Far Eastern University JULY 2022

Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

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1436: HOUSING WEEK 4-5 MODULE

Housing Theories & Typologies

Module Information
Module Overview
An introduction to the different typologies, characteristics, and planning and development concepts and strategies in housing

Module Coverage
The module will be covered for a duration of 5 weeks.

Module Objective
To understand the different housing typologies and planning concepts of different countries and how it can help Philippine Settings

Module Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, the learner will be able to:
Knowledge and understanding of housing situation in the Philippines and the influences that affect its delivery.
Ability to visualize and grasp the total housing problem in the Philippines
Ability to identify the major stumbling blocks in the delivery of housing in the Philippines.
Understanding the theories and cultural beliefs influencing housing.

Module Interdependencies
This module serves as part of introductory lesson for the whole course.

Additional Readings and Materials

 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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LECTURE OUTLINE:
I. Urban Theories with Impacts on Housing
II. Housing Theories
III. Housing Typologies

LECTURE PROPER
Housing Theories
WHAT IS THEORY OF HOUSING?

• A theory about (housing) architecture aims to say something about what (housing) architecture is
• In itself (as typologies, as spatial and aesthetic configurations etc.,)
• In relation to other societal fields
• ’Internal’ theories
• Historic Texts which have been decisive for the professional and theoretical debate throughout history

Urban Theories with Impacts on Housing

The Garden City

• The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898
by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were intended to be
planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate
areas of residences, industry and agriculture.
• Garden City plans - cluster with a mother town of 58,000 to 65,000 with smaller
garden cities of 30,000 to 32,000 each with permanent green space separating the cities
with the towns.

The City Beautiful Movement

he City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American
architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s
with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.
Influenced by the world fairs of the late 19th century, like the 1891 Columbian
Exposition, Chicago.
Emphasis was on grand formal designs, with wide boulevards, civic spaces,
arts, etc.
Daniel Burnham spearheaded the movement with his design for Chicago and his famous words: “make no little plans…”
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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The City of Towers

Conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his book “the Cities of Tomorrow”.

• His first plan for high density living was Unite d’ Habitation, in Marseilles.
• A “super building with 337 dwellings in 10 acres of land.
• He also conceptualized Le Contemporaine, high rise offices and residential buildings
with a
• greenbelt for a population of 3,000,000 people.

Radical Ideas

The Linear City -proposed by Spanish Engineer Soria Y Mata

Stalingrad -N.A Milyutin,1930

The Arcology Alternative
The 3D city by Paolo Soleri
Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Motopia
Proposed by Edgar Chambless.
Vehicular traffic will be along rooftops of a continuous network of buildings, while the
streets will be for pedestrian use only.

Science Cites

Proposed by the “metabolism group”; visionary urban designers that proposed

underwater cities, “biological” cities, cities in pyramids, etc.
-The Floating City -Kiyonori Kikutake

The Barbican City

A 63 acre area. mixed used development that was built in response to the pressures of
the automobile. An early type of Planned Urban development that had all amenities in
one compound with multi-level circulation patterns.

The Neighborhood Model

• by Clarence Perry and Clarence Stein, defined as the Physical Environment wherein
social, cultural, educational, and commercial are within easy reach of each other
concerns self sustainability of smaller unit
• the elementary school as the center of development determines the size of the
neighborhood.
Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Planned Unit Developments

Sometimes referred to as cluster zoning
Used in areas that are being intensively developed for the first time
Ordinary zoning regulations can be suspended for this particular property
Usually consists of a variety of uses, anchored by commercial establishments
and supported by office and residential space

Transit Oriented Developments

A mixed use community with an average 670 meter distance of a transit stop
and commercial core area. TODs mix residential, retail, office, open space, and
public uses in a walkable environment, making it convenient for residents and
employees to travel by transit, bicycle, foot, or car.
Most TODs place residents within 600 to 700m of transit stations.
This is equivalent to an average walking time of about 5 minutes.
With TOD, the city and the transit system “meet in the middle”
Allows residents to have easy access to transit stations, lessening dependence
on the automobile. Boosts transit ridership and revenue.
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Traditional Neighborhoods
Developments that take the form of traditional neighborhoods, while still
accommodating the automobile and other modern amenities.
- These are finely integrated, walkable communities with a strong local identity
and with convivial public places.
- The ideas of TNDs are further illustrated in “New Urbanism”.

Housing Theories
MARXIST HOUSING THEORY
Marxist theory is considered one of the first housing theories and starts from the assumption that every human has the right to
quality housing irrespective of economic status ie. that the economic differences between the rich and the poor in terms of
household incomes should be at least visible.
The Marxist view defines housing in terms of three fundamental dimensions (Soliman,2004).

