Affordable Housing – “A Responsible Design for Diverse

and Changing Households”

A thesis submitted to the Graduate College of the University of Cincinnati

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Architecture

in the Department of Architecture

of the College of Design, Architecture, Arts and Planning

by

Disha Vasudeo Agrawal

B.Arch.

Priyadarshini Institute of Architecture and Design Studies

RTMN University

June 2021

Committee Chair: Edward Mitchell

Committee Member: Elizabeth Riorden

 2

Abstract

“They are not houses, but a home where a happy community lives. That is what

finally matters”1

The need for housing in today’s world is irrefutable. The growing population and the

fast pace of urbanization are producing great housing demand in urban areas. Cities will

continue to expand and grow outwards, slowly engulfing the suburbs and finally the rural

areas. The basic reason for expansion is the rise in population which necessitates more

infrastructure, residences, offices, and entertainment facilities. Indian cities are witnessing

immense demographic expansion due to the migration of people moving from rural to urban

areas seeking better work opportunities, education, medical facilities, and a higher standard

of living that may be lacking in small towns and villages. The demographic expansion will

continue to increase, especially in the developing countries.

In order to resist urban sprawl, efforts could be taken so that the city grows out in a

sustainable manner embracing and not engulfing and polluting everything around it. With a

limited amount of land and soaring real estate prices, high-density low-cost structures will

continue to be a need. With about one in six urban Indians living in informal squatter

settlements, the need for an additional number of affordable housing in India is growing

exponentially.

The term “housing crisis”, as it is currently understood, essentially stands for nothing
other than the worsening of the already miserable housing conditions, caused by the influx of
people into the cities...[and] increases in rent..., a calamity that is not confined only to the
working class, but one that is also starting to affect the small bourgeoisie as well.2

1
Balkrishna Doshi, Balkrishna Doshi an Architecture for India, William J.R. Curtis, 50
2
Engels, On the Housing Question, 1872,
https://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/Engels%20The%20Housing%20Question.pdf
 3

Low cost, affordable housing is necessary for the current housing crises in India. The

Indian department of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation3 launched its ambitious

“Housing for All” scheme in September 2015 under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)4

with the goal to make India slum-free by 2022. That deadline has been extended until

December 2024. With a just over a decade to accomplish these goals, there is a huge demand-

supply gap that exists. By March 2022 the government built 61 lakh (6.1 million) houses out

of the total 1.22 crore (12.2 million) estimated.5 The thesis focuses on low cost high density,

low and mid-rise housing in the city of Nagpur, India which can act as a prototype for other

affordable housing solutions in the country.

3
A Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA)
https://www.huduser.gov/portal/pdredge/pdr_edge_hudpartrpt_032213.html
4
A scheme launched by the government of India to aid the current housing crises in the country
https://pmaymis.gov.in/
5
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (Urban) Status - https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-pmay-latest-news-news-
latest-update-pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-news-update-launch-latest-launch-190632
4
 5

Table of Contents

I. Introduction …………………………………………………………………. 08

II. Precedents…………………………………………………………………….10
a. Team 10 ……………………………………………………………...10
b. Free University of Berlin……………………………………………..13
c. Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital………………………………..15
d. Previ Housing, James Stirling………………………………………...19
e. Charles Correa – Housing and Urbanization………………………… 22
f. Belapur Incremental Housing ………………………………………...25
g. Aranya Low Cost Housing……………………………………………27
h. Mont Cenis Academy Complex………………………………………30

III. Precedent Summary ………………………………………………………….32

IV. Site Analysis………………………………………………………………….36

V. Program………………………………………………………………………40

VI. Methodology………………………………………………………………….42

VII. Design Proposal………………………………………………………………44

VIII. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………53

IX. Bibliography………………………………………………………………….55
 6

List of Figures
Fig 1 – Demand and supply gap in housing sector in India, researchgate.net
Fig 2 – Affordable housing supply challenges, researchgate.net
Fig 3 – Plan illustrating the importance of common green spaces in a community by Author
Fig 4 – Moroccan Community showcasing cross ventilation and natural light gains by Author
Fig 5 – Open Spaces in the Free University of Berlin by Author
Fig 6 – Road Network of the Free University of Berlin by Author
Fig 7 – Illustration of the Free University of Berlin, Team 10 Primer
Fig 8 – Poly centric architecture versus centric by Author
Fig 9 – 3D Model of Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital,
https://ucldigitalpress.co.uk/Book/Article/52/77/3872/
Fig 10 – Plan illustrating programs, https://ucldigitalpress.co.uk/Book/Article/52/77/3872/
Fig 11 – Sectional detail of typical patients’ cell,
https://ucldigitalpress.co.uk/Book/Article/52/77/3872/
Fig 12 – Sectional representation on Mont Cenis Academy, Germany by Author
Fig 13 – Plan and axonometric view of Charles Correa’s Previ Housing
Fig 14 – Tube house “cannon” effect shown in section and plan in most of Charles Correa’s
houses by Author
Fig 15 – View of Charles Correa’s Previ Housing, Charles Correa Housing and
Urbanization
Fig 16 – Miniature model of Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore, www.re-thinkingfuture.com
Fig 17 – Elevations showcasing architectural properties, www.re-thinkingthefuture.com
Fig 18 – View of Aranya Low Cost housing after completion, www.re-thinkingthefuture.com
Fig 19 – Transition of dwellings to a larger community space, www.re-thinkingthefuture.com
Fig 20 – Axonometric view of a group of dwellings, www.re-thinkingthefuture.com
Fig 21 – View of Belapur Incremental Housing after its completion, www.re-
thinkingthefuture.com
Fig 22 – Plan and axonometric view showing James Stirling’s cluster of 4 housing units,
https://socks-studio.com/2019/01/20/clusters-and-growth-previ-housing-project-by-james-
stirling-1976/
Fig 23 – Road network and open community spaces in James Stirling’s Previ Housing,
https://socks-studio.com/2019/01/20/clusters-and-growth-previ-housing-project-by-james-
stirling-1976/
Fig 24 – Previ housing, Stirling’s site plan and view, https://socks-
studio.com/2019/01/20/clusters-and-growth-previ-housing-project-by-james-stirling-1976/
 7

