.
5.1.9 For expressways and first-class highways, the lower layer of the subbase directly paved on the soil base can be constructed using a special stabilized soil mixer. If the upper layer of the
soil base has been treated with lime or curing agent, the subbase will be The lower layer of the base layer should also be mixed with centralized mixing method. Each stable soil layer above is
mixed with a centralized plant mixing method, and a paver is used to spread the base mixture.
5.2 Materials
5.2.1 The quality of lime used in lime industrial waste stabilized soil should comply with the technical indicators of Grade III slaked lime or Grade III quick lime specified in Table 4.2.2 of this
specification. The storage time of lime should be shortened as much as possible. If the storage time is longer, it should be covered and sealed. measures and keep them properly.
Extra-grade lime, shell lime, coral lime, carbide slag, etc. with an effective calcium content of more than 20% can be used when the strength of the mixture passes the test and meets
the standards in Table 5.3.1.
5.2.2 The total content of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 in fly ash should be greater than 70%, and the loss on ignition of fly ash should not exceed 20%; the specific surface area of fly ash should
be greater than 2500cm2 /g (or 90% should pass 0.3 mm mesh, 70% passes 0.075mm mesh).
Both dry fly ash and wet fly ash can be applied. The moisture content of wet fly ash should not exceed 35%.
5.2.3 The maximum particle size of coal slag should not be larger than 30mm. The particle composition should have a certain gradation and should not contain impurities.
5.2.4 It is advisable to use cohesive soil (loamy clay) with a plasticity index of 12 to 20. The maximum particle size of soil clods should not be larger than 15mm.
Soil with an organic matter content exceeding 10% should not be used.
5.2.5 The medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil stabilized by fly ash should not contain plastic index soil.
5.2.6 Lime stabilized soil used for Grade II and below highways should meet the following requirements:
1. When lime-stabilized soil is used as the subbase, the maximum particle size of stone particles should not exceed 53mm.
2 When lime-stabilized soil is used as the base layer, the maximum particle size of stone particles should not exceed 37.5mm; gravel, gravel or
The mass of other granular materials should account for more than 80% and comply with the gradation range of Table 5.2.6-1 or Table 5.2.6-2.
5.2.7 Lime stabilized soil used for highways and first-class highways should meet the following requirements:
1. When lime-stabilized soil is used as the subbase, the maximum particle size of gravel and gravel particles in the soil should not exceed 37.5mm.
All kinds of fine-grained soil, medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil can be stabilized with lime and used as subbase.
Table 5.2.6-1 Particle composition range of aggregates in lime-graded gravel
serial number
Pass quality percentage (%) 1 2
Sieve hole size (mm)

37.5 100
31.5 85ÿ100 100
19.0 65ÿ85 85ÿ100
9.50 50ÿ70 55ÿ75
4.75 35ÿ55 39ÿ59
2.36 25ÿ45 27ÿ47
1.18 17ÿ35 17ÿ35
0.60 10ÿ27 10ÿ25
0.075 0ÿ15 0ÿ10
2. When fly ash stabilized soil is used as the base layer, the mass of fly ash should account for 15% and no more than 20%. The minimum mass of stone particles should be
The large particle size should not exceed 31.5mm, and its particle composition should comply with the range of No. 2 gradation in Table 5.2.6-1 or Table 5.2.6-2ÿ.
The content of particles with a particle size less than 0.075mm should be close to 0.
Note: ÿ The particle composition range of the gradation listed in the table is based on high strength, small dry shrinkage and strong erosion resistance. This particle
The composition range can be changed, but the strength of the changed two-ash grade aggregate, especially the dry shrinkage and erosion resistance, should be
It is superior to the properties of two-gray grade aggregates blended according to the particle composition range listed in the table.
3. The gravel or crushed stone used should be pre-screened into 3 to 4 different particle sizes, and then blended into particle compositions.
Mixtures with the gradation range listed in Table 5.2.6-1 or Table 5.2.6-2.
5.2.8 The crushing value of crushed stone or gravel should meet the following requirements:
Grassroots level:
Base layer:

Table 5.2.6.2 Particle composition range of aggregates in lime-graded sand and gravel
Number passing quality percentage (%) 1 2
Sieve hole size (mm)
37.5 100
31.5 90ÿ100 100
19.0 72ÿ90 81ÿ98
9.50 48ÿ68 52ÿ70
4.75 30ÿ50 30ÿ50
2.36 18ÿ38 18ÿ38
1.18 10ÿ27 10ÿ27
0.60 6ÿ20 6ÿ20
0.075 0ÿ7 0ÿ7
5.2.9 All drinking water (including drinking water for livestock) can be used.
1 The 7-day immersion compressive strength of lime industrial waste stabilized soil should comply with the requirements in Table 5.3.1.
Table 5.3.1 Compressive strength standards of lime mixture
road grade
Second-class and lower-class roads Expressways and first-class highways
Stratum
base (MPa) 0.6ÿ0.8 0.8ÿ1.1ÿ
Subbase (MPa) ÿ0.5 ÿ0.6
Note: ÿ The lower limit value is used for expressways with a design cumulative standard axle number less than 12×106 ; for highways with a design cumulative standard axle number greater than 12× 106
Use the median value for highways; use the high limit for highways that mainly carry heavy-duty vehicles. For a specific highway, it should be
Adopt a certain intensity standard based on traffic conditions.
2 The composition design of lime industrial waste stabilized soil should be based on the strength standards in Table 5.3.1, and the most suitable one should be selected through experiments.
Suitable for stable soil, determine the ratio of lime to fly ash or lime to cinder, determine the ratio of lime fly ash or lime cinder to
The mass ratio of soil determines the optimal moisture content of the mixture.
3. For silicon-aluminum fly ash with a CaO content of 2% to 6%, when lime fly ash is used as the base or sub-base, the lime
The ratio to fly ash can be 1:2~1:9.
4. When using lime soil as the base or sub-base, the ratio of lime to fly ash can be 1:2~1:4 (for silt soil,
(1:2 is appropriate), the ratio of lime fly ash and fine-grained soil can be 30:70ÿ~90:10.
Note: ÿ When using this ratio, the ratio of lime to fly ash should be 1:2~1:3.
5. When using two-ash grade aggregate as the base layer, the ratio of lime to fly ash can be 1:2~1:4, and the ratio of lime to fly ash can be
The ratio to aggregate should be 20:80~15:85.

6. When using lime cinder as the base or sub-base, the ratio of lime to cinder can be 20:80~15:85.
7. When using lime cinder soil as the base or sub-base, the ratio of lime to cinder can be 1:1~1:4, and the ratio of lime cinder to fine-grained soil can be 1:1~1:4.
The lime in the mixture should not be less than 10%, or a higher strength mix ratio should be selected through experiments.
8. When using lime cinder aggregate as the base or sub-base, lime: cinder: aggregate can be selected (7~9): (26~33): (67~58).
9. In order to improve the early strength of lime industrial waste residue, 1% to 2% cement can be added.
10 Various tests of various mixtures should be carried out in accordance with the "Testing Procedures for Stable Materials of Inorganic Binders in Highway Engineering"
(JTJ057).
5.3.2 Testing of raw materials
Before the construction of lime industrial waste stabilized soil, representative samples should be taken for the following tests:
(1) Soil particle analysis;
(3) Stone crushing value test;
(5) Effective calcium and magnesium oxide content of lime;
(6) Collect or test the chemical composition, fineness and loss on ignition of fly ash.
1 Prepare lime-fly ash mixtures with different proportions (such as 10:90, 15:85, 20:80, 25:75, 30:70, 35:65, 40:60, 45:55 and 50:50), Determine their respective
optimal moisture content and maximum dry density, determine the compressive strength of specimens of the same age and compaction degree, and select the proportion
of lime to fly ash at the maximum strength.
2 According to the two-lime ratio obtained in the above paragraph, prepare 4 to 5 kinds of two-lime soil or two-lime soil with different mixing ratios of the same soil sample.
Graded aggregates. The mixing ratio should be within the range listed in paragraph 4 of Article 5.3.1 or paragraph 5 of Article 5.3.1 of this Chapter.
3. Determine the optimal moisture content and maximum dry density of various lime soils or lime grade aggregates (using heavy-duty practical testing methods).
4 According to the required compaction degree, calculate the dry densities of two-lime soil and two-ash graded aggregate specimens at different mix ratios.
5 Prepare the specimen according to the optimal moisture content and calculated dry density. When conducting strength tests, the number of test specimens used
as parallel tests should comply with the requirements in Table 5.3.3. If the deviation coefficient of the test results is greater than the value specified in the table, the test should
be redone and the reasons should be found and solved. If the deviation coefficient cannot be reduced, the number of test pieces should be increased.
Table 5.3.3 Minimum number of test pieces
number of specimens ÿ10% 10%ÿ15% 15%ÿ20%
soil type
Fine-grained soil 6 9
Medium-grained 6 9 13
soil Coarse-grained soil 9 13
6 The specimens were kept moisturized and cured at the specified temperature for 6 days, and after being immersed in water for 24 hours, the unconfined compressive
strength test was carried out according to the "Test Procedure for Stable Materials of Inorganic
Binders in Highway Engineering" (JTJ057). 7 Calculate the average value and
deviation coefficient of the test results. 8Select the mix ratio of the mixture based on the strength standards in Table 5.3.1. Under this mix ratio, the indoor test results of the specimen were
The average compressive strength R of the fruit should meet the requirements of formula (5.3.3):
R ÿRd/(1-ZÿCv) (5.5.3)
Cv - the deviation coefficient of the test results (in decimals); Zÿ - the coefficient that
changes with the guarantee rate (or confidence ÿ) in the standard normal distribution table. The guarantee rate should be 95% for expressways and first-class
highways. That is, Zÿ=1.645; for other roads, the guarantee rate should be 90%, that is
Zÿ=1.282. 9. The
design of lime-coal mixture can refer to the design steps of the above-mentioned lime-fly ash mixture.
5.4.1 The construction of lime industrial waste stabilized soil should be carried out in the sequence shown in Figure 5.4.1.
plastic crush
surgery
Construction stakeout
Prepare the underlying layer Mixing and sprinkling
Transporting and paving aggregates Transporting and spreading lime
Transporting and spreading fly ash or cinder
Transporting and paving aggregates and paving lime mixtures
Ready mixed lime
Figure 5.4.1 Process flow chart for construction of lime industrial waste stabilized soil using road mixing method
5.4.2 Prepare the lower bearing layer, the requirements are the same as 3.4.2.
5.4.3 Construction setting out, the requirements are the same as 3.4.3.
1. Fly ash transported to the site should contain sufficient moisture to prevent dust. During dry and windy seasons, the surface of the pile should be kept moist or covered. If part of the fly ash condenses
into blocks during the stacking process, the ash blocks should be broken into pieces when used.
Fly ash is placed centrally on the site and should be covered to prevent excessive moisture from rain.
2 The preparation requirements for aggregate and lime are the same as those in 4.4.4.
3 Calculate material usage
According to the width, thickness and predetermined dry density of the lime industrial waste stabilized soil layer in each road section, the dry mixture quality required for each road section is calculated;
based on the mix ratio of the mixture, the moisture content of the material and the tonnage of the transport vehicle used, the dry mixture mass required for each road section is calculated. The stacking distance of
each load of materials.
4. If the material of the road shoulder is different from that of the stabilized soil layer of lime industrial waste residue, measures should be taken to build the shoulders. The road shoulders on both sides
should be built first. The compacted thickness of the shoulder material layer should be the same as the compacted thickness of the stabilized soil layer. On the road shoulder, temporary drainage trenches should
be excavated in staggered intervals of 5 to 10 meters.
5. On the lower bearing layer where the materials are intended to be stacked, water should be sprinkled before stacking to make the surface moist.
5.4.5 Transportation and paving
1. When loading materials, the quantity of materials in each truck should be controlled to be basically equal.
2 When using lime ash, fly ash should be transported to the site first; when lime ash is used to stabilize soil, the soil should be transported to the site first. In the road section where materials are
supplied from the same material yard, the materials should be unloaded on the lower bearing layer from far to near according to the distance calculated in paragraph 3 of Article 5.4.4 of this Chapter. The unloading
distance should be even.
3. A gap should be left in the material pile at certain distances. Materials should not be piled on the underlying layer for too long.
4. The loose paving coefficient of various materials and mixtures should be determined through experiments.
5. When using mechanical road mixing, the layer spreading method should be used. That is, after each material is spread evenly, it should be rolled with a two-wheel roller.
Press 1 to 2 times before transporting and spreading the next material.
When paving each layer of material, it should be smooth and have the required road crown. The aggregate should be relatively moist, sprinkle a small amount if necessary
water.
5.4.6 Mixing and sprinkling
1. For roads of Class II and above, a special stabilized soil mixer should be used for mixing, and dry mixing should be done twice first.
2. When mixing with a stabilized soil mixer, the mixing depth should reach the bottom of the stable layer, and should penetrate 5~10mm into the lower bearing layer (not too much) to strengthen the
bond between the upper and lower layers. A dedicated person should be assigned to follow the mixer, check the mixing depth at any time and cooperate with the mixer operator to adjust the mixing depth. The
mixed layer laid directly on the soil base should avoid plain soil interlayers, and the other layers are strictly prohibited from leaving plain soil interlayers at the bottom of the mixed layer. Usually, the mixture is mixed
more than two times. Before the final mixing, if necessary, use a multi-plow to stir closely to the bottom surface.
3. For third- and fourth-class highways, in the absence of special mixing machinery, if the fine-grained soil and medium-grained soil stabilized by lime ash are used, a rotary tiller can
be used in conjunction with a multi-plow or grader to dry-mix four times. Use a rotary tiller to mix twice first, then use a multi-plough or grader to turn up the bottom soil, then use a rotary tiller
to mix it a second time, use a multi-plough or grader to turn up the bottom material again, and check at any time Adjust the depth of plowing so that all stable soil layers are plowed through. It
is strictly forbidden to leave a layer of plain soil between the stable soil layer and the lower bearing layer, but it should also be prevented from plowing too deeply and damaging the surface of
the lower bearing layer too much.
4. For third- and fourth-class highways, if there is no special mixing machinery, such as mixing lime-stabilized medium-grained soil and coarse-grained soil, a notched disc rake can
also be used for dry mixing with a multi-share plow or grader. Use a grader or multi-share plow to mix in the front, and use a disc rake to mix in the back, that is, use a method of turning and
raking at the same time. The speed of the disc rake should be as fast as possible to mix the ash and aggregate evenly. Plow a total of four times. The first two times should not be plowed to
the bottom to prevent the ash from falling to the bottom. The following two times should be plowed to the bottom. Check and adjust the plowing depth at any time. The requirements are the
same as the above paragraph.
5. Use a nozzle-type water truck to evenly spray water on the dry-mixed mixture. The watering distance should be longer. The starting point of the water truck and the U-turn point at
the other end should be more than 2m beyond the mixing section. The sprinkler truck should not turn around or stop on the road section where mixing is being carried out or where mixing is
planned for the day, and excessive local water volume should be prevented.
6. The mixing machinery should be mixed immediately behind the sprinkler truck. Especially on road sections with large longitudinal slopes, the mixing machinery should be closely
coordinated to reduce water loss.
7. During the process of sprinkling water and mixing, the moisture content of the mixture should be checked in time. The moisture content should be about 1% greater than the optimal moisture content
right.
8. During the mixing process, the mixing depth should be checked in time to ensure that the entire depth of the lime industrial waste layer is evenly mixed. The sign that the mixing is
complete is: the mixture has a consistent color, no gray strips, ash balls and flower surfaces, no "nests" or "bands" of thick and fine particles, and the moisture content is appropriate and
uniform.
9. For two-ash grade aggregate, lime and fly ash should be mixed evenly first, then evenly spread on the aggregate layer, and then mixed together.
5.4.7 Plastic surgery
1 Grader shaping
(1) After the mixture is mixed evenly, use a grader to initially level and shape it. In straight sections and flat curved sections without superelevation, the grader will scrape from
both sides to the center of the road; in flat curved sections with superelevation, the grader will scrape from the inside to the outside. If necessary, go back and scrape again.
(2) Use a tractor, grader or tire roller to quickly roll it over 1 to 2 times to expose potential unevenness.
(3) Use a grader to shape as described in (1), and roll it again with the machine as described in (2). Had plastic surgery
During the process, the segregation of coarse and fine aggregates should be eliminated in time.
(4) For local low-lying areas, use a tooth rake to loosen the surface layer above 5cm, and use fresh lime-grade aggregate to patch and level it.
(5) Use the grader to shape again.
(6) Each reshaping must be carried out according to the specified slope and road crown, and special attention should be paid to the smoothness and smoothness of the joints.
2artificial plastic surgery

The mixture is first spread out manually using shovels and rakes, and preliminary shaping is done using road crown boards. After initial pressing with a tractor 1 to 2 times, determine the
elevation of the longitudinal and transverse sections according to the loose paving coefficient determined by the test, and nail the piles and hang the wires. Use a spade rake to shape according to the
line, and then use the road crown plate to correct the shape.
3. During the shaping process, no vehicles must be allowed to pass.
4. After preliminary shaping, check the loose thickness of the mixture and add or reduce material if necessary. The loose paving coefficient of lime soil is about 1.5~1.7; the loose paving
coefficient of lime cinder aggregate is about 1.3~1.5; the loose paving coefficient of manually paved lime cinder soil is 1.6~1.8; the loose paving coefficient of lime cinder aggregate is 1.4. When
mechanical mixing and mechanical shaping are used, the aggregate loosening coefficient is about 1.2~1.3.
5.4.8 Rolling, the requirements are the same as Article 3.4.12 of this specification.
5.4.9 The requirements for the treatment of joints and U-turns are the same as those in Article 3.4.13 of this specification.
5.5.1 The lime industrial waste mixture can be mixed centrally using a variety of machines at the central station, or can be mixed in batches on-site using road mixing machinery or manually. For
expressways and first-class highways, special stabilized soil centralized plant mixing machinery should be used to mix the mixture. When centralized mixing, the following requirements should be met:
(1) The maximum size of soil blocks should not be larger than 15mm; fly ash blocks should not be larger than 12mm, and 9.5mm and 2.36mm
The throughput of the screen holes should be greater than 95% and 75% respectively.
(2) Gravel or crushed stone of different sizes and fine aggregates should be stacked separately.
(3) Lime, fly ash and fine aggregate should be covered to prevent excessive moisture from rain.
(4) The ingredients should be accurate and the mixing should be
even. (5) The moisture content of the mixture should be slightly greater than the optimal moisture content, so that the moisture content of the mixture when transported to the site for paving
and rolling can be close to the optimal value.
5.5.2 The centralized mixing process of lime industrial waste stabilized soil is carried out according to Figure 5.5.2.
5.5.3 Except for meeting the following two paragraphs, other requirements are the same as Section 3.5 of this specification.
1. The stacking time of the mixed material should not exceed 24 hours. The mixed material should be transported to the paving site on the same day. The mixed material should not be piled
for a long time.
2 About horizontal seams
If the end of the compacted layer is not supported by square timbers and forms a slope after rolling, the end slope should be excavated and dug horizontally (towards the center line of the
road) before starting to pave the new mixture the next day. vertical) vertically downward section. The scooped out mixture can still be used after adding water to the optimal moisture content and
mixing evenly.
Note: ÿ The fly ash, lime, soil and fine aggregate entering the lower hopper should not be wet.
ÿ If two-ash grade aggregates are used for mixing the base layer, there should be at least three aggregate hoppers for loading coarse and fine aggregates.
5.6 Artificial roadside mixing method construction
5.6.1 For roads below the second level and small projects that are not suitable for mechanical construction, manual roadside mixing method can be used for construction.
5.6.2 Material preparation
1. Transport the fine soil or aggregate to the road in pre-calculated quantities (or convert them into volumes) and stack them in piles, and gaps should be left at certain intervals.
2. Transport fly ash or cinder to the road according to the pre-calculated quantity (or convert it into volume) and unload it directly on the fine soil pile or next to the aggregate pile.
3. Transport the lime to the road according to the pre-calculated quantity (or converted into volume) and unload it directly on the fly ash or cinder.
5.6.3 Mixing
1. Mix the soil, fly ash and lime using the sieving and mixing method or alternately pass them through a sieve with an aperture of 15mm, and sift out the remaining soil and fly ash.
The pieces are broken into pieces and sieved. After sifting, add appropriate water to 1% to 2% more than the optimal water content, and mix evenly.
2. Stirring method: Dry-mix the sieved soil, fly ash or cinder and lime 1 to 2 times, then add water and mix evenly. It should not be less than 3 times.
3. For fly ash aggregate and lime cinder aggregate, lime and fly ash or cinder should be mixed evenly first, and then mixed evenly with the aggregate.
4. In order to make the moisture of the mixture uniform, it is advisable to stack the stuffing material after mixing on the same day, and then spread it the next day.
5.6.4 Paving
Spread the mixed mixture evenly according to the loose thickness.
5.6.5 Shaping and rolling
Same as Articles 5.4.7 and 5.4.8 of this specification.
5.7.1 The curing of the lime industrial waste stabilized soil layer begins on the second or third day after the completion of rolling. The number of waterings per day depends on the
climatic conditions. The surface should always be kept moist. Water soaking can also be used for curing. For the base layer of lime-stabilized coarse and medium-grained soil, asphalt
emulsion and asphalt lower sealing layer can also be used for curing. The curing period is generally 7 days.
5.7.2 The lime layer should be cured by soaking in water, and the curing period should be 14 days.
5.7.3 During the health care period, traffic should be closed except for sprinklers.
5.7.4 For the limestone aggregate base layer, after the curing period, it is advisable to allow construction vehicles to drive slowly for 7 to 10 days to remove the thin layer of limestone
on the surface, or use a mechanical sweep with a wire brush to remove the limestone on the surface. TLC. After sweeping and rinsing, spray the through-coat or sticky-coat asphalt.
After spraying the penetration layer or sticky layer asphalt, it is advisable to spread 5 to 10 mm of small crushed (gravel) stones, and the small crushed (gravel) stones should be evenly
spread over about 60% to 70% of the area ÿ. The base course of the asphalt surface course should then be laid as early as possible.
On the cleaned base layer, a lower sealing layer can also be made first to prevent the base layer from shrinking and cracking, and at the same time protect the base layer
from damage by construction vehicles. It is advisable to start laying the bottom layer of asphalt surface layer within 10 to 30 days after laying the lower seal layer. If it is a cement
concrete surface layer, it is not advisable to expose the base layer to the sun for a long time to avoid cracking.
Note: ÿ If the sprayed permeable asphalt can penetrate the base layer, the asphalt will not be damaged when the transport vehicle and the surface layer mixture paver drive on it.
When applying film, you do not need to sprinkle small gravel (gravel).
5.7.5 When the lime industrial waste base is constructed in layers, the upper layer can be laid immediately after the lower layer is rolled, without a special curing period. It can also be
cured for 7 days before laying another layer.
5.8 Others
For example, if there is a thin asphalt surface layer on the lime industrial waste layer, each side of the base layer should be more than 20cm wider than the surface layer. All at the grassroots level
Spray a penetration layer or adhesive layer of asphalt or set a sealing layer on the width, and the edges of the asphalt surface layer should be shaped into a triangle outward.
If curbs are installed, care must be taken to prevent the curbs from blocking the drainage of surface water on the road surface and water in the structural layer.
Grade 6 with gravel
6.1.1 The graded gravel used for the base and sub-base of secondary and above highways should be pre-screened into several groups of gravel with different particle sizes (such
as 37.5~19mm, 19~9.5mm, 9.5~4.75mm). Stone) and stone chips below 4.75mm.
6.1.2 On other grades of highways, graded gravel can be composed of unscreened gravel and stone chips.
6.1.3 When there is a lack of stone chips, fine gravel or coarse sand can be added. Gravel containing more fine aggregates with suitable particle composition can also be combined
with unscreened gravel to form graded crushed gravel.
6.1.4 Graded gravel can be used for the base and sub-base of highways at all levels.
6.1.5 Graded gravel can be used as an intermediate layer between the thinner asphalt surface layer and the semi-rigid base layer.
6.1.6 When graded gravel is used as the base layer of secondary and lower-grade highways, its maximum particle size should be controlled within 37.5mm; when graded gravel is
used as the base layer of expressways and first-class highways and semi-rigid When used as the middle layer of pavement, its maximum particle size should be controlled below
31.5mm.
6.1.7 When constructing the graded gravel layer, the following regulations should be observed:
(1) The particle composition should be a smooth curve.
(2) The ingredients must be accurate.
(3) The plasticity index should comply with regulations.
(4) The mixture must be mixed evenly without segregation of coarse and fine particles.
(5) Roll compaction at the optimal moisture content until the following required compaction degree determined according to the heavy compaction test method is reached:
Middle layer 100%
98% at the grassroots level
Base layer 96%
(6) A three-wheel roller of 12t or more should be used for rolling, and the compacted thickness of each layer should not exceed 15~18cm. with heavy duty vibration
When rolled by a road roller and a tire roller, the compacted thickness of each layer can reach 20cm.
(7) When the graded gravel base layer is not sprinkled with asphalt or the sealing layer is not paved, it is prohibited to open to traffic to protect the surface layer from
damage.
6.1.8 When graded gravel is used as the middle layer of semi-rigid pavement or as the base layer of second-class or above highways, the mixture should be mixed using a
centralized plant mixing method and paved with a paver.
6.2 Materials
6.2.1 The material of rolled gravel can be various types of rocks (except soft rocks), cobbles or slag. The particle size of the cobblestone should be more than 3 times the maximum
particle size of the gravel; the slag should be disintegrated and stable, and its dry density and quality should be relatively uniform, with a dry density of not less than 960kg/m3 .
6.2.2 The total content of needle-like flake particles in the gravel should not exceed 20%. There should be no clay, plants or other harmful substances in the gravel.
quality.
6.2.3 Stone chips or other fine aggregates can be made from fine screen residues from general gravel yards, or rolled asphalt surface treatment can be used.
The remaining finely screened materials when using stones for governance and penetration, or specially rolled fine gravel aggregates. You can also use natural gravel or coarse sand
Instead of stone chips. Natural gravel should be of appropriate particle size and oversized particles should be screened out if necessary. natural gravel
Or the coarse sand should have better gradation.
6.2.4 When graded gravel or graded gravel is used as the base layer of secondary and lower-grade highways, its particle composition and plasticity index
The number should meet the requirements of No. 1 grading in Table 6.2.4. When graded gravel is used as the base layer of highways and first-class highways, it
The particle composition and plasticity index should meet the requirements of No. 2 gradation in Table 6.2.4. At the same time, the grading curve should be a smooth curve.
6.2.5 When the plasticity index is too large, the product of the plasticity index and the content of fine soil below 0.5mm should comply with the following regulations:
Certainly:
Table 6.2.4 Particle composition range of graded crushed stone or graded crushed gravel
serial number
project
37.5 100
31.5 90ÿ100 100
19.0 73ÿ88 85ÿ100