• Housing is a necessary good, a means of subsistence that is necessary for the reproduction of the labor force and is
therefore a good whose cost enters directly or indirectly into the production of all commodities. This means that housing in
a capitalist social formation is of interest to classes of people other than those who immediately consume it.”
• “Housing is a fixed good. A material precondition for producing a house is that it must occupy land in a specific location.
Land is limited product and the right to use it is preserved by legal regulations.
• In the capitalist social formation, housing not only has a use but also an exchange value; it is, or can become, a
commodity whose consumption can only realized by those with a housing need and who can afford to purchase it.”
(Soliman, 2004)

THE POSITIVISTS HOUSING THEORY

Positivist theory primarily rests on an “objective” approach to evaluating certain phenomena but in housing satisfaction studies,
the“subjective”componentisalsoimportant,thatis,theperceptionsandfeelingsofindividuals.
According to A.M.Soliman (2004), Positivists defined housing by three dimensions:
1. the economic status on which the physical improvement of the dwelling unit depends, and with which the dwelling unit
increases its economic value.
2. the health situation within the dwelling units that can be measured, i.e. Individuals should live in health-friendly facilities
for the further development of the community as a whole, and
3. the contribution of the government in ensuring dwelling units where the authorities should ensure the availability of
adequate housing for everyone (Soliman,2004).
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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FUNCTIONALIST HOUSING THEORY

Functionality as a social paradigm merged in American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s and emphasizes social harmony and its
preservation. It focuses on the harmony of parts within a system, based on the principles of economy, simplicity, townscape
adaptation and functionality.

• The functionalist theory was most widely used in urban geography, especially in determining the hierarchy of functioning
cities (both apparent and underlying).
• The functionalist theory of living was based on the statement that “the form always follows the function”, which was
particularly applied in architecture.

HOUSING MOBILITY THEORY

• The theory of housing mobility was presented in 1955 in Rossi’s book “Why Families Move”. Rossi developed the theory
based on Reiner’s idea of family home-based irregularities that trigger the relocation of a family (household), and also
relied on the concept of a family life cycle for different housing needs.
• He studied housing mobility in the United States be- cause it was precisely the foundation of changes in urban areas and
emphasized in his studies the typology of housing and the features of the immediate social and economic environment.
• hey state that “the residential value of a flat does not depend only on the size of the flat and the facilities of the premises,
but also on the services and facilities that enable social communication and sufficient provision of transport, education,
information and recreational opportunities, as well as the possibility of the flat being supplied with goods and services”
(Seda, 1972), in a wider area (i.e. neighborhood, urban zone or district).
• This is confirmed by the thesis that neighborhood features are extremely important predictors that will affect housing
mobility. All variables affecting housing mobility are summed up in three factors according to A. C. Brummell (1977),
which are aspirations, usability of space and stress.
• The concept of aspiration in the process of mobility was introduced by J. Wolpert (1965) who based the theory of mobility
on the approach that individuals do not react to the environment but to an evaluation of the state of the environment.

THEORY OF HOUSING SATISFACTION

• The originators of this theory were G. C. Galster and G. W. Hesser who developed one of the first definitions of living
satisfaction in order to evaluate the judgment of an individual or household regarding the extent to which their current
situation coincides with their ideal living situation and future expectations.
• Their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with housing depends on the current situation as does the need for permanent
changes. Housing satisfaction studies are mainly focused on the analysis of the dwelling unit and its neighbourhood.
• The housing satisfaction research in the future will be equally attractive in all disciplines, from psychology to
geography, because a large number of professions touch upon the dimensions of housing that affect the overall
quality of life of an individual or a family.
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
____________________________________________________________________________

THEORY OF IMPRESSION FORMATION

• This theory was introduced by S. Asch in 1964, in a research that introduced an experimental method for investigating the
forming of impressions.
• He found that the earlier information that an individual has, influences the forming of the first impression and he called this
phenomenon, the primacy effect.
• Although the theory was basically focused on forming impressions of a person, in later research it was also applied in
housing satisfaction studies.
• That is, if an individual was looking for a new dwelling unit and had some information about it, even though he or she did
not personally see it, this information would affect his or her first impression when seeing the new dwelling unit.
• L. A. Brown and D. B. Long- brake (1970) supplemented Asch’s contention that forming impressions depends on past
experiences and that the process of forming the first impression happens so quickly that an individual cannot at this time
see the advantages or disadvantages of the object he or she is looking at.
• In the case of housing, it is certainly better not to rely on the first impression, that is, the individual should be aware and
should not rely on a selective observation concerning the tendency to see on or in the housing object only the attributes
that are in accordance with the needs and values of the individual (Pennington, 2004).
• The theory of impression formation is often applied in architecture and interior design for the purpose of spatial
organization that affects human behavior and satisfaction in a space. In housing satisfaction studies, it is most commonly
used in examining impressions of the physical aspects of the housing environment and the physical structure of
buildings/houses/urban furniture; i.e. in assessing personal satisfaction with housing and its adjacent features.
BEHAVIORAL HOUSING THEORY