Fig 25 – Image of the proposed site, https://earth.google.com/web/

Fig 26 – Proposed Location by Author
Fig 27 – View of the Proposed Site with its Context by Author
Fig 28 – Site and its context by Author
Fig 29 – Road Network by Author
Fig 30 – Green Spaces and Water Bodies by Author
Fig 31 – Built up Area by Author
Fig 32 – Public Transport Route by Author
Fig 33 – Section Cut through site by Author
Fig 34 – Flow Chart Diagram showcasing spaces by Author
Fig 35 – Random blocks placed around an open space by Author
Fig 36 – A zig zag pattern created by alternating facades by Author
Fig 37 – Blocks arranged in a square surrounded by a community space by Author
Fig 38 – Rectangular clusters placed parallel to each other creating multiple community
spaces by Author
Fig 39 – Houses placed along the street line equipped with rear backyards by Author
Fig 40 – Site Plan by Author
Fig 41 – Axonometric view of site by Author
Fig 42 – Different types of modules by Author
Fig 43 – Cluster I design by Author
Fig 44 - Cluster II design by Author
Fig 45 – Cluster II view along with site in the context by Author
Fig 46 – Mid-rise cluster design by Author
Fig 47 – Mid-rise cluster section by Author
Fig 48 – Bird’s eye view of the site by Author
Fig 49 – Site Section by Author
Fig 50 – Cluster I & II Views by Author
 8

Introduction

The thesis will study and analyse various affordable housing projects done in the past and the

ways to prevent shortcomings. It will include a summary of different urban planning projects

done by prominent architects and urban planners concentrating in the housing sector.

According to the census of 2011 India had a massive population of 1,211.96 million, out of

which 378.11 million (approx. 31.15 %) live in urban areas.6 The level of urbanization in

Indian cities has increased from 27.67% in 2000 census to 34.93%7 in 2020 census and the

proportion of rural population has declined from 72.33% in 2000 to 65.07% in 2020.8 This is

bound to happen as people prefer to work in cities because of better employment

opportunities, education, medical facilities and other basic and necessary infrastructure that

may be lacking in a lot of small towns and villages in India. But this has led to a downside in

housing, land scarcity, narrow roads, along with many other issues related to basic amenities

like electricity, water, and green spaces for the city.

Figure 1 – Demand and supply gap in housing sector in India

Looking at the increasing demand and supply gap for affordable housing the

government of India has proposed several plans. One of the prominent plans in this sector is

6
2011 Census India - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India
7
Census data – Urban population change - https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IND/india/urban-
population
8
Census data – Rural population change -https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IND/india/rural-population
 9

the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana9 that focuses on affordable housing for economically

weaker sections of the society. Private developers started engaging in the affordable housing

sector from the year 20008-2009. But they largely focused on middle- and high-income

groups because of large profits in those areas. This resulted in poor quality houses being built

for the economically weaker and low-income groups of the society. Some of the houses were

abandoned by the people due to poor maintenance by the authorities. Hence, after studying,

analysing and summarizing the different case studies and precedents pertaining to the topic

the thesis will try and incorporate the necessary design principles for designing low cost, high

density affordable housing for the economically weaker sections of the society.

Figure 2 – Affordable housing supply challenges

9
An affordable housing scheme launched by the government of India to aid the current housing crises in the
country https://pmaymis.gov.in/
 10

Team 10

The book Team 10 Primer, edited by Alison Smithson, a member of Team 10, is a

compilation of articles, essays and diagrams that are considered central to each group of

architects’ individual position.

“…we have to work for the creation of a physical environment that will satisfy man’s

emotional and material needs and stimulate his spiritual growth….”10

Another of the Team 10 architects, Georges Candilis, stated that “We must prepare

the ‘habitat’ only to a point at which man can take over.”11 Habitat or a house is a place

where a man can go and be himself, a place where he can be free from the judgement of the

society. Hence, a dwelling should not be place where people need to adjust according to the

architect’s designs nor these spaces where people spend most of their time, be designed on

the basis of industrialized standards and concepts. Instead, the spaces should be designed in a

manner where people can live according to their own individual desires and needs. A

community is made up of several habitats co-existing together. Hence, one cannot think of a

house except as a part of community. The interacting spaces in a community like gardens and

cafes play a very important role in shaping the urban fabric of a city. It is these in-between

community spaces that help people interact with each other and make the space livelier.