Sieve hole size 9.5 49ÿ69 52ÿ74
ÿmmÿ
4.75 29ÿ54 29ÿ54
2.36 17ÿ37 17ÿ37
0.6 8ÿ20 8ÿ20

ÿ ÿ
0.075 0ÿ7 0ÿ7
Liquid limit (%) ÿ28 ÿ28

ÿ ÿ
Plasticity index <6 (or 9 ÿ <6 (or 9 ÿ
Note: ÿ The plastic index in humid and rainy areas should be less than 6, and in other areas the plastic index should be less than 9.
ÿ For non-plastic mixtures, the particle content smaller than 0.075mm should be close to the high limit.
(1) In areas with annual rainfall less than 600mm, when the groundwater level has no impact on the soil foundation, the product should not be greater than 120;
(2) In humid and rainy areas, the product should not be greater than 100.
6.2.6 When graded gravel is used as the middle layer, its particle composition and plasticity index should comply with the regulations of No. 2 gradation in Table 6.2.4.
6.2.7 When unscreened gravel is used as the subbase of secondary and lower-grade highways, its particle composition and plasticity index should comply with
The provisions of No. 1 grading in Table 6.2.7; when used as the base layer of expressways and first-class highways, its particle composition and plasticity
The index should comply with the provisions of No. 2 grading in Table 6.2.7.
6.2.8 The crushing value of the stones used in graded crushed stone or graded crushed gravel should meet the following requirements:
Grassroots level:
Expressways and first-class highways shall not exceed 26%

D Not more than 30%
Base layer:
D Not more than 35%
Table 6.2.7 Unscreened gravel subbase particle composition range
serial number
project
53 100
37.5 85ÿ100 100
31.5 69ÿ88 83ÿ100
19.0 40ÿ65 54ÿ84

Sieve hole size
9.5 19ÿ43 29ÿ59
ÿmmÿ
4.75 10ÿ30 17ÿ45
2.36 8ÿ25 11ÿ35
0.6 6ÿ18 6ÿ21
0.075 0ÿ10 0ÿ10
Liquid limit ÿ28 ÿ28

ÿ ÿ
(%) Plasticity index <6 (or 9 ÿ <6 (or 9 ÿ
Note: ÿ In humid and rainy areas, the plastic index should be less than 6, and in other areas the plastic index should be less than 9.
6.3.1 The process flow of graded gravel road mixing method construction should comply with the sequence in Figure 6.3.1.
6.3.2 Related to the underlying layer
1. The lower bearing layer should not be made into a trough section.
2. Prepare the lower bearing layer. The relevant requirements are the same as those in Article 3.4.2.
6.3.3 When setting out after work, the relevant requirements are the same as those in Article 3.4.3.
1 Calculate material usage
(1) When using unscreened gravel and stone chips to form graded gravel, calculate the unscreened gravel and stone chips according to the requirements of Table 6.2.4.
The mix ratio of stone chips.
(2) When using single-sized gravel and stone chips of different sizes to form graded gravel, calculate according to the requirements of Table 6.2.4
Mixing ratios of gravel and stone chips of different sizes.

(3) According to the width, thickness and specified compacted dry density of the base or sub-base of each road section and the determined mix ratio, calculate the amount of unscreened gravel and stone
chips required for each section or different grades of gravel and stone chips. The number of chips and the stacking distance of each load of materials are calculated.
2. The moisture content of unscreened gravel should be about 1% greater than the optimal moisture content.
3. Unscreened gravel and stone chips can be mixed in the material yard according to a predetermined proportion, and at the same time sprinkled with water and humidified, so that the moisture content of the
mixture exceeds the optimal moisture content by about 1%.
6.3.5 Transporting and paving aggregates
1. When loading aggregates, the quantity of materials in each truck should be controlled to be basically equal.
2 In the road section where materials are supplied from the same material yard, aggregates should be unloaded from far to near. The discharge distance should be strictly controlled to avoid insufficient or
excessive material. When unscreened gravel and stone chips are transported separately, the gravel should be transported first.
3. A gap should be left in the material pile at certain distances.
4. The accumulation time of aggregates on the lower bearing layer should not be too long. The transportation of aggregates should be carried out only a few days ahead of the process of paving aggregates.
5. The loose paving coefficient of the aggregate and the loose paving thickness should be determined through tests in advance. When paving the mixture manually, loosen it
The paving coefficient is about 1.40 to 1.50; when the grader spreads the mixture, its loose paving coefficient is about 1.25 to 1.35.
6. Use a grader or other suitable machine to spread the material evenly over the predetermined width. The surface should be as smooth as possible.
and have prescribed crowns. Shoulder materials should be paved at the same time.
7. Check the thickness of the loose material layer, and if necessary, reduce or replenish the material.
8 After the unscreened gravel is paved and smoothed, when it is relatively humid, the stone chips should be spread according to paragraph 1 of Article 6.3.4 of this specification.
The calculated distance is placed on top of it. Use a grader and manual labor to spread the stone chips evenly on the gravel layer and spread them evenly.
9. When using gravel and stone chips of different sizes, large gravel should be laid on the lower layer, medium gravel on the middle layer, and small gravel on the middle layer.
Spread on top. Sprinkle water to moisten the gravel before spreading the gravel chips.
6.3.6 Mixing and shaping
1. For roads of Class II and above, a special stabilized soil mixer should be used to mix graded gravel. For level two and below
For roads where there is no stabilizing soil mixer, a grader or a multi-plow plow combined with a notched disc harrow can be used.
Mix.
(1) The stabilized soil mixer should be used to mix the soil more than twice. The mixing depth should be down to the bottom of the graded gravel layer. At the end of the process
Before mixing again, if necessary, use a multi-plow to stir closely against the bottom surface.
(2) Use a grader to mix. It is advisable to stir 5 to 6 times to make the stone chips evenly distributed in the gravel. Grader mixing
The working length of each section should be 300~500m. The installation angle of the grader blade should comply with Table 6.3.6 and Figure 6.3.6
requirements.
At the end of mixing, the moisture content of the mixture should be uniform and about 1% greater than the optimal moisture content, and there should be no rough spots.
Fine particle segregation phenomenon.
Table 6.3.6 Motor grader blade installation angle
Mixing conditions: Plane angle ÿ(°) Inclination angle ÿ(°) Cut angle ÿ(°)
dry mix, 30ÿ50 45 3
wet mix 35ÿ40 45 2
(3) When using a notched disc harrow and a multi-plow plow to mix the graded gravel, use the multi-plow to mix in front, and the disc rake
Stir immediately afterwards, that is, use the method of turning and raking at the same time, turning and raking 4 to 6 times in total. The depth of the rake should be checked and adjusted at any time
Spend. When using a multi-share plow to mix, the first pass starts from the center of the road, and the mixture is turned toward the middle. At the same time, the machine should move forward slowly.
The second pass starts from both sides and turns the mixture outward. During the mixing process, sufficient moisture should be maintained. At the end of mixing,
The moisture content and uniformity of the mixture should comply with this
the requirements of paragraph (2).
2. Use the gradation that has been mixed evenly in the material yard.
When mixing gravel, if the mixture is rough after paving,
Fine particle segregation phenomenon should be compensated by grader.
Stir thoroughly.
3 Use a grader to mix the mixture evenly
Level and shape the road arch according to regulations.
During the shaping process, attention should be paid to eliminating the segregation of coarse and fine aggregates.
4 Use a tractor, grader or tire roller to quickly roll over the initially leveled road section to expose potential
Uneven.
5. Then use a grader for leveling and shaping.
6.3.7 Crush
1 After shaping, when the moisture content of the mixture is equal to or slightly greater than the optimal moisture content, immediately use a 12t or above three-wheel roller, vibratory roller or tire
roller for rolling. For straight lines and flat curve sections without superelevation, rolling starts from the shoulders on both sides toward the center of the road; for flat curve sections with superelevation, rolling
starts from the inner shoulder to the outer shoulder. When rolling, the rear wheels should overlap by 1/2 wheel width; the rear wheels must exceed the joint between the two sections. When the rear wheels
cover the entire width of the road, it is one pass. Rolling continues until the required density is reached. Generally, it needs to be rolled 6 to 8 times to ensure that there are no obvious wheel marks on the
surface. The rolling speed of the road roller is preferably 1.5-1.7km/h for the first two passes, and 2.0-2.5km/h thereafter.
2. Both sides of the road surface should be pressed 2 to 3 times more.
3. It is strictly prohibited for the roller to turn around or brake suddenly on the road section that has been completed or is being rolled.
4. All graded gravel layers containing soil should be rolled and compacted until no excess fine soil in the gravel layer reaches the surface.
Until the end. Any slurry that rolls to the surface (or a thin layer of soil that dries out afterwards) should be removed.
6.3.8 Treatment of transverse seams
The connection between the two working sections should be overlapped and mixed. After the first stage of mixing, leave 5 to 8m without rolling. The second stage
During construction, the uncompressed portion of the first section is left to be mixed and leveled with the second section before rolling.
6.3.9 Treatment of longitudinal seams
Longitudinal seams should be avoided. When paving must be divided into two sections, the longitudinal joints should be overlapped and mixed. The full width of the previous picture is compacted,
When mixing the latter piece, the adjacent front pieces should be overlapped and mixed by about 30cm, leveled and rolled together to make them dense.
6.4.1 The graded gravel mixture can be mixed centrally using a variety of machines at the central station, such as forced mixers, horizontal double-shaft paddle mixers, ordinary cement concrete mixers, etc.
6.4.2 For the graded gravel base and intermediate layers used on expressways and first-class highways, single-sized gravel and stone chips of different sizes should be used, and the graded gravel should
be mixed in a mixer according to a predetermined mix ratio. Mixture.
6.4.3 Fine aggregates such as gravel and stone chips of different sizes should be isolated and stacked separately.
6.4.4 Fine aggregate should be covered to prevent rain.
6.4.5 Before formally mixing the graded gravel mixture, the plant mixing equipment used must be debugged so that the particle composition and moisture content of the mixture can meet the specified
requirements.
6.4.6 When using unscreened gravel and stone chips, if the particle composition of the unscreened gravel or stone chips changes significantly, the equipment should be re-adjusted.
6.4.7 When using graded gravel for highways and first-class highways, asphalt concrete paver or other gravel paver should be used to spread the gravel mixture.
6.4.8 A dedicated person should be assigned behind the paver to eliminate the segregation of coarse and fine aggregates.
6.4.9 Use a vibratory roller or a three-wheel roller for rolling. The rolling method is the same as 6.3.7 of this specification.
6.4.10 When graded gravel is used for Class II and below highways, if there is no paver, an automatic grader (or paver box) can also be used to spread the mixture.
1 Calculate the paving area of each truck of mixture based on the thickness of the paving layer and the required compacted dry density.
2. Unload the mixture evenly in the center of the road width. When the road width is wide, the mixture can also be unloaded into two rows.
3 Use a grader to spread the mixture evenly according to the loose thickness.
4. Set up a three-person team to follow the grader to eliminate the segregation of coarse and fine aggregates in a timely manner. For "nests" of coarse aggregates and
"belts" of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates should be added and mixed evenly; for "nests" of fine aggregates, coarse aggregates should be added and mixed evenly.
6.4.11 The shaping and rolling of the mixture after paving it with a grader are the same as the road mixing method.
6.4.12 The transverse joints during centralized plant mixing method construction shall be handled as follows:
1. When paving the mixture with a paver, the mixture that is not compacted on the day close to the paver can be rolled together with the mixture paved the next day, but
attention should be paid to the moisture content of this part of the mixture. When necessary, water should be added manually to make the water content meet the specified
requirements.
2. When using a grader to spread the mixture, the daily working joints can be handled according to Article 6.3.8 of this specification.
6.4.13 Longitudinal joints should be avoided. If the paving width of the paver is not enough and the paving must be divided into two sections, it is advisable to use two pavers, one in
front and one behind, about 5 to 8 meters apart, to spread the mixture forward synchronously. When there is only one paver, you can first pave a certain length on one paver belt,
then drive to another paver belt to pave, and then roll them together.
6.4.14 When longitudinal joints cannot be avoided, the longitudinal joints must be connected vertically and should not be mitered, and should be handled as follows:
(1) When paving the previous section, square timber or steel formwork should be used as support on the side of the rear section.
The height is the same as the compacted thickness of the graded gravel layer;
(2) Remove the square timber or steel formwork before paving the last piece;
(3) If no square wood or steel formwork is used to support the previous section when paving it, the 30cm or so near the edge will be difficult to compact and form a slope.
When paving the next section, the incompletely compacted portion should be removed first. The parts that do not meet the road arch requirements are excavated and sprinkled with
additional water. After the last layer of mixture is paved, they are leveled and rolled together.
7 grade gravel
7.1.1 When natural gravel meets the specified grading requirements and the plasticity index is below 6 or 9, it can be directly used as the base layer.
7.1.2 For gravel with a relatively large plasticity index, a small amount of lime can be added to reduce its plasticity index, or non-plastic sand or stone chips can be used to blend it to
reduce its plasticity index to meet the requirements, or the plasticity index and fine soil (grain) can be mixed. The product of the content of particles with a diameter less than 0.5mm)
meets the requirements.
7.1.3 Some crushed stone or crushed gravel can be added to the natural gravel to improve the strength and stability of the mixture. The strength and stability of the mixture consisting
of natural gravel mixed with part of unscreened gravel is between graded gravel and graded gravel.
7.1.4 Graded gravel can be applied to the base layer of secondary and lower secondary roads with light traffic and the base layer of highways of all levels.
7.1.5 When constructing the graded gravel layer, the following regulations should be observed:
(1) Particle gradation should comply with regulations. (2)
The ingredients should be accurate.
(3) The plasticity index should comply with regulations.
(4) The mixture should be mixed evenly without segregation of coarse and fine particles.
(5) Roll compaction at the optimal moisture content until the following required compaction degree determined according to the heavy compaction test method is reached:
98% at the grassroots level
Base layer 96%
(6) Graded gravel should be rolled with a three-wheel roller of 12 tons or more, and the compacted thickness of each layer should not exceed 15 to 18 cm.
When rolling with heavy-duty vibratory rollers and tire rollers, the compacted thickness of each layer should not exceed 20cm.
(7) When the graded gravel base layer is not sprinkled with asphalt or the sealing layer is not paved, it is prohibited to open to traffic to protect the surface layer from damage.
bad.
7.2 Materials
7.2.1 When graded gravel is used as the base layer, the maximum particle size of the gravel should not exceed 37.5mm; when used as the sub-base layer, the maximum particle size
of the gravel should not exceed 53mm.
7.2.2 The content of slender and flat particles in gravel particles should not exceed 20%.
7.2.3 The particle composition and plasticity index of the graded gravel base layer should meet the requirements of Table 7.2.3, and the grading curve should be a smooth curve.
Table 7.2.3 Particle composition range of graded gravel base layer
serial number
Pass quality percentage (%) 1 2 3
project
53 100
37.5 90ÿ100 100
31.5 81ÿ94 90ÿ100 100
19.0 63ÿ81 73ÿ88 85ÿ100

Sieve hole size
9.5 45ÿ66 49ÿ69 52ÿ74
ÿmmÿ
4.75 27ÿ51 29ÿ54 29ÿ54
2.36 16ÿ35 17ÿ37 17ÿ37
0.6 8ÿ20 8ÿ20 8ÿ20

ÿ ÿ ÿ
0.075 0ÿ7 0ÿ7 0ÿ7
Liquid limit (%) ÿ28 ÿ28 ÿ28

ÿ ÿ ÿ
Plasticity index <6 (or 9 ) <6 (or 9 ) <6 (or 9 ÿ
Note: ÿ The plastic index in humid and rainy areas should be less than 6, and in other areas the plastic index should be less than 9.
ÿ For non-plastic mixtures, the particle content smaller than 0.075mm should be close to the high limit.
In the case where the plasticity index is too large, the product of the plasticity index and the content of fine soil below 0.5mm should comply with the following regulations:
Certainly:
(1) In medium-dry and arid areas with annual rainfall less than 600mm, when the groundwater level has no impact on the soil foundation, the product
Should not be greater than 120;
(2) In humid and rainy areas, the product should not be greater than 100.
7.2.4 When the dry density of graded gravel specimens prepared at optimal moisture content for base layer is the same as the pressure specified on the construction site,
When the dry density is the same, the bearing ratio after immersion for 4 days should not be less than 160%.
7.2.5 The gradation of gravel, gravel soil or other granular materials used as subbase shall be within the range of Table 7.2.5. liquid
The limit should be less than 28%, and the plasticity index should be less than 9.
Table 7.2.5 Grading range of gravel subbase
Sieve hole size 53 37.5 9.5 4.75 0.6 0.075
(mm) Passage mass percentage (%) 100 80ÿ100 40ÿ100 25ÿ85 8ÿ45 0ÿ15
7.2.6 When the dry density of graded gravel specimens prepared at optimal moisture content for sub-base is consistent with the construction site regulations,
When the compacted dry density is the same, the load-carrying ratio for 4 days of water immersion should be no less than 40% on light traffic roads and on medium traffic roads.
The road should be no less than 60%.
7.2.7 When graded gravel is used as the base layer, the aggregate crushing value of the stone should meet the following requirements:
Grassroots level:
D Not more than 30%
No more than 35% for third- and fourth-class highways
Base layer:
D Not more than 35%
7.3 Construction
7.3.1 The process flow of graded gravel construction shall be carried out in the sequence shown in Figure 7.3.1.
7.3.2 Prepare the underlying layer. The relevant requirements are the same as those in 3.4.2.
7.3.3 Construction setting out, the relevant requirements are the same as those in Article 3.4.3.
7.3.4 Calculate material usage
According to the width, thickness and predetermined dry density of the base or sub-base of each road section, calculate the amount of aggregate required for each section.
If graded gravel is synthesized from two types of aggregates, calculate the quantities of the two types of aggregates respectively; calculate the stacking distance of each vehicle based
on the moisture content of the aggregates in the material yard and the tonnage of the transport vehicles used.
7.3.5 Transporting and paving aggregates
1. When loading aggregates, the quantity of materials in each truck should be controlled to be basically equal.
2 In the road section where materials are supplied from the same material yard, materials should be unloaded on the lower bearing layer from far to near at a distance calculated in
accordance with Article 7.3.4 of this specification. The discharge distance should be strictly controlled to avoid insufficient or excessive material. When using two kinds of aggregates, the main
aggregate should be transported to the road first, and after the main aggregate is paved, the other aggregate should be transported and paved. If the maximum particle size of the coarse and
fine aggregates is very different, the fine aggregate should be paved while the coarse aggregate is in a moist state.