• The behavioral approach to housing research was formed in the mid-1960s as a reaction and criticism of the positivists’
approach.
• Advocates of the behavioral theory were particularly critical of positivist geography studies, to understand man’s behavior
as a set of rational decisions of the “economic man” (Jackson, Smith, 1984).
• The behavior of individuals in within the geographical context of space has been dealt with the most by behavioral
geographers in the sub-field of social urban geography.
• Their research focused on the choice of housing location in relation to geographic conditions, and the results of such
studies were models of housing choices.
• The choice of location and type of housing of individuals was based on personal assessments and subjective decisions,
and behavioral geographers attempted to incorporate them into an application system.
THE THEORY OF THE HEDONISTIC ERGOMETER

• P. Brickman and D. T. Campbell are the authors of this theory found in their research in the early 1970s of the 20th
century.
• The promotion of this theory is based on the happiness and well-being of the individual by the subjective approach, while
the key term is “adaptation”.
• The theory is often used to explain the weak impact of the domain of living conditions on the well-being of an individual
(Brick- man, Campbell, 1971; Diener et al., 2006).
• The authors of this theory claim that people’s happiness, well-being or pleasure alters when there is a significant change
in their life (e.g. relocation to another dwelling unit, better neighborhood) but that this changes, after the adaptation period
when emotions and feelings return to neutral.
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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THE THEORY OF HOUSING ADJUSTMENT

• The theory of housing adjustment is the most cited theory in housing satisfaction studies. Numerous authors have also
used it in works on housing preferences, housing mobility and decision-making of different age groups.
• E. W. Morris and M. Winter (1975) are the founders of this theory which assess housing satisfaction based on cultural and
family norms, and starts from maintaining
• the housing balance in the household.
• This balance marks the current housing satisfaction that is in line with certain norms.
• The focus of satisfaction in this theory is on housing norms that include the housing structure, the type and quality of
dwelling unit, the allocation of space, the expenditure resulting from the use of housing and satisfaction with the
neighborhood.
• This means that the theory is closely related to the subjective experience of an individual or a family about their own
housing satisfaction. If one or more of the norms are not met, then the so-called “housing deficit” occurs.

THE HOUSING PRICE THEORY

• The housing price theory emerged in the 1980s of the last century and begins with the assumption that housing
satisfaction increases proportionally to cost growth
• (Stokols, Shumaker, 1982) and their casual-consequential relationship (higher costs
• greater satisfaction with housing, lower costs - less satisfaction with housing).
• This theory has both positive and negative sides.
• The positive side of the theory relies on the fact that the achieved housing satisfaction is to be sustained and in that case
the objective justifies the means, that is, if the higher allocated costs mean continual housing satisfaction then the theory
is justified.
• In case the satisfaction with the other components of the quality of life decreases due to the domain of housing, the
question is how much the quality of life has increased or decreased overall.

THE THEORY OF THE ASPIRATION SPIRAL

• This theory is relatively new, so there is not a lot of research in which it was used.
• A special contribution to the theory was made by A. Stutzer (2004), who explained it as an “improvement, after which one
aspires to improve”.
• Namely, if an individual improved his/her housing conditions and thus achieved the desired satisfaction, after a certain
period, he or she could raise the housing expectations bar up a notch.
• On the example of housing, this would mean that someone who lived in a one-bedroom flat had the desire to buy a two-
bedroom flat and when the goal was achieved, then all the energy would be focused towards achieving the dream of
living in a three-bedroom flat.
• In discussing housing satisfaction, Chombart de Lau- we (1959) wrote about the needs-aspirations-needs cycle.
• The positive side of this theory is that it does not have to include social comparisons, so there is no comparison with
norms or with groups of people who have the same or similar housing conditions, as they strive for their own goal.
• In this theory of housing satisfaction, assessment will refer to what people do not have, and not what they have (Nakazato
et al., 2010).

WHAT IS HOUSING TYPOLOGIES?

 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
____________________________________________________________________________

The different physical characteristics of a building according to the materials happened to be available on that particular place with
a particular climate, cultural aspects, social status, etc.

Detached Home

• It is a free-standing residential building.

• Generally found in less dense urban areas the suburbs of cities, and rural areas.
• Surrounded by a garden.
• Garages can also be found on most lots.

Semi Detached

• They consist of pairs of houses-built side by side as units.

• They share a party wall.
• Usually, each house's layout is a mirror image of its twin.
• This type of housing is a half-way state between terraced and detached houses.