“Any community must be internally convenient – have ease of circulation; in

consequence, whatever type of transport is available, density must increase as population
increases.”12
After World War II the world experienced a severe housing crisis hence. Team 10

challenged the universal housing schemes of earlier modernism, and studied low rise, high

density solutions in a number of world architectures. Alison Smithson coined the term “Mat

10
Bakema,1959, Team 10 Primer, 3
11
Team 10 Primer, 30
12
Team 10 Primer, The Doorn Manifesto, 30
 11

Building” in the year 1974 to describe the general formal condition of these projects.13 A mat

building is a type of building structure that has access, layout, daylighting and ventilation

solved for a single plan unit that is repeated as often as needed in the design.

Candelis Josic Woods proposed several solutions to low rise, high density urbanism.

Their housing scheme for Morocco, for example for the ATBAT (Atelier des Bâtisseurs,

builders' workshop) was constructed for the Moroccan Muslim communities in the city of

Casablanca and borrowed from local types. The project, Carrie`res Centrales from 1953,

provided housing for 100 Muslim families. Candilis and Woods used an 8x8 meter grid to

incorporate low-rise high-density community. They realized that the traditional forms of

urbanism were unable to incorporate the rapidly growing new sectors. One of the main

characteristics of their partnership focused on the tensions between the collective and

individual spaces in the housing sector. Candilis and Woods tried to reconcile the general

character of modern building practices with the need for identification. To do this they

incorporated patios that shifted a half a level in height. This resulted in alternating spaces,

creating a dynamic façade in contrast to other post war apartment blocks. Because of the

staggering form, the patios get extra height and are filled with ample natural light. This

alternation of solids and voids further emphasized by the colour scheme resulted in an

extremely vibrant façade and provided a clear character to individual dwellings.

Candilis and Woods decided to come up with a different approach for the new

settlement. The architects realized that they could not build a whole dwelling with the

resources available. The dwellers were provided only with basic services and amenities. They

were later responsible for the construction and expansion of their own dwellings. And,

instead of constructing a whole house with cheap materials, they could design important

13
Alison Smithson, Mat Building reference - Team 10 Primer
 12

spaces of better quality. Each unit is designed with the patio as one of the main gathering

spaces for the Moroccan families. The patios at Carrie`res Centrales, each unit in a multi-

storey apartment building receives ample sunlight and the private rooms were located on the

periphery of the courtyard and therefore had access to natural light and ventilation.

Combining a strong architectural framework with a strategy that accepts design

interventions by the community could help in resolving some of the major issues that low-

cost housing suffers.

Figure 3 – Plan illustrating the importance of common green spaces in a community

Figure 4 –Moroccan Community showcasing cross ventilation and natural light gains
 13

Free University of Berlin

Another of Candilid Josic Wood’s well-known examples of mat housing is the project

for the Free University of Berlin. The university is designed with the main intention of

providing maximum possibilities for communication between people of different majors. In

order to facilitate intercommunication, the buildings are separated by psychological barriers

instead of physical barriers. Georges Candilis, the principal architect of the Free University of

Berlin, gave importance to the open plan structure so that, through use, it became polycentric.

The roof terraces of all the buildings are converted into public spaces or private terraces with

the opportunity to expand higher if needed. The Free University of Berlin showcases

principles of inter connection between buildings by providing both public and private spaces.

Such low-rise structure high density neighbourhood is an important example of the mat

urbanism.

Figure 5 – Open Spaces in the Free University of Berlin

 14

Figure 6 – Road Network of the Free University of Berlin

Figure 7 – Illustration of the Free University of Berlin

 15

Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital

In the book Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, Hashim Sarkis, following on

Alison Smithson’s taxonomy, talks14 about the growing interest of contemporary architecture

in mat urbanism. Sarkis first analyses and studies mat building from various point of views.

The Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital consists a synthesis of different domains of

architecture reflected collectively on different projects. He mainly focuses on Le Corbusier’s

Venice Hospital as a case study to address the problems that could be solved via mat

structures. Mat urbanism answers to issues related to land use, indeterminacy in size and

shape, building use, and mixture in program. Indeterminant size and shape of the structure in

mat urbanism gives the users a sense of freedom of movement and activity in the space. The

inhabitant can use the space however they wish and need not conform to a particular activity

designated to a particular area by the architect. Structures that are being built today are

increasingly engulfing both the cities and the surrounding landscape, leaving no room for a

person to interact with both nature and structure simultaneously. Mat urbanism integrates

landscape and built form. In a mat building landscape/green area play a very important role.

Mat urbanism does not distinguish between the hardscape and the soft scape (green spaces).

Rather, it slowly merges the soft spaces into the structure. Mat allows for a building to act as

a flexible framework rather than a rigid container of functions.

Le Corbusier, borrowing the mat strategy from this younger generation of architects

in Team 10, experimented with mat building late in his career. His Venice Hospital is an

iconic example of mat architecture. Planned in 1965 at the edge of the city, the hospital was

designed to extend the existing roads and the network of canals. The mat form responded to

the separation between uses and the separation between urbanism and architecture. Hence,

14
Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, 11
 16

when designing the hospital, Le Corbusier revoked both the issues of flexibility and the

program from the traditional design methods by making it a quasi-urban environment in the

form of endlessly repeating courtyards.

“…individual gains new freedoms of action through a new and shuffled order, based

on interconnections, close knit patterns of association and possibilities for growth,

diminution, and change.”15

Mat building was a late development in Le Corbusier’s work. Although, after the

death of Le Corbusier, the city government changed the laws and the hospital was never built.