4. The accumulation time of aggregates on the lower bearing layer should not be too long. The transportation of aggregates should be carried out only a few days ahead of the process of paving aggregates.
5. The loose paving coefficient of aggregates should be determined through tests, and the loose paving thickness should be determined. When spreading the mixture manually, spread it loosely
The coefficient is about 1.40 to 1.50; when the grader spreads the mixture, its loose spreading coefficient is about 1.25 to 1.35.
6. Use a grader or other suitable machine to spread the material evenly over the predetermined width. The surface should be as smooth as possible.
And there are prescribed road crowns. Shoulder materials should be paved at the same time.
7. Check whether the thickness of the loose material layer meets the expected requirements. If necessary, material reduction or replenishment should be carried out.
7.3.6 Mixing and shaping
1. When mixing with a grader, the length of each working section should be 300 to 500m.
(1) When mixing, the installation angle of the grader blade should comply with the requirements of Table 6.3.6 and Figure 6.3.6.
Generally, it needs to be mixed 5 to 6 times. During the mixing process, use a sprinkler to sprinkle enough water. .
At the end of mixing, the moisture content of the mixture should be uniform and about 1% greater than the optimal moisture content. There should be no segregation of coarse and fine particles.
(2) When using natural gravel that meets the gradation requirements, if the mixture has segregation of coarse and fine particles after paving, a grader should be used for additional mixing.
(3) Use a grader to level and shape the evenly mixed mixture according to the prescribed road crown. (4) Use a tractor, grader or tire roller to quickly
roll over the initially leveled road section to expose potential unevenness.
(5) Use a grader for leveling and shaping.
2. When using a tractor to pull a four-share plow or a five-share plow for mixing, the length of each working section should be 100 to 150m. The first pass starts from the center of the road,
and the mixture is turned to the middle. At the same time, the machine should move forward slowly. For the second pass, start from both sides and turn the mixture outwards. During the mixing process,
use a sprinkler to sprinkle enough water. The number of mixing times is an even number, usually 6 times.
At the end of mixing, the moisture content of the mixture should be uniform, about 1% greater than the optimal moisture content, and without segregation.
Use a grader or other equipment to level and shape the road crown according to the regulations. During the shaping process, no vehicles are allowed to pass through.
7.3.7 Crushing, the relevant requirements are the same as those in Article 6.3.7
7.3.8 Treatment of transverse joints, the relevant requirements are the same as those in Article 6.3.8
7.3.9 Treatment of longitudinal joints, the relevant requirements are the same as those in Article 6.3.9
8 gap filling gravel
8.1.1 The gap-filling gravel composed of coarse gravel and stone chips of a single particle size can be constructed by dry method or wet method. Dry
The gap-filling gravel constructed using this method is particularly suitable for dry and water-deficient areas.
8.1.2 The compacted thickness of a layer of interstitial gravel can be 1.5 to 2.0 times the maximum particle size of the gravel.
8.1.3 When there is a lack of stone chips, fine aggregates such as fine gravel or coarse sand can be added, but their technical performance is not as good as stone chips.
8.1.4 Gap-filling gravel can be used for the base layer of highways of all grades and the base layer of highways below grade two.
8.1.5 When constructing gap filling gravel, the following regulations should be observed:
(1) Fine aggregate should be dry.
(2) A vibratory roller with a vibration wheel mass of not less than 1.8t per meter wide should be used for rolling. The gap filler should be filled with rough
All pores inside the gravel layer. After rolling, the pores between the coarse gravel on the surface should be filled, but the gap filler should not cover the coarse gravel.
The aggregate forms a layer of its own, and coarse gravel should be visible on the surface. The solid volume ratio of the base layer after rolling should not be less than 85%.
The solid volume ratio of the base layer should be no less than 83%.
(3) When the gap-filling gravel base layer has not been sprinkled with asphalt or the sealing layer has not been paved, it is prohibited to open to traffic.
8.2 Materials
8.2.1 When the gap-filling gravel is used as the base layer, the maximum particle size of the gravel should not exceed 53mm; when used as the sub-base, the maximum particle size of the gravel should be
The large particle size should not exceed 63mm.
8.2.2 Coarse gravel can be rolled from various rocks or boulders with a certain strengthÿ, but the particle size of the boulder should be the smallest size of the coarse gravel.
More than 3 times the large particle size; stable slag can also be used for rolling. The dry density and quality of the slag should be relatively uniform, and its
The dry density is not less than 960kg/m3 . The content of flat, long and weak particles in the material should not exceed 15%.
Note: ÿ It should be rolled with limestone.
8.2.3 The particle composition of gap-filling gravel and coarse gravel should comply with the requirements in Table 8.2.3.
Table 8.2.3 Particle composition of interstitial gravel and coarse gravel
Pass quality percentage Screen size (mm)
(ÿ)
compile
63 53 37.5 31.5 26.5 19 16 9.5

Number
Nominal size (mm)
1 30ÿ60 100 25ÿ60 0ÿ15 0ÿ5
2 25ÿ50 100 25ÿ50 0ÿ15 0ÿ5
3 20ÿ40 100 35ÿ70 0ÿ15 0ÿ5
8.2.4 When using No. 1 coarse aggregate in Table 8.2.3, the nominal maximum particle size of the gap filler can be 9.5mmÿ .
Note: ÿ It is advisable to use stone chips from rolled limestone gravel.
The gap filler should have the particle composition shown in Table 8.2.4.
Table 8.2.4 Particle composition of gap filler
Screen size (mm) 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 0.075 plasticity index
Pass mass percentage (%) 100 85ÿ100 50ÿ70 30ÿ50 0ÿ10 ÿ6
8.2.5 The crushing value of coarse gravel should meet the following requirements:
Used as base layer no more than 26%
Used as base layer no more than 30%
8.3 Construction
8.3.1 Construction workers of gap filling gravel
The process flow should be in the order of Figure 8.3.1
proceed in sequence.
8.3.2 Prepare the underlying layer, related
The requirements are the same as Article 3.4.2.
8.3.3 Construction stakeout, relevant requirements
Seek agreement with Article 3.4.3.
According to the base level of each road section or
The width, thickness and looseness of the subbase
paving coefficient, calculate the required
Quantity of coarse gravel; based on haul truck
Carriage volume of a vehicle, calculate each vehicle
Material stacking distance.
The amount of gap filler is approximately
30%-40% of the mass of coarse gravel
ÿÿ
8.3.5 Transportation and paving of coarse gravel
1. When loading gravel, the quantity of materials in each truck should be controlled to be basically equal.
2 In the road section supplied by the same material yard, the coarse gravel should be discharged from far to near according to the distance calculated in Article 8.3.4 of this specification.
On the lower bearing layer. The unloading distance should be strictly controlled to avoid insufficient or excessive material in some road sections.
4. Use a grader or other suitable equipment to spread the coarse gravel evenly over the predetermined width. The surface should be as flat as possible.
It is neat and has prescribed road crowns. Shoulder materials should be paved at the same time.
5. Check whether the thickness of the loose material layer meets the expected requirements. If necessary, material reduction or replenishment should be carried out.
8.3.6 Spreading gap filler and rolling
1. Dry construction
(1) Initial pressure: Use an 8t two-wheel roller to roll the gravel 3 to 4 times to stabilize the coarse gravel in place. On straight lines and flat curved sections without superelevation, rolling
starts from the shoulders on both sides and gradually moves toward the center of the road; on flat curved sections with superelevation, rolling starts from the inner shoulder and gradually moves
toward the center of the road. Proceed on the outside shoulder. When staggering the wheels, overlap by 1/3 wheel width each time. After the first pass of rolling, it should be leveled again. At the end
of initial pressing, the surface should be smooth and have the required crown and longitudinal slope.
(2) Spread the gap filling material: Use a stone chip spreader or similar equipment to evenly spread the dry gap filling material on the stabilized coarse gravel layer, with a loose thickness of
about 2.5 to 3.0 cm. If necessary, use manual or mechanical sweeping.
(3) Rolling: Use a vibrating roller to roll at a slow speed to vibrate all the gap filling materials into the pores between coarse gravels. If not
Vibratory rollers, available with heavy-duty vibrating plates. The rolling method is the same as item (1) of this paragraph, but both sides of the road surface should be pressed 2 to 3 times more.
(4) Spread the gap filling material again: Use a stone chip spreader or similar equipment to spread the dry gap filling material again on the coarse gravel layer, with a loose thickness of about
2.0 to 2.5 cm. Sweep evenly manually or mechanically.
(5) Rolling again: Use a vibratory roller to roll according to item (3) of this paragraph. During the rolling process, the local gap filler
Any shortcomings will be corrected manually. Local excess caulk should be removed.
(6) After rolling again, if there are still unfilled pores on the surface, fill the gaps with filler and continue rolling with a vibratory roller until all the pores are filled. At the same time, local excess
caulking material should be removed or swept away. The caulking material should not form a layer on its own on the surface of the coarse gravel. Coarse gravel must be visible on the surface.
If there is a thin asphalt surface layer on the gap-filling gravel layer, the edges and corners of the coarse gravel should be exposed by 3 to 5 mm.
(7) When paving in layers is required, approximately 5 to 10 mm of coarse gravel should be exposed on the surface of the pressed gap-filling gravel layer, and then
Pave the second layer of coarse gravel on top and perform construction according to the requirements of items (1) to (6) of this paragraph.
(8) After all the pores on the surface of the gap-filling gravel are filled, use a 12-15t three-wheel roller to roll it 1-2 times again. There should be no squirming during the rolling process. Before
rolling, it is advisable to sprinkle a small amount of water on the surface, and the amount of water should be more than 3kg/m2.
2. Wet construction
(1) The starting process is the same as the requirements in items (1) to (6) of paragraph 1 of this article.
(2) After all the pores on the surface of the coarse gravel layer are filled, immediately use a sprinkler truck to sprinkle water until it is saturated, but care should be taken to avoid excess water
from soaking the underlying layer.
(3) Use a 12-15t three-wheel roller to follow the sprinkler truck for rolling. During the rolling process, continue to sweep the wet caulking material into the pores that appear. Add new caulk
when needed. Sprinkling and rolling should continue until the gap filler and water form a silty mortar. The silt mortar should fill all pores and form a corrugated pattern in front of the rollers.
(4) Drying: The completed road section should be allowed to evaporate for a period of time. After the structural layer has dried, excess fines on the surface and the fines covering should be
swept away.
(5) When layered paving is required, after the structural layer dries, some of the caulking material on the surface of the pressed gravel layer should be swept away to expose 5 to 10 mm of
coarse gravel on the surface, and then the surface should be paved. Pave the second layer of coarse gravel and perform construction according to the requirements of items (1) to (4) of this paragraph.
9Quality management and inspection and acceptance
9.1.1 Highway projects of Class II and above shall be implemented in accordance with the quality management and inspection and acceptance contents and requirements of this chapter. Highway
projects of other grades may be implemented as a reference.
9.1.2 Quality management includes standard testing of materials used, paving test sections, quality management and inspection and acceptance during construction (between processes).
9.1.3 Systems for site testing, quality inspection, handover and acceptance between processes must be established and improved. Tests and inspections should have complete original records and the
data should be true and reliable.
9.1.4 The construction site laboratory should be able to conduct various tests on the base materials used, and should also have the ability to conduct on-site compaction and flatness inspections. It
should be equipped with deflection measurement instruments and road drilling rigs.
9.1.5 After each process is completed, inspection and acceptance should be carried out. Only after passing the inspection can the next process be carried out. Any paragraphs that fail to pass inspection
must be remedied to make them meet the requirements.
9.2 Standard tests for materials
9.2.1 Before organizing on-site construction and during the construction process, when the raw materials (including soil) or mixtures change, the specified basic property tests must be conducted on the
materials to be used to evaluate whether the material quality and performance meet the requirements.
9.2.2 For raw materials used as subbase and base layer, the tests listed in Table 9.2.2 should be carried out.
9.2.3 For the subbase and base mixtures initially determined to be used, including materials that are not stabilized by binders after blending, the tests listed in Table 9.2.3 should be carried out.
Table 9.2.2 Test items for subbase and base layer raw materials
Test project material name the purpose Frequency Instruments and test methods
Drying method, alcohol

Soil, gravel, gravel and Determine original Test 2 samples daily before use
Moisture content combustion method, rapid moisture
other aggregates moisture content
content measuring instrument
Test 2 samples for each soil before

Determine whether the
Aggregates such as gravel use and 2 samples per 2000m3 during
particle analysis gradation meets the requirements Sieving method
and gravel use. Test 2 samples for each soil before
and determine the material mix ratio
use and
Fine soil below 0.5mm in 2 samples per 2000m3 during use. The liquid limit and plastic limit combined
Find the plasticity index
soil, graded gravel or graded Test 2 samples before use and gravel determination method is used to measure the liquid
liquid limit, plastic limit and verify whether it meets the
gravel during use. Measure 2 samples every limit; the rolling plastic limit test is used to measure the
regulations.
2000 plastic limit.
m3 , and redo 2 samples if the type
Relative wool Evaluate the quality of of gravel changes. Net basket method or
volume density, Gravel, gravel, etc. pellets and calculate the solid pycnometer method with a volume of
water absorption volume ratio 1000ml or more
Evaluate whether the

Aggregate crushing value test
Crushing value gravel, gravel, etc. crushing resistance of the stone Same as above
test
meets the requirements.
Organic matter and Determine whether the

Do this test when in doubt about Organic matter content test,
sulfate content soil soil is suitable for stabilization
soil soluble salt test
with lime or cement.
Continued
Test project material name above . Frequency: Instruments and test methods
test 2 samples respectively when
Effective calcium, doing material composition design and

lime Determine lime quality Chemical analysis of lime
magnesium oxide production use. From now on, test 2
samples every month and
Cement grade and Determine whether the measure 1 sample when doing Cement mortar strength test
final setting time, cement quality of cement is suitable for material composition design. When the method, cement setting time test
loss use material source or label changes, method and loss on ignition
Determine whether fly ash test again and test 2 samples

on ignition fly ash test
is suitable for use before doing material composition design.
Table 9.2.3 Test items for subbase and base mixture
Pilot projects The purpose is to
find the optimal moisture content and maximum dry density, to specify the appropriate moisture content and the minimum dry density that should be achieved
during rolling on the construction site, and to determine the moisture content and dry density that should be used to prepare specimens for strength tests and
Heavy compaction test
durability tests; Determine the moisture content of materials used to prepare bearing ratio specimens
Bearing ratio: Find the bearing ratio under the expected dry density of the construction site to determine whether the material is suitable for the base or sub-base.
Carry out material composition design and select soil (including granular materials) most suitable for stabilization with cement or lime; specify the
Compressive strength
dosage of binders used in construction; provide quality assessment standards for the construction site and
determine the delay for the mixture with a determined cement dosage. Effect of time on mixture density and compressive strength
delay
impact, and determine the allowable delay time for construction accordingly
9.3 Paving test section
9.3.1 Before the official start of construction of the subbase and base layer, the test section should be paved.
9.3.2 The following main items should be determined by paving the aggregate base test section without binder:
(1) Aggregate mix ratio used for construction. (2) The loose
paving coefficient of the material.
(3) Determine standard construction methods:.
ÿControl of aggregate quantity;
ÿ Aggregate paving methods and applicable machines;
ÿSuitable mixing machinery, mixing method, mixing depth and number of mixing passes;
ÿMethods to increase and control the moisture content of aggregates;
ÿ Suitable machines and methods for leveling and shaping;
ÿSelection and combination of compaction machinery, compaction sequence, speed and number of passes;
ÿCoordination and cooperation of mixing, transportation, paving and rolling machinery;
ÿInspection methods for compactness, and initially determine the minimum number of inspections for each operation section.
(4) Determine the appropriate length of each operating section.
(5) Determine the appropriate thickness for one pavement.
9.3.3 By paving cement stabilized soil, lime stabilized soil and lime industrial waste residue stabilized soil base test section, in addition to determining those listed in Article 9.3.2, methods for
controlling the quantity of binder and mixing uniformity should also be determined
For the cement-stabilized soil base, it also includes closely organizing mixing, watering, shaping, rolling and other processes to shorten the delay time and stipulate the allowable
mixing time.
9.4 Quality management
9.4.1 Quality management during the construction process includes control and inspection of external dimensions and quality control and inspection.
9.4.2 The overall dimensions inspection items, frequency and quality standards shall comply with the requirements of Table 9.4.2.
9.4.3 The items, frequency and quality standards of quality control shall comply with the requirements of Table 9.4.3.
Table 9.4.2 Dimensional inspection items, frequency and quality standards
Quality Standard
project
project Frequency Highway and One
category General highway
grade highway
Every 20 for highways of Class II and below
Yanmi 1 point; expressway and first-class highway

Longitudinal elevation (mm) +5ÿ-15 +5ÿ-20
The road has one section every 20 linear meters, and each section
3 to 5 points on the surface
Average -10 -12

base
thickness (mm) single 6 points every 1500ÿ2000m2
-25 -30
layer
value
Width (mm) Cross 1 place every 40 linear meters, +0 or more ±0.3 +0 or more
slope (%) 3 places every 100 linear meters, ±0.5
2 places every 200 linear meters, each place is continuous

Flatness(mm) 12 15
10 feet (3m ruler) for every
20 meters of highways of Class II and below
Yanmi 1 point; expressway and first-class highway

Longitudinal elevation (m) +5ÿ-10 +5ÿ-15
The road has one section every 20 linear meters, and each section
3 to 5 points on the surface
mean -8 -15
thickness
single 6 points every 1500ÿ2000m2
ÿmmÿ -10 -20
Grassroots level value
Width (mm) Cross 1 place every 40 linear meters, +0 or more ±0.3 +0 or more
slope (%) Flatness 3 places every 100 linear meters, ±0.5
2 places every 200 linear meters, each place is continuous

(mm) 8 12
Standard
deviation of 10-foot continuous flatness meter

3.0
(mm)
Table 9.4.3 Quality control items, frequency and quality standards
work
degree
project Frequency Quality Standard
kind
Don't
Moisture According to observation, test at any time when abnormality occurs. Within the scope of this specification
content According to observation, test at any time when abnormality occurs. Within the scope of this specification
grading and mixing uniformity can be observed at any time No segregation of coarse and fine aggregates
none Each working section may not exceed 2000m2 More than 96% of the interstitial gravel is solid volume
compactness
Knot Checked more than 6 times The rate indicates that it is not less than 83%
combine Once every 1000m2 , try at any time when abnormality occurs
plasticity index Less than the value specified in this specification
fee Test
end every 3000m2 . According to observation, abnormal

Bearing ratio Not less than the value specified in this specification
base Add tests at any time
layer
95% (grade 2 and below roads) or
Each assessment section (not exceeding lkm) per vehicle 97.7% (highway and first-class highway) probability
Deflection value inspection
40 to 50 measuring points The upper fluctuation limit of is not greater than the calculated capacity
Xu value ÿ
Continue the above table
work
degree
project Frequency Quality Standard
kind
Don't
It is observed that the moisture content is abnormal. Test the mixing uniformity of 1 sub-grade every Within the scope of this specification
abnormal. 2000m2 at any time when it is Within the scope of this specification
Observe the mixing uniformity at any time in each working section No segregation of coarse and fine aggregates
or no more than 2000m2 . Graded aggregate base layer 98%, middle layer 100%
none Compaction
check more than 6 times %, the solid volume ratio of gap-filling gravel is 85%
Knot
It has been observed Once every 1000m2 , test at any time when abnormality is less than the value specified in this specification
combine
that the plasticity index aggregate crushing value does not exceed the value specified in this specification when tested at any time when abnormal.
fee
Once every 3000m2 , it is observed that when abnormal
base Bearing ratio Not less than the value specified in this specification
Add experiments at any time
layer
95% (Grade 2 and below roads) or 97.7

Each assessment section (not exceeding lkm) and each lane
Deflection value inspection % (highways and first-class highways) probability
40~50 measuring points
The fluctuation limit is not greater than the calculated allowable value ÿ
crushing 1 secondary batch aggregate Within the scope of this specification
value per 2000m2 It is observed that if abnormal, test at any time 1 time per 2000m2, at least 6 samples, Do not exceed the value specified in this specification
water cement or lime