Terraced Houses

• -A row of identical or mirror-image houses.

• -They share side walls.
- The first and last of these houses is called an end terrace.

Apartment
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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There are three key elements to any apartment building:

• the overall form of the building

• the type of access
• the types of unit
The building will also be informed by :

• a context analysis at a site and neighbourhood scale.

• Factors such site topography, natural features, sun penetration, prevailing wind, access, existing structures on adjacent
sites and views will help determine the most appropriate form and massing for an apartment development.
Basic building forms are:

• The Block
• The Tower
• The Courtyard

The Block

- Wider than it is tall.

- The apartments are arranged off a corridor (single, or double loaded).

The Tower

- Vertical form
- single centralized core

-The tower may have a base.

-The roof of the podium can be landscaped and used as open
space for the apartment residents.

Courtyard Apartments

provides the ‘sides’ open spaces (courtyards). The open spaces

are communal and should provide a high quality landscaped
environment and outlook.
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Building access arrangement

Have big influence on the circulation spaces

• access is organized vertically (i.e. a shared lift or stair core),

• horizontally (i.e. a shared corridor off a core) internal or external
• individually (i.e. apartments having their own front door).

Individual 'own front door' access

• Entered directly from the street, courtyard or private stair.

• No communal circulation.
• Limited to one or two levels above ground.
• enhanced street activity through greater frequency of entrances.
• more privacy and individuality.

Vertical shared access

• a greater degree of dwelling individuality.

• vertical cores can be placed internally or externally.
• vertical cores can bring light and air into communal areas.
• greater potential for social interaction with neighbors, while
• limiting the number of apartments to a manageable size.
• a mix of apartment types can be achieved.

Horizontal shared access

1. Single-loaded corridor access
• The dwellings are accessed off one side only .
• overall building depth is less.
• the orientation of all apartments is towards a preferred aspect.
• external corridors allow for a naturally lit and ventilated corridor
• dwellings with cross ventilation if the corridor is external.
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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2. Double-loaded corridor access

• Apartments are accessed off both sides of the corridor .
• The overall building depth is deeper than a singe-loaded arrangement
• greater efficiency of circulation space compared to a single loaded corridor.
• higher overall density of residential units.
• opportunity for more variety in apartment mix due to greater building depth.

three key elements to describe an individual apartment type:

• number of bedrooms
• number of storeys
• the number of external walls that have views to the view
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Single Aspect Apartments

• Single aspect apartments have three closed sides (except for the entrance).
• Good option for hillside housing or undesirable site condition.
• Uses for a double-loaded corridor building that runs north south, so that all apartments receive either morning or
afternoon sun.

Double Aspect Apartments

• Placing double aspect units’ side by side is a common form of arrangement.

• being able to repeat apartments while also maintaining the maximum amount of external facade.
• If the apartment is too deep, natural light to the center can be difficult.

Corner Aspect Apartments

• Two sides that are exterior walls.

• This type is often used in tower buildings or at the ends of linear buildings.
• Dual aspect and increased views, sunlight and daylight.
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Small Apartment

Low-rise apartment
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Mid-Rise Apartment
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Apartment over commercial

High-Rise Apartment
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Other Types of Dwellings

Penthouse

A very expensive apartment on the top floor of the building. It occupies the entire
floor.

Mansion

A very large and stately dwelling house for the wealthy.

Mobile home

A large caravan, that can be installed on a permanent site and that is used as
residence. It is also called as manufactured home.
 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Shophouse

Consist of shops on the ground floor which open up to a public in a covered

passage and has residential accommodation upstairs. The shop houses would
adjoin each other to form rows with regular façade. It is a vernacular style
building type that is commonly seen in areas such as urban Southeast Asia.

Stilt Houses

Houses raised on piles over the soil or a body of water. It is still commonly found
in South East Asia, Papua New Guinea and West Africa.

Igloo

The Inuit built homes called igloos. The igloos were made from snow and ice. In
the arctic, there are not many building materials. No trees grow in the arctic so
houses cannot be made from wood. Instead the Inuit used blocks of snow to
make their homes. In the summer, when the snow melts, the Inuit lived in tent-
like huts made of animal skins stretched over a frame.

Tree House

A wooden structure built in the branches of a tree.

 Far Eastern University JULY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
____________________________________________________________________________

Dormitory

A large building at a college or university where students live

Covenant/Monastery

A set of buildings where the monks/nuns live.

There are many types of houses and each one characterized by special character and each one have different function, material
and style. And made according to

• a specific design.
• its better to use more than one type in a housing project.
• Detached houses for privacy, luxury, free modification and addition, no management fees….
• Apartment blocks for economic, safety, not responsible for any exterior maintenance or repairs.
• Different unit sizes for apartments for different family needs.
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End of Week 4 module