“There is need to expand the scope of housing and include other dimensions of human

settlement than technical”16

Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital strongly opposed performance-based approach in

design. Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital was inspired by Cite’ Universitaire built in 192517.

He was able to synthesize various aspects of architectural design together such as vernacular,

mechanization and modernist urbanism. Furthermore, Corbusier also solved the issues related

to horizontal circulation with the help of mechanization that would have risen because of the

endless mat sprawl.

“I projected a hospital complex that can spread like an open hand: a building without

façade in which one enters by the underneath, it has to speak the within.”18

Le Corbusier wanted to create spaces that were consciously activated with the help of

layered transparencies and visual fluidity. Spaces that dissolved the voids and penetrated

mass instead. Corbusier dematerialized the façade and the limits of envelope by projecting

15
Alison Smithson, Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, 50
16
Alison Smithson, Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, 15
17
Mumford & Allard, Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, 15
18
Le Corbusier, Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, 31
 17

the surrounding buildings as an ultimate façade. Using the play of water and sunlight

Corbusier additionally created a visual effect on the promenades, which further, fostered his

idea of a continuous façade with the help of shimmering reflections on the water.

Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital by using mat urbanism further created a greater sense

of individual freedom as people were no longer separated from the green spaces or

community activities. The interior courtyards in the hospital created their own sub

environment surrounded by the hospital wards. The hospital consisted of series of such

spaces one after the other thus, creating mat architecture. Therefore, mat urbanism also

helped in designing self-sufficient buildings through its chaotic and shuffled order.

Figure 8 – Poly centric architecture versus centric

Figure 9 – 3D Model of Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital

 18

Figure 10 - Plan illustrating programs

Figure 11 – Sectional detail of typical patients’ cell

 19

Previ Housing, James Stirling

Previ was an experimental low-income housing project in the city of Lima, Peru. The

government of Peru wanted to build various low-income housing projects in order to stop

haphazard development of informal settlements. So, in the year 196619 the Peruvian

government decided to launch a competition to design 1500 housing units in a derelict area,

north of Lima’s city centre. The theme of the brief was to design low-rise high-density

housing majorly focusing on the community areas. The housing schemes also had to provide

the possibility to be extended and modified by the inhabitants over time.

James Stirling worked on one of the twenty-six projects chosen to take part in the

competition in 1969.20 His design was based on a hierarchical pattern of growth. A cluster

consisted of four houses, built by sharing common walls and plumbing. A cluster of four

units is then grouped around a common patio forming a second layer for additional sixteen to

twenty housing units. This large group then becomes a base for another 400 houses. A

combination of four such large clusters become a neighbourhood, and each of the large

clusters has a park and an area for community activities.

Fig 22 – Plan and axonometric view showing James Stirling’s cluster of 4 housing units

19
Previ design competition launch 1966 - https://hiddenarchitecture.net/previ-low-cost-housing-i/
20
Projects chosen for Previ competition in 1969 - https://socks-studio.com/2019/01/20/clusters-and-growth-
previ-housing-project-by-james-stirling-1976/
 20

Stirling initially developed the houses as L shaped units for four people on a single

floor. These houses could be further expanded on the ground floor as well as the first floor

according to the users’ needs. Each house is equipped with a central patio and a corner

courtyard. The living room and bedrooms are situated along the central patio, while the

kitchen and bathrooms are located near the corner courtyard.

Special attention is given to the construction system in order to provide flexibility,

ease transportation and quick assembly. Common walls provide a rigid grid for the whole

project. These walls later become the basic structure of the whole settlement and also help in

defining each property. Precast concrete wall and lightweight floor slabs could be added to

the first structure.

Fig 23 – Road network and open community spaces in James Stirling’s Previ Housing
 21

Fig 24 – Previ housing, Stirling’s site plan and view

 22

Charles Correa – Housing and Urbanization

Closer to the site of this thesis in India, two major figures made contributions to the

development of low – rise, low – cost housing. In his book Charles Correa – Housing and

Urbanization, the Indian architect Charles Correa talks about the housing and urbanization

projects done by his office over the course of forty years. Correa also designed for the Previ

low income housing project in Lima, Peru which is one such example of low-rise high-

density housing with a greater focus on the community spaces.

The main idea of the Previ design consists of a series of row houses placed in a zig

zag manner. The zig zag placement of the housing units paved way for more usable area for

the occupants. Correa used 3-meter-wide bays whose narrowness was relieved by fluctuating

the width of individual bays wherever necessary. Additionally, the bays provided greater

flexibility in movement of both the people and the air. Moreover, the low-rise high-density

housing also considered the local climatic conditions and gave equal importance to the

community spaces. Those shared spaces provided better living conditions and improved the

lifestyle for the weaker sections of the society.