Use titration method or direct reading calcium meter test, Not less than the design value -1.0%
mud quantity
And check it with the actual cement or lime dosage

or
Cement-containing stabilized soil
stone
water According to observation, test at any time when abnormality occurs Within the scope of this specification
Ash
Measure lime stabilized soil
stable
No gray streaks or clumps, uniform color, no separation
Certainly Observe mixing uniformity at any time
Analyze phenomena
soil
stable fine particles More than 93% of roads are Class II and below.
and
soil More than 95% of expressways and first-class highways
Comprehensive
Each working section or no more than 2000m2 inspection
compaction Stable medium grain The sub-base of roads of grade II and below
combine Checked more than 6 times
Every time Soil and coarse grains 95%, 97% at grassroots level; expressway and first level
stable
soil The base layer of the highway is 96% and the base layer is 98%
Certainly
Stabilize fine-grained soil, every working section or every

soil
2000m2 6 specimens; stabilized medium-grained soil and

Compressive strength Comply with the requirements of this specification
Coarse-grained soil, 6 or 9 test specimens per working section or per 2000m2
Extended time 1 time per job section Do not exceed the requirements of this specification
The dosage of lime should not be less than the design value -1% (when stone
Mix ratio 1 time every 2000m2 When the ash content is less than 4%, it shall not be less than the design value.
-0.5%) or less
Observe 1 time every 2000m2 According to Within the scope of this specification
stone
the gradation observation, test at any time when abnormality occurs The optimal moisture content is ±1% (two-ash soil is ±2%)
Ash
moisture content and mixing uniformity at any time No gray streaks, gray clumps, uniform color, no separation
work
Analyze phenomena
Industry
More than 93% of roads are Class II and below.
waste
Other contents
More than 95% of expressways and first-class highways
slag press
of ash soil Each working section or no more than 2000m2 inspection 95% of the subgrade of highways of Grade II and below
stable Reality
granular Checked more than 6 times Or 93%, more than 97% at the grassroots level; expressway
Every time
Certainly
Limemaker and primary subbase 97% or 95%, base
soil
industrial waste 98% or more
Stabilize fine-grained soil, every working section or every
2000m2 6 specimens; stabilized medium-grained soil and

Compressive strength Meet regulatory requirements
Coarse-grained soil, 6 or 9 test specimens per working section or per 2000m2
Note: ÿDeflection value is calculated according to Appendix A.
9.4.4 For the base layer stabilized by inorganic binders, drill parts (commonly known as pavement core samples) should be taken to test its integrity. cement stabilized base
When the age is 7 to 10 days, the complete drill piece should be taken out. When the age of the lime-stabilized base layer is 20-28 days, it should be able to be removed
Complete drill parts.
If the road drilling rig cannot remove the complete drill parts of the cement-stabilized base layer or the lime-stabilized base layer, the unqualified base layer should be found.
Layer boundaries are reworked.
9.5 Inspection and acceptance
9.5.1 The purpose of inspection and acceptance is to determine whether the completed pavement structural layer meets the requirements of the design documents and construction specifications.
The inspection includes the appearance and quality of the completed project.
9.5.2 When determining whether the quality of the pavement structural layer is qualified (that is, it meets the requirements), the lkm long road section shall be used as the assessment unit. use
When constructing with the large flow operation method, the sections completed every day can also be used as the assessment unit.
9.5.3 Check the original construction records and make a preliminary assessment of the above inspection contents. . 9.5.4 Conduct
random inspections. Sampling must be random and cannot be biased in any way. Compaction, thickness, cement (stone
The determination of on-site random sampling locations for dust) dose testing samples, strength test specimen samples, etc. should be carried out according to the method in Appendix B.
OK.
9.5.5 The inspection items, frequency and quality standard values of the appearance of the completed project shall comply with the requirements of Table 9.5.5.
Table 9.5.5 Inspection items, frequency and quality standard values of completed project appearance
Project Quality Standard

project Frequency
Category Expressways and first-class roads Second-class and lower-class roads
Elevation (mm) 4 points every 200m Width +10ÿ-15 +10, -20 is not
(mm) 4 sections every 200m not less than the design value Subgrade cross slope (%) less than the design value
4 sections every 200m 2 points every 200m, each ±0.5 ±0.5
Flatness (mm) 10 ÿ15 ÿ20

consecutive feet (3m ruler) Elevation
(mm) 4-point thickness average every 200m +5ÿ-15 +5ÿ-20
(mm) Single value -10 -12

1 point per lane every 200m
width (mm) 4 sections -25 -30
subbase
every 200m Cross slope (%) every 200m 4 sections +0 or more +0 or more
every 200m 2 everywhere, every place ±0.3 ±0.5
Flatness (mm) 12 15
Continuous 10 feet
elevation (mm) 4-point thickness average +5, -10 -8 +5, -15 -10
every 200m 1 per lane per 200m -20
Point (mm) single value -15 +0
Width (mm) 4 sections every 200m Cross slope +0 or more or more
Grassroots level
(%) 4 sections every 200m 2 places every 200m, ±0.3 ±0.5
each
8 12
Continuous 10
Flatness(mm)
feet continuous flatness meter
3.0
Standard deviation(mm)
After the thickness inspection, the average value should be calculated according to Equation (9.5.5-1) and Equation (9.5.5-2) respectively. X and standard deviation S:
X X + + ÿÿÿ + 1 2 X
ÿ
n
X = ÿ9.5.5-1ÿ
n
ÿ ÿ ÿ
2 2 2
( )XXXX + 1
ÿ
) (
ÿ
+ ÿÿÿ + ( )X X
ÿ
S = 1 2 n
ÿ9.5.5-2ÿ
n ÿ
In the formula: Xl, X2…Xn——the thickness value obtained by each inspection;
n——Check quantity.
Calculate the lower confidence limit X L of the arithmetic mean according to formula (9.5.5-3) ÿ
S
ÿ ÿ
XXt =ÿ
(9.5.5-3)
L a
n
In the formula: t ——Coefficient that changes with the degree of freedom and guarantee rate (or confidence ÿ) in the t distribution table, for highways and first-class
a
The guarantee rate should be 99% for highways and 95% for other highways.
Lower confidence limit for thickness mean ( X L ) should be no less than the design thickness minus the mean allowable error.
9.5.6 The project quality shall be inspected and accepted according to Table 9.5.6.
Table 9.5.6 Quality standard values
Engineering category inspection items check the quantity Standard extreme low value
Value Heavy Compaction Standard, Level 2 and Level 2

More than 93% of roads below grade 1
Compaction degree of 200m4 (sand filling method) 88% highway and a
Expressways and first-class highways are not
90% of grade highway
less than 95%
roadbed
Rolling inspection ÿ Comprehensive, every No "spring" phenomenon
assessment section at any time (not exceeding

Deflection mark obtained according to Appendix A
Deflection valueÿ Over 1km) each lane
accurate value
40~50 measuring pointsÿ
40 to 50 measurements per lane at 96% 92%

No binder
compaction level 6 to 10ÿ Deflection standard obtained according to Appendix A
Deflection value of subbaseÿ
Point ÿ accurate value
Base layer 98% 94%

Compaction degree 6 ~ 10 ÿ particle
graded gravel Sub-base layer 96% 92%
ÿ
(or gravel composition 2 ~ 3 Specified grading range
stone) 40 to 50 tests per lane Deflection mark obtained according to Appendix A

Deflection value
ÿ point ÿ accurate value
Compaction degree 85% of the base layer 82%

(solid volume ratio at
6 to 10ÿ) and 83% of the sub-base 80%
Interstitial gravel
40 to 50 tests per lane layer. According to the deflection standard obtained in Appendix A
Deflection value
ÿ point ÿ accurate value
cement soil, Compaction degree 6ÿ10ÿ 93%ÿ95%ÿ 89%ÿ91%ÿ
lime soil,
cement or stone ÿ Cement 1.0%
Two gray, two 3ÿ6 at design value
Ash dosage (%) Lime 2.0%
Dust
Cement stabilized
Base layer 98% (97%) Sub- 94%(93%)
soil, lime Compaction degree 6ÿ 10ÿ
base layer 96% (95%) Specified 92%(91%)
stable soil,
ÿ
lime industry Particle composition 2~3 grading range
Residue stability cement or stone

3ÿ6 ÿ place design value Design value-1.0%
soil Ash dosage (%)
Note: ÿ For roadbed, rolling inspection is the most important. Use a heavy-duty roller to roll the roadbed ready for acceptance 3 to 4 times with staggered wheels.
Potential weak points can be exposed so that necessary treatment can be carried out in a timely manner.
ÿThe deflection value calculated according to Appendix A is the maximum maximum value.
ÿWhen the assessment unit is based on the completed paragraph per day, the number of inspections can be a low value. When the assessment unit is lkm, the number of inspections should be
Take the high value.
9.5.7 After measuring the deflection, the upper fluctuation limit of the measured value considering a certain guarantee rate is calculated according to formula (9.5.7):
lr + l ZS a= ÿ9.5.7ÿ
In the formula: rl - the upper fluctuation limit of the measured value (that is, representing the deflection value);
l ——The average deflection measured by the standard car;
WITH ——The coefficient related to the required guarantee rate, Z = 2.0 can be taken for expressways and first-class highways; for second-class highways
a a
Take Z =1.645; take Z for roads below grade two =1.5ÿ

a a
When calculating the mean and standard deviation of observations, the values beyond [ l ±(2ÿ3)S] deflection specific values are discarded. Abandon
After discarding, the calculated representative deflection value should not be greater than the allowable deflection value.
For discarded points with excessive deflection values, the surrounding boundaries should be found and local processing should be carried out.
After compaction check, its lower confidence limit K L Kd should be no less than the standard value (see formula (9.5.5-3)).
After the cement or lime dosage is measured, its lower confidence limit should not be less than the design value. For points exceeding the limit value, we should find
its scope and perform local processing.

Appendix A Calculation and Inspection of Rebound Deflection Value
A.0.1 Adjustment of soil foundation resilience modulus
Since the calculated value of soil foundation resilience modulus used in the design is for unfavorable seasons, the deflection value inspection during construction
It is often carried out in non-unfavorable seasons. Therefore, it is necessary to first adjust the calculated value of soil foundation resilience modulus (E0) according to formula (A.0.1) to
Equivalent to the value in non-unfavorable seasons (E0ÿ):
E0ÿ=K1E0 ÿA.0.1ÿ
In the formula: K1——Seasonal influence coefficient, the value range is 1.2~1.4 in different regions, which can be determined based on experience in various regions.
A.0.2 Calculated value of rebound deflection of top surface of soil foundation
The rebound deflection value of the top surface of the soil foundation is calculated according to the regression equation (A.0.2):
0.938
l = E 9308
0 0
ÿA.0.2ÿ
In the formula: E0'——soil foundation resilience modulus, unit is MPa;
0l - Calculated value of rebound deflection on the top surface of soil foundation, unit is 0.01mm.
For example, the measured value of soil foundation resilience modulus E0=50MPa, if the seasonal influence coefficient of soil foundation in this area is 1.2, then
The adjustment value E0' of the soil foundation's resilience modulus is 60MPa. Substitute this value into equation (A.0.2) to get the corresponding calculated value of rebound deflection.
as follows:
0l =9308×60-0.938=200×10-2 mm
This value is the standard value when inspecting the deflection value of the soil foundation, that is, the standard value that the soil foundation should reach. Make a bend
After sinking measurement, the representative deflection value of the road section l +2S should be less than this standard value (for first-class roads and expressways), or
0
l +1.645S and l +1.5S should be less than this standard value (for roads of Class II and below).
0
A.0.3 The rebound deflection of the top surface of the subbase is calculated as follows:
(1) Using the calculated values E0 and E1 of the resilience modulus of the soil base and subbase materials and the thickness h1 (cm) of the subbase , calculate
Calculate the modulus ratio K1E0/K2E1 and the ratio h1/ÿ (ÿ is the radius of a wheel track equivalent circle (cm). For the Yellow River truck,
ÿ=10.75cm; K2 is the seasonal influence coefficient of the base material, which can be 1.1~1.2).
(2) Check the attached figure A.0.3 to obtain the deflection coefficient ÿL of the subbase surface.
(3) Deflection comprehensive correction coefficient F is calculated according to formula (A.0.3-1):

0.8519
F=3.643ÿL ÿA.0.3-1ÿ
(4) Calculate the rebound deflection value of the top surface of the subbase 1l according to the formula (A.0.3-2) , which is the standard value:
2p d
l 1
= aLF ÿcmÿ ÿA.0.3-2ÿ
I 01
In the formula: P - the unit pressure of the truck tire with a rear axle weight of 100kN, for the Yellow River truck, it can be 0.7MPa;
K1——Seasonal influence coefficient, the value range is 1.2~1.4 in different regions.
A.0.4 The steps for calculating the deflection value of the top surface of the base layer (thickness h2) are as follows:
(1) Check the deflection coefficient ÿL of the top surface of the subbase according to Figure A.0.3;
(2) Convert the base layer with elastic modulus E1 and thickness h1 to be equivalent to the base material (that is, with elastic modulus
The thickness of quantity E2)1ish2 . For this purpose, according to the deflection coefficient ÿL and the ratio KE0/KE2 (K3 is the seasonal influence of the base material
Coefficient, which can be 1.05 to 1.0. For graded gravel without plasticity index, take a low value. For graded gravel with plasticity index,
Take the higher value for gravel and interstitial gravel) and check the corresponding 1 h2 /ÿ value from
Figure A.0.3;
(3) From the sum of h2/ÿ andh2

1 /ÿ and the value of K1E0/K3E2 , find the corresponding ÿL from Figure A.0.3;
(4) Calculate the deflection comprehensive correction coefficient corresponding to ÿ'L according to formula (A.0.3-1) ;
(5) Calculate the rebound deflection value of the top surface of the base layer 2l according to the formula (A.0.4-1) , which is the standard value:
2
p
d '
l2 = aLF ÿcmÿ ÿA.0.4-1ÿ

KE1 0
The above method of calculating equivalent thickness can also be replaced by the following simplified method:
That is, the base layer with thickness h1 is converted into a thickness 1 h2 equivalent to the base material according to the formula (A.0.4-2) :
h=hE/E
2 1
3
1 2 ÿA.0.4-2ÿ
When there is more than one layer of base layer and base layer and the elastic modulus of each layer of material is different, the same calculation can be made according to the above method.
The rebound deflection value that the top surface of each layer should reach is the standard value.
Appendix B Determination of on-site random sampling locations
B.0.1 As an inspection and assessment object, it can be either an operation section, a road section completed in one day, or a 1km long road section.
B.0.2 Random on-site sampling includes compaction testing, sampling of lime-stabilized soil and cement-stabilized soil mixture samples (for test dosage or preparation of test
pieces), etc. The location of sampling should not have any tendency, and the specific location of on-site sampling should be determined based on the random number table
(see Table B.0.2).
B.0.3 When determining the location of on-site sampling or testing, the following procedures must
be followed: (1) Select the random number column number in the table. There are a total of 28 column numbers in Table B.0.2. For this purpose, 28 square
cardboard blocks with a side length of 2.5cm are numbered with numbers 1 to 28 in advance. These 28 numbered cardboard blocks are placed in a container (such as
(bowl), shake the container to completely disrupt the order of the paper blocks, take out one piece, and the number on the paper
block is the desired column number. (2) Find the number of sampling positions in subcolumn A within the corresponding column number. There are three sub-
columns A, B, and C under each column number. According to the predetermined inspection quantity (for example, 6), in sub-column A of the designated column number,
find all the numbers equal to the required number of sampling positions (i.e. Find each number less than and equal to 6, such as 01, 02, ...06).
(3) Determine the longitudinal distance or station number of the sampling or inspection location. Multiply the total length of the inspection section by the decimal in
subcolumn B. This decimal should correspond to the number in subcolumn A found in (2). Add the result to the starting station of the section to get The station number of
the inspection position (this result is also the distance from the starting point of the segment).
(4) Determine the lateral distance of the sampling or inspection location. Multiply the width of the inspection object (subgrade or a certain pavement structural layer)
by the decimal in subcolumn C. This decimal should also correspond to the number in subcolumn A found in (2). Subtracting half the width of the inspection object from the
resulting product gives the distance of the sampling location from the centerline of the road surface. If the difference is positive (+), it means it is on the right side of the center
line; if the difference is negative (-), it means it is on the left side of the center line. For example, the
selected random number column is column number 3. When the scheduled inspection number is 6, the six numbers from top to bottom in column number 3 are 01,
06, 03, 02, 04 and 05. The six decimals corresponding to these six numbers in subcolumn B are 0.175, 0.310, 0.494, 0.699, 0.838, and 0.977. The total length of the
inspection section is 150m, and the six calculated products (the distance between the inspection position and the starting point of the section) are 26.3m, 46.5m, 74.1m,
104.9m, 125.7m and 146.6m respectively. The six decimals corresponding to these six numbers in subcolumn C are 0.647, 0.043, 0.929, 0.073, 0.166, and 0.494. The road
width is l0m, and the six calculated products are 6.47, 0.43, 9.29, 0.73, 1.66 and 4.94 respectively. Therefore, the lateral positions of the six checkpoints are: 1.47m right,
4.57m left, 4.29m right, 4.27m left, 3.34m left and 0.06m left.
appendix
Industry Standards of the People's Republic of China
Technical specifications for highway pavement base course construction
JTJ034—2000
Explanation of provisions
Revision Notes
The original industry standard of the People's Republic of China "Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Pavement Base Courses" (JTJ034-93, hereinafter referred to as the
original specifications) was issued and approved for implementation by the Ministry of Transport on December 1, 1993. Over the past five years, it has provided guidance for the construction of highway
pavement base courses in my country. Construction plays a big role in ensuring the quality of the road surface. In 1997, the Ministry of Transport decided to revise the original specifications, and the
Highway Science Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport was responsible for the revision work.
In order to meet the needs of the rapid development of expressway and first-class highway construction in my country, and to further improve the quality of highway pavement base layers, this
specification has made certain necessary supplements and modifications to the original specification on the basis of summarizing the implementation experience of the original specification. The main
modifications are as follows:
(1) Extract the content related to terminology from the original specification and list it in a separate chapter of terminology.
(2) In recent years, the base course of some expressways has been designed into two layers. In order to ensure the quality and smoothness of the base course, paver is used to spread the
mixture on both base courses, and good results have been achieved. The quality and smoothness of the base layer play a vital role in the performance and service life of the pavement. Therefore, it is
recommended that when the base layer is constructed in two layers, pavers should be used to spread the mixture on both upper and lower layers.
(3) Since secondary highways are often part of trunk roads and often have large traffic volumes, in order to make the pavement of secondary highways adapt to the objective conditions of larger
traffic volumes and significantly increased vehicle loads, the pavement base layer of secondary highways is The materials and construction techniques have put forward higher requirements.
(4) In the original specification, square hole sieves were used for the particle composition of aggregates, and integer sieve hole sizes were used, such as 40mm, 30mm, 20mm, l0mm, etc., but
the subsequently released "Technical Specifications for Highway Asphalt Pavement Construction" (JTJ032) also uses a square hole sieve, but uses sieve hole sizes with decimals, such as 37.5mm,
31.5mm, 9.5mm, 4.75mm, etc. There are obvious differences in the sieve hole sizes of the two specifications, which is not conducive to use.
For the composition of aggregate particles suitable for a certain application, it can be expressed by integer mesh openings, non-integer mesh openings, or round mesh meshes. There is no
substantial difference between them, and they can be interchanged. converted.
In order to make it easier for everyone to use and avoid using two sets of square hole sieves with different specifications, this specification changes the original integer square hole sieve to
It is the same size as the square hole screen used in "Technical Specifications for Highway Asphalt Pavement Construction" (JTJ032).
(5) Some roads that are actually dedicated routes (such as coal transport roads) have many heavy-duty vehicles. These vehicles are usually severely overloaded, with tire inflation pressures as
high as about 1MPa and axle loads of about 160kN. In order to adapt to this special traffic, this specification recommends improving the strength standards of base materials. At the same time, it helps
reduce base erosion.
(6) Necessary supplements have been made to the provisions in the original specifications.
In order to enable each unit to correctly understand the meaning of the provisions when using this specification and to facilitate flexible application according to the actual situation, necessary
explanations of certain provisions are made according to the order of the provisions of this specification.
1General principles
1.0.1 Practice has proved that whether it is asphalt pavement or cement concrete pavement, it affects its performance and service life.
The most critical factors are the material and quality of the substrate. Some of the early damage from new highways and other roads is often associated with
It is related to the poor quality of the grassroots.
1.0.2 There is a layer of inorganic binder stabilizing material layer in the asphalt pavement structural layer whose strength meets the specified requirements. When its thickness
When it is greater than or equal to 15cm, it is called semi-rigid pavement. Its characteristics are obviously different from asphalt pavement which is entirely a flexible material layer.
1.0.4 When using asphalt gravel mixture and asphalt penetrating gravel as the base layer, its technical requirements, construction methods and quality management
Both are consistent with the hot mix asphalt mixture and top-mix and bottom-through pavement in the "Technical Specifications for Highway Asphalt Pavement Construction" (JTJ032).
The lower part is the same, so it is no longer listed in this specification.
The technical performance of base or sub-base layers such as hand-placed chip stones, boxing stones and dry-pressed gravel that were commonly used in China in the past is not good and it is easy to
Causes irregular cracks, deformation and poor flatness of the asphalt surface layer, affecting the quality and service life of the pavement.
Therefore, they should not be used on graded highways and are not listed in this specification.
1.0.5 Lean concrete is the customary name in the past. In the 1986 edition of the British "Technical Specifications for Highway Engineering", it is called wet
Lean concrete is divided into four grades, and the 7d age of its corresponding cubic specimen (150mm×l50mm×l50mm) has no
The lateral compressive strength is as follows:
No. 7d Compressive strength (MPa) Water-cement ratio
C7.5 4.5 0.6
Q10 7.5 0.6
Q15 12 0.6
C20 15 0.6
The construction of wet-lean concrete is the same as that of concrete. Its technical requirements, construction methods and quality management should comply with national standards.
Standard "Code for Construction and Acceptance of Cement Concrete Pavement" (GBJ97).
Cement-stabilized graded aggregates whose strength is similar to the above-mentioned wet-lean concrete are called dry-lean concrete in some countries.
The above-mentioned British specifications are called cement bonding materials, and their construction methods and quality management are the same as this specification. British cement bonding materials
It is also divided into the following four levels:
Numbered cube specimen 7d Compressive strength (MPa) Mixing method
average value single value
CBMl 4.5 >2.5 Mix on site or in the factory
CBM2 7 >4.5 Same as above
CBM3 10 >6.5 Factory mix
CBM4 15 >10 Factory mix

