Analysis of the Resident’s Socio-economic Status in Buying Economic Housing Units in

Cambridge Heights, Panacan, Davao City

An Architectural Thesis Proposal presented to the

College of Architecture and Fine Arts Education

University of Mindanao

Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

DAGON, AICKA MAE Y.

INSON, CHEN MAE C.

LOMARDA, LESLIE C.

UGAY, ANGEL SOPHIA R.

2.0 Review of Related Literature

2.1 Social Stratification Theory (Theoretical Review)

Social stratification theories provide an understanding of the hierarchical structure of
society and how it influences access to affordable housing. In a study conducted by Zamri et
al. (2022), the appropriateness of affordable housing is evaluated based on the demand
criteria, which shows the significant connection between social stratification and housing
access. It also provides an understanding of how societal hierarchies not only affect the
availability of affordable housing but also influence the preferences and choices made by the
communities in selecting housing options.

A research based on housing affordability and buyers’ preferences contributes further

on the economic dimensions of access to affordable housing (Soon & Tan, 2019). The study
conducted by Soon & Tan explores how economic differences, including wealth, education,
and power, a key part of social stratification could impact the affordability and appeal of
affordable housing options. Moreover, Yang et al. (2018), presented a case study from Dalian
City, China, that shows how the availability of affordable housing could directly affect the
housing prices influenced by social stratification.

2.2 Employing Cross-Sectional Analysis in Economic Housing Research

(Methodological Review)
Cross-sectional analysis, which captures data at a single point in time, is a powerful
research tool that provides important insights into a variety of subjects. This method enables
researchers to investigate and explain the features of a population at a certain time, offering a
snapshot of the correlations between variables. In this methodological overview, we discuss
the key approaches studied and used in cross-sectional analysis.
Descriptive statistics are an essential tool in cross-sectional analysis, allowing for the
summation and description of sample features. Measures of central tendency (mean, median)
and dispersion (range, standard deviation) provide a thorough picture of the data (Field,
2013).
Cluster analysis organizes observations with similar properties into clusters, showing
patterns and subgroups within the data (Hair et al., 2019). This technique helps to find
relevant divisions and links within the examined population. Finally, factor analysis reduces
the dimensionality of a big set of connected variables to a smaller number of underlying
components, making data interpretation easier (Fabrigar et al., 1999). This strategy aids in the
discovery of hidden components and underlying structures that may not be readily visible in
raw data.
Finally, cross-sectional analysis provides a solid framework for investigating various
research issues by taking a picture of data at a specific time. Using these methodologies,
researchers get a complete grasp of the relationships between variables and identify hidden
patterns within the investigated population. These methodologies add to the depth and range
of insights available through cross-sectional research, making it a versatile and valuable
approach across multiple scientific disciplines.

2.3 Determinants of Socio-economic Status (Historical Review)

Sociology's study of housing is still in its infancy. Sociological studies of wealth,

neighborhood effects, homelessness, the economic sociology of mortgage finance, and racial
discrimination in housing markets all mention housing at some point. (Zabisca & Gerber
2016) Sociologists study housing to understand the dynamics of segregation, social
inequality, and the effects of policies on marginalized communities. (Atkinson & Jacobs,
2022).
The main emphasis in the early years of sociology as a field was on larger social
structures and institutions. But during the 19th and early 20th centuries, as nations rapidly
urbanized and industrialized, housing became an important area of sociological study.
According to Holland (2018), early sociologists such as Emile Durkheim and Max Weber
were concerned about the living conditions in rapidly expanding cities, which were
frequently marked by dirty and crowded housing. (Conerly, Holmes, Tamang, 2021).
The relationship between housing and other socioeconomic issues became more
clearly as the 20th century went on. Individuals' socioeconomic status started to have a
significant influence on dwelling patterns. Economic differences reinforced social
stratification by fostering the development of separate communities (Wirth, 2019). Housing
became a vehicle for social inequality, reflecting and exacerbating it as vulnerable people
were frequently forced into subpar housing. (Stewart, Simangunsong, Debortoli, 2023).
Sociological research on housing experienced a major growth in the middle of the 20th
century, paralleling larger social movements like the feminist and civil rights movements. As
stated by Davis (2010).
 Sociologists continue to make significant contributions to our understanding of
housing as a crucial aspect of social life, from the early worries about living conditions in
quickly industrializing cities to the current emphasis on the intersections of socioeconomic
position, race, and policies. (Zhan, Liu, Chen, 2014) Further highlighting the variety of
sociological housing research topics are studies on wealth, neighborhood effects, and
homelessness. (Abdalla, Aubry, Bloch, et al., 2020). Researchers looked into how the
housing landscape was shaped by market dynamics, government regulations, and financial
institutions. (Tobias, 2021).

2.3 Household Socio-Economic Status Factors in Housing (Argumentative Review)

Housing is one of the crucial challenges in the country. Decent housing is not even
easy to find, even housing alternatives are also limited. This problem does not only affect
poor households, but even other socio-economic status also finds it hard to secure a decent
home. The socio-economic status of a household contributed a notable role in determining a
household level of living standard. A Households socio-economic status describes the social
standing in the society that is often measured in income, occupation, and education (Mehdi et
al, 2009) moreover, the differences discovered between rural and urban family with economic
status classification by identifying it through expenditure and asset indices (Chuma, 2009)
Each society has an identity that is formed by the people’s cultural ideals (Adedayo,2010)
Research conducted in Ibadan concluded that Socio-economic factors contributed a
large influence on the social status of consumers and exerted influence on consumer demand
on residential neighborhoods. Concluding that the demand for residential neighborhoods in
Ibadan has possibilities to be explained by the socio-economic status. (Akinyode, 2015)
People in New York that are classified as poor are living disproportionately in the central
cities just because of their socio-economic status (Glaeser, Kahn, & Rappaport, 2008).
Ndubueze (2009) asserted that by the process of filtering, it creates another market solution
when it comes to gradual release of sufficient housing for low-income households by the
move of the more affluent household when they vacate for better ones.
Residents' perspectives should be considered when making decisions about their
living environment, as they are best suited to determining their own needs. In the light of this,
Martinez et al (2007) argued that resident’s must not only be part of it but also be the center
of it in terms of showing level of control in decision-making. A market that responds to the
housing needs of the different social classes and including the in the process of decision
making through providing more decent and costly housing, there could be changes in the
whole social economic classes’ households moving and accelerating into a more decent
housing. However, it is dependent on housing affordability.

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