Fig 13 – Plan and axonometric view of Charles Correa’s Previ Housing

 23

The Previ housing project consists of three basic housing units. All the units are

rotated and placed at NNW-SSE angle in order to take advantage of prevailing winds. As the

wind goes past the porch of each house, air is drawn up through the house. The draft can be

controlled through the double height air scoop present in all the units. Correa’s Previ housing

project is considered both sustainable and cost friendly. In order to achieve these

characteristics Correa designed courtyards and double height ‘cannons’ covered by large

wind scoops for cross ventilation through which air can flow easily. This concept is similar to

other incremental housing built by Correa, namely the Tube House and the GHB-2

community. Both the projects are located in Ahmedabad and were completed in the early

1960’s.21

Fig 14 – Tube house “cannon” effect shown in section and plan in most of Charles Correa’s
houses

21
Charles Correa – Housing and Urbanization, 26
 24

Fig 15 – View of Charles Correa’s Previ Housing

 25

Belapur Incremental Housing

“Cities should be developed using a spatial hierarchy which ranges from the private

world of the individual dwelling, through the ‘doorstep’, to the communal court, to the

greater public space - the maidan – the public promenade of the community.”22

Charles Correa designed Belapur Incremental Housing in Navi Mumbai; India based

on traditional Indian settlements. The geometry of Belapur follows a certain hierarchy. The

basic element is the house and each house is equipped with an open to sky space which is an

essential aspect for an Indian family. In this manner three or four pair of houses are grouped

together along circular courts. These courts in turn open on to a larger public space, a street

that is filled with small shops and other entrepreneurial businesses.

Figure 19 – Transition of dwellings to a larger community space

Correa assigned an individual plot for each dwelling which can allow future

expansion as and when required. Each house has its own plot and does not share any common

wall with another person, although the restrooms do have a common wall due to ease of

services. Having no common wall instils a sense of individuality even in a dense community.

22
Charles Correa, 1960 - https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/belapur-housing-in-navi-mumbai-
india-by-charles-correa
 26

Belapur Incremental Housing similar to Aranya Low Cost Housing is a low-rise high-density

community.

Figure 20 – Axonometric view of a group of dwellings

The movement inside the community is all pedestrian with car parking available on

the fringes. This allows for open spaces to flow easily from small courtyards into large

community spaces with much ease. Belapur housing makes a strong statement which

combines the principles that Correa believed to be most important in housing -

incrementality, open-to-sky spaces, equity and a strong sense of community.

Figure 21 – View of Belapur Incremental Housing after its completion

 27

Aranya Low Cost Housing

Aranya Low Cost Housing designed by architect B.V. Doshi is located in the city of

Indore, India. It was constructed in the year 1989 when the country was experiencing huge

shortages of affordable housing. The project provided a framework and access to service land

to the economically weaker sections of the society rather than providing a finished house.

“Building homes is about creating a sense of belonging, about participatory

involvement and about the expression of aspirations, relationships and desires.”23

Doshi believed that the house should grow with the occupants according to their

needs, resources and desires. In all the social housing projects that Doshi designed he omitted

the basic repetition of the same floor plan in a multi storey building. Instead he opted for a

more open plan. A plan with a focal point which then converts into green spaces and shaded

alleyways giving way to the dwelling units.

“Ties between social activities and physical structures translate into specific

elements: shared landings, tiny balconies, open terraces and the plinth with its added steps

and ledges.”24

The design principles outlined by Doshi are quite opposite to those of Le Corbusier’s

initial designs principles. Doshi believes in designing a high-density low-rise structure with

active streetscape and terraces. This concept of design is then also believed and seen in Le

Corbusier’s late works.

23
B.V. Doshi, 1989 - https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/revisit-aranya-low-cost-housing-indore-
balkrishna-doshi
24
B.V. Doshi, 1989 - https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/revisit-aranya-low-cost-housing-indore-
balkrishna-doshi
 28

The primary concept of Aranya low cost housing is that the dwellings never stop

developing, they grow as the family of occupants grows. This design build relationship gives

the dwellers a flexibility to expand and compress according to their needs.

Figure 16 – Miniature model of Aranya Low Cost Housing, Indore

“Even if it is made of bricks, housing cannot be thought of as permanent and the most

important thing is to think about the project over time. Housing is not inert. It is a living

entity.”25

Additionally, the public activities are not just limited to the ground but are also

present on the staircases. The staircases are not considered just spaces for going up or down

but also interacting with each other. The staircases which then lead you to a tiny open terrace

connected to a dwelling unit placed above the larger dwelling footprint on the ground floor.

Aranya Housing just had 80 modelled low-cost houses with a simple plinth, a service core

and an option of a built room all of which are connected with water and electricity. Though a

25
B.V. Doshi, 1989 - https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/revisit-aranya-low-cost-housing-indore-
balkrishna-doshi
 29

lot of it is demolished today Aranya Housing still leaves a deep footprint when thinking about

the architectural impact on low cost housing in the country.

Figure 17 - Elevations showcasing architectural properties

Figure 18 – View of Aranya Low Cost housing after completion

 30

Mont-Cenis Academy Complex

As the population of the world is growing consistently the need for affordable housing

remains one of the pressing issues for humanity. Hashim Sarkis, through various examples,

showcases how the mat can help tackle some of the issues that the world is facing today and

adds several more contemporary projects to the list of mat buildings. The examples he shows

add to the canon of mat housing done in the 1950s through the 1980s.

One example that adds a new idea is the Mont-Cenis Academy Complex in Herne-

Sodingen, Germany is designed by Jourda and Perraudin Architects in the year 1999.26 The

Academy complex is known to have its own micro climate inside the building. Though, the

academy is situated in Northern Europe the architects wanted to replicate the weather

conditions of places located far south on the latitude. To achieve this Jourda and Perraudin

Architects used the concept of a box inside a box. They designed two rows of buildings along

a central street and water canal. The outer glass envelope encloses the individual buildings.