In the British Department of Transport's 1987 ministry standard HD14/87 "Design of New Pavement Structural Structures", CBM1 and C7.5 wet-lean concrete can be used
interchangeably as the subbase, and CBM3 and wet-lean concrete C15 can be used interchangeably as the cement concrete panel. grassroots level.
1.0.6 Considering that some intermediate pavements may be converted into asphalt pavements or cement concrete pavements after a few years, in order to ensure that the main
load-bearing layer of the currently constructed intermediate pavements can be directly used as the base or subbase when the road is rebuilt in the future, avoid The entire pavement
must be upturned and reprocessed, so the main load-bearing layer of the intermediate pavement shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of this specification. When
rebuilding this intermediate pavement, only the surface wearing layer needs to be removed.
3 cement stabilized soil
3.1.1 Individual particles in soil refer to gravel, gravel or sand particles, excluding soil lumps or soil masses.
3.1.3 Cement-stabilized soil has good plate properties, and its water stability and frost resistance are better than lime-stabilized soil. The initial strength of cement-stabilized soil is high and
its strength increases with age. Its mechanical strength can be adjusted as needed. Its compressive strength at 7 days can range from less than 1MPa to more than 30MPa (such as
cement concrete). Therefore, cement-stabilized soil can be used as the base or sub-base on various grades of highways. Exposed cement-stabilized soil is prone to dry shrinkage and cold
shrinkage, causing cracks.
Since cement soil (comprehensive stabilized soil containing cement and lime) has the following three unfavorable characteristics, it is prohibited to be used as high-grade asphalt.
The base layer of the road surface. In fact, it is not suitable to be used under cement concrete panels, but can only be used as a subbase.
1. The dry shrinkage coefficient, dry shrinkage strain and temperature shrinkage coefficient of cement and soil are significantly larger than cement gravel and cement gravel.
Cement and soil are prone to serious shrinkage cracks and affect the asphalt surface layer, causing many cracks in the asphalt pavement. Tests have shown that the maximum dry
shrinkage strain ÿd achieved by each specimen after being air-dried under the optimal moisture content is 2780-3950ÿ for cement soil, while only 110-200ÿ for cement gravel.
2. When the strength of the cement-soil is not fully developed, if surface water penetrates from the asphalt surface layer, the surface layer of the cement-soil base layer will soften.
Even a softened layer of a few millimeters thick can cause cracking and failure of the asphalt surface.
3. The anti-scouring ability of cement soil is significantly less than that of
cement-graded aggregates (referred to as cement aggregates). Once surface water
penetrates through cracks in the asphalt surface layer or through the joints of cement
concrete panels, it is easy to cause erosion. When the asphalt surface layer is thin,
the washed slurry is pumped out to the surface. The result of the washed slurry is
crack subsidence, pavement deformation, and new cracks on both sides of the crack.
See Figure 3.1.3. Under cement concrete panels, the result of scouring the grout is
cracks at the corners of the concrete panels.
3.1.4 Cement graded aggregate and cement graded aggregate soil ÿ When the
cement dosage is 5% to 6%, the shrinkage coefficient is the smallest. After exceeding 6%, the shrinkage coefficient of the mixture increases. In order to reduce the shrinkage of the mixture,
the cement dosage should be controlled not to exceed 6%. Improving the gradation of aggregates can significantly increase the strength and durability of the mix. For example, for natural
gravel (often poorly graded), it needs to be stabilized with 6% to 8% cement to achieve the specified strength requirements; and after adding some fine materials to achieve the best
gradation, only 3% to 8% of cement is needed. With 4% cement stabilization, the required strength can be achieved. Cement stabilized optimally graded gravel is stronger than stabilized
natural gravel
50% to 100% higher. In order to meet the requirements of the freeze-thaw test, the optimal graded gravel only needs 2% cement, while the natural gravel
needs 5% to 6% cement. However, when the cement granules are required to have higher strength (such as greater than 4MPa), the cement dosage may
exceed 6%.
Note: ÿ Aggregate refers to graded gravel, graded gravel, etc. Aggregate soil refers to the cohesive soil contained in the above graded aggregate, the same below.
3.1.5 The curing temperature has a significant impact on the strength of cement-stabilized soil. The higher the curing temperature, the higher the strength
of cement-stabilized soil, as shown in Figure 3.1.5.

3.1.7, 3.2.7 and 3.7.2 The delay time from adding water to mixing to the end of rolling has a significant impact on the strength and achievable dry density of the cement-
stabilized soil mixture. The longer the delay time, the greater the loss of strength and dry density of the mixture, see Figure 3.1.7.
It can be seen from Figure 3.1.7 that with a delay time of 4 hours, the dry density that the cement-gravel mixture can achieve is only 2.18g/cm3 , which is only
92% of that without delay time (2.37g/cm3 ), and its strength has never been reached. The 5.2MPa at the delay time dropped to 2.1MPa, a 60% reduction.
The effect of delay time on mixture strength depends on two factors, namely cement type and soil quality. When the soil quality remains unchanged, when
cement with a short final setting time is used, the delay time has a great impact on the strength loss of the mixture; when the cement remains unchanged, the strength of
some earthen mixtures can be reduced by a delay of 2 hours. The loss is 60%, while the strength loss of other earthen mixtures may be only about 20%, or even no loss,
see Appendix Table 3.1.7.
Therefore, cement with a long final setting time should be used and the delay time of construction should be specified. Overseas, the delay time is usually 2
hours. Taking into account the actual situation of road mixing method used in highway construction in my country, the delay time is stipulated to be 3 to 4 hours. In order
to properly determine the delay time, Article 3.7.2 stipulates that a test on the impact of the delay time on the strength of the mixture must be conducted before
construction, and the delay time that should be controlled must be determined through the test.
3.1.7(9) Thin-layer patching is easy to fall off and crush during use, causing the asphalt surface layer to move, crack, slurry, crack and deform.
3.1.10 Road mixing method construction can easily produce a plain soil interlayer at the bottom of the mixing layer, leading to premature destruction of the
asphalt surface layer. This early destruction causes great direct and indirect economic losses to first-class highways and expressways. In order to eliminate For plain soil
interlayers, it is first stipulated that on highways and first-class highways, except for the bottom layer, the mixture must be mixed using a centralized factory mixing
method. In addition, the uniformity of the mixture constructed by the road mixing method is poor.
Table 3.1.7 Effect on the strength of cement-stabilized soil when the extension time from mixing to compaction is 2 hours
Particle composition, mass percentage passing through the following sieve openings (mm) strength
sequence
name of soil 0.00 loss

Number 60 20 6 2 0.6 0.2 0.06
2 (%)
1 castor sand
—
100 85 79 65 15 3 3 60
2 medium clay
— — — — —
100 95 30 50
3 middle sand
— — —
100 85 15 5 5 0
4 Undisturbed gravel 100 65 35 28 24 7 2 2 22
5 Crushed gravel 100 94 60 44 34 9 0 —

9
6 slag 100 80 46 18 8 4 0 0
—
7 fine limestone
— —
100 77 37 22 10 10 17
8 rough limestone 100 72 32 14 8 5 0 —

29
9 limestone
— —
100 85 45 23 12 12 6
10 middle sand
— —
100 85 15 5 5 0
11 gravel 100 90 60 43 38 18 4 4 14
12 gravel-sand-clay 100 95 72 63 55 21 10 10 12
13 gravel-sand-clay 100 97 82 67 54 20 8 8 16
14 gravel
—
100 85 70 35 20 12 12 12
15 Well graded sand

— —
100 86 70 30 12 12 12
First-class highways and expressways have high requirements for road surface smoothness, and allowable errors for surface layer thickness and road surface elevation.
Small, these requirements can only be met by using a paver to pave the cement-stabilized soil mixture, otherwise expensive
The surface layer material is used to compensate for the elevation and flatness. The result is that the investment is increased and the flatness of the asphalt surface layer is not uniform.
Guaranteed. For example, at a highway construction site, a grader is used to pave and level the cement-stabilized gravel base.
After the paving machine laid the coarse-grained asphalt mixture, 38 test specimens were drilled and the measured thickness varied between 3.6 and 10.8cm.
time, the deviation coefficient reaches 21.2%, and the design thickness is 7cm. Using a paver to spread the cement mixture can also make the surface of the base layer
The surface structure is uniform, which significantly reduces the segregation of coarse and fine particles, reduces weak points on the surface of the base layer, and comprehensively improves the quality of the base layer.
3.1.11 Spreading a thin layer of cement or cement slurry is to enhance the bonding between the upper and lower layers to improve the bearing capacity of the entire base layer.
force, otherwise the overall bearing capacity of the base layer will be significantly reduced.
3.2 Materials
3.2.1 The maximum particle size of aggregate particles must be limited. The larger the particle size, the more construction machinery such as mixers, graders, and pavers will
The easier it is to be damaged, the easier it is for the mixture to segregate coarse and fine aggregates, and the more difficult it is for the smoothness of the paving layer to reach high requirements.
beg. Therefore, many countries often adopt a maximum particle size of aggregates of 19 to 20 mm. However, the smaller the maximum particle size, the stone
The greater the processing volume, according to my country's current machinery level, the maximum particle size of aggregates used in general highway pavements is stipulated.
wider. In actual work, conditions should be created to use aggregates with smaller maximum particle size.
For expressways and first-class highways, due to large investment and high performance requirements, the largest particle size must be used.
Aggregates with smaller diameters are suitable for mechanical construction.
Compared with the gradation in the original specification, the No. 2 gradation in Table 3.2.2 has an increased content of more than 9.5mm medium gravel.
It is helpful to improve the strength of cement granules.
Whether crushed stone or gravel is used for the base layer of highways and first-class highways, it should be screened into 3-4 particle sizes of different sizes in
advance, and then mixed with cement using a centralized plant mixing machine. Because only in this way can we ensure that the gravel or gravel has the proper gradation and
ensure that the strength of the cement particles does not change significantly.
When the granular material contains soil with a plasticity index, its shrinkage is large, and conversely, the shrinkage is small. In order to reduce the base material
Shrinkage and reduce cracks in the base layer, the aggregate should not contain soil with a plastic index.
When cement stabilizes sand with a relatively uniform particle size, it is difficult to compact it. To solve this problem, a small amount of clay soil (subsand soil) with a
plasticity index less than 12 or lime soil (when the plasticity index of the soil is large) can be added to the sand. ), which kind of soil is more effective and economical to add needs
to be determined through experiments. In the case of fly ash, adding 20% to 40% fly ash will have a better effect.
3.2.4 Aggregate crushing value is a relatively simple, convenient and easy-to-operate test. The standard test of aggregate crushing value only requires a press with an energy of
400kN. In construction sites that do not have a 400kN press, non-standard tests can also be used, which only require a pressure of 100kN. The test accuracy of aggregate
crushing value is high, usually only two tests are needed and the average value is taken. A test method for testing the crushing value of gravel used for asphalt surface layers
should be used. That is, the total load will be increased evenly to 400kN within 10 minutes.
3.3.11 Among the strength standards for cement-stabilized soil used on expressways and first-class highways, 3~5MPa means that the lower limit is
3MPa, the upper limit is 5MPa. According to the current traffic conditions on the highway, 3~4MPa can generally be used, and the value close to the high limit is selected
according to the cumulative standard axle times (such as the cumulative standard axle times greater than 12×106 ) or close to the low limit. limit (for example, the accumulated
standard axis times are less than 12×106 ). However, for expressways and first-class highways that mainly carry heavy trucks and have particularly large designed traffic volume
(such as the cumulative standard axle number exceeds 40×106 ), cement-stabilized graded aggregate with a strength of 5MPa similar to lean concrete should be used. For the
base layer materials, inferior materials are usually used based on the principle of local materials. When the high limit is used for the strength of the base material, the high limit is
also used for the strength of the subbase material.
When cement-stabilized soil is used in the base and sub-base of secondary and lower-grade highways, the strength standards have a range. The high limit is used for
Class II roads, and the low limit is used for roads below Class II.
3.3.3 3. When determining the amount of cement in the mixture during material composition design, the specimen should not be made according to the maximum dry density
obtained by the compaction test, but should be made according to the dry density corresponding to the specified on-site compaction degree, for example, cement The maximum
dry density of gravel is 2.36g/cm3 , and the required compaction degree on site is 97%. The dry density of the specimen should be:
2.36×0.97=2.29g/cm3
3.3.3 4 The minimum number of test pieces n is related to the variability of the test results (expressed by the deviation coefficient Cv ), the allowable error e of the average value
and the required reliability (or probability), and can be calculated according to the formula (Appendix 3.3.3) calculate:
C
= in 2
(Appendix 3.3.3)
[nt1 ÿ
a /2
]
It is
In the formula: ——The

1ÿ t coefficient related to the required reliability ÿ , which is related to ÿ and the degree of freedom ÿ (=n-1) in the t distribution table
a /2
related quantile values.
Since the quantile value in the t distribution table is related to n , it is necessary to assume an n1 value in advance and check the t value in the t distribution table .
1ÿ a / 2
And use the formula (Appendix 3.3.3) to calculate n . If n1 is not equal to n, you need to re-assume a n2 value, and then check the t distribution table
Quantile values and calculated n until the assumed n1 is equal to the calculated n . For the sake of simplicity, we can first use the normal
Quantile value Z1ÿ/2 with the same probability in the distribution table (at 90% probability, Z1ÿ
a a /2
=1.645; at 95% probability, Z1ÿ/a 2 =1.96)
Calculate the n' value using the generation formula (Appendix 3.3.3) , and then add 2 (90% probability is the main one) or 3 (95% probability is the main one) to get the desired value.
The required number of test pieces.
The minimum number of specimens in Table 3.3.3-1 is obtained using an allowable error of 10% and a probability of 90%.
3.3.3 5 Since temperature has a great influence on the strength of cement-stabilized soil, the original unqualified materials may be damaged due to the curing temperature.
The temperature is too high and becomes qualified; the originally qualified material may also be considered unqualified because the curing temperature is too low. because
Therefore, the specimen must be cured at the specified temperature. On hot days, a window air conditioner can be used to adjust the temperature of the closed curing room.
temperature; in cold weather, you can use an air conditioner or an electric stove with a temperature controller to adjust the temperature.
During the curing period, the moisture content of the specimen should be maintained, and the change in moisture content should not exceed the "Inorganic Structure of Highway Engineering"
The value allowed by "Testing Procedures for Compound Stable Materials" (JTJ057) can be used for moisturizing and curing in a sealed water tank, or in the humidity
Up to 95% of the indoor health preservation.
3.3.3 Equation 7 (3.3.3) is the lower fluctuation limit of the observed value ( Rÿ Z ), should be greater than or equal to the design compressive strength Rd.
a S/2
3.3.3 9 The minimum dosage of cement in Table 3.3.3-2 is specified based on the uniformity of mixing. Means like material composition design
If the obtained cement dose is less than the minimum dose in Table 3.3.3-2 , the minimum dose in Table 3.3.3-2 should be used, but if the material
If the cement dosage obtained from the material composition design is greater than the minimum dosage in Table 3.3.3-2 , the results of the material composition design should be used.
The preparation work described in 3.4.2 is for damaged soil base, sub-base or old road surface. During new road construction, such as roadbed, bottom
The construction of the base layer, base layer and surface layer adopts a large flow operation method. One type of work is carried out sequentially, and the preparation work is
The work can be greatly reduced.
3.4.6 The purpose of sprinkling water and stuffing is to make the water evenly distributed in the aggregate layer and penetrate into the inside of the particles and large and small soil masses. sprinkle water
The stuffing material can also reduce the number and quantity of watering during the mixing process, thereby shortening the delay time, which is important for stabilizing fine-grained soil.
Don't be important. When using high-efficiency road mixing machinery (such as BMW mixers), since it usually only needs to be mixed twice, in order to shorten the
Delay the time and sprinkle enough water at one time when stuffing. However, when using ordinary road mixing machinery, especially agricultural machinery,
Since it takes a long time to mix thoroughly, the amount of water sprinkled when stuffing should be 2% to 3% less than the optimal moisture content (mainly for fine-grained soil and
Granular soil containing more fine soil). Because cement comes into contact with moist soil, hydration occurs.
3.4.7 Even cement paving is the prerequisite for uniform distribution of cement in the mixture. Only if the set is flat and has a certain density
On the material layer, the cement can be spread evenly by hand. Therefore, the aggregate must be spread out first and rolled 1 to 2 times with a two-wheel roller.
This item is particularly important when stabilizing fine-grained soil and manually spreading aggregates.
3.4.9 When constructing stabilized soil by road mixing method, the key point is that there should be no plain soil interlayer at the bottom of the mixing layer, especially between the two
layers of stabilized soil. The plain soil interlayer not only prevents the upper and lower layers from bonding, but also reduces the thickness of the upper stable soil and significantly weakens
the overall ability of the road surface to resist traffic loads. In the case of stabilizing fine-grained soil, the plain soil interlayer will also become a soft interlayer due to the increase in water
content, causing premature failure of the asphalt surface layer above it.
Practice has proved that even if an imported BMW mixer is used, it is difficult to avoid the appearance of a plain soil interlayer at the bottom of the mixing layer. In order to
eliminate the plain soil interlayer, some construction sites are plowed with a multi-share plow after the BMW mixer, and then again with a BMW mixer. Mix the mixer once, but it cannot
guarantee that the plain soil interlayer will be removed. If the upper layer of the roadbed has been treated with lime or curing agent, each layer of the subbase must be mixed with a
centralized mixing method to ensure that the treated soil base plays a better role.
When mixing with agricultural machinery, you need both a mixing machine and a machine to turn the material up from the bottom. Since the rotational speed of agricultural
machinery is low and the mixing depth is shallow, special attention must be paid to the uniformity of mixing. When using agricultural machinery, more mixing passes are usually required,
so special attention needs to be paid to the delay time. Practice has proved that the mixing effect of agricultural machinery is far less effective than that of special mixer.
3.4.10 The moisture content of the mixture should be strictly controlled. During rolling, the moisture content of the mixture can be slightly greater than (0.5% ~ 1.0%) the optimal moisture
content, in order to compensate for the loss of water during the rolling process. Excessive moisture content will not only affect the possible density and strength of the mixture, but also
significantly increase the drying shrinkage of the mixture, making the structural layer prone to shrinkage cracks; too small moisture content will also affect the possible reaching of the
mixture. density and intensity.
3.4.11 Grader shaping can easily scrape coarse aggregates to the surface, causing segregation and "nests" (or "belts") of coarse and fine aggregates. Moreover, the more times the
grader scrapes back and forth, the more serious the segregation phenomenon may be. The formed "nests" or "belts" of coarse aggregate cannot be bonded into a whole, which may easily
cause local damage to the asphalt surface layer after it is opened to traffic, and its harm is more serious than that of "nests" of fine aggregates. A small team should be set up to eliminate
"nests" or "bands" of coarse and fine aggregate after the grader has been shaped, for example, by removing the coarse aggregate and replacing it with fresh , evenly mixed mix.
During the plastic surgery process, it is strictly forbidden to form thin layers of patching. Thin-layer patches are easy to fall off and be pushed around, and are also easily pressed
Crushing and pulping will occur, causing damage to the upper layer. Therefore, new material cannot be filled in low-lying areas with smooth surfaces.
3.4.13 A very important part of the construction of stabilized soil is to handle the joints properly. The seams must be vertical butt joints and cannot be mitered. If they are not connected
vertically according to regulations, the joint will become a weak zone. The asphalt surface layer in this weak zone will soon crack and fail. This phenomenon is common at the longitudinal
joints and some transverse joints of semi-rigid pavement asphalt surface layers constructed in two pieces.
3.5.2 When mixing cement mixture with a continuous mixer, the particle composition of the resulting mixture depends on the maximum particle size and particle composition of the raw
aggregate in the feeding hopper. If the maximum particle size and particle composition of the original aggregate do not meet the requirements, the particle composition of the mixture
cannot meet the requirements.
3.5.4 If the fine aggregate is exposed to rain and the moisture content is too high, the fine aggregate cannot flow out smoothly from the feeding hopper, which directly affects the accuracy
of the ingredients and the accuracy of the mixer.
3.5.12 is the same as 3.4.11 in this article .