This created a buffer zone that acted as a secondary shelter for the enclosed buildings,

creating a micro climate. The transitional space between the buildings is used as an enclosed

public space for various community activities. From outside the structure looks similar to a

village like cluster of buildings enclosed under a single glass roof. The goal of the glass

envelope is to gain and store sunlight in winter season to keep the occupants of the building

warm. In the summer months the central water canal acts a main cooling feature in addition

to the underground air tunnel which brings in cooler air from the bottom. The academy also

has openings in the roof which helps in getting the warm air out. The building also devotes

more than 60 percent of its enclosed structure to circulation and contained outdoor space.

26
Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, 78
 31

Mont-Cenis Academy Complex is described as a “holistic approach to energy conscious

architecture.”27

Traditionally, in the mat building typology the building form created the

microclimate. This means that the earlier typology was more environmental determinant.

However, as mat building developed over the years, the building form was determined by the

surrounding environmental conditions.

This shift from environmental determinant to determined has gone unnoticed in the

contemporary buildings. Although, the only feature in mat buildings that is inherently energy

efficient is the shallow floor plate. The floor plate can be used to gain optimum amount of

sunlight and ventilation as and when required. But only a few mat buildings took advantage

of this feature.

Hence, the parameters that determine energy efficiency must emerge from the

conditions produced by the building’s interaction with its immediate surroundings and local

environmental conditions.

Fig 12 – Sectional representation on Mont Cenis Academy, Germany

27
Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, 78
 32

Precedents Summary

Cities all around the earth and especially in developing countries like India are

experiencing tremendous urban sprawl. The migration of people from rural areas has created

huge incremental housing shortages. Urban building typology (high rise design) is one of the

design strategies being used in order to mitigate the problem. Even though the urban building

typology increases the number of units, it significantly reduces the quality of life. Because in

a high-rise building design the occupants are disconnected with the ground. They don’t have

direct access to green spaces and usually end up living in long dark corridors with minimal

privacy. On the other hand, the other building typology which has a greater impact on

incremental housing is the low-rise high-density system. This building typology has the

potential to overcome some of the downsides of the urban building typology. Low-rise high-

density system has a greater emphasis on liveable scale and community context. It is more

connected with the ground and its surroundings. Additionally, people also have a sense of

individualism and increased privacy. This thesis uses a low-rise high-density system to

design incremental housing for the urban poor in the city of Nagpur, India. The thesis

employs several precedent analyses to showcase the advantages and design strategies of low-

rise high-density system that help in overcoming the problems faced by the urban poor.

Alison Smithson, a Team 10 member cited the term “mat building” for the first time

in the year 197428. The mat building system uses the concept of low-rise high-density

structures, similar to the one used in this thesis. Candelis Josic Woods, other members of

Team 10 designed a housing scheme, Carrie`res Centrale’s in Morocco, Casablanca29.

Carrie`res Centrale’s is designed on an 8x8 meter grid. The use of grid gave the architects a

framework to work on. Additionally, the alternating patios provided the rooms with ample

28
Alison Smithson, Mat Building reference - Team 10 Primer
29
Team 10 Primer, 30
 33

natural light and air. Candelis Woods also worked on designing the Free University of Berlin.

The university is designed using a mat typology. Similar to Carrie`res Centrale’s it uses a

network of grids as a base for its design. The grids are then modified and are connected with

open spaces. These open spaces become one of the most important aspects in defining the

design. Additionally, they also help in interconnecting spaces (public and private) between

different buildings. This thesis makes an effort to use similar pattern of grid structure to lay

out the units and interconnecting them.

Le Corbusier who once was an advocate of “tower in the park” (high rise building

design) model later in his career started supporting Team 10 ideologies. Based on their (Team

10) ideologies he also designed a hospital in Venice. The Venice Hospital is a low-rise high-

density structure based on mat systems30. With the use of mat building type, he was able to

respond to the separation between urbanism and architecture. The mat system helped him

resolve horizontal circulation and provide the occupants with a greater sense of individual

freedom. The thesis design tries to have a similar connection between the softscape and the

hardscape. Instead of having a separation between the two this thesis attempts to merge one

into the other.

Previ Housing in Lima, Peru designed by James Stirling is another example of low-

rise high-density housing. James Stirling uses a hierarchal pattern of growth by designing

units placed around a common patio of varying sizes. All the houses are connected together

by the service core and had an option to expand on the floor above in the future. Another

Previ Housing project done by Charles Correa uses similar low-rise high-density concept but

with totally different strategies. In this project Correa uses 3-meter-wide bays and fluctuates

the width of each bay wherever necessary. This helps in having a larger usable area in spaces

30
Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, 11
 34

that need more space to function. The thesis also uses 3 x 3-meter grid for all the low-rise

high-density incremental housing design. Additionally, Correa also equips the houses with

passive ventilation systems in order to keep the house cool. The thesis design also applies a

passive ventilation system that keeps the units cool in summer months and warm in winter.

Belapur Incremental hosing designed by Charles Correa in Navi Mumbai also works

on a hierarchal pattern of growth. In the primary layer Correa combines 7 units in a cluster

and places them along a common courtyard. In the secondary layer he combines 4 primary

cluster around a bigger courtyard. Lastly, in the tertiary layer 4 secondary clusters are

grouped around the largest courtyard that also acts as a business district and a community

space inside the settlement. Correa also makes use of the idea of expansion of each individual

house by the occupants. This provides inhabitants flexibility and instils a sense of

individualism inside the community.