3.6.1 After the cement-stabilized soil is rolled, it should usually be cured for 7 days until it reaches a certain strength before starting the next process. However, during layered construction, when
the upper and lower layers are rolled with the same roller, the upper layer of cement-stabilized soil can be laid the day after the lower layer is completed, and the upper layer of cement-stabilized soil
can be used to maintain the lower layer, and the upper layer mixture It is not advisable to use a powerful vibrating roller for rolling, so as not to damage the initial strength of the lower layer of
mixture.
3.6.4 Before using lotion for health care, the base layer must be cleaned and rinsed with water if necessary. Practice has proved that after spraying asphalt emulsion with a concentration of more
than 50% on the cement gravel base , it is difficult for the asphalt to penetrate into the base. After spraying an asphalt emulsion with a concentration of 35%, if the asphalt is difficult to penetrate into
the base layer, the sprayed emulsion is equivalent to the sticky layer asphalt. Since dilute asphalt emulsion tends to flow along the transverse or longitudinal slope on the surface of the base layer,
it should not be sprayed more than 1.0kg/m2 at one time . The purpose of spreading small crushed (gravel) stones is to prevent the asphalt film formed by the truck and paver from being damaged
when paving the asphalt surface layer. The purpose of spreading small crushed (gravel) stones is to increase the bonding with the surface layer. The dosage of asphalt emulsion for health care
should be no less than 1.0kg/m2 (based on the mass of asphalt).
3.6.6 The asphalt surface layer can be laid after only one or two days during the curing period, and this can only be done with small machinery. When modern heavy-duty vehicles and paving
machinery are used to construct the asphalt surface layer, it is easy to form groove deformation on the top surface of the base layer, which affects the smoothness of the subsequent asphalt surface
layer.
3.6.7 When heavy trucks are used to transport concrete, the 7-day curing period should still be maintained.
3.6.9 Before spraying asphalt emulsion or diluted asphalt to form a penetration layer or lower sealing layer, loose particles and dust on the surface of the base layer should be removed. If the surface
is too dry, spray a small amount of water first and then the asphalt emulsion. If diluted asphalt is used, wait until the surface is slightly dry before spraying asphalt. One of the main purposes of
spraying a permeable layer or making a lower sealing layer is to increase the bond between the asphalt surface layer and the stable base layer, and reduce the possible erosion phenomenon
caused by surface water penetration. It improves the performance and service life of semi-rigid pavement. have a great impact. Especially for the asphalt surface layer on a stable fine-grained soil
base, if the inter-layer bonding is not good, the surface layer will easily move under the action of heavy vehicles. For example, rainwater will easily penetrate into the base layer, and the surface
layer of the base layer will easily soften and cause erosion. Slurry phenomenon. For high-grade highways, after the curing period, depending on the local climate conditions, permeable asphalt can
be sprayed or a lower seal layer can be sprayed within 3 to 7 days to avoid cracking of the base layer due to exposure to the sun. In the case of only making a transparent layer, the interval for
paving the surface layer can be extended, but it should not exceed 10 to 30 days depending on the weather conditions.
3.8 Others
3.8.1 Practice has proved that after some highways are equipped with concrete prefabricated block curbs, it hinders the penetration of the asphalt surface layer and the removal of water from the
base layer, resulting in the rapid destruction of the asphalt surface layer.
4 lime stabilized soil
4.1.3 Lime soil is prohibited from being used as the base layer of high-grade pavement. The reason is the same as that stated in Article 3.1.3 of this specification , and the
undesirable properties of lime soil are more serious than those of cement soil. For example, the maximum dry shrinkage strain of a lime-soil beam specimen made under
optimal moisture content when naturally dried in the air is 3120-6030ÿ. It is the material with the largest shrinkage among various semi-rigid materials, and is also the material
most susceptible to surface softening due to the influence of water. On ordinary roads, it is not suitable to use suspended lime soil granules with a gravel or gravel content of
only about 50% as the base layer of high-grade asphalt pavement. Because this mixture has smaller shrinkage than lime soil, it also has the disadvantages of easy softening
of the surface layer when exposed to water and poor erosion resistance.
4.1.4 In frozen areas, when lime soil is used on wet road sections, ice accumulation may occur in the lime soil layer in winter, which will damage the structure of the lime soil,
significantly reduce the strength, and cause premature failure of the asphalt pavement. In non-frozen areas, such as lime soil, which is often in an excessively humid state, it
is not easy to form a plate with higher strength. Therefore, water isolation measures should be taken in these cases to prevent water from infiltrating into the lime soil layer.
4.1.5 The curing temperature has a significant impact on the compressive strength
of lime-stabilized soil. The higher the curing temperature, the higher the compressive
strength of lime-stabilized soil; when the temperature is lower than 5°C, the
strength of lime-stabilized soil barely increases, see attached figure 4.1.5.
4.1.7 (8) The lime-soil mixture is a retarding material, and the construction delay
time has little effect on its strength, but it should be completed on the same day. If
rolling cannot be completed on the same day due to some special reasons, rolling
should be completed within 3 to 4 days . After lime is mixed with soil, if it is piled
for a long time without paving and rolling, it will also affect its possible strength.
4.1.8 is the same as 3.1.7(9) of this specification .
4.1.9 Once the lime soil base layer is soaked in water, its surface layer will soften
for more than a few millimeters, causing cracks and damage to the asphalt surface
layer. Draining the water that penetrates the surface layer out of the road in time is
actually very important for all kinds of grassroots.
4.1.12 is the same as Article 3.1.10 of this specification .
4.2 Materials
4.2.1 Cohesive soil with a plasticity index of 15 to 20 is easy to crush and mix, and is easy to roll into shape, and has good construction and use effects.
All are better.
For graded gravel and graded gravel without plasticity index, the effect of stabilizing with lime is far less than that of stabilizing with lime soil.
Effect. For example, for the same graded gravel, the resilience modulus after stabilization with lime (lime dose 5%) is only
1919MPa, and the elastic modulus after stabilization with lime soil (mix ratio 2.7:17.3:80) is as high as 5537MPa, the latter
It is 2.89 times that of the former .
Tests have shown that soils with different plasticity indexes are suitable for stabilization with different binders. For three different plasticity indexes
The results of several soils stabilized in five different ways are listed in Appendix Table 4.2.1 . The values in the table refer to the stress resistance at 7 days of age.
degree(R7). It can be seen from the results in the table that soil with a plasticity index less than 12 is not suitable for stabilization with lime, but is suitable for stabilization with water.
Clay is used for stabilization; clay soil with a plasticity index of 15 or above is more suitable for comprehensive stabilization with cement and lime.
Appendix Table 4.2.1 Results of different methods of soil stabilization
quicklime powder + water Slaked lime powder + water

Binder quicklime powder slaked lime powder cement
mud mud
nature
dose R7 dose R7 dose R7 dose R7 dose R7
(%) (MPa) (%) (MPa) (%) (MPa) (%) (MPa) (%) (MPa)
soil plasticity index
4+4 1.23
15.2 6 0.82 6 1.11 3+3 1.64 6 1.89
5+5 1.63
8 1.48
19.5 6 1.28 6 1.20 3+3 2.08 3+3 2.04
10 1.62
12 0.76 4+4 1.41

12 14 0.72 7+7 1.38 6 1.68
14 0.95 5+5 1.66
The influence of soil quality on the compressive strength of lime-stabilized soil is shown in Figure 4.2.1.
Regarding the maximum particle size, please refer to Article 3.2.1 of this specification .
4.2.2 If lime is left for too long, its effective calcium and magnesium oxide content will be greatly lost. When lime is piled in the wild without covering it and exposed to wind, rain
and sunlight, its effective calcium and magnesium oxide content decreases very quickly. It can be reduced from more than 80% to about 40% after being left for 3 months. After
being left for half a year, it can be reduced to about 40%. dropped to only about 30%, see attached figure 4.2.2. Therefore, lime should be piled high and covered with tarpaulin
and soil, then uncovered as it is used.
4.3.3 The lime used at the construction site may be hydrated lime powder or finely ground quicklime powder. When conducting the compaction test and compressive strength
test of the mixture, the lime used should be the same as that used at the construction site.
4.3.3 3 The same as the provisions of this specification, paragraph 3 of Article 3.3.3 .
4.3.3 4 Same as paragraph 4 of Article 3.3.3 of this specification .
4.3.3 5 The provisions of this specification are the same as paragraph 5 of Article 3.3.3 .
4.3.3 6 If the strength of the lime-soil mixture does not meet the compressive strength standards specified in Table 4.3.1 , some cement should be added, or another type of
soil should be used. Soil with a plasticity index that is too small is usually not suitable for lime stabilization and should be stabilized with cement instead.
4.3.3 7 is the same as paragraph 7 of Article 3.3.3 of this specification .
4.3.3 9 Since the 7-d compressive strength of 1:4 lime soil aggregate is often small, but the load-bearing capacity of the actual road pavement is not bad, in order to facilitate
testing, only the composition design of lime soil can be done. At this time The 7-day compressive strength of lime soil should be greater than 0.8MPa. After selecting the mix
ratio, a 7-day compressive strength test of lime soil aggregate should be conducted to accumulate data. When determining the calculated resilience modulus and strength of
lime gravel (or gravel) soil, the lime aggregate soil mixture with selected mix ratio should also be used to prepare specimens.
4.4.2 Same as 3.4.2 of this specification .
4.4.4 (3) When lime is piled for a long time, especially if it is not covered, the content of effective calcium and magnesium oxide will decrease significantly. The original quality of
lime that meets the third grade will be piled for several months without covering. The quality can be reduced to the level of lime. Some construction sites often use lime that has
been piled up for more than half a year to stabilize the soil, which significantly affects the strength and stability of the mixture. If the moisture content of slaked lime is too high,
the feeding hopper will not be able to feed the material evenly and accurately, which will directly affect the dosage of lime.
If the time interval between material composition design and actual construction on site is long, the quality of the lime may be significantly reduced. In order to ensure
that the lime soil has the specified strength, the material composition design should be redesigned.
4.4.4 (4) Lime must be fully digested before use. Use insufficiently digested lime to stabilize the soil. After rolling is completed, during the curing process, the insufficiently
digested lime will continue to absorb water and digest, which will cause local swelling and bulging, affecting the strength and smoothness of the stabilized soil layer.
4.4.6 The purpose of sprinkling water and stuffing is to make the water evenly distributed in the aggregate layer and penetrate into the inside of the particles and large and small soil masses.
4.4.7 Evenly spreading the lime is the prerequisite for the uniform distribution of lime in the mixture. Manual paving of lime can only be done on an aggregate layer that is flat
and has a certain density. Therefore, the aggregate must be spread out first and rolled 1 to 2 times with a two-wheel roller. This item is particularly important for stabilizing fine-
grained soil and manually spreading aggregates.

4.4.11 Same as Article 3.4.13 of this specification .
4.8 Others
4.8.1 is the same as 3.8.1 of this specification .
5 Lime industrial waste stabilized soil
5.1.2 In addition to these two categories, there can also be other types of lime industrial
waste residues. Since the most widely used lime industrial waste residue is lime fly
ash, this chapter focuses on lime fly ash mixtures.
5.1.3 Lime industrial waste residue stabilized soil, especially lime stabilized soil, has
good mechanical properties, plate properties, water stability and certain frost resistance,
and its frost resistance is much higher than that of lime soil. The initial strength of lime
industry waste residue is low, but its strength increases greatly with age. The greater
the amount of fly ash in the fly ash soil, the lower the initial strength and the greater
the strength increase at 3 months of age. Adding granules or a small amount of
cement to lime soil can improve its early strength, but due to dry shrinkage and cold
shrinkage, cracks are easily produced, and the shrinkage of lime soil is smaller than
that of cement soil and lime soil. After the beam specimen is made from the lime-soil
mixture under the optimal moisture content, the maximum dry shrinkage strain
produced by natural drying in the air is 340~2630ÿ for the lime-soil, 233~273ÿ for the
dense lime-gravel , and 233~273ÿ for the suspended type. Lime gravel is greater than 827ÿ. It is forbidden to use lime soil as the base layer of high-grade pavement. The reason is
the same as 3.1.3 of this specification .
5.1.5 The curing temperature has a significant impact on the compressive strength of lime industrial waste residue. The higher the curing temperature, the greater the compressive
strength of lime industrial waste residue. When the temperature is lower than 4°C, the compressive strength of lime industrial waste residue hardly increases. , see attached figure 5.1.5.
5.2 Materials
5.2.2 Fly ash is the powdery ash produced by burning coal in thermal power plants. The main components of most fly ash are silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), with
the total content often exceeding 70%. The calcium oxide (CaO) content is generally between 2% and 6 %. Fly ash can be called silicon-aluminum fly ash. Fly ash in some places
contains 10% to 40% calcium oxide. This kind of fly ash can be called high calcium fly ash. The loss on ignition of fly ash is generally less than 10%, and some are more than 20%.
Excessive loss on ignition will significantly reduce the strength of the mixture.
The particle size of fly ash varies between 0.001~0.3mm , but most of it is between 0.01~0.1mm . Its specific surface area
The volume is generally between 2000~3500cm2 /g .
Some foreign standards often limit the carbon content of fly ash (or expressed in terms of loss on ignition) to no more than 8% to 10%. Tests have proven that even if the
loss on ignition of fly ash reaches 20%, it can form a fly ash aggregate (or fly ash soil) mixture that meets the strength requirements. Only when the loss on ignition exceeds 30% will
the strength of the mixture decrease significantly. Therefore, this article has wider provisions on the loss on ignition. .
The moisture content of fly ash should not be too high. When the water content is too high, fly ash particles will agglomerate into agglomerates. When the mixture is mixed
using the centralized plant mixing method, the overly wet fly ash cannot easily pass through the opening of the lower hopper, which directly affects the preset mix ratio and mixing ratio.
and machine output.
5.2.6 The reasons for the maximum particle size and the fact that the granules should contain as little or no soil with plasticity index as possible are the same as stated in
Article 3.2.1 of this specification . For example, the maximum dry shrinkage strain of 4:12:84 lime fly ash gravel soil (without soil) is 668ÿ and the maximum dry shrinkage
strain of 4:12:60:24 lime fly ash gravel soil (containing 24% soil) The shrinkage strain is 1784ÿ, which is 2.67 times of the former .
5.2.7 The composition range of aggregate particles in Table 4.2.4 of the original specification is mainly derived from gravel, so the content of fine aggregates below 5mm is
relatively high. In practical applications, the upper limit, middle limit or lower limit can be used as the basis for the target mix ratio. When using gravel aggregate, there are
often few fine materials below 5mm in the aggregate , so the lower limit of the composition range can be used in the design, and a certain fluctuation range can be given.
For ease of application, the sixth printing of the original specification gave a No. 3 grading for gravel, and the median value of this grading range was the lower limit of the
No. 2 grading range. This specification lists a separate table for graded gravel aggregate, and its grading range is the same as No. 3 grading. When using, it is appropriate
to use the median value as the target mix ratio.
5.3.1 When the ratio of lime fly ash to pellets is 15:85 to 20:80 , in the mixture, the pellets form a skeleton, and the lime fly ash plays the role of filling pores and cementing.
This kind of mixture is called dense lime granules (see note ÿ in 3.1.4 of this article ) .
5.3.1 1 The original specification stipulates that the strength standard of the lime mixture is greater than the value in Table 5.3.1 . For example, for highways and first-class
highways, the original specification stipulates that the compressive strength of lime mixture at 7 days is greater than 1.0MPa. According to the test roads in Zhengding,
Hebei and Xi'an, Shaanxi during the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" period , although the compressive strength of the two-ash granular material used at 7 days was only 0.6~
0.7MPa, the overall bearing capacity of the semi-rigid pavement (the surface represents the deflection value) But it is not less than the cement granular semi-rigid pavement
whose strength meets the requirements . In order to make full use of industrial waste fly ash, the standard strength of the fly ash mixture is adjusted to the value in Table
5.3.1 . Some highway sections use low-strength lime particles, causing local slurry, early cracking and deformation of the asphalt surface layer, and even potholes.
Therefore, the values in Table 5.3.1 should be used as minimum requirements. If the strength of the lime mixture does not meet the requirements, a small amount of cement
(such as 1% to 2%) should be added.
Since the number and load of trucks on the highway have increased significantly, and the overloading phenomenon is serious, a higher value of the strength
standard is added, and it is suitable for special heavy-duty traffic roads.
When the ratio of lime fly ash to pellets is about 50:50 , the pellets do not form a skeleton in the mixture, but are suspended in the lime fly ash mixture, so they are
often called suspended fly ash pellets. Suspended lime pellets have large shrinkage and are prone to shrinkage cracks. For example, its maximum dry shrinkage strain is
about three times that of dense fly ash granules . Practice has proved that when other conditions are the same, the cracks in the asphalt surface layer on the suspended
lime pellet base are much more than the cracks in the asphalt surface layer on the dense lime pellet base. Tests have shown that the anti-scouring performance of
suspended lime granules is significantly inferior to that of compacted granules. Therefore, on first-class roads and expressways, dense lime pellets should be used to
ensure better performance and extend the service life of the asphalt surface layer. In areas lacking sand and gravel materials, suspended lime pellets can be used to reduce
the need for long-distance transportation of pellets. However, the mixture is prone to shrinkage cracks and is not suitable for use as the upper layer of the base.
5.3.1 9 If the 7- day compressive strength of lime granules is less than the specified value, a small amount of cement should also be added to increase the strength of the
mixture.
5.3.3 3 The same as the provisions of this specification, paragraph 3 of Article 3.3.3 .

5.4.6 2 Same as Article 3.4.9 of this specification .
5.4.6 8 For lime pellets, it is very important to mix evenly, especially without coarse aggregate "nests" (or "bands"). Coarse aggregate "nests" (or "bands") cannot
form a whole. The asphalt surface layer on it is prone to load-type network cracks. Once rainwater enters, it will cause local early damage (slurry, deformation).
Therefore, during the mixing and shaping process, attention should be paid to eliminating "dimples" (or "bands") of coarse and fine aggregates .
5.4.7 1 (3) Paragraph 8 of Article 5.4.6 is the same as the provisions of this specification .
5.4.7 1 (4) During the plastic surgery process, thin layer patching is strictly prohibited. Thin-layer patches can easily fall off and be pushed or crushed, causing
damage to the layer above them. Therefore, new material cannot be filled in low-lying areas with smooth surfaces.
5.5.1 (3) In order to ensure the output of the mixer and the mix ratio of the mixture, covering measures should be taken for these three materials to prevent rain.
Especially in the rainy season in areas with heavy rainfall, more attention is needed.
5.5.1 (5) Same as Article 3.4.10 of this specification .
5.5.3 1 Lime ash stabilized mixture is a retarding material. Delaying compaction for a longer time will have little effect on the density and strength it can achieve, but
delaying the mixture for a long time will still significantly affect its density. and intensity. Therefore, after the paving mixture is interrupted for more than one day, the
excavated lime-stabilized mixture should not be reused.
5.8 Others