Balkrishna Doshi’s Aranya low cost housing, another low-rise high-density project in

Indore, India operates on a similar idea of expansion in incremental housing category by

employing various design strategies. This thesis also makes use of the strategy of expansion

by the occupants themselves. Additionally, the thesis design also focuses on the flexibility of

space in terms of usage or function.

Lastly, the Mt. Cenis Academy Complex31, in Germany is a great example of a design

for community spaces. The academy with the help of certain design strategies is able to

maintain the microclimate inside the building. Mt. Cenis academy uses a box inside a box

concept where the school is placed inside a greenhouse. The inner buildings are placed along

a central channel of water which with the help of earth air tunnel helps in maintaining the

31
Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, 78
 35

micro climate of the structure. The thesis uses similar design strategies to maintain the micro

climate of the community space located along the central spine of the whole settlement.

Hence, after careful analysis of the above-mentioned precedents the thesis concludes

that low-rise high-density system is much better than the high-rise design for designing

affordable housing for the urban poor.

 36

Site

Fig 25 – Image of the proposed site

The thesis site is located in the city of Nagpur, India. It is situated on one of the main

streets, Ambazari – Hingna roadway of the city. This street leads to various multinational

companies located in and around the area. Additionally, there are multiple small business

emerging near the site. The area besides the site is mostly residential with some temples and

parks for the community and recreational activities for both the adults and the children.

Moreover, the site directly faces one of the largest natural lake of the city, the Ambazari lake.

The lake provides water to more than half of the city of Nagpur. The site is easily accessible

to the local public transport. The Subhash Nagar Metro station is located almost opposite to

the site. There is also a bus stand within 0.5 miles of the proposed site. Nagpur city railway

station and the airport are 5.1 miles and 5.7 miles respectively. The site has access to the

street on the north side and is abutted by other residential houses on the east. While the other

two side face an empty plot of land. The site has a total area of 6.4 acres and is small part of
 37

the 74-acre land proposed by the Indian government for affordable housing in the city of

Nagpur. Since the site is located so close to a water body, the ground water level will be quite

high. The design will need to address the soil conditions in the proposal. Additionally,

Nagpur is situated in a temperate climate. The temperatures during summer can easily go as

high as 48 degree Celsius (120 degrees F). During the winters the go around 2 degree Celsius

(35 degrees F). Even though winters are not so harsh people need decent houses to survive

through different weather conditions. Hence, the proposal will consider and design keeping in

mind the local climate of the site.

Fig 26 – Proposed Location

Fig 27 – View of the Proposed Site with its Context

 38

Fig 28 – Site and its Context

Fig 29 – Road Networks

Fig 30 – Green Spaces and Water Bodies

 39

Fig 31 – Built up Area

Fig 32 – Public Transport Route

Fig 33 – Section cut of Proposed Site

 40

Program

Affordable housing design requires the consideration and the provision for all the

basic amenities needed to perform daily functions in a family. Additionally, for designing a

low-cost housing for the whole community, spaces for public meet and greet are also

essential for the project to function successfully. While considering the climate of India

(tropical climate) spaces such as veranda’s or courtyards would act as a major source of cross

ventilation in a house, keeping the spaces cooler during the harsh summer months. Basic

spaces required in a house in order to live peacefully such as a living room, kitchen, dining,

bedrooms and a bathroom would also be designed. The community would be primarily

residential with some spaces provided for small business and local shops if needed. The

approach to the housing problem would be within a framework of community, social

structure and with minimum services along with some sort of boundaries. After analysing and

studying different case studies of similar nature the project would design a low-cost housing

for 1000 people on a 6.4-acre site. The housing would consist of people from economically

weaker sections, low income communities, and middle-income communities. All the people

would be given same services regardless of their social status. In order to suite different

housing needs 3 types of houses would be designed. The project would consist of housing

type ranging from one bedroom to three bedrooms. Moreover, spaces that would allow for

natural ventilation during summer and heat during winter would be considered in the project.

This would result in less electricity cost and a step towards sustainability.
 41

Site

Community

House

Community

1-BHK Recreational spaces

2-BHK Small Businesses

3-BHK

House

Bathroom
Living room

Bedroom
Dining
Kitchen

Fig 34 – Flow Chart Diagram showcasing spaces

 42

Methodology

The project will approach the design by studying and analysing various case studies

and precedents related to the topic. This method will help in breaking down the intricacies of

the case studies within specific regional and cultural contexts. Alongside offering a platform

to both juxtapose their characteristics and track broad connections. The case studies and

precedents being studied are Aranya low cost housing, Belapur Incremental housing – India,

Free University – Berlin, Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, Mont Cenis Academy – Germany,

Casablanca low cost housing, Previ Housing Competition by James Sterling as well as

Charles Correa. All of these case studies and precedents have been selected and studied

because of their relevance in designing a low-rise high-density structure while some are

related to the real-life work done in the low-cost housing sector. The project will study these

precedents and case studies under a few primary characteristics such as:

i) Design of low-rise high-density structure

ii) Relationship between built and open spaces

iii) Use of vernacular methods to bring down the cost of the project

iv) Use of local materials and labour techniques

v) Traditional cooling and heating methods

vi) Population density for a low-income housing community

vii) Community development strategies used in the projects

viii) Steps to promote mental and emotional health of the occupants

ix) Integration of public spaces

The project will try and incorporate the above-mentioned characteristics in the design

after studying and analysing the precedents. This will help in establishing the common
 43

threads, successes and deficiencies in each precedent and case study. Hence, providing a base

plane to work on.