Grade 6 with gravel
6.1.1 A mixture composed of aggregates of various sizes and sizes is called graded aggregate when its gradation meets the requirements of technical specifications.
There are no hydraulic binders such as cement and lime in graded aggregates, and there is no asphalt, so they are often called binder-free granules or binder-free
materials abroad. Graded aggregates often contain a certain amount of fine soil (referring to particles with a particle size less than 0.5mm, and 0.425mm is commonly
used in many foreign countries ). Fine soil sometimes contains a certain amount of powder particles ( particles with a particle size less than 0.05mm ). , many countries
use particles smaller than 0.075mm) and clay particles (particles smaller than 0.002mm ), and have larger or smaller plasticity indexes.
6.1.2 Graveled gravel should be composed of several gravels of different sizes. The graded gravel used as the middle layer is composed of several different grades of
gravel. It can better ensure that the particle composition of the gravel meets the specified requirements and achieve high strength and stability.
6.1.4, 6.1.5 Graded aggregates include graded crushed stone and graded crushed gravel (a mixture of crushed stone and gravel. The oversized particles in the gravel
are often crushed and combined with the gravel to form crushed gravel) and graded gravel (or graded gravel).
Graded aggregate can be used as the base and sub-base of asphalt pavement and cement concrete pavement, and can also be used as a roadbed improvement
layer. Under the premise of good drainage, graded aggregate can be used on roads with different traffic levels in different climate zones. The use of graded aggregates
is particularly beneficial in humid and rainy areas.
Graded aggregates are used in different layers of the pavement or in different locations in the pavement, depending on the characteristics of the material itself.
properties, quality of materials, climatic conditions, traffic composition and volume, and experience in each country.
Generally speaking, there are three methods of using graded aggregates in pavement structures:
1. Used under a thin asphalt surface layer on light traffic roads. Almost all countries use this structure.
2. Used under thick asphalt surface layer on heavy traffic roads. In this case, there may be two ways: one is high-quality graded gravel with good construction
quality, which is used directly under the thick asphalt surface layer as the base layer; the other is gradation with slightly inferior construction quality. Aggregates are used
at deeper locations, usually underneath a base layer of binder.
3. In many countries, graded gravel is often used as the intermediate layer between the asphalt surface layer and the hydraulic binder treated base layer (called
subbase in some countries) to reduce shrinkage cracks in the hydraulic binder treated layer. Reflected onto the asphalt surface, mitigating reflective cracks. It is also
helpful to eliminate water in the pavement structural layer and reduce or even eliminate the erosion of the base layer. This kind of pavement structure is often called
"inversion structure". When used as an intermediate layer, no sand or gravel should be added to the graded gravel.
Two decisive factors in using graded aggregate are construction quality and axle loading. When these two conditions are favorable, graded macadam works well
even with thin asphalt topcoats or asphalt surface treatments. When axle loads are large, above a certain traffic level, this pavement structure is unsuitable.
The restrictions on heavy vehicle traffic in some countries when graded aggregates are used as the base are listed in Appendix 6.1.4 .
According to statistics from some countries, when graded gravel is used as the base layer of asphalt pavement on expressways and first-class highways, the
total thickness of the asphalt binder layer on the base layer varies between 22 and 31 cm . In the new British pavement design specifications in 1987 , the total thickness
of the asphalt mixture layer reached 42cm. In foreign countries, the base or sub-base made of graded aggregate is often called the binder-free base or the binder-free
sub-base.
Graded aggregates can also be used as surface layers on low-grade roads, that is, as intermediate pavements. At this time, the fine soil content and plasticity index in
the graded aggregate are relatively high. Therefore, graded aggregates suitable for use as surface layers are not suitable for use as the base and subbase of asphalt pavements
and cement concrete pavements.
Although graded aggregates with high fine soil content and plasticity index can be used as intermediate pavements to directly bear the driving load, it is considered that
after a certain period of time, the intermediate pavements will be improved into asphalt pavements. In order to avoid paving When building an asphalt surface layer, the original
intermediate pavement should be dug up (lime was commonly used in China in the past). For intermediate pavements, the graded aggregate specified in this specification should
also be used as the load-bearing layer. In addition, fine-graded aggregates with high fine soil content and high plasticity index are used as the wearing layer, such as sand wearing
layer, fine gravel wearing layer or fine gravel wearing layer, etc.
Appendix Table 6.1.4 Restrictions on the use of graded aggregate layers
In terms of mechanical properties and stability, graded gravel is the best material among graded aggregates and the best material without binders; graded gravel is the
worst aggregate among graded aggregates. ; Graded gravel is between the first two. Graded gravel can be used as the base layer of highways and first-class highway
pavements, graded crushed gravel can be used as the base layer of general road pavements, and graded gravel can be used as the base layer of light traffic roads.
The main parameters that determine the mechanical properties of graded aggregate layers are elastic modulus (or modulus of resilience), shear strength and resistance
to permanent deformation. The ideal properties of a graded aggregate layer are that it should have high stiffness (equivalent to elastic modulus) to provide good load distribution
properties; it should have high shear strength to mitigate the effects of vehicles (including construction vehicles) trough under; should
It should have high water permeability so that incoming free water can drain out quickly: its fine soil should be non-plastic to ensure good water stability, and should
be non-freezing sensitive.
The parameters that determine the mechanical properties of the graded aggregate layer are mainly related to the friction, interlocking and bonding effects
of the aggregate. The frictional effect itself is related to the stress generated and the frictional resistance that can be achieved on the particle contact surface. Stress
is related to the density and location of the aggregate layer, which is related to the gradation and shape of the particles. The friction resistance that can be achieved
on the particle contact surface is related to the strength of the particle and the surface texture of the particle.
Other important factors that influence the mechanical properties of the structural layers of graded aggregates are the moisture content of the aggregates, the uniformity of the processed
and spread aggregates, the compaction density and the load-bearing capacity of the underlying layers.
The strength and deformation resistance of graded aggregates are related to the type of aggregate (referring to crushed stone, crushed gravel or gravel),
the gradation of the aggregate, especially the maximum particle size, the content of particles below 5 mm in the aggregate , and the It is related to the content of
particles smaller than 0.075mm in the material. Its water stability and freezing stability are related to the content of particles below 0.5mm and its plasticity index. In
addition, the stiffness, strength, resistance to deformation and stability of this type of material are directly proportional to the density of the aggregate.
In actual work, for graded aggregates, it is mainly necessary to control the gradation composition of the particles, especially the maximum particle size , the
particle content below 5mm, below 0.5mm and below 0.075mm , and the plasticity index. At the same time, the uniformity of graded aggregates (which includes
graded composition and moisture content) and compaction (or density) must be strictly controlled during construction.
About 70% of the asphalt pavements in Victoria, Australia, are paved with asphalt surface treatment on a graded gravel base. This pavement structure is
not only used on general trunk roads, but is also used on suburban sections of the highway from Melbourne to Sydney. Some road sections have been used for 8
to 9 years, and the performance is still very good, and the road surface is smooth and has no deformation. Usually, sealing (single-layer surface treatment) is done
every 8 to 9 years to restore the anti-slip properties of the surface. VicRoads calls this pavement a "heavy-duty flexible pavement".
In Victoria, this pavement structure is often used on roads with a standard axle load (80kN) of 1000 to 1500 on a one-way
carriageway (including suburban sections of the above-mentioned highways). On a highway with a design period of 30 years and a
cumulative standard axis count of 2×107 ~3×107 , the typical pavement structure used is a total thickness of 570mm, including 2×100mm
(two layers, each layer is 100mm

thick) with high quality and
medium Granular-graded gravel,
2×100mm medium-grained
graded gravel of inferior quality,
170mm excavation-crushed soft
stone (no strict grading

requirements) cushion, see attached figure 6.1.5-1 .
They concluded that this
pavement structure has two
advantages: first, the initial cost is low, only 70% of the "gravel base, asphalt concrete surface layer" structure ; second, the materials in the pavement structure do
not suffer from fatigue.
To make this kind of pavement good, both design and construction must be done well, especially construction is very important. According to their
experience, how to ensure that the gradation and plasticity index of graded gravel meet the requirements, how to ensure uniform mixing, appropriate and uniform
moisture content, uniform paving and compaction to the specified density are several issues during the construction process. It is also an important link to ensure
that this pavement structure has good performance and long service life.
They believe that attention should be paid to cross-sectional design, drainage design and material selection to prevent water from entering or being retained in the pavement structure.
Within the structural layer, the performance of the pavement can be significantly improved and its service life extended.
The typical cross-section (one direction) used for expressways and first-class highways is shown in Figure 6.1.5-2.
The accelerated loading test on this road surface shows that as the number of actions increases, the deflection value gradually becomes stable, roughly the same as the initial
The deflection values are the same, see Figure 6.1.5-3.
Figure 6.1.5-2 Typical cross section of road surface
1-The weak subgrade or expansive soil subgrade is stabilized with binders or filled with imported materials; 2- Drainage under the pavement (structural layer); 3-The lowest
point of the drainage pipe under the pavement structure; 4-High-quality gravel; 5-Full width double layer surface treatment ; 6-Enclosed shoulder; 7-Impermeable material.
The use of graded gravel as an intermediate layer between a thin or thin asphalt surface layer and a semi-rigid base layer is often called an "inverted structure " or sandwich pavement
abroad . This structure is commonly used in the United States, Australia, South Africa, etc. Because this intermediate layer can reduce the upward reflection of cracks in the semi-rigid base
layer, the graded gravel intermediate layer is also called a stress-reducing intermediate layer. The commonly used pavement structure on high-grade highways in South Africa is a 5cm asphalt
concrete surface layer, a 15cm graded gravel intermediate layer, a 30cm cement gravel base layer and a roadbed improvement layer. It is believed that this pavement structure can withstand
12×106 ~50× 106 standard axis times. On ordinary roads in South Africa, only a 3cm asphalt surface layer is made on top of a 15cm graded gravel intermediate layer .
An international airport in South Africa is expected to handle 500,000 Boeing 747 Super B aircraft . The maximum mass of the aircraft is 336,500kg. The load on
each main tire on the landing gear is about 220kN. The tire contact pressure is 1.463MPa. The radius of a tire equivalent circle is 21.88cm, the pavement structure used is
7cm asphalt concrete surface layer, 10cm graded gravel intermediate layer, 30cm cement gravel base layer, 45cm cement gravel sub-base layer. This pavement has been
subjected to accelerated loading test with aircraft tires with a load of 200kN . The effect 100,000 times, except for the 6mm groove, there is no other damage.
Virginia, USA, has used sandwich pavement structures as one of its main pavement structures for many years. It includes a 160mm cement soil or cement gravel
base layer , a 100-200mm aggregate base layer, and an asphalt concrete surface layer of 100mm and above.
Three sections of the Zhengding Test Road of the Beijing-Shijiazhuang Expressway built in October 1988 use graded gravel intermediate layers. The thickness of
the asphalt concrete surface layer is 6cm in two sections and 9cm in one section . The graded gravel interlayer is 10cm thick. The gray gravel or cement gravel base layer is
10cm thick, the lime soil subbase layer, and the total thickness of the road surface is 63cm. The average deflection values of the road surface in these three sections
measured in March 1992 were 0.14mm, 0.16mm and 0.21mm respectively. Others The maximum deflection value of the road section is 0.19mm, and 6 of the 17 road
sections have deflection values greater than 0.14mm . It can be seen that the graded gravel intermediate layer does not significantly increase the deflection value of the road
surface. Accelerated loading tests have proven that a sandwich pavement with a 6cm asphalt surface layer and a 10cm graded gravel intermediate layer has a greater
resistance to permanent deformation than a semi-rigid pavement with a 15cm asphalt surface layer, a 12cm cement gravel base layer and a 36cm lime soil subbase.
6.1.7 (6) The compacted thickness of each layer of 15 to 18cm is considered based on general requirements. Because after the material layer is compacted, its density is
always greater at the upper part and smaller at the bottom. Sometimes the compaction degree of the upper and lower parts may differ by 8% to 10%. In order to achieve a
high compaction degree, it is advisable to reduce the primary compaction thickness. This article describes the double-layer surface treated graded gravel pavement in
Victoria, Australia, mentioned in Article 6.1.4 . During construction, the 40cm thick graded gravel is constructed in four layers, one layer every 10cm . They use graded gravel
with a nominal maximum particle size of 19mm and a particle content of 19~26.5mm (square hole sieve) of 0~5%. They use a centralized factory mixing method to mix
gravel of different sizes and use a paver. The mixture is paved and compacted with a vibratory roller. The quality of the resulting graded gravel layer is quite uniform, with an
average compaction degree of 102% and a standard deviation of 2%.
6.2 Materials
6.2.5 Countries have very different regulations on the content of particles with a
particle size less than 0.5mm in graded aggregates . The former Soviet Union
stipulated the lowest content, less than 15%, and some countries have as much as
40%. The liquid limit and plasticity index of this fine soil have a great influence on the
water stability of graded aggregates. The larger the liquid limit and plasticity index,
the worse the water stability of the aggregate. Using the same graded aggregates of
0~40mm with different plasticity indexes , the specimens were made using the heavy
compaction test method under the optimal moisture content. After being immersed in
water for 96 hours , the load-bearing ratio test was carried out. The test results are
shown in Figure 6.2.5. . It can be seen from the figure that although the gradation of
aggregates in each specimen is the same, only the plasticity index of particles smaller
than 0.5mm is different. A small amount of plastic fine soil has a significant impact on
the load-bearing ratio of the aggregate. The greater the plasticity index, the The
smaller the bearing ratio, the worse the water stability.
Tests have proven that adding a small amount of plastic fine soil to graded aggregates will not only reduce the load-bearing capacity of graded aggregates, but also
It is necessary to reduce the rigidity and deformation resistance of graded aggregates so that the graded aggregates will produce greater deformation under the same load. Therefore,
reducing the plasticity index of the graded aggregate base to 0 can significantly reduce plastic deformation or rutting. In actual work, for graded gravel and graded gravel without
plasticity index, in addition to strictly controlling its particle composition, no plastic soil should be added to it.
Rich practical experience from various countries has proven that when graded aggregate is used as the base layer of asphalt pavement, its liquid limit and plasticity index
must be strictly controlled. Where the plastic index of the graded aggregate base layer exceeds a certain value, the asphalt surface layer often fails prematurely. Graded aggregate
base courses of low plasticity are often used well in various situations. Limiting the liquid limit and plasticity index of fine soil in graded aggregates is to maintain sufficient strength of
the aggregates when the moisture content of the aggregates increases. Generally speaking, the requirements for the liquid limit and plasticity index of fine soils in frozen and non-frozen
areas, and in humid and arid areas can be different for graded aggregates used as base layers. These two indicators were first stipulated by the United States and European countries
(mainly in frozen areas) . Generally, the liquid limit is not greater than 28% and the plasticity index is not greater than 6. However, in the past 30 years, with the development of traffic
volume, the regulations on the plasticity index of graded aggregates used as asphalt pavement base layers have gradually become more stringent. For example, some countries have
stipulated that the plasticity index of base-level aggregates should not be greater than 3 or 4, and some even advocate that graded aggregates should be non-plastic. For example, the
1986 British Department of Transport specification "Design of New Pavement Structural Structures" stipulates that graded aggregates used as sub-bases of flexible pavements and
semi-rigid pavements should be non-plastic.
Practice has proved that if the plasticity index of the graded aggregate is too large, the product of the plasticity index and the particle content below 0.5mm (or 0.425mm) can
be controlled to not exceed a certain value to ensure the stability of the graded aggregate. Different countries have different regulations for this product. This specification stipulates: In
medium-dry and arid areas with annual rainfall less than 600mm , when the groundwater level has no impact on the soil foundation, the product should not be greater than 120; in
humid and rainy areas, the product should not be greater than 100.
6.2.6 The use of graded gravel as an intermediate layer is very helpful in reducing cracks in the asphalt surface layer. There are two keys to the success of the graded gravel middle
layer: first, the particle composition of the gravel must be strictly controlled so that it meets the requirements, has appropriate moisture content and is evenly mixed; second, it must
be rolled to a high density. It is not difficult to achieve 100 % compaction of graded gravel that complies with Article 6.1.1 by using a vibratory roller.
The original specification also lists the requirements for solid volume ratio. Considering that the standard dry density of graded gravel can be determined through compaction
tests, but there is no equivalent relationship between the degree of compaction and the specified solid volume ratio, so in this specification Solid volume ratio is no longer juxtaposed in
the specification.
6.3.2 The subbase of grade 1 aggregate (including unscreened gravel) should not be made into a trough type, but should be made into a full pavement type to facilitate the elimination of water entering
the pavement structural layer. Otherwise, longitudinal blind ditches should be set up on both sides.
6.3.4 1 When the particle composition of the stone chips is 0~10mm , the mix ratio of unscreened gravel and stone chips is usually 65:35~60:40, but the stone chips in different
stockyards may vary greatly. , the maximum particle size of some stone chips even reaches 25mm.
6.3.5 4 Gravel aggregates should not be transported to the road too early. If aggregates with the original appropriate moisture content are transported to the road too early, the water
will evaporate and the aggregates will dry out. During construction in the rainy season, gravel is piled on the road prematurely. When it rains, the pile will turn into a stagnant water
pile, which will significantly increase the water content of the lower bearing layer under the pile, affecting the strength uniformity of the lower bearing layer. During the construction and
rolling process, local elasticity and softness may even occur.
6.3.5 8 Unscreened gravel must be spread on top when it is relatively humid, otherwise the stone chips will fall to the bottom once mixing begins.
7 grade gravel
7.1.3 Same as 6.1.4 and 6.1.5 of this specification .
7.1.5 Same as 6.1.7(6) of this specification .
7.2 Materials
7.2.3 Same as 6.2.5 and 6.2.6 of this specification .
7.2.4 Due to the large variability in particle shape, particle composition and plasticity index of graded gravel, its strength may also vary greatly. Therefore, a load-
bearing ratio test must be done before determining its use. Foreign countries require a minimum load-bearing ratio of 80% for binder-free granular base materials ,
and some countries require it to be 100%. Because when this standard was set in the past, the test specimens were made using the light compaction test method,
but now the test specimens are made using the heavy compaction test method, the load-bearing ratio of the same material can be increased by more than 1 times.
Therefore, the load-bearing ratio in the original specification was changed from 100% to 160%.
7.3 Construction

8 gap filling gravel
8.1.1, 8.1.3 , 8.1.4 and 8.1.5 The interlocking gravel base that was popular before the 1950s was paved in layers by screening large, medium and small single-sized gravel into several
different specifications . Made of layers. Usually, large gravel is spread first. After the large gravel is rolled and stabilized, caulking gravel is spread and rolling is continued to stabilize.
Then small gravel is spread and rolled to stabilize. The dry crushed gravel or water-crushed gravel used in some areas of our country also belongs to this type.
Another type of interlocking gravel base is often used abroad. It uses coarse gravel of a single size, such as 20~40mm, 25~50mm
or 30~60mm gravel as the main aggregate. After preliminary rolling and stabilization, it is spread Spread 0~5 (or 10) mm stone chips and roll
them with a vibratory roller. The vibration force of the vibratory roller will fill the stone chips into the pores of the main aggregate until the
pores are filled. This type of gravel structure is called dry gravel abroad. In the final rolling process, if wet construction is used, it is called
water-crushed gravel. These two types of interlocking gravel are collectively referred to as gap-filling gravel in this specification.
The strength of interstitial gravel mainly depends on the interlocking effect between coarse gravel. Fill with stone chips or equivalent natural gravel and coarse sand
Plugs the pores between coarse gravel, turning it into a dense structure, further increasing its strength and stability.
Practice has proven that by using two separate aggregates of different sizes, aggregate segregation during stacking and transportation can be minimized. The stability of the
interstitial gravel is ensured by specialized compaction. The density of well-compacted interstitial gravel is usually about 85% to 90% of the solid volume ratio. Interstitial gravel has the
same density and strength as well-graded gravel. As a base layer for asphalt surfacing on medium-traffic roads and even heavy-traffic roads, it can work just as well as graded gravel.
The gap-filled gravel layer cannot be directly opened to traffic, and there must be a surface layer on top of it. The two keys to the quality of the gap-filled gravel base are: the
pores between the coarse gravel from top to bottom must be filled, that is to say, it is very important to achieve the specified density; the pores between the coarse gravel on the
surface must be both After filling, the gap filling material cannot cover the coarse gravel and form a layer of its own. The coarse gravel should be visible on the surface, and the edges
and corners of the coarse gravel can be exposed by 3~5mm. The latter point is very important for the thin asphalt surface layer. It can ensure that the thin asphalt surface layer is well
bonded with the base layer and prevent the thin asphalt surface layer from moving and damaging on the top surface of the base layer.
If the surface layer is treated with asphalt surface, when rolling the materials for the surface layer, two types of screen residue will be produced: one is coarse, such as coarse
gravel with a particle size of 25~50mm ; the other is fine, usually Stone chips with a particle size of 5mm or less . These two kinds of screen residue are just used for paving the gap-
filling gravel base. Coarse gravel is used as the main aggregate and stone chips are used as gap filler. Therefore, when the surface layer is spray-type asphalt surface treatment and
the base layer is gap-filled gravel, all the coarse and fine aggregates rolled by the crusher can be fully utilized.
Since dry construction of gap-filling gravel does not require water, the use of this base structure in water-scarce areas particularly shows its superiority.
The main disadvantage of gap-filling gravel is that it is virtually impossible to fill the pores with a vibratory roller when the wet gap-filling material is used. If you attempt to use
multiple times of vibrating rolling to move the wet filler downwards, the main aggregate may float to the filler layer and cause serious loss of stability.
8.2 Materials
8.2.2 When rolling gravel with boulders, the particle size of the boulders should be more than three times the maximum particle size of the required gravel in order to increase the
fracture surface of the gravel and thereby increase the internal friction angle.
8.2.4 Table 8.2.4 shows the gap filling materials suitable for No. 2 and No. 3 gravels in Table 8.2.3 , with a nominal size of 5mm. Stone chips with a nominal size
of 10mm can have a maximum particle size of 15mm.
8.3 Construction
8.3.6 1 Expose 5~10mm of rough stone on the surface of the lower layer , and then lay the upper layer. This can make the upper and lower layers well combined
without causing delamination, which is beneficial to improving the mechanical properties of the entire gap-filled gravel. .
8.3.6 2 In Malaysia, there have been reports of successful use of heavy rain to fill the pores with gap filler, and it was reported that the actual pores in the gravel
base were smaller than expected.

9Quality management and inspection and acceptance
9.4 Quality management
9.5 Inspection and acceptance
9.4.2, 9.4.3 , 9.5.5 and 9.5.7 Due to various reasons such as the materials (including mixtures), construction technology , measuring instruments and test methods of each structural layer
of the subgrade and pavement , the completed subgrade and pavement The individual structural layers and the pavement as a whole are uneven. Therefore, the actual (or observed) values
of various indicators of engineering quality control have variability. Some indicators have small variability, while others have quite large variability. The variability of observed values for the
same indicator will also decrease as production equipment improves. Small variability indicates relatively uniform quality or small unevenness, and large variability indicates large unevenness
of quality.
If the quality is absolutely uniform, quality inspection is very simple. Just one inspection is enough, and one observation value is enough to represent the quality of a certain
product, but in fact this does not exist. The quality of any product is uneven, especially the quality of roadbed and pavement projects is even more uneven. Uneven quality and variability
bring a series of important problems to quality management and inspection. For example, when conducting quality inspection or doing a certain test, how many times of inspection or how
many parallel tests need to be done before the observed values are representative. If only 1, 2 or a few tests are done, the test results will inevitably be accidental and not representative.
Obviously, the greater the non-uniformity or variability, the greater the number of tests required.
Another very important issue often encountered in engineering quality management and quality inspection is how to use the results of several tests to evaluate whether a certain
quality index meets the requirements. Technical specifications have different provisions for different quality indicators. For example, for the strength of pavement materials, such as the
flexural strength and compressive strength of cement concrete or the compressive strength of various hydraulic binder-stabilized materials, a design standard value is often specified as a
lower limit, and any value smaller than the design value is often specified. The strength is regarded as not meeting the requirements; for pavement, an allowable deflection value is usually
specified, and this allowable deflection value is regarded as the high limit of the pavement deflection value; an allowable error may be specified for a certain indicator, such as ± 0.3% or
-5~+15. In some cases, the specification only stipulates the average value of quality inspection indicators or Party A only requires the average value of a certain quality indicator ; in other
cases, it may also require the overall failure rate (or Defect ratio) is specified. In actual work, the number of measuring points for some quality indicators (such as deflection value) may be
larger, while the number of inspection points for other quality indicators may be smaller. Therefore, corresponding plans need to be formulated for different situations. Quality assessment
methods and formulating different assessment methods.
1. Sampling inspection
During sampling inspection, it is necessary to know the distribution form of the observed value of a certain indicator, and the distribution form needs to be judged and tested by
more test data. However, from a practical point of view, the observed values of pavement and material properties can be considered to be consistent with the normal distribution. distribution
(or lognormal distribution), so the different evaluation methods specified in this specification are based on the normal distribution.
2. The fluctuation range of variable observation values or test results
After observing a sample of a variable n times, the average value of this variable (sample mean) can be obtained X and standard
deviation (sample standard deviation) S:
XXXX + + + ÿÿÿ +3 2
ÿ
X =
1 n
ÿ1ÿ
n
n ÿ
SXX
(=ÿÿ
2
) /( n ÿ
1)
ÿ2ÿ
i
i= 1
The population mean ÿ and standard deviation ÿ can be estimated using the sample mean X and standard deviation S.
Since the number of observations n (sampling observations or the number of tests on indoor specimens) is usually limited, such as repeated observations
Or experiment, the results obtained may completely exceed the variation range of the original n observations. Using the sample mean X and sample
The standard deviation S can calculate the fluctuation range of the observed value under different probabilities, that is, the observed value will fall within
within the specified range. The fluctuation range is divided into two categories: bilateral and unilateral.
(1) Bilateral fluctuation range
The bilateral fluctuation range is calculated by formula (3):
XÿZ ÿ3ÿ
a / 2S ÿ X ÿ X + Z a / 2S
In the formula: Z 2——The quantile value in the normal distribution table related to the specified probability, for example, when the probability is 90% (i.e. ÿ=10
a /
% or 0.10), Z0.05=1.645; when the probability is 95% (ÿ=5% or 0.05), Z0.025=1.96

ÿÿ
Observed values or test results under the same conditions will fall within the range limited by formula (3) with a given probability. Formula (3)
The left side determines the lower limit of the range, which is called the (bilateral) lower limit of fluctuation; the right side determines the upper limit of the range, which is called the (bilateral) upper limit of fluctuation.
The probability that the observed test value falls outside the upper and lower limits is equal, each is ÿ/2.
(2) Unilateral fluctuation range
There are two situations for the unilateral fluctuation range. One is to limit the lower limit to positive infinity; the other is to limit the upper limit to positive infinity.
to negative infinity. The limits of these two situations are called (unilateral) lower fluctuation limit and (unilateral) upper fluctuation limit respectively.
Unilateral fluctuation range (lower limit) Xÿ X ÿ Z aS

(4)
Unilateral fluctuation range (upper limit) Xÿ X ÿ Z aS

(5)
In the formula: Zÿ - the coefficient related to the specified probability ÿ , when the probability is 90% (i.e. ÿ=0.10), Z0.10=1.282; when
When the probability is 95% (that is, ÿ=0.05), Z0.05=1.645.
Observed values or test results under the same conditions will fall at the lower limit (when limiting the low value) or the upper limit with a given probability.
Within the fluctuation limit (when the high value is limited). The proportion falling outside is ÿ. In terms of quality assessment, that is, whether the quality reaches
The required proportion is also called the defective proportion, that is, the proportion of defective products.
Assuming that a lower limit L has been specified for a certain quality index and the defect proportion P has been specified, sampling inspection or
If the specimen test results can meet the requirements of the evaluation standard (1), then this batch of products or this mixture can be accepted, otherwise
Do not accept (refuse to accept).