The project will showcase the design progress and final outcome mainly with the help of

2D drawings and 3D models. During the initial stages the project will take help of parti

models to convey the conceptual idea of the overall design. As the design progresses the

project will also refer some basic standards necessary to determine minimum area

requirements for low- and middle-income households.

Finally, the project will try and design an affordable housing community in the city of

Nagpur, India for approximately 1000 people on a 6.4-acre plot. The design will be primarily

a combination of low-rise high-density and mid-rise housing structure. The thesis would be a

community-based design where time as a design impacting factor is given more importance.

A place where the project lives, progresses and grows old along with the occupants of the

structure.
 44

Design Proposal

Before finalizing the cluster placement of low-rise units on the site a lot of different

variations were thought on and considered. But after careful consideration of the pros and

cons the cluster containing a zig zag pattern creating alternating facades was finalized.

Cluster design options

Fig 35 – Random blocks placed around an open space

Fig 36 – A zig zag pattern created by alternating facades

 45

Fig 37 – Blocks arranged in a square surrounded by a community space

Fig 38 – Rectangular clusters placed parallel to each other creating multiple community
spaces

Fig 39 – Houses placed along the street line equipped with rear backyards
 46

Site Plan

The site has two main entries connecting the main road. The design consists of a combination

of two storey, three storey and six storey towers. The six storey towers are placed on the rear

part of the site whereas the low rise is placed in the front. The zoning of mid-rise towers

enables the occupants living in the towers to get the beautiful view of the Ambazari lake and

on the other hand also provide shade to neighbouring low rise apartments during the summer.

A spline of green community area and small businesses is provided in the middle of the site.

A place where all the interactive activities and hustle bustle happen.

Fig 40 – Site Plan

 47

Fig 41 – Axonometric view of the site

Fig 42 – Different types of Modules

 48

Low Rise Cluster Design

The design consists of two types of clusters. Both the clusters are designed using a 3 x 3-

meter grid. All the units in the cluster have a balcony or a courtyard attached along with a

space to expand in the future. Both the clusters consist of 1 – BHK (bedroom, hall &

kitchen), 2 – BHK and 3 – BHK apartments. Cluster - I is a combination of module type I

apartment units. Whereas, cluster - II is a combination of module types two, three and four.

Cluster - I is a two-storey block and on the other hand cluster - II is a three-storey block

Fig 43 – Cluster I Design

 49

Fig 44 – Cluster II Design

Fig 45 – Cluster II view along with site in the context

 50

Mid Rise Cluster Design

The mid-rise cluster is six storeys tall and houses 1 - BHK, 2 – BHK as well as 1 – RK

(Room, Kitchen). The exploded axon below shows the interlocking pattern of their units.

Certain room inside the units are raised above or/and pulled down half a floor in height. This

helps in achieving greater movement of air inside a unit as well as saves area. The diagram

below showcases different colours for different apartment types in both the plan as well as

elevation.

Fig 46 – Mid-rise cluster design

 51

Fig 47 – Mid-rise cluster section

Fig 48 – Bird’s eye view of the site

 52

Site Section

Cluster I & II Views

 53

Conclusion

Affordable housing is one of the main pressing issues in developing countries like

India. Due to increasing urban sprawl Indian cities are witnessing severe housing crises

especially in the low-income sector. In order to mitigate with this problem, the government of

India launched a nation-wide scheme called – ‘Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana’. Under this

scheme the government aims to build affordable houses in both urban and rural India. The

thesis design tries to approach the problem from three different levels. The first level

considers the site and its nearby contextual areas. The second level pays attention to the

community. And lastly, the third level takes a deeper look at the individual housing units.

The thesis through its design proposal tries to solve problems faced by the urban poor in the

sector of affordable housing. The three main factors considered during the design process are:

i. Flexibility in the function/use of space

ii. Growth of the housing unit along with the occupants

iii. Use of passive methods for air circulation

In order to resolve the above-mentioned issues, the thesis proposes a combination of low- and

mid-rise housing units. The combination of low- and mid-rise apartments would not only help

in breaking the problems raised due to increasing population of the country but also give the

occupants various housing options to choose from. The low-rise units are placed in a zig zag

pattern on the site. This zig zag pattern creates a green interactive space either in front of the

modules or at the back. The pattern also ensures cross ventilation throughout the site.

Moreover, the design proposes 4 different module types for low rise units. Each of the

module type caters to the above-mentioned factors while also providing the occupants a

chance to expand if needed in the future. The low-rise units are designed using a 3 x 3-meter

grid. The grid helps in answering the matters related to flexibility and the area. The mid-rise
 54

units are being designed by raising and pulling down certain rooms half a floor in height.

This change in level helps in greater cross ventilation while consuming lesser area.

Additionally, a huge spine of green recreational and community spaces is proposed in the

centre. A place where people can come and interact with each other. A place where small

business and community activities can grow. The greenhouse structure designed in the centre

of the spine not only acts as a community space but also maintains the micro climate inside

the structure all throughout the year, Hence, studying and analysing different precedents and

also by considering the three primary design factors the thesis is able to solve major problems

faced by the urban poor with the help of above mentioned design strategies. The new design

typology could help in creating a decent space equipped with all the basic amenities for the

weaker sections of the society; thus, giving them an equal opportunity to live a healthy

lifestyle.
 55

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