XZS ÿ ÿL Standard(1)
p
In the formula: ZP - the quantile value related to the specified probability or defect proportion in the normal distribution table, which is the observed test result
The lower limit should be greater than the specified lower limit.
Some specifications and acceptance assessment standards often use standard (1) to design hydraulic binder stability based on the specified strength.
Materials and composition of materials such as cement concrete. For example, this specification stipulates that cement particles used as the base layer of highway pavement
The standard strength of the material is R7=3MPa, and the average compressive strength Rn of n mixture specimens is required. ÿRdÿ(1-ZÿCv)ÿ
And adopt Zÿ=1.645. That is to say, it is required that the compressive strength of this mixture has a 95% probability to be greater than 3MPa, and the strength is less than
The probability of 3MPa is only 5%, or the proportion of defects (defective products) in this mixture is only 5%.
If a certain quality index specifies not a lower limit but a higher limit U, then the test results should meet the evaluation standard (2)
Requirements:
X+ZpSÿU Standard(2)
That is to say, the upper limit of fluctuation of the observed test results should be less than the specified high limit.
When inspecting or measuring the deflection value of subgrade pavement, the upper fluctuation limit is usually used to determine the representative deflection value rl , and the representative deflection value is
The sinking value is less than the design deflection value dl (excluding seasonal coefficients, etc.), that is
l = l + ZS ÿ l
r a d
For highway pavement, Zÿ=2 is often used at home and abroad. At this time, the deflection value of 97.7% of the pavement will be less than rl .
Only 2.3% of pavements have a deflection value greater than rl . That is to say, the proportion of road defects (or failures) is only 2.3%.
If both a high limit U and a low limit L are specified for a certain quality index, and the defect ratio exceeding U is specified,
If the proportion of defects below L is equal to that of
It should be greater than L, that is, it should meet the requirements of standard (3) (bilaterally):
X + ZP 2S ÿ U /
X ÿ ZP 2S ÿ L Standard (3)
/
In the formula: ZP/2 - the quantile value related to the specified probability or defect proportion in the normal distribution table.
If it is specified that the proportion exceeding U is P1 and the proportion below L is P2, then the inspection results should meet the standard (4)
Requirements:
X + ZP S ÿ U 1
Standard (4)
X ÿ ZP2S ÿ L
For example, China's "Code for Asphalt Pavement Construction and Acceptance" (GB50092) stipulates that the allowable error of asphalt content in asphalt
mixtures is ±0.5%. If the design amount of asphalt is 6%, the allowable upper limit of asphalt in asphalt mixtures is
ÿ ÿ
U=6.5%, the lower allowable limit is L=5.5%. The specification also stipulates that X ÿ 2S ÿU, that is, the asphalt content should be ÿL, X + 2S
There is a 95.4% probability that it is between 5.5% and 6.5%. Asphalt content greater than U or less than L is considered unqualified ( in fact , asphalt content
greater than U and less than L each has 2.3%).
The accuracy of the above-mentioned evaluation methods from standard (1) to standard (4) is related to the estimation of the overall parameters. Therefore,
in order to effectively use the above standards, the number n of test pieces or test points needs to be large enough to reduce the error of the overall defect estimate.
Usually n>30 is required. If the population distribution is skewed to the right or left of the mean, errors in the population defect estimate may result in the acceptance
of products of inferior quality or the rejection of products of better quality (compared to the required quality determined by ZP and L or U ). Therefore, when using
this evaluation standard, it becomes more important to ensure the normality of the distribution of indicator observation values.
For cases where the number n is relatively small (for example, less than 30), some scholars suggest using the tP or tP/2 generation in the t published table.
Replace the corresponding ZP or ZP/2 in the above four standards , that is, standards (1) to standards (4) will become:
X t S + p ÿL Standard(1ÿ)
X t Sp
ÿ ÿU Standard(2ÿ)
X t SU ÿ/ 2ÿ + ÿ ÿÿ ÿ
p
Standard (3ÿ)
X t S L ÿ/ 2
ÿ
X t SU + ÿ ÿ
p 1
ÿ
Standard (4ÿ)
X t S L ÿ2
ÿ
p ÿ ÿÿ
If the sample parameters meet the above criteria, accept it, otherwise reject it.
In the above two types of acceptance standards, the quantile value ZP is only related to the defect proportion P , while tP is related to P and n . In some
articles, these two values are called the reception constant or the multiplier of the standard deviation.
The tP value in the standards (1ÿ)~(4ÿ) ( when P is unchanged) decreases as n increases, and gradually approaches the ZP value. When n>30 , the
difference between tP value and ZP value is not obvious. That is to say, the more the number of observation tests, the smaller the acceptance constant (under the
same probability , the larger n is , the smaller the tP value is until it is equal to the ZP value).
3. Confidence interval of the mean
The number n of actual sampling inspection or preparation of specimens for a certain test is always limited. Therefore, the mean value obtained by a
sampling inspection will not be equal to the true value. The k means obtained by re-sampling k samples from the same population are mutually exclusive. There will
be certain differences between them. Experiments and theory have proven that the frequency distribution curve of the sample mean is a symmetrical bell-shaped
curve, which is also distributed according to normal distribution or t distribution. The sample mean of a sampling test will change within a certain range with a
certain probability, or in other words, two limits can be given based on the mean, so that the two limits include the true value with a certain probability. these two
The range of values included in the bounds is called the confidence interval of the mean. There are two-sided and one-sided confidence intervals for the mean.
of.
(1) Two-sided confidence interval
The two-sided confidence interval is calculated using formula (6):
ÿ ÿ
X ÿt a /2 S / n ÿÿÿ X +t a /2 S/n (6)
In the formula: S / n - the standard deviation of the arithmetic mean, or standard error;
t —— The quantile value in the t distribution table related to the number of observations n and the confidence ÿ .
a /2
The left side of equation (6) defines the lower limit of the two-sided confidence interval, which can be referred to as the lower limit of confidence; the right side limits the two-sided confidence interval
The upper limit is referred to as the upper limit of confidence.
(2) One-sided confidence interval (see note ÿ)
When limiting the lower limit, ÿÿ X ÿt

a 2 S/n/ (7)
The right side of equation (7) can be called the lower confidence limit.
When limiting the upper limit, ÿÿ X t +

a 2 S/n/ (8)
Note: ÿ refers to the situation where the standard deviation is unknown. If the standard deviation or n is known to be large, use Z in equations (6) to (8)
a /2 or Z a
instead of t or
a /2
t
a
ÿ
If only the mean value of a certain indicator is required to meet the specified standards (at this time, 50% of the observed values of the indicator will be greater than
mean and 50% less than the mean), there are also the following two situations:
ÿThe requirement is to limit the low value of the average value L , at this time
X
XtS/n ÿ
ÿ L Standard(5)
a /2 X
That is, the lower confidence limit of the average value of the observed test results should be greater than the specified lower limit of the average value.
In this specification, the evaluation method of standard (5) is used to inspect the compaction degree. For example, specifying the compaction of roadbed
The degree is 95%. After testing the compaction degree n times, if the statistical result satisfies X ÿt ÿ95%, the compaction degree can be judged
a 2 S/n/
to be qualified, otherwise it is not qualified.
ÿThe requirement is to limit the high value U of the average value ,at this time
X
X t S / n ÿU + Standard(6)
a /2 X
If it is required to test the mean value of a certain indicator (or use the design standard as the mean value), and specify a lower acceptance limit LL
and a high acceptance limit UL, in which case the assessment method shall be based on standard (7):
LLÿ X ÿUL
X t S n LL
ÿ
/ ÿ ÿ
a /2 ÿ
or Standard (7)
ÿ
X t S+ n UL / ÿ
a /2 ÿÿ
Here we can see that when using the confidence limit of the average value to evaluate the test results, there will still be 20% to 40%
If a single inspection value is less than the specified lower limit or greater than the specified high limit, that is, the proportion of defects can still reach 20% to 40%.
ÿ
Taking standard (6) as an example, if n=9 and ÿ=0.05 , /tan==0.62,
1.860the, tleft
_ side
a of standard (6) becomes
_
That is, a single test value exceeding this fluctuation limit will reach 26.76%. ÿ=0.05, when n is different , a single test value exceeds this limit
The percentage limits are as follows:
n 6 9 12 16 20 25 40
t0.05 / n 0.823 0.620 0.518 0.438 0.387 0.342 0.263
Corresponding probability 0.7947 0.7324 0.6978 0.6693 0.6506 0.6338 0.6037
Exceed one hundred
Fraction (%) 20.53 26.76 30.22 33.07 34.94 36.62 39.63
If ÿ=0.10 is used, the excess percentage will be greater.
This specification uses the lower confidence limit of the observed value (standard (5)) as the measurement standard for compaction inspection. In fact, it uses
Measured by average.
Why use the average value instead of a single observation value to measure it? Some countries have used a single observation value to measure it.
Our country's previous "Highway Engineering Quality Inspection and Assessment Standards" also used a single observation value to measure, and small occurrences were not allowed.
Once there is an observed value that is less than the specified value, it is considered to be unqualified. That is, using the lower fluctuation limit of the observed value
quantity (standard (1)), and a probability equivalent to 3 times the standard deviation must be used, that is X -3S is greater than or equal to the specified value. Because only
Only at this point can we say that there will be no observed values smaller than the specified value. According to actual observations, roadbed compaction with good construction quality
The degree of deviation coefficient Cv is about 3%. Generally, Cv is 4%, and sometimes even exceeds 5%. Standard (1) can be transformed into equation (9):
X ÿ(1Z a Cv )
ÿspecified value
(9)
If Z =2, Cv =0.04 and the prescribed value of compaction degree are used to set Kd=93%, then
a
X ÿ93ÿ(1-2×0.04)
X ÿ101.1ÿ
That is to say, if the average compaction degree reaches 101.1%, the probability of the observed value being greater than 93% is 97.7%. At this time
There is also a 2.3% chance that an observation is less than 93%, or an additional 2.3% chance that an observation is less than 95%. if check
If it happens to hit a point less than 93%, it will be judged as unqualified compaction. To avoid encountering less than 93%
point, then Z =3 must be used. At this time

a
X ÿ93ÿ(1-3×0.04)
X ÿ105.7ÿ
In other words, only when the average compaction degree reaches 105.7% can it be guaranteed that there will be no less than 93% compaction on the road section.
ÿ
value. If Kd=95%, then X must be greater than or equal to 108.0% to ensure that there will be no value less than 95% on the road segment.
The above is the case of Cv=4%. If the roadbed construction quality is not very good and Cv=5%, then Kd=93% is equivalent to X ÿ 103.3% of Z , which is equivalent to X ÿ 109.4%a =2
ÿ ÿ
of Z = 3 . Obviously, it is impossible to require the average compactiondegree to reach such a high level.
a
of. For example, during the construction of a main highway in the former Soviet Union, the average compaction degree was 95.5% to 98.9%, with the maximum standard deviation
4.2%~6.0%, about 40%~50% of the measurement points do not meet the requirements of the technical specifications. According to the former Democratic Republic of Germany 's 1972
The statistical characteristics of the roadbed compaction degree compiled from highway survey data are listed in Appendix Table 9-1 .
Appendix Table 9-1 Statistical characteristics of roadbed compaction in the former Democratic Republic of Germany
actual observed value
Kdÿ%ÿ X S Cv Test points that meet the requirements

scope
n
ÿ%ÿ
ÿ%ÿ ÿ%ÿ ÿ%ÿ ÿ%ÿ
ÿ100 64 99.0 1.33 7 1.34 25
It should be said that the corresponding roadbed construction quality in Appendix 9-1 is better because its deviation coefficient is only 1.34%.
For another example, in 1980, the Highway Science Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport cooperated with the Guangxi Yulin Highway Section to pave a 2m high road.
The test embankment was constructed in 10 layers, each layer was 20cm. During the construction process, the compaction was checked layer by layer. Now we will
The inspection results of the 6th floor are listed in Appendix Table 9-2 .
Appendix Table 9-2 Statistical characteristics of compaction degree of Yulin test embankment
Depth(cm)
special
0~15 15~30 30~50 50~70 70~90 90~110 Total
sex
n 20 41 26 21 39 15 162
ÿ
K (%) 94.75 93.66 93.65 93.57 93.38 95.60 93.93
Sÿ%ÿ 3.68 2.88 4.10 2.87 3.02 5.07 3.48
Cv (%) 3.89 3.07 4.38 3.07 3.24 5.30 3.70
Range (%) 87~100 87~101 86~109 86~98 87~98 88~102 86~102
Lower confidence limit (%) 93.58 92.90 92.28 92.49 92.56 93.29 93.46
After the completion of this section of the embankment, the average rebound deflection value measured by a Huanghe truck with a rear axle load of 100kN was 0.77mm, 97.7
The representative deflection value of % probability is 1.02mm. The average elastic modulus measured with a 304mm diameter load-bearing plate is as high as
127MPa. It should be said that the compaction results of this section of roadbed are satisfactory. However, it can be seen from Appendix Table 9-2 that the average
compaction degree of each layer in this section is 93.38% ~ 95.60%. Taken together, the average value of the 162 observations is 93.93%, and the lower confidence limit is
93.46%, which meets the required compaction degree of 93%. Among these 162 measuring points, there are 14 measuring points with a compaction degree less than 90% ,
including 6 89% points , 2 88% points , 4 87% points , and 2 86% points . According to the values in the table, the measured points with less than 93% should account for
40.07%, and the actual points with less than 92% accounted for 34.6%. It can be said that the inferred results of mathematical statistics are very close to the actual inspection
results.
Why not use the average value directly instead of the one-sided lower confidence limit of the average value? Since it is impossible to measure many points in each
inspection , the average value calculated by one person based on a few measurement points is different from the average value calculated by another person by testing
some points. The averages cannot be the same. If the average value inspected by the construction unit is qualified, but the average value inspected by the supervision
department is unqualified, conflicts will arise and problems will arise. The probability of this problem occurring is 50%. To avoid this inconsistency, this specification uses a
lower confidence limit measure of the mean value. If a 95% confidence level is used, no matter who does the testing, the average value obtained will have a 95% probability
of being above the set lower confidence limit, and the possibility of a contradiction is only 5% at most.
9.4.4 The practice of many highways has proved that after curing the cement crushed (gravel) base that meets the quality requirements for 3 days , complete drill parts can
be taken out using either imported or domestic road drilling rigs.
Investigations of asphalt pavements on many expressways that have been opened to traffic show that local cracks, deformations, and even potholes in the surface
layer are often related to the disintegration of the base layer. The best way to check the integrity of the base is to remove drill parts.
Appendix A Calculation and Inspection of Rebound Deflection Value
A.0.2 The empirical formula (A.0.2) is measured at nearly 100 points on several sections of the completed soil foundation using a truck with a rear axle load of 100kN .
Measure the rebound deflection value, and then use a D304mm rigid bearing plate to measure the rebound deflection value at the same point.
Paired data were obtained using regression analysis.
According to formula (A.0.2), l0 at different E0 values is as follows:
E0(MPa)ÿ 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
l0(0.01mm)ÿ383 332 292 262 237 217 200 185
E0(MPa)ÿ 70 75 80 85 90 100 110 120 140
l0(0.01mm)ÿ173 162 153 144 137 124 113 104 90
For highways and first-class highway projects with long mileage, similar comparative experiments should be conducted first and regression
Analyze and obtain a relationship suitable for this project.
The calculation formula (A.0.3-1) of the comprehensive correction coefficient F of A.0.3 is based on the "High-level public information" project of China's "Eighth Five-Year Plan" national research project.
It is derived from the comprehensive correction coefficient formula obtained from "Research on the Typical Structure of Semi-rigid Base Asphalt Pavement".
0.46
ÿlE ÿ
Formulas for typical structures F = s 0
(Attachment A.0.3-1)
2.01 ÿ ÿ ÿ
d
ÿ
ÿ 2 p ÿ
According to the elastic layered system theory, the theoretical deflection value lL of the surface of the pavement structural layer is:
2p d
lL = d L
(Attachment A.0.3-2)
AND
0
The actual deflection value ls of the road surface is:
ls = lLF
therefore
2p d
= a F
lL L
AND
0
0.46
2p d ÿ l Es 0
ÿ
ls = a × 2.01 ÿ ÿ ÿ
L
2p d
ÿ
AND
0 ÿ ÿ
0.54
0.54
ÿ 2 p d ÿ
l = ÿ ÿ 2.01 × a
s L
ÿ ÿ
AND
ÿ 0 ÿ
2p d 1.8519 0.8519
ls = × 2.01 a L
AND
0
=
2 pd 0.8519
a L
× 3.643 a L
AND
0
From this we get:
0.8519
F = 3.634 a L (Attachment A.0.3-3)
Formula (attached A.0.3-3) is formula (attached A.0.3-1)

JTJ034 2000

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JTJ034 2000

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Industry Standards of the People's Republic of China

Technical specifications for highway pavement base course construction

Technical Specifications for Construction

Editor-in-chief: Highway Science Institute of the Ministry of Transport

Endorsement unit: Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China

Effective date : October 1 , 2000

Jiao Highway Fa [2000] No. 278

Chongqing Municipal Transportation Bureau, and other relevant units:

Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of

China June 2 , 2000

integrity of the base layer, all of which achieved good results.

Editor-in-chief: Highway Science Institute of the Ministry of Transport

Main drafter: Sha Qinglin

poor base quality, this specification is specially formulated.

or intermediate) pavement of new and reconstructed highways at all levels.

gravel and gap-filled gravel.

2.0.1 Basic base

2.0.2 sub base

One or two materials.

2.0.3 fine grained soil

2.0.4 medium grained soil

2.0.5 coarse grained soil

Gravel soil, gravel soil, graded gravel, graded gravel, etc.).

2.0.6 cement stabilized soil

Stabilize soil for cement.

Soil, cement sand or cement stone chips, etc.

Referred to as cement gravel, cement gravel, etc.

2.0.7 composite stabilized soil

2.0.8 cement improved soil

2.0.9 coefficient of uniformity of soil

is called the uniformity coefficient of the soil.

2.0.10 aggregate aggregate

2.0.11 lime stabilized soil

it is called lime gravel soil.

it belongs to lime gravel soil or lime gravel soil.

2.0.12 lime improved soil

lime improved soil.

Lime cinder soil and lime cinder aggregate.

2.0.14 graded crushed rock

When grading is required, it is called graded gravel.

2.0.15 graded gravel graded gravel

2.0.16 Crushed run rock without screening

0~D (D is the maximum particle size), and has good gradation.

2.0.17 stone chips screenings

Oversized particles with a diameter larger than d.

2.0.18 Gap filling gravel dry bound macadam

2.0.19Thickness of uncompacted layer

2.0.20 coefficient of loose paving material

Click on the last two digits.

3 cement stabilized soil

3.1 General provisions

highways of grade II and above.

improved first and then stabilized with cement.

cement dosage is not subject to this restriction.

(2) The ingredients should be accurate.

(3) Cement should be spread evenly during road mixing construction.

(4) Sprinkle water and mix evenly.

Expressways and first-class highways 98%

Second-class and lower-class roads

Cement stabilizes medium- and coarse-grained soils 97%

Cement stabilized fine-grained soil 93%

Expressways and first-class highways